View source for Navy diver (United States Navy)

{{short description|US Navy personnel qualified in underwater diving and salvage}}
{{Infobox Military rating
|name= Navy Diver
|image=[[Image:Rating Badge ND.jpg|125px]]
|caption= U.S. Navy enlisted rating insignia
|issued_by= [[United States Navy]]
|type= Enlisted rating
|abbreviation= ND
|specialty = Diving<br />Harbor clearance<br />Experimental diving<br />Ship husbandry<br />Submarine rescue<br />Special Operations support<br />Underwater Construction Teams|Underwater Construction<br /> Underwater Demolition<br />Underwater repair/salvage<br />Underwater welding
}}

[[File:Mark V dive suit closeup.jpg|thumb|Mark V dive suit in the [[Naval History and Heritage Command]] 
at the [[Washington Navy Yard]], Washington D.C.]]
[[File:34th-divers-1.jpg|thumb|Seabee divers at [[Gavutu]], [[Solomon Islands]], Nov. 8, 1943 installing a 
[[Patent slip|marine railway]].]]
[[File:USMC Photo Nh-97250.jpg|thumb| A [[Type A Kō-hyōteki-class submarine|Japanese two-man sub]] salvaged by 6th CB divers off [[Tassafaronga Point]].  They attached [[hawsers]] for [[bulldozers]] to pull the sub ashore after placing dynamite to break the mud suction force holding it.]]

A '''United States Navy diver''' may be a restricted fleet line (Engineering Duty) officer, [[Civil Engineer Corps]] (CEC) officer, Medical Corps officer,  an Unrestricted Line Officer who is qualified in Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Warfare  ([[List of United States Naval officer designators|1140]]) or an [[Enlisted rank|enlisted]] (ND or HM rating) who is qualified in underwater diving and salvage.  Navy divers serve with fleet diving detachments and in research and development.  Some of the mission areas of the Navy diver include: [[marine salvage]], harbor clearance, [[Ships husbandry|underwater ship husbandry]] and repair, submarine rescue, saturation diving, experimental diving, underwater construction and welding, as well as serving as technical experts to the [[Navy SEALs]], [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], and [[Explosive ordnance disposal (United States Navy)|Navy EOD]] diving commands.

The U.S. Navy is the lead agency in military diving technology and training within the [[U.S. Department of Defense]]. The foundation of the Navy diving program consists of the Navy Diver (ND) rating for enlisted personnel who perform diving as their occupational specialty in the Navy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.public.navy.mil/necc/Pages/Diving.aspx |title=Navy Expeditionary Combat Command – Diving |website=www.public.navy.mil|access-date=2016-09-25}}</ref>

== History through World War II ==
The US Navy began employing divers in the middle of the 1800s; these were mostly swimmers and skin divers using techniques that had not been altered for hundreds of years. Duties included the salvage and repair of ships, construction work and military operations, including the [[Battle of Mobile Bay]] during the American Civil War. Preparations for the battle included the sending of swimmers to clear [[naval mine|mines]] from the path of [[Admiral Farragut]]'s ships, that had been planted by [[Confederate States]] forces to prevent entrance to the bay.<ref name="ND">{{cite web|url=https://navycrow.com/navy-diver-traditions-of-honor-legacy-valor/ |title=Navy Diver: A Tradition of Honor! |author=Salty Dog Old School|date=February 7, 2020|website=Crows Nest website}}</ref>

In 1898, Navy divers were briefly involved in an international crisis when the second-class armored battleship {{USS|Maine|ACR-1|6}} was sunk by a mysterious explosion while anchored in the harbor at [[Havana, Cuba]]. Navy divers were sent from [[Key West]] to study and report on the wreck. Although a [[Naval Court of Inquiry|Court of Inquiry]] was convened, the reason for the sinking was not found.

As American technology expanded in the early 1900s the US Navy developed an interest in submarine warfare. However, throughout the period of 1912–1939, the development of the Navy's [[United States F-class submarine|F-class]], H-class and [[United States S-class submarine|S-class submarines]] was marred by a series of accidents, collisions, and sinkings. As a result of these submarine disasters a corresponding growth in the Navy's diving capability was developed.

Until 1912, US Navy divers rarely went below 60 [[Metre sea water|FSW]] (feet of seawater). There is little documentation that the Navy had a diving program prior to 1912.<ref name="ALLHands">Navy Divers, Bureau of Naval Personnel Information Bulletin, All Hands, September 1944, pp. 26–30, 	
Evansville Vanderburgh Public Library, Indiana [https://digital.evpl.org/digital/collection/p16848coll2/id/4511]</ref> In that year, Chief Gunner George D. Stillson set up a program to test [[John Scott Haldane|Haldane]]'s diving tables and methods of [[Haldane's decompression model|stage decompression]]. A companion goal of the program was to develop improvements in Navy diving equipment. Throughout a three-year period, first diving in tanks ashore and then in open water in [[Long Island Sound]] from {{USS|Walke|DD-34|6}},<ref name="ALLHands"/> Navy divers went progressively deeper.

The publication of the first US Navy Diving Manual<ref name="US Navy diving manual">''US Navy diving manual Revision 7'', SS521-AG-PRO-010
0910-LP-115-1921, COMMANDER, NAVAL SEA SYSTEMS COMMAND, U.S. GPO, Washington DC  [https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Portals/103/Documents/SUPSALV/Diving/US%20DIVING%20MANUAL_REV7.pdf?ver=2016-12-14-135043-757]</ref> in 1916 and the establishment of a Navy Diving School at [[Naval Station Newport|Newport, Rhode Island]] were the direct outgrowth of experience gained in the test program and the {{USS|F-4}} salvage. When the United States entered World War I, the staff and graduates of the school were sent to Europe, where they conducted a number of salvage operations along the French coast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.public.navy.mil/necc/Pages/DiverHistory.aspx|title= Navy Expeditionary Combat Command – Diver History|website=www.public.navy.mil|access-date=2016-09-25}}</ref>

On 24 May 1939 four divers would earn the [[Medal of Honor]] rescuing 33 men off the sunken {{USS|Squalus|SS-192|6}}.  When the ''Squalus'' went down twelve divers from the Experimental Diving Unit were part of the rescue.  Those directly involved in the most dangerous aspects of the rescue received the medals.

WWII brought with it an expanded need for divers that began immediately after the December 7, 1941 Japanese [[attack on Pearl Harbor]]. By afternoon on the 7th nine divers from Destroyer Repair Unit 1 at San Diego were on a [[PBY]] being flown to Hawaii.<ref>I San Diego,  Decent into Darkness, Cdr. Edward C. Raymer, Naval Institute Press, 291 Wood Rd, Annapolis, MD, 1996, p. 12</ref>  Their first priority was to save lives, despite considerable effort they only found dead. They were attached to the [[Marine salvage|Naval 
Salvage and Repair Unit]] created at Pearl Harbor where divers logged over 16,000 hours under diving officer Commander Haynes.<ref>Navy and Marine Corps Medal: Howard E. Haynes, Hall of Valor: The Military Medals Database website, 2021 [https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/309702]</ref>  Because of the shallow working depth the divers had no diving time limitation leading to fourteen hour days seven days a week. The Salvage Unit list of work included {{USS|California|BB-44|6}}, {{USS|Nevada|BB-36|6}}, {{USS|Utah|BB-31|6}}, {{USS|Arizona|BB-39|6}}, {{USS|West Virginia|BB-48|6}}, {{USS|Oklahoma|BB-37|6}} and {{USS|Oglala}}.<ref>Diving Seabees, IV USS West Virginia,  Decent into Darkness, Cdr. Edward C. Raymer, Naval Institute Press, 291 Wood Rd, Annapolis, MD, 1996, p. contents</ref><ref>Salvage Diary from I March-1942-15 November 1943 pdf, Industrial Department War Daiary Collection, National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) in San Bruno, California</ref> They were assisted by the divers off {{USS|Widgeon|AM-22|6}} and {{USS|Ortolan|AM-45|6}}.<ref>Salvage Begins: II USS Nevada,  Decent into Darkness, Cdr. Edward C. Raymer, Naval Institute Press, 291 Wood Rd, Annapolis, MD, 1996, p.29</ref>  Soon after the 16th [[Naval Construction Battalion]] arrived in Pearl Harbor her divers were tasked to the recovery of USS ''Oklahoma'' as well.<ref>16th Naval Construction Battalion, Seabee Museum Archives, Port Hueneme, CA., p. 7 [https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/museums/Seabee/UnitListPages/NCB/016%20NCB.pdf]</ref>  Two steelworkers from CB 3 had previously been certified to dive with the Salvage and Repair Unit on USS ''West Virginia'', however they were recalled because their commanding officer objected to the pay they received.<ref name="Raymer"/>  This led to no more volunteers from outside the Salvage Unit being trained to dive with the Salvage Unit.<ref name="Raymer"/> At Pearl Harbor the diving assignments were split civilian/military with the civilians outside the vessels and USN inside.  The divers from Destroyer Repair Unit 1 are credited with creating the arc-oxygen underwater cutting torch.<ref>Diver's Ingenuity: II USS Nevada,  Decent into Darkness, Cdr. Edward C. Raymer, Naval Institute Press, 291 Wood Rd, Annapolis, MD, 1996, p.32</ref>  A diving task at Pearl Harbor was the recovery of bodies.<ref>Pearl Harbor Navy salvage diver Ken Hartle dies at 103, Navy Times, January 28, 2017 [https://www.navytimes.com/news/your-navy/2017/01/28/pearl-harbor-navy-salvage-diver-ken-hartle-dies-at-103/]</ref>  It was a gruesome task that was eventually stopped as bodies would simply come apart when disturbed, from being submerged too long.<ref>Recovery of Bodies: USS Arizona,  Decent into Darkness, Cdr. Edward C. Raymer, Naval Institute Press, 291 Wood Rd, Annapolis, MD, 1996, p. 82-5</ref>

The creation of Naval Construction Battalions to build advance bases in the [[Pacific Ocean theater of World War II|Pacific Theater]] put more diving assignments in front of the Navy, enough that the Seabees had a school of their own to qualify 2nd class divers. CBs would put men in the water from the tropics to the Arctic Circle.   In the [[Aleutian Islands]] [[Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 4|Naval Construction Battalion 4]] had divers doing salvage on the Russian [[Cargo ship|freighter]] SS ''Turksib'' in {{cvt|42|F}} water.<ref>Naval Construction Battalion 4 records, Navy Seabee Museum Archives, Port Hueneme CA, p. 6 [https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/museums/Seabee/UnitListPages/NCB/004%20NCB.pdf]</ref><ref>[https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/data/coastal-water-temperature-guide/alaska.html Water Temperature Table of the Alaska Coast, National Centers for Environmental Information, last updated: Sat Jun 06, 23:02:52 UTC 2020]</ref> In the tropics Seabee divers would be sent close to an enemy airfield to retrieve a downed Japanese aircraft. At Halavo on [[Florida Island]], divers from the 27th CB recovered a Disburser's safe full of money plus changed 160 [[propeller|prop]]s on vessels of all sizes.<ref name="NCB27">{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/museums/seabee/explore/wwii-cruisebooks/cruisebooks-ncb.html|title=Naval Construction Battalions}}</ref> The 27th Naval Construction Battalion logged 2,550 diving hours, with 1,345 classified as "extra hazardous".<ref name="NCB27"/> Seabees would also blur the definition of diver with the development of the [[Underwater Demolition Teams]]. Another historic note to the Seabees is that they had African American divers in the 34th CB. Those men fabricated their diving gear in the field as instructed at diving school. For depths less than {{cvt|60|ft}} a modified USN Mk III or MK IV gas mask was considered acceptable and preferred by the men of the 27th CB.<ref name="ALLHands"/><ref name="NCB27"/>  Twice, while at [[Milne Bay]], the [[Amphibious Construction Battalion 2|105th CB]] sent special diving details on undisclosed missions.   Divers in the 301st CB placed as much as 50 tons of explosives a day to keep their [[dredge]]s productive.<ref>301st Naval Construction Battalion cruisebook, U.S. Navy Seabee Museum Archives, Port Hueneme,CA,  2020-01-22, p. 60, 61 [https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/museums/seabee/explore/wwii-cruisebooks/cruisebooks-ncb.html]</ref>  However, the divers of CB 96 used 1,727,250&nbsp;lbs of dynamite to blast {{convert|423300|cuyd}} of [[coral]] for the ship repair facility on [[Manicani Island]], as an element of the Naval Operating Base Leyte-Samar.<ref name="CEC">CEC Bulletin, Vol. 2 February 1948 No. 15, Lt jg. Cushing Phillips, p. 45 [https://books.google.com/books?id=q0JHAQAAIAAJ&dq=civil+engineer+corps+bulletin+vol+2+Feb+1948&pg=PA122]</ref>  Their primary diving gear was modified Navy Mk III and Navy Mk IV gas masks.<ref name="CEC"/>

The war itself produced an unending demand for underwater ship repair and salvage. In [[New York city|New York]], {{USS|Lafayette|AP-53|6}} [[capsize]]d at the dock leading to the Navy creating a Salvage school right there to deal with the issue.<ref name="ALLHands"/>  For the next year the Navy had 75 divers working on her salvage.   Each of the fleet's repair ships had divers. Six of them from {{USS|Vestal}} were put to the test using the new technology of underwater cutting and welding. The stern was nearly completely blown off {{USS|Pensacola|CA-24|6}}. They removed three [[propeller]]s and stabilized ship structure enough so that she could be towed to a [[drydock]].  Divers from {{USS|Navajo|AT-64|6}} were there too with their underwater cutters working on USS ''New Orleans''.  Their salvage work in combat zones got a fleet tug a Battle Star.  Two divers plus their support teams were put aboard {{USS|Seminole|AT-65|6}} in response to a secret dispatch from Commander South Service Force Pacific.  Each of the submarine rescue ships had divers assigned too. {{USS|Florikan|ASR-9|6}} was sent to [[Kiska]] Harbor after divers off {{USS|Ute}} confirmed the [[Japanese submarine I-7]] was lying on the bottom in {{convert|10|fathom|m|spell=in|lk=in}} of water.  Seven divers off the Florikan salvaged intelligence materials from the sub.<ref name=combinedfleetI7>{{cite web |url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/I-7.htm |title=IJN Submarine I-7: Tabular Record of Movement |first1=Bob |last1=Hackett |first2=Sander |last2=Kingsepp |work=combinedfleet.com |year=2017|access-date=13 August 2020}}</ref>  Earlier in the year, at Kamimbo Bay, USS ''Ortolan'' divers recovered a pile of documents off the partially sunk [[Japanese submarine I-1]] that was turned over to intelligence.  The clearance of Manila harbor was a huge project where divers led by master diver Joseph S. Karneke from {{USS|Chanticleer|ASR-7|6}} repeated the action.  There they salvaged code books, maps of Japanese fortifications on [[Luzon]] plus 500,000 yen; it was a major intelligence ''coup''.<ref>''Combined Fleet Decoded: The Secret History of American Intelligence and the Japanese Navy in World War II'', John Prados, Naval Institute Press, 2001</ref><ref>''Navy Diver'', Joseph S. Karneke, Ace Publishing, January 1, 1962</ref>  When Chanticleer first left the States part of its mission was to provide diver training to the fleet based out of [[Freemantle]], [[Australia]].  The US Navy out of Australia sent divers down to recover intelligence off the [[Japanese submarine I-124]] in just {{convert|4|fathom|m|spell=in}} of water.  
 
When the Japanese took the Philippines a couple of the prisoners were USN divers, one was [[Robert Sheats]].<ref name="corregidor"/>  The Japanese quickly learned of what the Philippine [[Treasury]] had done with the silver that had been in the [[bank vault|vault]] on [[Corregidor]].<ref name="corregidor">Corregidor Treasures, Philippine Sailor,  Karl-Wilhelm Welteke, July 2018 [http://philippine-sailor.net/2018/07/15/corregidor-treasures/]</ref>  Millions of dollars in silver coinage had been dumped in Caballo Bay, an inlet on greater [[Manila Bay]], to keep it from falling into Japanese hands.  The Japanese forced USN [[prisoners of war|pow]] divers to retrieve the coinage.  They did recover some of the treasure.  However, the U.S. Army and Navy put together a hard hat diving unit in August 1945 that recovered millions of [[Pesos]] off {{USS|Teak}}.<ref name="corregidor"/>

During WWII, "diver" was a qualification not a rate. First class divers could work {{cvt|300|ft}} depths while salvage and second class divers were qualified down to {{cvt|150|ft}}.<ref name="ALLHands"/> Diving was considered "hazardous" by the Navy and the Navy adjusted pay for both the qualification as well as time and depth under water: $5 an hour or fraction of an hour for hazardous salvage work. [[Adjusted for inflation]] that converts to $72/hr in 2020. The qualification diver 2nd class paid $10 per month, salvage diver paid $12 per month, 1st class paid $15 per month. First class divers also drew "footage" of $15 plus $.05/ft at {{cvt|120|ft}}. Master divers drew $20 plus up to $10 "footage".<ref name="ALLHands"/>  A few months after Pearl Harbor Congress authorized a change so that divers were paid $5.00/hr for any dive certified "extremely hazardous".<ref name="Raymer"/>  All dives to salvage ships at Pearl Harbor were given that designation.<ref name="Raymer">Diving Seabees, IV USS West Virginia,  Decent into Darkness, Cdr. Edward C. Raymer, Naval Institute Press, 291 Wood Rd, Annapolis, MD, 1996, p.126-7</ref>

==Post World War II==

[[File:Diver portrait 130413-N-GG400-043.jpg|thumb|130413-N-GG400-043 Diver 3rd Class Jacob Laman of MDSU 2, wearing the Kirby Morgan 37 dive helmet used today for deep diving]]
[[File:Deep sea divers preparing to explore the sunken battleship SARATOGA, Bikini Atoll, summer 1947 (DONALDSON 18).jpeg|thumb|Divers off USS ''Preserver'' preparing to do a visual survey of {{USS|Saratoga|CV-3|6}} at Bikini atoll in 1947]]
At [[Operation Crossroads]] the Navy had qualified divers on multiple ships assigned to [[Task Unit]] TU 1.2.7 (salvage unit) of the Joint Task Force 1: {{USS|Clamp}},<ref name="Appendix">
Appendix A: Activities of Participating Navy Vessels During Operation Crossroads , DNA 6032F Operation Crossroads 1946, United States Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Tests Nuclear Test Personnel Review, L. Berkhouse, J.H. Hallowell, F.W. McMullan, S.E. Davis, C.B. Jones, M.J. Osborne, F.R. Gladeck,  E.J. Martin,  Defense Nuclear Agency, Washington D.C., 1984, p.305-7 [https://www.dtra.mil/Mission/Nuclear-Test-Personnel-Review/US-Atmoshperic-Nuclear-Test-History-Documents/]</ref> {{USS|Conserver}},<ref name="Appendix"/>{{RP|308-9}} {{USS|Coucal}},<ref name="Appendix"/>  {{RP|311-12}}
{{USS|Current}},<ref name="Appendix"/>{{RP|314-17}} {{USS|Etlah|AN-79|6}},<ref name="Appendix"/>{{RP|323-5}} {{USS|Gypsy|ARS(D)-1|6}},<ref name="Appendix"/>{{RP|333-6}} {{USS|Preserver}},<ref name="Appendix"/>{{RP|389-92}} and {{USS|Widgeon|AM-22|6}}.<ref name="Appendix"/>{{RP|438-40}}  After the nuclear tests diving officers were tasked to take their teams to inspect wrecks, document the damage, recover scientific data from test stations, recover scientific instruments and do salvage as required.<ref name="DNA6032F">DNA 6032F Operation Crossroads 1946, United States Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Tests Nuclear Test Personnel Review, L. Berkhouse, J.H. Hallowell, F.W. McMullan, S.E. Davis, C.B. Jones, M.J. Osborne, F.R. Gladeck,  E.J. Martin,  Defense Nuclear Agency, Washington D.C., 1984, p. 189 [https://www.dtra.mil/Mission/Nuclear-Test-Personnel-Review/US-Atmoshperic-Nuclear-Test-History-Documents/]</ref>  The Diving officers did written reports of all observations, C.2.9 identifies what was found on {{USS|Arkansas}} on 21 August 1947 with everything underwater photographed.<ref>References: Section C:Target ships, DNA 6032F Operation Crossroads 1946, United States Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Tests Nuclear Test Personnel Review, L. Berkhouse, J.H. Hallowell, F.W. McMullan, S.E. Davis, C.B. Jones, M.J. Osborne, F.R. Gladeck,  E.J. Martin,  Defense Nuclear Agency, Washington D.C., 1984, p.249 [https://www.dtra.mil/Mission/Nuclear-Test-Personnel-Review/US-Atmoshperic-Nuclear-Test-History-Documents/]</ref> {{USS|Skipjack|SS-184|6}} was the only ship to be raised and recovered<ref>The raising of the Skipjack (SS-184) after the atomic blast sunk it during Shot B of Operation Crossroads at Bikini, NavSource Online: Submarine Photo Archive, photograph courtesy of flickr.com via Don Cochrane [http://navsource.org/archives/08/183/0818420.jpg]</ref> from the operation.<ref name="Appendix"/>{{RP|420-1}}  The divers off the ''Widgeon'' and the ''Gypsy '' brought her up.<ref name="Appendix"/>{{RP|340-40}}  Salvage of {{USS|Pilotfish}} was attempted, but the sub was damaged beyond saving and stricken from the roles.  Salvage of {{USS|Apogon}} was started, but she was declared a loss.<ref name="Appendix"/>{{RP|271-2}}  Divers carried a watertight [[Geiger counter|Geiger tube]] that was monitored by their support crews so that they could be warned and retracted from [[radioactive]] hot spots.<ref name="DNA6032F"/>

The [[Korean War]] brought development to USN diving.  In October 1950 {{USS|Pledge|AM-277|6}} struck a mine in Wosan harbor and sank.  A UDT diver using an [[Aqua-Lung|Aqualung]] located and marked the ships location for surface supported hard hat divers to return and destroy the classified materials on board.  That was the first tactical use of [[scuba set|scuba]] gear by the U.S. Navy.  For the UDTs it marked a transitional change in their mission model and for the Navy it changed thinking of diving as a solely non-combat task.

The [[United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit]] is located at [[Panama City, Florida]].  There unit is composed of 120 service personnel drawn from numerous components of the Navy.  It is their job to execute the U.S. military's special diving tasks like [[saturation diving]].

[[Image:Tektite I exterior.jpg|right|thumb|Tektite I assembled by Amphibious Construction Battalion 2 (ACB 2)]]
[[File:SEALAB III.jpg|right|thumb|SEALAB III, artist's drawing]]

During the 1960s the Navy had divers involved in two submersed projects, [[Tektite habitat|Tektite]] and [[SEALAB]] I, II, and III. On 28 January 1969 a detachment of 50 men<ref>[http://www.navy.mil/ah_online/archpdf/ah196906.pdf ''All Hands'', 8 June 1969, Number 629, Navy Dept. Washington, DC. p. 39]</ref> from [[Amphibious Construction Battalion 2]] plus 17 Seabee divers began installation of the [[Tektite habitat]] in Great Lameshur Bay at [[Lameshur, U.S. Virgin Islands]].<ref>[http://seabeemagazine.navylive.dodlive.mil/2016/01/25/this-week-in-seabee-history-week-of-jan-24/ Seabeemagazine online]</ref> The Tektite program was funded by [[NASA]] and was the first scientists-in-the-sea program sponsored by the US government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uw360.asia/project-tektite-the-aquanauts-that-lived-in-the-sea/|title=Project Tektite: The Aquanauts That Lived in the Sea|date=August 11, 2016}}</ref>  The Tektite project was a product of the [[Cold War]]. It caused the US Navy to realize the need for a permanent Underwater Construction capability that led to the formation the Seabee [[Underwater Construction Teams]].<ref>[http://seabeemagazine.navylive.dodlive.mil/2014/07/17/project-tektite-i-and-the-birth-of-the-underwater-construction-teams/ US Navy Seabee Museum online magazine, "Project Tektite and the Birth of the Underwater Construction Teams" by Dr. Frank A. Blazich Jr., Historian, US Navy Seabee Museum]</ref>

SEALAB was led by Captain [[George F. Bond]] with divers from the fleet. SEALAB I, II, and III were experimental underwater habitats developed by the United States Navy in the 1960s to prove the viability of saturation diving and humans living in isolation for extended periods of time. The knowledge gained from the SEALAB expeditions helped advance the science of deep sea diving and rescue, and contributed to the understanding of the psychological and physiological strains humans can endure.  USN [[Aquanaut]]s of note include [[Robert Sheats]], [[Robin Cook (American novelist)|Robin Cook]], [[Alan Shepard]], [[Scott Carpenter]] and [[Robert A. Barth|Robert Barth]].

In 1966 a [[B-52]] crashed off [[1966 Palomares B-52 crash|Palomares]], Spain with four [[hydrogen bombs]]. {{USS|Hoist}}, {{USS|Petrel}} and {{USS|Tringa}} brought 150 divers who searched down to {{cvt|350|ft}} without locating the weapons.<ref name="Monson">Contact 261, Captain Lewis B. Melson USN, United States Naval Institute Proceedings, June 1967, p. 37 [https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1967/june]</ref>  [[DSV Alvin]] located them at a depth of {{convert|2550|ft|m}}.<ref name="Monson"/>

Still in service, USS ''Chanticleer'' was involved with [[South Vietnam|RVN]] diving operations at [[Nha Trang]] during the [[Vietnam War]].  Her divers were tasked with a number of salvage assignments.  At [[Chu Lai]] Combat Base in 1967 Mobile Construction Battalion 71 had an Underwater Construction Team search the [[Tra Bong River]] for a missing Squad of Marines that the Marines wanted back no matter what.<ref>Seabee 71 in Chu Lai, David H. Lyman, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina, 2019</ref>  Their efforts made the [[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]] Pacific edition.

In the 1970s Navy divers took part in [[Operation Ivy Bells]]. It was a joint Navy [[CIA]] operation. Since the divers did not have the security clearances needed they were given a story for the mission.

In 1975 the first female hard hat diver to be qualified was Donna Tobias. Ten years later [[Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper]] became a salvage officer and would become another USN astronaut/diver.  Also that year, Seabee diver [[Robert Dean Stethem]] was killed by 
[[Aircraft hijacking|hijackers]] on [[TWA Flight 847]] at [[Beirut International Airport|Beirut]]. The Navy named {{USS|Stethem}} DDG-63 in his honor.

In the 1980s [[Harbor Clearance Unit One|Mobile Diving Salvage Unit 1]] and 2 were created.  MDSU 2 has been involved in the salvage of {{USS|Monitor}}, {{Ship|CSS|Georgia|1863|6}}, [[TWA Flight 800]], [[Swiss Air Flight 111]] and the [[Space Shuttle]]s [[Space Shuttle Challenger|''Challenger'']] and [[Space Shuttle Columbia|''Columbia'']].

Post Vietnam the [[United States Department of Defense|DOD]] has made an effort to recover the missing remains of US service personnel.  In 2010 MDSU divers searched at Quynh Phuong, Vietnam for the [[Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command]] or JPAC. They dove the Mediterranean for WWII remains in 2012.<ref>US Navy Divers, alongside the Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, DVIDS, Ensign Martin Carey, 10.18.2012 [https://www.dvidshub.net/image/746799/us-navy-divers-alongside-joint-pow-mia-accounting-command-search-unaccounted-service-member-who-went-missing]</ref>  In 2018 MDSU divers were again requested by the [[Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency]] or DPAA, which had absorbed JPAC.  The divers were sent to the [[Palau]] group where WWII aircraft were known to have gone down.

[[File:I35 bridge collapsed divers.jpg|thumb|The I 35 bridge collapse in [[Minneapolis]] had MDSU divers working with the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|Army Corps of Engineers]].]]
In 2003 Divers from MDSU 1 and SUPSALV were given the task to remove {{convert|2000000|USgal|L}} of [[Fuel oil|bunker fuel]] from the wreck of {{USS|Mississinewa|AO-59|6}}.<ref>S0300-B6-RPT-010, 0910-LP-102-8809 U.S. NAVY SALVAGE REPORT USS MISSISSINEWA OIL REMOVAL OPERATIONS, COMMANDER, NAVAL SEA SYSTEMS COMMAND, Captain Jim Wilkins, USN Director of Ocean Engineering, Supervisor of Salvage and Diving,  May 2004 [https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Portals/103/Documents/SUPSALV/SalvageReports/Mississinewa%20Oil%20Removal%20Operations.pdf]</ref>  [[Hurricane Katrina]] in 2005 followed by [[Hurricane Rita|Rita]] brought disaster recovery to Navy divers.<ref>S0800-AC-RPT-010, 0910-LP-105-8672 U.S. NAVY SALVAGE REPORT HURRICANES KATRINA AND RITA, Commander, Naval Sea Systems Command Richard Hooper Captain, USN Director of Ocean Engineering, Supervisor of Salvage and Diving, January 2007 [https://www.navsea.navy.mil/Portals/103/Documents/SUPSALV/SalvageReports/Hurricanes%20Katrina%20and%20Rita.pdf]</ref> In 2006, the US Navy changed Diving from a "qualification" to a rating of the fleet: '''Navy Diver''' (ND).  In 2007 divers from the [[United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit|Naval Experimental Diving Unit]],  Mobile Diving Salvage Unit 2 and US Army worked on the salvage of the [[Soviet submarine K-77]].  That same year MDSU divers were sent to Minnesota when the [[Interstate 35 bridge collapse]]d into the [[Mississippi River]]. In 2011 the divers of Mobile Diving Salvage Unit 1 along with [[United States Coast Guard|USCG]] and SUPSALV divers were tasked with the clearance of {{convert|72500|USgal|L}} of bunker fuel from the wreck of {{USS|Chehalis|AOG-48|6}} in [[Pago Pago]] Harbor.  MDSU 1 was called in 2018 to repeat the action on {{convert|250000|USgal|L}} on the WWII [[German cruiser Prinz Eugen|German cruiser ''Prinz Eugen'']].  The ship had been sink in the atomic tests of Operation Crossroads.<ref>[https://www.c7f.navy.mil/Media/News/Display/Article/1661622/us-navy-divers-recover-oil-from-wrecked-wwii-prinz-eugen/ U.S. Navy Divers Recover Oil from Wrecked WWII Prinz Eugen, Lt. Clyde Shavers, CTF73/Destroyer Squadron 7 Public Affairs, Commander US 7th Fleet web page, Oct. 14, 2018]</ref>

'''Distinguished Diver list:'''

*[[William Badders]] Chief Machinist mate
*[[Carl Brashear]] Master Chief Boatswains Mate 
*[[Orson Leon Crandall]] Chief Boatswains Mate 
*[[Owen Francis Patrick Hammerberg]] Boatswains mate 2nd Class  
*[[James Harper McDonald]] Chief [[Metalsmith]]
*[[John Mihalowski]] Chief Torpedoman
* Chief Machinist mate Edward Raymer<ref>Edward C. Raymer: Navy and Marine Corps Medal, Hall of Valor Project, 2021 [https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/311739]</ref> (was the senior [[Non-commissioned officer|NCO]] of the first divers sent to Pearl Harbor after the attack, retired with the rank of Commander)
* 29 Divers received the Navy and Marine Corps Medal for having over 100 hours in dive time at Pearl Harbor.<ref>Navy and Marine Corps Medal, All Hands April 1944, Bureau of Naval Personnel Bulletin, U.S.Navy Washington D.C.,  p.55 [https://media.defense.gov/2019/Apr/10/2002112299/-1/-1/1/AH194404.pdf]</ref>
* 2 Divers received the Navy and Marine Corps Medal for diving during gale-force winds, in sub-freezing temps, snow, and possible air attack (including a nine-hour dive in {{cvt|36|F}} water).<ref>Navy and Marine Corps Medal, All Hands December 1943, Bureau of Naval Personnel Bulletin, U.S.Navy Washington D.C.,  p.58 [https://media.defense.gov/2019/Apr/10/2002112295/-1/-1/1/AH194312.pdf]</ref>

==Training and ratings==

===The Schools===
After completion of recruit training or acceptance in the Navy diver program from the Fleet, individuals will go to Naval Training Center, Great Lakes, for Diver Preparation Course (32 training days, including 20 days of basic electrical and engineering courses). Upon completion of the training, candidates will go to [[Naval Support Activity Panama City|Naval Diving and Salvage Training Center]] (NDSTC) in [[Panama City, Florida]], for Second Class Dive School, which is 70 training days long.<ref name="Training"/>

The center has 22 different courses of instruction for roughly 1300 students annually.  On average, there are 300 students in training at any given time. The training center conducts approximately ten thousand dives each year.<ref name="Training"/>

The NDSTC is divided into Fleet and specialized sections. Regardless of their section, all candidates receive instruction in:
* Basic gas laws as they relate to diving.
* [[Diving medicine]]
* [[Decompression chamber]] operations
* [[Scuba gas planning]] 
* [[Diving physics]]
* [[Salvage diving|Salvage operations]]
* Surface-supplied diving systems
* Use of all diving apparatus: [[Diving equipment|Open- and closed-circuit rigs]]
* Underwater mechanics and tools, and underwater cutting and welding<ref name="Training"/>

===Fleet Training===
Upon completion of Second Class Dive School service personnel are assigned to one of the Navy Diver Units to develop their diving and salvage skills.  Underwater ship repair, salvage, or construction can be done using either SCUBA equipment or a surface-supplied diving system. Training for Diving Medical Officers and diving medical technicians is also part of Fleet training.

===Advanced Training===
Many experienced divers return to NDSTC for further course work so they can qualify as First Class divers or as Master divers. The first-class dive school is approximately 12 weeks in length. During training, students are subjected to numerous drills and tests. Some of the subjects include: [[Hyperbaric Chamber]], [[Scuba diving|SCUBA]], MK-16 [[Rebreather]], Surface Supplied Air, and Mixed Gas Supervisor. Students are taught how to diagnose [[List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders|diving-related illnesses]] as well as handling system emergencies. While attending First Class Dive School students are put through Master Diver Evaluations. The evaluations consist of a number of challenging scenarios. Only a select few will qualify.  Master diver is a qualification that is difficult to achieve.

===Specialized Training===
A Navy diver gets specialized training in demolition and mixed-gas diving.<ref name="Training">{{cite web|url=http://www.public.navy.mil/necc/Pages/DiverTraining.aspx|title=Diver Training|website=www.public.navy.mil|access-date=2016-09-25}}</ref>

Navy divers work in extreme conditions, performing various underwater tasks ranging from underwater ship repair, underwater salvage and special operations/special warfare type diving.  Because their area of operations are so varied, they can be required to utilize any type of diving equipment for use in any depth or temperature in any part of the world.  Certain diving qualification allows NDs to live and work at extreme depths for days or weeks at a time, a discipline known as [[saturation diving]].

Navy enlisted personnel that graduate from second class or first class dive school; and ultimately [[Master Diver (United States Navy)|master diver]] comprise the Navy Diver rating.  NDs are the in-water operators and supervisors for the various mission areas mentioned previously as their primary day to day mission is that of in-water operator and/or supervisor.  There are three enlisted diving badges/qualifications in the ND rating:

*Second class diver - E-4 to E-5 personnel.  This is the basic diving qualification in the ND rating, awarded upon completion of ND 'A' School (pin awarded upon warfare qualification).  Primary duties are to serve as in-water operators during various missions.
*First class diver - E-6 to E-8 personnel.  Advanced diving qualification awarded upon completion of ND 'C' School.  In addition to duties as a second class diver, first class divers serve as diving and chamber treatment supervisors.
*Master diver - The highest enlisted diving position in the Navy.  Awarded upon successful completion of the master diver course which includes exceptionally demanding diving operational problems and acceptance by a master diver board.  Oversees diving operations and train/qualify diving supervisors.

Personnel in the CEC [[Seabee]] ratings can qualify as underwater construction technician (UCT).  Like other Navy divers, UCTs are primary in-water operators that conduct underwater construction and demolitions. The three qualification that the various rate can obtain with are as follows: 
Basic Underwater Construction Technician/ NEC 5932 (2nd Class Diver), Advanced Underwater Construction Technician/ NEC 5931 (1st Class Diver), and Master Underwater Construction Technician/ NEC 5933 (Master diver).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.navycs.com/navy-jobs/seabee-uct-diver.html|title=Navy Seabee UCT Diver Challenge Program|website=www.navycs.com}}</ref>

Navy [[hospital corpsmen]] can qualify as a diving medical technician (DMT), where they are given training in medical aspects of diving.  Primary responsibilities are to provide medical advice and treatment to diving personnel.  They also instruct members of the diving team in first aid procedures when the presence of diving medical personnel is indicated.

Additionally, there is a scuba diver qualification primarily for those stationed on submarines to serve as sub divers in a limited capacity.  Navy scuba divers are also trained at NDSTC at a 5-week course.  Their duties consist primarily of conducting occasional inspections on the submarine they are stationed on.  Scuba divers maintain their traditional Navy rating such as ET or MM; their diving  [[Navy Enlisted Classification]] (NEC)  is a collateral duty, not their primary one.

==U.S. navy diver physical fitness test==
Diving medical personnel evaluate the fitness of divers before operations begin and are prepared to handle any emergencies which might arise. They also observe the condition of other support personnel and are alert for signs of fatigue, overexposure, and heat exhaustion. The physical fitness test has been shown to be a poor predictor of job task performance.<ref name=Marcinik1994>{{cite journal |author1=Marcinik, EJ |author2=Hyde, DE |author3=Taylor, WF |title=Development of job-related physical selection criteria for U.S. Navy fleet divers. |year=1994 |journal=Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine |volume=21 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/5702 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131121205520/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/5702 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=November 21, 2013 |access-date=2013-11-21 }}</ref>

The test consists of the following carried out in the order given:<ref name="MILPERSMAN 1220 - 410">{{cite web|url=http://www.public.navy.mil/bupers-npc/reference/milpersman/1000/1200Classification/Documents/1220-410.pdf|title=SEAL/EOD/SWCC/DIVER/AIRR Physical Screening Testing Standards and Procedures|last=Staff|date=6 Jan 2013|work=MILPERSMAN 1220 - 410|publisher=BUPERS - 324 )|pages=1–10|access-date=6 April 2017}}</ref>
#Swim 500 yards (or 450 m) utilizing only combat side stroke or breast stroke within 12 minutes 30 seconds (candidates are allowed to push off the sides when turning. However, if the candidate uses the bottom to stand or rest, they will fail the test).
#10-minute rest period.
#Perform 50 push-ups within 2 minutes (Upper arms must parallel deck at dip and arms locked out at the top of the rep).
#2-minute rest period.
#Perform 50 sit-ups within 2 minutes (Bent knees. Candidates hands must stay on the collarbone and the elbows must touch the knees).
#2-minute rest period.
#Perform 6 pull-ups within 2 minutes (no kipping or swinging is allowed and the chin must clear the top of the bar on each repetition).
#10-minute rest period.
#Run 1.5 miles (2.414&nbsp;km) within 12 minutes 30 seconds.

Note: The times and quantities listed are for passing the screening test only.  Each candidate's scores are submitted and the candidates with the top scores along with ASVAB exam scores will be selected and given a navy diver contract. Passing the physical fitness test is necessary but by no means guarantees the candidate a contract.

==Health impact==
A study published in 2011 by the [[United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit|Navy Experimental Diving Unit]] reviewed the long-term health impact on the U.S. Navy diving population.<ref name=RRR10138>{{cite journal |author1=Chung, J |author2=Brugger, J |author3=Curley, M |author4=Wallick, M |author5=Perkins, R |author6=Regis, D |author7=Latson, G |title=Health survey of U.S. Navy divers from 1960 to 1990: A first look |journal=US Navy Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report 2011-11 |year=2011 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/10138 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415174319/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/10138 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=April 15, 2013 |access-date=2013-11-21}}</ref> The divers surveyed participated as divers for an average of 18 years out of their average 24 active duty years.<ref name=RRR10138/> Sixty percent of the divers surveyed were receiving disability compensation.<ref name=RRR10138/> One in seven of the divers had experienced neurologic symptoms of [[decompression sickness]], with 41% of the divers experiencing one or more of the nine diving injuries surveyed.<ref name=RRR10138/> Seven percent of the surveyed divers had undergone a [[joint replacement]].<ref name=RRR10138/> Eighty-six percent of the divers rated their health as "Excellent, Very Good, or Good".<ref name=RRR10138/> When compared to the general population, the divers showed better mental health but poorer physical health.<ref name=RRR10138/>

==Ratings and enlisted designators==
[[Image:Navdive2.png|thumb|right|400px]]

The navy diver rating was announced in Naval Administration Message 003/06 and consists of sailors with the following NECs:
* NEC 5341&nbsp;– master diver<ref name="MILPERSMAN 1220 - 100">{{cite web|url=http://www.public.navy.mil/bupers-npc/reference/milpersman/1000/1200Classification/Documents/1220-100.pdf|title=Navy Diver ( ND ) Rating|last=NAVPERSCOM (PERS - 401D H ) ND "A" School Coordinator|date=30 May 2013|work=MILPERSMAN 1220 - 100|publisher=BUPERS - 32 4F Enlisted Community Manager|page=3|access-date=6 April 2017}}</ref>
* NEC 5342&nbsp;– first class diver<ref name="MILPERSMAN 1220 - 100" />
* NEC 5343&nbsp;– second class diver<ref name="MILPERSMAN 1220 - 100" />

The effective date of the ND rating was June 1, 2006 for E6-E9 (senior [[non-commissioned officers]]), and October 1, 2006, for E1-E5 junior enlisted.
* E4 (ND3)&nbsp;– Navy diver third class
* E5 (ND2)&nbsp;– Navy diver second class
* E6 (ND1)&nbsp;– Navy diver first class
* E7 (NDC)&nbsp;– Chief Navy diver
* E8 (NDCS)&nbsp;– Senior Chief Navy diver
* E9 (NDCM)&nbsp;– Master Chief Navy diver

==Officer designators==

Designation as a Diving Officer for selected:MILPERSMAN 1210-140<ref name="MILSPERMAN">[https://www.public.navy.mil/bupers-npc/reference/milpersman/1000/1200Classification/Documents/1210-140.pdf DIVING OFFICER, MILSPERMAN 1210-140, CNO, 22 Aug 2002, p.1-6]</ref>
* Unrestricted Line (117X, 112X)<ref name="MILSPERMAN"/>
* Restricted Line/Staff Corps (146X, 144X, 210X, 510X)<ref name="MILSPERMAN"/>
* Limited Duty (61XX, 648X, 653X)<ref name="MILSPERMAN"/>
* Warrant (71XX, 72XX, 748X, 753X)<ref name="MILSPERMAN"/>
* 1440&nbsp;– Engineering Duty (restricted line) Officer<ref name="MILSPERMAN"/>
* 510x&nbsp;– Civil Engineer Corps (staff) Officer<ref name="MILSPERMAN"/>
* 720x&nbsp;– Diving (warrant) Officer<ref name="MILSPERMAN"/>

<gallery>
File:Working Diver 01.jpg|Underwater welding
File:US_Navy_071026-N-3093M-012_Mass_Communication_Specialist_2nd_Class_Kori_Melvin_documents_Navy_divers_and_special_operators_from_SEAL_Delivery_Vehicle_Team_(SDV)_2_and_Naval_Special_Warfare_Logistics_Support_conducting_Lock_Out.jpg|SEAL operations
File:US Navy 011105-N-3093M-011 Navy deep sea diver.jpg|Salvage Operations
File:Navy_Diver4.jpg|[[Atmospheric diving suit]]
File:Navy_Diver5.jpg|Harbor clearance
File:Cast and recovery exercise 140522-N-NI474-054.jpg|EOD Cast and recovery exercise 
File:Navy_Diver7.jpg|SCUBA
File:Navy_Diver8.jpg|Closed circuit
File:US Navy 010703-N-5329L-005 Diver working on USS Monitor salvage.jpg|Saturation diving
File:US Navy explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) divers.jpg|Explosive ordnance disposal
File:US Navy 070808-N-3093M-002 Navy Diver 1st Class Josuha Harsh Mobile Diving and Salvage Unit (MDSU) 2 from Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek, Va., surfaces after completing a salvage dive.jpg|Disaster recovery 
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Robert Croft (diver)|Robert Croft]] ([[free dive]] pioneer)
* [[Clearance diver]]
* [[Diving gear]]
* [[Diving hand signals]]
* [[Royal Navy ships diver]]
* [[Underwater Construction Teams]]
* [[Underwater Demolition Team|UDT]]
* {{annotated link|Uniform Service Diver Insignia (United States)}}
* {{annotated link|Military diving}}
* {{annotated link|United States military divers}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=

}}

===Sources===
* Supervisor of Diving, Naval Sea Systems Command, 2007. ''US Navy Diving Manual'' .(UK): AquaPress Publishing. {{ISBN|1-905492-06-5}}.  Revision 5. Hardback.  The complete manual for equipment, procedures and operations established by the Department of Navy.
* Supervisor of Diving, Naval Sea Systems Command, 2007. ''US Navy Diving Manual'' .(UK): AquaPress Publishing. {{ISBN|1-905492-00-6}}.  Revision 5. Looseleaf.  The complete manual for equipment, procedures and operations established by the Department of Navy.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080310094417/http://www.necc.navy.mil/diver/ Navy Diving | We Dive The World Over]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090712084127/http://www.necc.navy.mil/content.htm Navy Expeditionary Combat Command (NECC)]

==External links==
{{Commons category|United States Navy divers}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041029025857/https://www.npdc.navy.mil// Navy Diving and Salvage Training Center]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100322223402/http://www.navy.com/about/navylife/onduty/navydiver/ Navy.Com recruiting page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080920215926/http://www.necc.navy.mil/diver/index.htm  NECC Diver recruiter page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050307021155/http://naval.undersea.museum/ Naval Undersea Museum]

{{US Navy navbox}}
{{Underwater diving|prodiv}}

[[Category:Armed forces diving|United States Navy]]
[[Category:United States Navy ratings]]