View source for RMS Caronia (1947)

{{Short description|British ocean liner}}
{{other ships|Caronia (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image = RMS Caronia (ca. 1956) (cropped).jpg
| Ship caption = RMS ''Caronia'' {{circa}} 1956, in the [[Trondheim Fjord]]
}}
{{Infobox ship career
| Hide header = 
| Ship name = *1948-1968: ''Caronia''
*1968: ''Columbia''
*1968–74: ''Caribia''|Ship owners
*1949–68: [[Cunard Line]]
*1968–74: [[Universal Cruise Line]]
| Ship operator = 
| Ship registry = *1948–1968: {{flagicon|UK|civil}} [[Port of Liverpool|Liverpool]]
*1968–1974: {{flagicon|Panama}} [[Panama]]
| Ship ordered = 1946
| Ship builder = [[John Brown & Company]], [[Clydebank]]
| Ship yard number = 635
| Ship laid down = 13 February 1946
| Ship launched = 30 October 1947 by [[Elizabeth II|The Princess Elizabeth]] (Later Queen Elizabeth II)
| Ship completed = December 1948
| Ship christened = 
| Ship acquired = 
| Ship maiden voyage = 4 January 1949
| Ship out of service = 27 November 1967
| Ship identification = *UK [[official number]] 182453
*1948–1968: [[Maritime call sign|call sign]] GYKS
*{{ICS|Golf}}{{ICS|Yankee}}{{ICS|Kilo}}{{ICS|Sierra}}
| Ship fate = Wrecked in [[Apra Harbour]], [[Guam]], 1974. Subsequently scrapped.
| Ship notes = 
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
| Hide header = 
| Header caption = 
| Ship tonnage = *As built, {{GRT|34183}}
*1956, 34,172 GRT
*1965, 34,274 GRT
*1968, 25,794 GRT (Panamanian rules)
| Ship displacement = 
| Ship length = {{convert|217.90|m|ft|2|abbr=on}}
| Ship beam = {{convert|27.80|m|ft|2|abbr=on}}
| Ship height = 
| Ship draught = {{convert|9.66|m|ft|2|abbr=on}}
| Ship power = 35,000 shp
| Ship propulsion = Geared turbines, H.P. double reduction, I.P. and L.P. single reduction, twin propellers
| Ship speed = {{convert|22|kn}}
| Ship capacity = 932 passengers (581 first class, 351 tourist class)
| Ship crew = 
| Ship notes = 
}}
|}
'''RMS ''Caronia''''' was a {{GRT|34183|disp=long}} [[passenger ship]] of the [[Cunard Line]] (then Cunard White Star Line). Launched on 30 October 1947, she served with Cunard until 1967. She was nicknamed the "Green Goddess" <ref name="Green Goddess naming">{{cite web|url=http://www.caronia2.info/m195705.php|title=Green Goddess - What's in a Name?|last=Stevens|first=Peter|author2=P. Stevens|date=May 2020|pages=1|access-date=12 May 2020|location=UK}}</ref> after her light green hull livery. She was one of the first "dual-purpose" ships, built both for 2-class transatlantic crossings and all 1st-class cruising. After leaving Cunard she was briefly ''Caribia'' in 1969, after which she was laid up in New York until 1974, when she was sold for scrap. While being towed to [[Taiwan]] for scrapping, she was caught in a storm on 12 August. After her tow lines were cut, she repeatedly crashed on the rocky breakwater outside [[Apra Harbor]], [[Guam]] and broke into three sections.

==History==
After [[World War II]], the Cunard White Star Line operated three ships on the [[Southampton]]—[[New York City|New York]] run. The famous [[RMS Queen Mary|RMS ''Queen Mary'']] and [[RMS Queen Elizabeth|RMS ''Queen Elizabeth'']] operated a weekly express service between Southampton and New York. The smaller and slower [[RMS Mauretania (1938)|RMS ''Mauretania'']] served as an auxiliary ship on this route in addition to performing seasonal cruises out of New York City. The company placed an order for a running mate to ''Mauretania'', a ship of similar speed and proportions for the [[transatlantic crossing|transatlantic]] run. Ultimately this was not to be the role of the new ship, as Cunard White Star's executives decided that the new ship would be built primarily for cruising.

With this in mind, the new ship – soon to be [[Ships christened by Queen Elizabeth II|named ''Caronia'' by Princess Elizabeth]] – received many different features from her Cunard White Star fleetmates. Amenities included an outdoor swimming pool aswell as bathroom / shower facilities in every cabin. However, unlike modern cruise ships, her accommodation was divided into two classes on transatlantic voyages; First and Cabin.

On cruises all accommodation was sold as one class although many staterooms, both on A deck and R deck, were usually allocated to Cabin Class. Even some cabins on B deck were sold on cruises. Both restaurants served the same menu in just one sitting and passengers were allocated to a restaurant dependent upon the locations of their staterooms. On short cruises to the Caribbean and South America, every cabin was offered for occupation and often, as on transatlantic crossings, there would be two sittings for luncheon and dinner.

To distinguish her from Cunard White Star's express liners, the company decided to give her a different colour scheme. Instead of going for the then typical black hull with a white superstructure, ''Caronia'' received a unique livery of four different shades of "Cruising Green", making her a highly attractive and instantly recognizable vessel.

Another striking feature of the ship was her large single funnel, one of the largest ever installed aboard a ship. Similar to those of the later {{SS|United States||2}}, this funnel easily caught the wind, making the ship somewhat difficult to handle.<ref name="Caronia II Timeline">{{cite web|url=http://www.caronia2.info/yoko58a.php|title=Yokohama Accident Cause|last=Stevens|first=Peter|author2=Alex Bulloch|date=April 2004|pages=3|access-date=5 April 2010|location=UK}}</ref> ''Caronia'' was the largest passenger ship to be built in Scotland after World War 2 until ''[[Queen Elizabeth 2]]'' twenty years later.

[[Clara MacBeth]] lived full-time on ''Caronia'' between 1949 and 1963, a span of 14 years.<ref name="Amon2003-02-23">{{cite news |last=Amon |first=Rhoda |date=2003-02-23 |title=Here's the Life: Retire to a Ship, Meals Included |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111426380/newsday/ |newspaper=[[Newsday]] |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |accessdate=2022-10-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016200305/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111426380/newsday/ |archivedate=2022-10-16 }}</ref><ref name="Amon1997-02-09">{{cite news |last=Amon |first=Rhoda |date=1997-02-09 |title=Cruise Lines Still Woo Older Crowd |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111426425/newsday-nassau-edition/ |newspaper=[[Newsday]] |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |accessdate=2022-10-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016200346/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/111426425/newsday-nassau-edition/ |archivedate=2022-10-16 }}</ref>

===1949–1959: a ship ahead of her time===
[[File:RMS CARONIA in Sydney Harbour (7869914254) (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|229x229px|''Caronia'' in Sydney Harbour]]
The brand-new RMS ''Caronia'' commenced her maiden voyage on 4 January 1949 between Southampton and New York.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chriscunard.com/caronia2.php |title=Caronia |access-date=11 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406062037/http://chriscunard.com/caronia2.php |archive-date=6 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Two more transatlantic crossings followed before the ship embarked on her first cruises from New York to the [[Caribbean]]. During her first years she spent most of the year on transatlantic crossings; only during the winter was she engaged in cruising. In 1951 she made her first world cruise. From 1952 onwards she made transatlantic crossings only in August and September, with the rest of the year dedicated to cruising; during one such cruise, she ran aground in [[Egypt]] on 12 March 1952 while transiting the [[Suez Canal]].<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Cunard Liner Aground |date=13 March 1952 |page=3 |issue=52259 |column=E }}</ref> In May 1953 ''Caronia'' made what was perhaps her most famous cruise, associated with the coronation ceremony of Queen Elizabeth II (who had christened ''Caronia'' six years earlier). The ship was used as a hotel, as most of the accommodation in the [[United Kingdom]] was fully booked.

''Caronia'' ran aground at [[Messina]], [[Sicily]], [[Italy]], on 31 May 1956,<ref name=Times010656>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Picture Gallery |date=1 June 1956 |page=10 |issue=53546 |column=C }}</ref> but was refloated the next day.<ref name=Times020656>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Caronia Sails Again |date=2 June 1956 |page=6 |issue=53547 |column=G }}</ref> Her annual refit in November 1956 saw ''Caronia'' modernised for southern cruising with air-conditioning outfitted through the entire ship.<ref name=TGOL_CARONIA>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thegreatoceanliners.com/caronia2.html |title=''Caronia'' |access-date=11 January 2009 |last=Ljungström |first=Henrik |work=The Great Ocean Liners }}</ref> Her world cruise of 1958 saw her suffer the most serious accident of her career. Sailing slowly out of [[Yokohama]] harbour to avoid collision with a [[United States Navy]] vessel, she was driven by high winds against the harbor's breakwater, causing serious damage to her bow and demolishing a harbor lighthouse in the process. The [[United States Navy]] allowed Cunard to use their drydock at the [[Yokosuka]] yard for repairs to ''Caronia''. That same year ''Caronia''{{'}}s autumn cruise in the [[Mediterranean]] had to be cancelled due to [[Suez Crisis#Canal nationalisation|political tensions in the Middle East]].

===1959-1967: Competition catches up===
1959 saw ''Caronia'' making regular transatlantic crossings for the last time. Competition from the jet airliner meant there weren't enough passengers for her in the North Atlantic trade. From here her transatlantic crossings were [[repositioning cruise|repositioning voyage]]s. The first each year being a ''Sterling Cruise'',<ref name="RMS Caronia Timeline">{{cite web|url=http://www.caronia2.info/m196501.php|title=The Sterling Cruise|last=Stevens|first=Peter|date=January 2004|access-date=5 April 2010|location=UK}}</ref> so called because all other ''Caronia'' cruises were paid for only in US dollars, and taking a southerly route via the [[Bahama]]s instead of the usual direct route. Decreased passenger numbers in the North Atlantic also meant that more of Cunard's liners were rebuilt into cruise use and received a similar green colour scheme to that of ''Caronia'', which in 1962 were established as the line's official cruise colours when RMS ''Mauretania'' was repainted for cruising (though not otherwise significantly adapted for the role). In 1963 the heavily rebuilt and renamed [[RMS Ivernia|RMS ''Franconia'']] and [[RMS Saxonia (1954)|''Carmania'']] followed suit. By this time ''Caronia's'' itineraries had settled into a yearly pattern, each cruise having found its ideal individual place in the calendar.

By the early 1960s other shipping companies were catching up with Cunard and building their own purpose-built cruiseships, which in addition to being better equipped than ''Caronia'' were better suited for cruising than she had ever been. To keep up with her newer competitors, Cunard decided that in November 1965 ''Caronia'' would be drydocked for ten weeks,<ref name=TGOL_CARONIA /> new suites and a [[lido deck]] built, and her interior brought up to date. 1966 brought with it a seamen's strike in Britain, which upset ''Caronia's'' itineraries badly. As a result of climbing operating costs, 1967 was the first year when ''Caronia'' didn't profit her owners. Due to increased competition, Cunard decided to withdraw her from service at the end of the year. Fittingly, ''Caronia's'' last voyage for Cunard was a transatlantic crossing from New York to Southampton.

===1968–1974: final years===
[[File:Wreck of the Caribia.jpg|thumb|300px|right|''Caribia'' breaks up in Apra Harbor, Guam, August 1974]]
In early 1968 ''Caronia'' was sold to Star Shipping,<ref name=caronia>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chriscunard.com/archives4.htm |title=Cunard Ships from 1931 |access-date=11 January 2009 |work=Chris' Cunard Page }}</ref><ref name=caronia2>{{Cite web |url=http://www.caronia2.info/caribia2.php |title=''Caribia'' - A Sad Ending > Page 2 |access-date=11 January 2009 |work=RMS Caronia Timeline }}</ref> a company owned by US and [[Panama|Panamian]] interests. Renamed ''Columbia'', she sailed to [[Greece]] for refitting. Cunard had allowed ''Caronia'' to fall behind her maintenance schedule, and her engines needed a major overhaul. Replacement parts were ordered from a Greek company rather than from the original manufacturer. While she was being rebuilt Andrew Konstaninidis took control of ''Columbia'', buying out the other owners of Star Line and renaming her ''Caribia''. Her refitting was completed and she was given a new all-white colour scheme. She was registered in Panama, with her tonnage reduced to 25,794 GRT under Panamanian rules (which saved dock dues). In February 1969 ''Caribia'' embarked on her first cruise from New York to the Caribbean. The voyage was hindered by a malfunction in her waste system. Things turned for the worse on her second cruise, when an explosion in the engine room resulted in the death of one crew member and the severe scalding of another. In addition the ship lost all electrical power for twenty hours before repairs allowed her to return to port. The incident undermined public confidence in the vessel. ''Caribia'' limped back to New York, never to make a commercial voyage again.<ref name=caronia2 />

Plans to revive ''Caribia'' were considered for the next five years,<ref name=caronia3>{{Cite web |url=http://www.caronia2.info/caribia3.php |title=''Caribia'' - A Sad Ending > Page 3 |access-date=11 January 2009 |work=RMS Caronia Timeline }}</ref> but she remained docked in New York and her berthing debts continued to accumulate. Finally in July 1974 her owners gave in and sold the once great ship for scrap. [[Germany|German]] ocean tug ''Hamburg'' was entrusted with the task of towing ''Caribia'' to a breaker's yard in [[Taiwan]]. Whilst near [[Honolulu]] the ship was in danger of capsizing; but repairs were made and they continued on. The two ships sailed into [[1974 Pacific typhoon season#Typhoon Mary|Typhoon Mary]] near [[Guam]].<ref name="caronia2.info">{{cite web |title=RMS Caronia Timeline: Caribia - A Sad Ending - Page 6 |url=https://www.caronia2.info/caribia6.php |website=www.caronia2.info |access-date=March 8, 2021 |date=August 26, 2020}}</ref> On August 12, 1974, ''Hamburg''{{'}}s generators failed and her crew were forced to cut ''Caribia'' loose to save their own vessel. The storm's winds drove the lifeless ship against [[Apra Harbour]]'s breakwater, where she was wrecked.<ref name=caronia4>{{Cite web |url=http://www.caronia2.info/caribia4.php |title=''Caribia'' - A Sad Ending > Page 4 |access-date=11 January 2009 |work=RMS Caronia Timeline }}</ref>

Being a hazard to local shipping, the wreck was swiftly cut up. However, before that could take place, it was discovered that the ''Caribia'' had come to rest beside the wreck of a Korean War-era landing craft. The landing craft was loaded with tons of munitions, including 22&nbsp;mm, 40&nbsp;mm, 5-inch, and 8-inch shells. This required the careful removal of all of these materials over five months before removal of ''Caribia'' could continue. Her removal was all the more urgent because ''Caribia''{{'}}s hulk blocked Apra harbor's entrance. As Apra is the only deep-water harbor on Guam, this made resupply of many vital commodities (e.g., petroleum products) impossible or difficult. No commercial or military vessels could leave or enter the harbor until a significant portion of the stern had been removed. By January 1975, most of ''Cariba''{{'}}s stern had been removed, restoring access to and from the harbor. Afterwards, scrapping continued onto her bow section. What was left of the wreck had been removed by late 1975. Her life ended just 25 years after she was commissioned. Despite being probably the most forward-looking ship of her time, ''Caronia'' was in active service for 19 years.<ref name="caronia2.info"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last1=Miller|first1=William H.|last2=Hawley|first2=Brian|title=RMS Caronia: Cunard's Green Goddess|series=Classic Liners series|date=2011|publisher=[[The History Press]]|location=Stroud, Gloucestershire|isbn=9780752457918}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.caronia2.info/ RMS Caronia Timeline (dedicated Caronia Website)]
* [http://www.bytenet.net/rmscaronia/Main%20Caronia%20page.html Caronia Main Page on Bytenet]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100406062037/http://chriscunard.com/caronia2.php Caronia (II) on Chris' Cunard Page]

==Further reading==

{{Commons category|IMO 5064908}}
* {{Cite book |title=RMS Caronia: Cunard's Green Goddess| last = Miller | first = William | author2 = Brian Hawley | publisher = The History Press | year = 2010 | location = UK| pages = 96| url = http://www.thehistorypress.co.uk/| isbn = 978-0-7524-5791-8}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120202104652/http://luxurylinerrow.com/caronia.html Sample Pages from RMS Caronia Cunard's Green Goddess by Bill Miller and Brian Hawley]

{{Cunard ships}}
{{1952 shipwrecks}}
{{1956 shipwrecks}}
{{1974 shipwrecks}}

{{coord|13.4552|N|144.6250|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Caronia (1947)}}
[[Category:1947 ships]]
[[Category:Cruise ships]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1952]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1956]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1974]]
[[Category:Passenger ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ships built on the River Clyde]]
[[Category:Ships of the Cunard Line]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks in the Pacific Ocean]]
[[Category:Steam turbine-powered ships]]

[[ru:RMS Caronia]]