View source for SS Rotterdam (1908)

{{short description|Dutch passenger ship}}
{{other ships|List of ships named SS Rotterdam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}} 
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image= Rotterdam_Fred_Pansing.jpg
|Ship caption= Oil painting of ''Rotterdam'' before 1912
}} 
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header= 
|Ship country= Netherlands
|Ship flag= {{Shipboxflag|Netherlands}}
|Ship name= ''Rotterdam''
|Ship namesake= [[Rotterdam]]
|Ship owner= [[Holland America Line|NASM]]
|Ship operator= [[Holland America Line]]
|Ship registry= [[Port of Rotterdam|Rotterdam]]
|Ship route= Rotterdam – [[Hoboken, New Jersey|Hoboken]]
|Ship ordered= 
|Ship builder= [[Harland & Wolff]], [[Belfast]]
|Ship original cost= 
|Ship yard number= 390
|Ship laid down= 6 November 1906
|Ship launched= 3 March 1908
|Ship completed= 6 June 1908
|Ship acquired= 
|Ship maiden voyage= 13 June 1908
|Ship refit= 1926, 1936, 1937
|Ship in service= 
|Ship out of service= 
|Ship identification= *[[code letters]] PRMN
*{{ICS|Papa}}{{ICS|Romeo}}{{ICS|Mike}}{{ICS|November}}
*by 1913: [[Maritime call sign|call sign]] MHR
*1914: call sign PEA
*by 1934: call sign PHEG
*{{ICS|Papa}}{{ICS|Hotel}}{{ICS|Echo}}{{ICS|Golf}}
|Ship fate= Scrapped in 1940
|Ship notes= 
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship type= [[Ocean liner]]
|Ship tonnage= {{GRT|24149}}, {{NRT|15020}}, {{DWT|14040}}
|Ship displacement= 36,870 tons
|Ship length= {{cvt|650.5|ft|abbr=on}} registered
|Ship beam= {{cvt|77.4|ft|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught= {{cvt|33|ft|0|in|abbr=on|2}}
|Ship depth= {{cvt|43.5|ft|abbr=on}}
|Ship decks= 4
|Ship power= 2,451 [[Horsepower#Nominal horsepower|NHP]], 15,000 [[Horsepower#Indicated horsepower|ihp]]
|Ship propulsion= *2 × [[Propeller|screws]]
*2 × [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|quadruple expansion engines]]
|Ship speed= {{convert|17|kn|km/h|0}}
|Ship capacity= *'''Passengers:'''
**'''1908:''' 525 [[First class travel|1st class]], 515 2nd class, 2,400 3rd class
**'''1929:''' 517 1st class, 1,130 [[Economy class|tourist class]]
*'''Cargo:''' {{convert|620000|cuft|0}} grain,
*{{convert|570000|cuft|0}} bale
|Ship crew= 472
|Ship sensors= *by 1910: [[Submarine signals|submarine signalling]]
*by 1930: wireless [[direction finding]]
|Ship notes= 
}}
|}

'''SS ''Rotterdam''''' was a [[Steamship|steam]] [[ocean liner]] that was launched and completed in [[Ireland]] in 1908, and scrapped in the [[Netherlands]] in 1940. [[Holland America Line]] (HAL) owned and operated her throughout her career. She was the fourth of seven HAL ships to have been named after the Dutch city of [[Rotterdam]]. Until {{SS|Statendam|1924|2}} entered service in 1929, ''Rotterdam'' was the largest and swiftest ship in the company's fleet, and was the company's [[flagship]].

==Background==
In the 1900s HAL increased the size of its largest [[Transatlantic crossing|transatlantic]] passenger liners. Between 1899 and 1902 it introduced three [[sister ship]]s of about {{GRT|12500}} each, two of which were built by [[Harland & Wolff]] in [[Belfast]]. Then in 1906 Harland & Wolff completed {{SS|Nieuw Amsterdam|1905|2}}, a new HAL [[flagship]] of almost {{GRT|17000}}. ''Nieuw Amsterdam'' was also HAL's first ship with [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|quadruple expansion engines]], and at {{convert|16|kn|km/h}} she was about {{convert|1|kn|km/h|0}} swifter than HAL's three {{GRT|12500}} liners.

HAL then ordered an even larger ship from Harland & Wolff. Early in 1906 HAL had sold its previous ''[[SS Dwinsk|Rotterdam]]'' to [[DFDS|Det Forenede Dampskibsselskab]], who renamed her ''C.F. Tietgen''.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010213767:mpeg21:p013 |newspaper=Rotterdamsch Nieuwsblad |title=Scheepstijdingen |language=nl |date=14 April 1906 |page=3 |via=[[Delpher]]}}</ref> HAL re-used the name ''Rotterdam'' for the new ship.

==Building==
HAL had ordered the new ship by July 1906.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010213856:mpeg21:p001 |newspaper=Rotterdamsch Nieuwsblad |title=Stadsnieuws |language=nl |date=31 July 1906 |page=1 |via=Delpher}}</ref> Harland & Wolff built her on slipway number 3 as yard number 390,<ref name=Yard>{{cite web |url= http://www.theyard.info/ships/ships.asp?entryid=390 |title=Rotterdam |work=Harland & Wolff The Yard |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref> where she was [[Keel laying|laid down]] on 6 November 1906.<ref name=SMHD>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=5592 |title=Rotterdam – ID 5592 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |date=17 May 2023}}</ref>

Her launch was planned for 22 February 1908.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMSAB04:000330044:mpeg21:p00006 |newspaper=Bredasche Courant |title=De Rotterdam |language=nl |date=22 February 1908 |page=5 |via=Delpher}}</ref> By 1pm that day about 5,000 guests of Harland & Wolff had gathered, and thousands more spectators lined the shores. But two other ships had not been moved out of the way, so the director of the shipyard had to cancel the launch for that day. The next day, a storm prevented the two ships from being moved out of the way, so the launch was cancelled again. A third attempt was cancelled because the grease used to lubricate the slipway had been pushed aside.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB04:000188873:mpeg21:p002 |newspaper=De Maasbode |title=De Rotterdam |language=nl |date=28 February 1908 |page=2 |via=Delpher}}</ref>

''Rotterdam'' was successfully launched on 3 March 1908.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010336083:mpeg21:p004 |newspaper=Algemeen Handelsblad |title=Stoomvaartlijnen |language=nl |date=4 March 1908 |page=4 |via=Delpher}}</ref> She was completed on 6 June that year, when she achieved {{convert|16|kn|km/h}} on her [[sea trial]]s. She then went to [[Port of Southampton|Southampton]] to be inspected in [[dry dock]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010967690:mpeg21:p006 |newspaper=Algemeen Handelsblad |title=Stoomvaartlijnen |language=nl |date=4 June 1908 |page=6 |via=Delpher}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Rotterdam-Ship.jpg|thumb|''Rotterdam'' in about 1910]]

===Hull===
''Rotterdam''{{'}}s registered length was {{cvt|650.5|ft|abbr=on}}, her beam was {{cvt|77.4|ft|abbr=on}} and her depth was {{cvt|43.5|ft|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|''Lloyd's Register'' 1910|loc=ROT–ROU}} Her [[tonnage]]s were {{GRT|24149}}, {{NRT|15020}} and {{DWT|14040}}.<ref name=SMHD/> Her [[Displacement (ship)|displacement]] was 36,870 tons at {{convert|35|ft|2}} draught.<ref name=GV29021908>{{Cite news |url= https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMSAVL02:000533169:mpeg21:p00002 |newspaper=Goedkoope Vlaardingsche Courant |title=Het Reuzenstoomschip Rotterdam |language=nl |date=29 February 1908 |page=2 |via=Delpher}}</ref> The hull was divided into watertight [[Compartment (ship)|compartment]]s by 13 transverse bulkheads and one bulkhead along the centre line of the ship. The bottom of the hull was double.<ref name=DG30061908>{{Cite news |url= https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:110621092:mpeg21:p011 |newspaper=De Grondwet |title=Het nieuwe stoomschip Rotterdam |language=nl |date=30 June 1908 |page=2 |via=Delpher}}</ref> She had [[bilge keel]]s.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

===Propulsion===
''Rotterdam'' had eight double-ended and two single-ended boilers, heated by a total of 54 corrugated furnaces. They supplied steam at 215 [[Pound per square inch|psi]] to twin [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|quadruple expansion steam engines]], each of which had a {{cvt|60|in|m}} stroke and cylinders of {{cvt|33|in|m}}, {{cvt|47|in|m}}, {{cvt|68|in|m}} and {{cvt|97+1/2|in|m}} bore. The engines drove twin [[Propeller|screws]]. The combined power of the twin engines was rated at 2,451 [[Horsepower#Nominal horsepower|NHP]]{{sfn|''Lloyd's Register'' 1910|loc=ROT–ROU}} or 15,000 [[Horsepower#Indicated horsepower|ihp]].<ref name=SMHD/> ''Rotterdam'' was designed to cruise at {{convert|16+1/2|kn|km/h|0}},<ref name=GV29021908/> and comfortably maintained 17 knots.<ref name=Yard/> She had two funnels and two masts, whereas ''Nieuw Amsterdam'' had one funnel and four masts.

===Accommodation===
''Rotterdam'' had berths for 3,340 passengers: 525 in [[First class travel|first class]], 515 in second class and 2,400 in third class.

The first class dining saloon was {{cvt|28|by|23|m|disp=flip|0}} and could seat about 500 diners. Its floor was covered in rubber. The lounge was {{cvt|16|by|12|m|disp=flip|0}} and was finished with dark Spanish [[mahogany]]. It had a piano and an organ. The large lobby was finished in cream lacquered wood and had wide stairs with gilded wrought iron ornamentation and a copper handrail. It led to a [[palm court]] of {{cvt|14|by|12|m|disp=flip|0}}, which was finished in cream lacquered wood in [[Louis XVI style]]. Its sides contained [[Delftware]] tile tableaux. In the center a large cupola with stained glass windows shed light on the garden and stairs. The library measured {{cvt|10.5|by|12|m|disp=flip|0}} and was decorated in Louis XVI style in Italian [[juglans]] wood. The upper and lower [[Smoking room|smoking saloons]] measured {{cvt|18|by|13.5|m|disp=flip|0}} and {{cvt|9|by|13.5|m|disp=flip|0}}.<ref name=GV29021908/>

There were 265 first class cabins, including 48 single person luxury cabins, and 12 state room suites with their own dayroom. There were about 100 first class bathrooms. The wide stairs gave access to the first class promenade decks. There were upper and lower promenade decks and a boat deck, totaling {{cvt|28255|sqft|0}}. Parts of ''Rotterdam''{{'}}s promenade decks had glass covers that could be brought up against the sea spray. At the time this was a unique innovation among transatlantic liners.<ref name=GV29021908/>

The second class dining saloon was also finished in lacquered wood. It measured {{cvt|14|by|23|m|disp=flip|0}} and seated 300 diners. On the upper decks was a ladies' saloon, and a smoking saloon finished in oak. The second class promenade decks measured {{cvt|12000|sqft}}. There were 158 second class cabins. Many were twin-berth, but there were also some four-berth cabins.<ref name=GV29021908/>

There were two third class dining saloons, measuring {{cvt|6230|sqft|0}} in total. Between them, the two saloons could seat only 581 diners, so third class passengers had to eat in shifts. Third class cabins were also twin-berth or four-berth, and got clean bedding each trip. Spacious lobbies with seats led upstairs to the third class promenade deck, which was {{cvt|11000|sqft|0}}.<ref name=GV29021908/>

===Cargo===
''Rotterdam''{{'}}s holds had capacity for {{convert|620000|cuft|0}} of grain or {{convert|570000|cuft|0}} of baled cargo.<ref name=SMHD/> This was slightly less than ''Nieuw Amsterdam'',<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.marhisdata.nl/schip&id=4633 |title=Nieuw Amsterdam – ID 4633 |work=Stichting Maritiem-Historische Databank |language=nl |date=17 May 2023}}</ref> although ''Rotterdam'' was a far bigger ship.

===Crew===
[[File:Coal trimmer.png|thumb|[[Coal trimmer]]s [[bunkering]] ''Rotterdam'' at [[Hoboken, New Jersey]]]]
''Rotterdam'' had a crew of 472: 51 on deck, 119 in her [[engine room]] and [[Fire room|stokehold]], and 302 serving the passenger. The [[Purser]] had an Assistant Purser and five [[Steward's department|stewards]]. There were 126 waiters in first class, 55 in second class and 31 in third class. There were 44 cooks and 15 linen maids.<ref name=DG30061908/> The ship had three electric [[dishwasher]]s: one with capacity for 4,000 pieces an hour, and two with capacity for 400 pieces an hour. There were also machines to peel potatoes and polish kinves.<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMGARO01:000169849:mpeg21:p0016 |newspaper=De Grondwet |title=Onze Nederlandsche Wereldhaven |language=nl |date=19 July 1908 |page= |via=Delpher}}{{dead link |date=May 2023}}</ref>

==Career==
HAL [[Ship registration|registered]] ''Rotterdam'' at her namesake of [[Port of Rotterdam|Rotterdam]]. Her [[code letters]] were PRMN.{{sfn|''Lloyd's Register'' 1910|loc=ROT–ROU}}

[[File:Holland_American_Docks_Hoboken_NJ.jpg|thumb|''Rotterdam'' at the HAL terminal in Hoboken, NJ, on one of her first voyages]]
On 13 June 1908 ''Rotterdam'' left Rotterdam on her maiden voyage to [[Hoboken, New Jersey]].<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMSAVL02:000434098:mpeg21:p00001 |work=Vlaardingsche Courant |title=Nieuwsberichten |language=nl |date=17 June 1908 |page=1 |via=Delpher}}</ref> She carried only 285 passengers: 75 first class, 82 second class and 128 third class. On 1 July she left Hoboken on her return voyage, carrying 288 passengers in first class, 356 in second class and 298 in third class. 1908 was not a good year for the US economy, and passenger numbers improved only slowly. However, by 1910 ''Rotterdam'' was carrying more than 1,000 migrants on each trip.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

[[File:Emrik en Binger (1830-1916), Afb 010018000192.jpg|thumb|Delegates to the seventh International Congress of Publishers in Amsterdam, boarding ''Rotterdam'' in July 1910]]
By 1910 ''Rotterdam'' was equipped for [[Submarine signals|submarine signalling]], and the [[Marconi Company]] had equipped her for [[wireless telegraphy]].{{sfn|''Lloyd's Register'' 1910|loc=ROT–ROU}} By 1913 her wireless telegraph [[Maritime call sign|call sign]] was MHR,{{sfn|The Marconi Press Agency Ltd|1913|p=271}} but by 1914 it had been changed to PEA.{{sfn|The Marconi Press Agency Ltd|1914|p=416}}

By 1914 ''Rotterdam'' had begun seasonal [[Cruise ship|cruising]]. That February she left Hoboken with 842 first class passengers on a cruise to the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] via [[Madeira]]. She toured the Mediterranean, visiting [[Cadiz]], [[Gibraltar]], [[Algiers]], [[Piraeus]], [[Istanbul]], [[Jaffa]], [[Alexandria]], [[Naples]], [[Villefranche-sur-Mer]], and [[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]].<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010655524:mpeg21:p002 |newspaper=Algemeen Handelsblad |title=Holland-Amerika Lijn |page=2 |language=nl |date=3 February 1914 |via=Delpher}}</ref>

===First World War===
In August 1914 ''Rotterdam'' repatriated many US civilians who wanted to leave [[German Empire|Germany]] or [[Switzerland]].<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010761804:mpeg21:p003 |work=Nieuwsblad van Friesland |title="Gestrande" Amerikanen |page=3 |language=nl |date=29 August 1914 |via=Delpher}}</ref>

The Netherlands was one of the countries through which the [[Allies of World War I|Entente Powers]]' [[Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)|Blockade of Germany]] was evaded. Germany sought to import goods including copper, coffee, cotton, wool, livestock fodder, nitrate fertilisers, and up to a third of the total food supply for its population.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/sea_transport_and_supply |last=Miller |first=Michael B |title=Sea Transport and Supply |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the First World War |date=24 August 2016 |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref> In September 1914 ''Rotterdam'' left Hoboken carrying 1,500 tons of copper. She was arrested and brought to [[Plymouth]] on 22 September.<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010656323:mpeg21:p005 |work =Algemeen Handelsblad |title=Nederland en de Oorlog |language=nl |date=2 October 1914 |page=5 |via=Delpher}}</ref> However, the copper could not be unloaded from her holds as the [[Port of Southampton]] was closed. Instead, the UK government bought the copper, and the ship was released on 6 October. The copper was to be unloaded at Rotterdam and stored there for the UK government.<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010656337:mpeg21:p006 |work=Algemeen Handelsblad |title=Koper Oorlogscontrabande |language=nl |date=9 October 1914 |page=6 |via=Delpher}}</ref>

On 12 October 1914 ''Rotterdam'' reached Rotterdam carrying 8,000 {{cvt|25|kg|lb|adj=on}} sacks of flour. On 16 October she left for Hoboken again, carrying almost 2,000 passengers. She then made another trip from Rotterdam to Hoboken, and two trips between [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] and Hoboken.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

The war sharply reduced the number of emigrants willing to cross the Atlantic. After most US citizens who wished to leave Europe had done so, there were too few passengers to make a profit.<ref name=AH24031915>{{Cite news |url= https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010652326:mpeg21:p003 |newspaper=Algemeen Handelsblad |title=Holland-Amerika lijn |language=nl |date=24 March 1915 |page=3 |via=Delpher}}</ref> In 1915 ''Rotterdam'' ran a regular schedule between Rotterdam and Hoboken. Often fewer than 100 passengers embarked in Hoboken, but about 500 embarked in Rotterdam.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

Increased cargo trade kept HAL ships busy in the war. After an initial decline, exports from the Netherlands increased. Imports to the Netherlands increased so much that HAL [[Chartering (shipping)|chartered]] ships to carry the extra cargo.<ref name=AH24031915/> Late in 1915 ''Rotterdam''{{'}}s cargo included 25,500 bales ({{cvt|60|kg}} sacks) of coffee.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

The [[Allies of World War I|Entente Powers]] often inspected [[Neutral country|neutral]] ships, to try to ensure they were not violating their [[Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)|blockade of the Central Powers]]. On a westbound voyage in June 1915 the [[Royal Navy]] held ''Rotterdam'' for a total of eight days, first at [[The Downs (ship anchorage)|The Downs]] and then at [[Avonmouth Docks|Avonmouth]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Rotterdam held 8 days. |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=2 July 1915 |page=3 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/07/02/100163949.html?pageNumber=3 |access-date=28 June 2023}}</ref>

On 29 August 1915 a fire was discovered in her [[mailroom]]. Sulphur gas was pumped into the compartment in an attempt to extinguish the fire. On arrival in Rotterdam on 2 September it was found that the fire was still burning, so it was extinguished with water.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMSAB03:000060630:mpeg21:p003 |newspaper=Bredasche Courant |title=Brand aan boord SS Rotterdam |language=nl |date=3 September 1915 |page=3 |via=Delpher}}</ref> The fire probably started in her cargo of cotton. Of the 201 sacks of mail stored above, seven were burnt, and the rest were badly damaged by water. In the first years of the war the Rotterdam also regularly transported gold to the Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB08:000121693:mpeg21:p002 |newspaper=Delftsche Courant |title=Een goudquaestie |language=nl |date=22 November 1915 |page=2 |via=Delpher}}</ref>

On 11 May 1916 ''Rotterdam'' left Hoboken for Rotterdam. In England the UK authorities seized her mail. Also in England, she embarked survivors from the [[Royal Rotterdam Lloyd]] ship ''Palembang'', which a [[Naval mine|mine]] planted by {{SMU|UC-10||2}} had sunk on 18 March.<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMSADB01:000006660:mpeg21:p001 |newspaper=Provinciale Noordbrabantsche 's-Hertogenbosch Courant |title=Onze scheepvaart bedreigd |language=nl |date=24 March 1916 |page=1 |via=Delpher}}</ref>

HAL then laid up ''Rotterdam''. The official reason was that were she lost, she could not be replaced for many years because Dutch shipyards were not able to build a ship of the size of the ''Rotterdam''.<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:011037436:mpeg21:p003 |work=Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad |title=Onze mailboten |page=3 |date=27 March 1916}}</ref> In July 1914 Harland & Wolff had launched a new ''Statendam'' for HAL, a ship even larger than ''Rotterdam'', but in 1915 the UK government had requisitioned the uncompleted ship for conversion into a [[troopship]]. She was completed in 1917 as {{SS|Justicia||2}}, and sunk by a U-boat in July 1918.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.theyard.info/ships/ships.asp?entryid=436 |title=Justicia |work=Harland and Wolff Shipbuilding and Engineering Works |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref> ''Rotterdam'' remained safely laid up after Germany's resumption of [[unrestricted submarine warfare]] in February 1917.<ref name=PO26111918>{{Cite news |url= https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMHCO01:000081642:mpeg21:p001 |newspaper=Provinciale Overijsselsche en Zwolsche Courant |title=Binnenland |language=nl |date=26 November 1918 |page=1 |via=Delpher}}</ref>

===Between the wars===
After the [[Armistice of 11 November 1918]], ''Rotterdam'' was dry docked in [[Glasgow]], as the Netherlands had no dry dock big enough for her.<ref name=PO26111918/> On 24 January she left Rotterdam for Hoboken carrying fewer than 100 passengers, but in [[Brest, France]] she embarked many US troops. She continued to repatriate US troops for some months,{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} and on 24 January 1919 she resumed civilian service between Rotterdam and Hoboken. In 1920 she was converted from coal to oil fuel.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.theshipslist.com/ships/descriptions/ShipsR.shtml |last1=Swiggum |first1=Susan |last2=Kohli |first2=Marjorie |title=Ship Descriptions – R: Rotterdam 1908 |work=TheShipsList |date=6 June 2008 |access-date=6 June 2023}}</ref>

[[File:Einstein Apr.1921 SS Rotterdam 32100.jpg|thumb|[[World Zionist Organization|WZO]] delegation aboard ''Rotterdam'', 2 April 1921. From left to right: Ben-Zion Mossinson, [[Albert Einstein]], [[Chaim Weizmann]] and [[Menachem Ussishkin]].]]
At the beginning of April 1921, a delegation of the [[World Zionist Organization]] sailed from Rotterdam to Hoboken aboard ''Rotterdam''. They included [[Albert Einstein]], Ben-Zion Mossinson, [[Menachem Ussishkin]] and [[Chaim Weizmann]]. Also in April 1921, ''Rotterdam'' became the first ship to use the new 46,000-ton dry dock at [[Wilton's Dok- en Werf Maatschappij]] in [[Schiedam]].{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

In the 1920s ''Rotterdam'' resumed winter cruises from Hoboken to the Mediterranean, including in 1923,{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} February 1924,<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010657423:mpeg21:p003 |work=Algemeen Handelsblad |title=Holland-Amerika Lijn |language=nl |date=25 February 1924 |page=3 |via=Delpher}}</ref> and February 1925.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010027650:mpeg21:p001 |work= Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant |title=Rotterdam |language=nl |date=6 February 1925 |page=3 |via=Delpher}}</ref> In 1929 she was refitted as a two-class ship, with berths for 517 first class and 1,130 [[Economy class|tourist class]] passengers.<ref name=SMHD/>

The [[Great Depression]] that began in 1929 brought a global slump in commercial shipping. On 24 December 1930, NASM revised its fares for 1931. Fares were seasonal, and until 1930 the company had divided them into summer, winter, and intermediate. For 1931, NASM abolished the intermediate seasons, simplified the fares to summer and winter only, and announced significant reductions. On ''Rotterdam'', the minimum first class fare would be US$200 eastbound from August to April, and the same westbound from November to July. The minimum first class fare for summer, which now included the former "intermediate" seasons, would be $220.<ref>{{cite news |title=Holland line cuts passenger fares |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=25 December 1930 |page=43 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1930/12/25/112691267.html?pageNumber=43 |access-date=15 June 2023}}</ref>

''Rotterdam'' was a coal-burner. At the beginning of September 1932, members of the [[:nl:Bond voor Minder Marine Personeel|Bond voor Minder Marine Personeel]] (BMMP) [[trade union]] working for most Dutch shipping lines struck for better wages. As ''Rotterdam'' left Boulogne on 4 September on a westbound crossing, her [[Fireman (steam engine)|ships' stokers]] demanded that she terminate her voyage and return to Rotterdam.<ref>{{cite news |title=Wage fight ties up ships in Holland |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 September 1932 |page=23 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1932/09/05/100848425.html?pageNumber=23 |access-date=15 June 2023}}</ref> Her [[Master mariner|Master]] anchored her near the West Hinder [[lightvessel]], where a detachment of 30 [[Netherlands Marine Corps|Dutch Marines]] boarded the ship from a [[pilot boat]]. The ship returned to Rotterdam, where 11 members of her crew were arrested for [[mutiny]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Dutch Marines Board Liner Rotterdam When Mutinous Crew Heads Ship for Home |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=6 September 1932 |page=1 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1932/09/06/100848461.html?pageNumber=1 |access-date=15 June 2023}}</ref> On 7 September, NASM announced that it would not re-hire 400 BMMP members.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dutch line drops 400 as mutineers |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=8 September 1932 |page=43 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1932/09/08/100803133.html?pageNumber=43 |access-date=15 June 2023}}</ref> ''Rotterdam'' and other NASM ships remained in Rotterdam as the strike continued.<ref>{{cite news |title=Liner to go to Rotterdam |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=13 September 1932 |page=43 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1932/09/13/100805674.html?pageNumber=43 |access-date=15 June 2023}}</ref>

On 15 September some shipping lines reached an agreement with the BMMP, oncluding reinstatement of the 400 members that NASM had dismissed, but BMMP members at Rotterdam voted to reject it.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dutch sailors' strike settled in part |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=15 September 1932 |page=45 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1932/09/15/105871846.html?pageNumber=45 |access-date=15 June 2023}}</ref> However, the "contact commission" between the shipping companies and the BMMP established that an aggregate of the votes from the separate [[mass meeting]]s at Amsterdam and Rotterdam produced a majority in favour of returning to work.<ref>{{cite news |title=Settles seamen's strike |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=16 September 1932 |page=43 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1932/09/16/100806134.html?pageNumber=43 |access-date=15 June 2023}}</ref> NASM crews resumed service. {{SS|Veendam|1922|2}} left Rotterdam on 17 September, and all ships returned to normal their schedule.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dutch sailings resumed. |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=18 September 1932 |page=92 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1932/09/18/105872612.html?pageNumber=92 |access-date=15 June 2023}}</ref>

Late in 1933, ''Rotterdam'' was reconditioned, and an artificial beach was installed in one of her well decks. She started her cruising season on 18 November, leaving Hoboken with 450 passengers on a cruise to the [[West Indies]].<ref>{{cite news |title=700 see the Rotterdam. |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=19 November 1933 |page=33 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1933/11/19/105820138.html?pageNumber=33 |access-date=26 June 2023}}</ref> On 23 December she left Hoboken on a nine-day cruise to Nassau and Kingston.<ref>{{cite news |title=Travel increases in holiday rush |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=21 December 1933 |page=8 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url=  https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1933/12/21/105833251.html?pageNumber=8 |access-date=26 June 2023}}</ref> On 3 March 1934, she left Hoboken on a cruise to Central America.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ocean Travelers |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=3 March 1934 |page=10 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1934/03/03/95478085.html?pageNumber=10 |access-date=26 June 2023}}</ref>

By 1930 ''Rotterdam'' was equipped with wireless [[direction finding]].{{sfn|''Lloyd's Register'' 1930|loc=ROS–ROT}} By 1934 the new four-letter call sign PHEG had replaced her code letters and three-letter call sign.{{sfn|''Lloyd's Register'' 1934|loc=ROS–ROW}} Also by 1934, her hull had been repainted white.<ref name=SMHD/>

''Volendam'' and her sister ''Veendam'' were rarely in the same port at the same time. One exception was on 16 March 1935 in Hoboken, when ''Veendam'' arrived from Rotterdam in the morning, and ''Volendam'' was already in port, waiting to start a cruise to Nassau and Bermuda on 23 March. ''Rotterdam'', ''Edam'' and the cargo steamship ''Beemsterdijk'' were also at Hoboken on the same day. It was rare for five NASM ships to be in the same port on the same day.<ref>{{cite news |title=5 ships of one line here. |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=16 March 1935 |page=31 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1935/03/16/93678565.html?pageNumber=31 |access-date=26 June 2023}}</ref>

On 29 September 1935, ''Rotterdam'' was cruising off [[Jamaica]] at the time of the [[1935 Cuba hurricane]] when she ran aground on [[Morant Cays]].<ref>{{cite news |title=SS Rotterdam Aground On Key in the West Indies |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=30 September 1935 |page=1 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1935/09/30/93490281.html?pageNumber=1 |access-date=15 June 2023}}</ref> The [[Fyffes Line|Elders & Fyffes]] [[Banana boat (ship)|banana boat]] ''Ariguani'' took off all of her 460 passengers and 70 of her crew, and landed them at Kingston.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rotterdam's Passengers Are All Taken Off Safely |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=1 October 1935 |page=1 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1935/10/01/93711848.html?pageNumber=1 |access-date=15 June 2023}}</ref> On 1 October, NASM's {{SS|Volendam||2}} left Hoboken, without passengers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tourists in wreck land in Kingston |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=1 October 1935 |page=19 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1935/10/02/93490901.html?pageNumber=19 |access-date=15 June 2023}}</ref> On 7 October she left Kingston carrying 350 of ''Rotterdam''{{'}}s passengers and crew,<ref>{{cite news |title=Rotterdam group sail |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=8 October 1935 |page=12 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1935/10/08/93491385.html?pageNumber=12 |access-date=15 June 2023}}</ref> and on 11 October she landed them at Hoboken.<ref>{{cite news |title=868 Wrecked on the Rotterdam Return Here in Holiday Mood |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=12 October 1935 |page=33 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1935/10/12/93492301.html?pageNumber=19 |access-date=15 June 2023}}</ref> ''Rotterdam'' was refloated on 5 October.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rotterdam List Overcome. |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=7 October 1935 |page=33 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1935/10/07/93713457.html?pageNumber=33 |access-date=15 June 2023}}</ref>

In January 1936 HAL reclassified ''Rotterdam'', ''Volendam'' and {{SS|Veendam|1922|2}} as "cabin class" ships. ''Rotterdam''{{'}}s one-way fares were reduced from $169.50 to $161.50 in the summer season, and from $161.50 to $153.50 in the off-season. HAL was the last major shipping line to adopt cabin class.<ref>{{cite news |title=Three Dutch ships take cabin status |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=19 January 1936 |page=39 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1936/01/19/85207898.html?pageNumber=39 |access-date=8 June 2023}}</ref>

In 1937 ''Rotterdam'' made a summer cruise to the [[North Cape (Norway)|North Cape]] and the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]]. In [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]] the Soviet authorities refused to let some passengers ashore from ''Rotterdam'' and three other ships. The reason why they chose certain passengers for exclusion was not clear.<ref>{{cite news |title=Barred tourists return |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=15 August 1937 |page=31 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1937/08/15/96746014.html?pageNumber=31 |access-date=8 June 2023}}</ref>

===End of career===
[[File:SS Rotterdam voor sloop versleept Weeknummer 40-02 - Open Beelden - 45698.ogv|thumb|''Polygoon-journaal'' [[newsreel]] from January 1940 showing ''Rotterdam'' being moved from Wilhelminakade to [[Waalhaven]] to be scrapped. Note the [[Neutral country|neutrality]] markings on the side of her hull]]
On 21 November 1939 ''Rotterdam'' began her final transatlantic voyage from Rotterdam to New York.<ref name=Yard/> She got back to Rotterdam on 28 December.<ref name=SMHD/> By then she had steamed the equivalent of 70 times the circumference of the earth.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

In January 1940 HAL sold ''Rotterdam'' to Frank Rijsdijk's Industriëele ondernemingen of [[Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht]] for scrap. On 5 January 1940 she was towed from the Wilhelminakade to [[Waalhaven]], where her superstructure was demolished.<ref name=SMHD/>

HAL next used the name for the {{SS|Rotterdam||2}} launched in 1958. She is now a combined hotel, [[museum ship]] and [[vocational education]] school.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{citation |last=Collard |first=Ian |year=2018 |title=Holland America Cruise Ships |place=Stroud |publisher=[[Amberley Publishing]] |isbn=978-1445667614 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-KyIDwAAQBAJ}}
*{{cite book |last=Dowling |first=R |origyear=1903 |year=1909 |edition=3rd |title=All About Ships & Shipping |place=London |publisher=Alexander Moring Ltd}}
*{{cite book |year=1910 |title=Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping |volume=I.–Steamers |place=London |publisher=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |via=[[Internet Archive]] |url= https://archive.org/details/HECROS1911ST/page/n891/mode/1up |ref={{harvid|''Lloyd's Register'' 1910}}}}
*{{cite book |year=1930 |title=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |volume=II.–Steamers and Motorships of 300 Tons Gross and Over |place=London |publisher=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |via=[[Southampton City Council]] |url= https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/30/30b1013.pdf |ref={{harvid|''Lloyd's Register'' 1930}}}}
*{{cite book |year=1934 |title=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |volume=II.–Steamers and Motorships of 300 Tons Gross and Over |place=London |publisher=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |via=Southampton City Council |url= https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/34/34b0718.pdf |ref={{harvid|''Lloyd's Register'' 1934}}}}
*{{cite book |author=The Marconi Press Agency Ltd |author-link=Marconi Company |year=1913 |title=The Year Book of Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony |place=London |publisher=The St Katherine Press}}
*{{cite book |author=The Marconi Press Agency Ltd |author-link=Marconi Company |year=1914 |title=The Year Book of Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony |place=London |publisher=The Marconi Press Agency Ltd}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Rotterdam (ship, 1908)}}
*{{cite web |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uL8HmSTp1QM |author=Abricialio |title=RMS Rotterdam IV (1908-1940) |publisher=YouTube}} – video
*{{cite web |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-S5QoJGdX4M |author=Ballins Dampfer Welt |title=s.s. Rotterdam – Holland-America-Line |publisher=YouTube}} – video of interior photographs and other images
*{{cite web |url= http://www.halpostcards.com/unofficial/rot4.html |title=S.S. Rotterdam IV 1908 – 1940 |work=The Unofficial Holland America Line}} – description, history, pictures, and extracts from 1914 cruise brochure

{{Holland America ships}}
{{1935 shipwrecks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rotterdam (1908)}}
[[Category:1908 ships]]
[[Category:Cruise ships]]
[[Category:Ocean liners]]
[[Category:Passenger ships of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Ships built in Belfast]]
[[Category:Ships built by Harland and Wolff]]
[[Category:Ships of the Holland America Line]]
[[Category:Steamships of the Netherlands]]