View source for United Nations Mercenary Convention

The '''United Nations Mercenary Convention''', officially the '''International Convention against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries''', is a 2001 [[United Nations]] [[multilateral treaty|treaty]] that prohibits the recruitment, training, use, and financing of [[mercenary|mercenaries]]. At the 72nd plenary meeting on 4 December 1989, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] concluded the convention as its resolution 44/34. The convention entered into force on 20 October 2001<ref name=UN-Mercenary-Convention>[https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/44/a44r034.htm International Convention against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209231529/http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/44/a44r034.htm |date=February 9, 2008 }} A/RES/44/34 72nd plenary meeting 4 December 1989 (UN Mercenary Convention) [http://www.ohchr.org/english/law/mercenaries.htm Entry into force: 20 October 2001]→   {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209231529/http://www.wikipedia.org/ |date=9 February 2008 }}</ref> and has been ratified by 46 states.

The convention extends on the [[Geneva Conventions]] [[Protocol I]] which in Article 47(1) states that a mercenary cannot be a [[lawful combatant]] or [[prisoner of war]].<ref name=dod-201612>{{cite web |url=https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/DoD%20Law%20of%20War%20Manual%20-%20June%202015%20Updated%20Dec%202016.pdf?ver=2016-12-13-172036-190 |title=Law of War Manual |pages=168–170 |publisher=U.S. Department of Defense |date=December 2016 |access-date=10 June 2022}}</ref>

== Article 1 (Definition of mercenary) ==
Article 1 of the Convention has the following definition of a mercenary:

{{quotation|{{ordered list |item_style=margin-left:-1.5em
|  A mercenary is any person who:{{unbulleted list|item_style=text-indent:-1.5em; margin-left: 1.5em
|(a)  Is specially recruited locally or abroad in order to fight in an armed conflict;
|(b)  Is motivated to take part in the hostilities essentially by the desire for private gain and, in fact, is promised, by or on behalf of a party to the conflict, material compensation substantially in excess of that promised or paid to combatants of similar rank and functions in the armed forces of that party;
|(c)  Is neither a national of a party to the conflict nor a resident of territory controlled by a party to the conflict;
|(d)  Is not a member of the armed forces of a party to the conflict; and
|(e)  Has not been sent by a State which is not a party to the conflict on official duty as a member of its armed forces.}}
| A mercenary is also any person who, in any other situation:{{unbulleted list|item_style=text-indent:-1.5em; margin-left: 1.5em
|(a) Is specially recruited locally or abroad for the purpose of participating in a concerted act of violence aimed at:{{unbulleted list|item_style=text-indent:-1.5em; margin-left: 1.5em
|(i)  Overthrowing a Government or otherwise undermining the constitutional order of a State; or
|(ii)  Undermining the territorial integrity of a State;}}
|(b)  Is motivated to take part therein essentially by the desire for significant private gain and is prompted by the promise or payment of material compensation;
|(c)  Is neither a national nor a resident of the State against which such an act is directed;
|(d)  Has not been sent by a State on official duty; and
|(e)  Is not a member of the armed forces of the State on whose territory the act is undertaken.}}}}
|UN Mercenary Convention<ref name=UN-Mercenary-Convention/>}}

== Article 2 ==
{{quote|Any person who recruits, uses, finances or trains mercenaries, as defined in article 1 of the present Convention, commits an offence for the purposes of the Convention.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=OHCHR {{!}} International Convention against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/Mercenaries.aspx|access-date=2021-02-17|website=www.ohchr.org}}</ref>}}

== Article 3 ==
{{quote|
# A mercenary, as defined in article 1 of the present Convention, who participates directly in hostilities or in a concerted act of violence, as the case may be, commits an offence for the purposes of the Convention.
# Nothing in this article limits the scope of application of article 4 of the present Convention.<ref name=":0" />}}

== Article 4 ==
{{quote|An offence is committed by any person who:
{{unbulleted list|style=text-indent:-1.5em; padding-left:1.5em
|(a) Attempts to commit one of the offences set forth in the present Convention;

|(b) Is the accomplice of a person who commits or attempts to commit any of the offences set forth in the present Convention.<ref name=":0" />}}}}

== Article 5 ==
{{quote|
# States Parties shall not recruit, use, finance or train mercenaries and shall prohibit such activities in accordance with the provisions of the present Convention.
# States Parties shall not recruit, use, finance or train mercenaries for the purpose of opposing the legitimate exercise of the inalienable right of peoples to self-determination, as recognized by international law, and shall take, in conformity with international law, the appropriate measures to prevent the recruitment, use, financing or training of mercenaries for that purpose.
# They shall make the offences set forth in the present Convention punishable by appropriate penalties which take into account the grave nature of those offences.<ref name=":0" />}}

== Article 6 ==
{{quote|States Parties shall co-operate in the prevention of the offences set forth in the present Convention, particularly by:
{{ubl|style=text-indent:-1.5em; padding-left:1.5em
|(a) Taking all practicable measures to prevent preparations in their respective territories for the commission of those offences within or outside their territories, including the prohibition of illegal activities of persons, groups and organizations that encourage, instigate, organize or engage in the perpetration of such offences;

|(b) Co-ordinating the taking of administrative and other measures as appropriate to prevent the commission of those offences.<ref name=":0" />}}}}

== Article 7 ==
{{quote|States Parties shall co-operate in taking the necessary measures for the implementation of the present Convention.<ref name=":0" />}}

== Signatories and parties ==
As of August 2021, the convention had been ratified by 37 states, and signed but not ratified by 9 states.

Below are the states that have signed, ratified or acceded to the convention.<ref name=icrc-parties>{{cite web |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/States.xsp?xp_viewStates=XPages_NORMStatesParties&xp_treatySelected=530 |title=International Convention against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries, 4 December 1989 - State Parties |website=International Committee of the Red Cross |access-date=4 July 2022}}</ref><ref name=icrc-signatory>{{cite web |url=https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/States.xsp?xp_viewStates=XPages_NORMStatesSign&xp_treatySelected=530 |title=International Convention against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries, 4 December 1989 - Signatory States |website=International Committee of the Red Cross |access-date=4 July 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Country !! Signing date !! Ratification date !! Notes
|-
| {{flagdeco|Italy|size=23px}} [[Italy]] || data-sort-value="1990-02-02" | February 5, 1990 || data-sort-value="1995-08-21" |August 21, 1995  || 
|-
| {{flagdeco|Seychelles|1977|size=23px}} [[Seychelles]] ||  || data-sort-value="1990-03-12" |March 12, 1990  || 
|-
| {{flagdeco|Zaire|size=23px}} [[Zaire]] || data-sort-value="1990-03-20" | March 20, 1990 || || Signed as [[Zaire]]; successor state is the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].
|-
| {{flagdeco|Nigeria|size=23px}} [[Nigeria]] || data-sort-value="1990-04-04" | April 4, 1990 || || 
|-
| {{flagdeco|Maldives|size=23px}} [[Maldives]] || data-sort-value="1990-07-17" | July 17, 1990 || data-sort-value="1991-09-11" | September 11, 1991 || 
|-
| {{flagdeco|Republic of the Congo|1970|size=23px}} [[People's Republic of the Congo|P.R. Congo]] || data-sort-value="1990-07-20" | July 20, 1990 || || Signed as the [[People's Republic of the Congo]]; successor state is the [[Republic of the Congo]].
|-
| {{flagdeco|Ukraine|size=23px}} [[Ukraine]] || data-sort-value="1990-09-21" | September 21, 1990 || data-sort-value="1993-09-13" | September 13, 1993 || Signed as the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]].
|-
| {{flagdeco|Morocco|size=23px}} [[Morocco]] || data-sort-value="1990-10-05" | October 5, 1990|| || 
|-
| {{flagdeco|Suriname|size=23px}} [[Suriname]] || data-sort-value="1990-02-27" | February 27, 1990 || data-sort-value="1990-08-10" | August 10, 1990 ||
|-
| {{flagdeco|Uruguay|size=23px}} [[Uruguay]] || data-sort-value="1990-11-20" | November 20, 1990 || data-sort-value="1999-07-14" | July 14, 1999 || 
|-
| {{flagdeco|Germany|size=23px}} [[Germany]] || data-sort-value="1990-12-12" | December 12, 1990 || || 
|-
| {{flagdeco|Barbados|size=23px}} [[Barbados]] || data-sort-value="1990-12-13" | December 13, 1990 || data-sort-value="1992-07-10" | July 10, 1992  || 
|-
| {{flagdeco|Belarus|1995|size=23px}} [[Belarus]] || data-sort-value="1990-12-13" | December 13, 1990 || data-sort-value="1997-05-28" | May 28, 1997 || Signed as the [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic]].
|-
| {{flagdeco|Romania|size=23px}} [[Romania]] || data-sort-value="1990-12-17" | December 17, 1990 || || 
|-
| {{flagdeco|Cameroon|size=23px}} [[Cameroon]] || data-sort-value="1990-12-21" | December 21, 1990 || data-sort-value="1996-01-01" | January 1, 1996 || 
|-
| {{flagdeco|Poland|size=23px}} [[Poland]] || data-sort-value="1990-12-28" | December 28, 1990 || || 
|-
| {{flagdeco|Togo|size=23px}} [[Togo]] || || data-sort-value="1991-02-25" | February 25, 1991 || 
|-
| {{flagdeco|Angola|size=23px}} [[Angola]] || data-sort-value="1990-12-28" | December 28, 1990 || || 
|-
| {{flagdeco|Cyprus|1960|size=23px}} [[Cyprus]] ||  || data-sort-value="1993-07-08" | July 8, 1993  || 
|-
| {{flagdeco|Georgia (country)|1990|size=23px}} [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] ||  || data-sort-value="1995-06-08" | June 8, 1995  || 
|-
| {{flagdeco|Turkmenistan|1992|size=23px}} [[Turkmenistan]] ||  || data-sort-value="1996-09-18" | September 18, 1996  || 
|-
| {{flagdeco|Azerbaijan|size=23px}} [[Azerbaijan]] ||  || data-sort-value="1997-04-12" | April 12, 1997  || 
|-
| {{flagdeco|Saudi Arabia|size=23px}} [[Saudi Arabia]] ||  || data-sort-value="1997-04-14" | April 14, 1997 || With reservations.
|-
| {{flagdeco|Uzbekistan|size=23px}} [[Uzbekistan]] ||  || data-sort-value="1998-01-19" | January 19, 1998 || 
|-
| {{flagdeco|Mauritania|1959|size=23px}} [[Mauritania]] ||  || data-sort-value="1998-02-09" | February 9, 1998 || 
|-
| {{flagdeco|Qatar|size=23px}} [[Qatar]] ||  || data-sort-value="1999-03-26" | March 26, 1999 || 
|-
| {{flagdeco|Senegal|size=23px}} [[Senegal]] ||  || data-sort-value="1999-07-09" | July 9, 1999 || 
|-
| {{flagdeco|Croatia|size=23px}} [[Croatia]] ||  || data-sort-value="2000-03-27" | March 27, 2000 || 
|-
| {{flagdeco|Libyan Arab Jamahiriya|size=23px}} [[Libya]] ||  || data-sort-value="2000-09-22" | September 22, 2000 || Signed as the [[Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]].
|-
| {{flagdeco|Serbia|size=23px}} [[Serbia]] || data-sort-value="2001-03-12" | March 12, 2001 || data-sort-value="2016-01-14" | January 14, 2016 || Signed as the [[Serbia and Montenegro|Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]].
|-
| {{flagdeco|Costa Rica|state|size=23px}} [[Costa Rica]] || || data-sort-value="2001-09-20" | September 20, 2001|| 
|-
| {{flagdeco|Mali|size=23px}} [[Mali]] || || data-sort-value="2002-04-12" | April 12, 2002 || 
|-
| {{flagdeco|Belgium|size=23px}} [[Belgium]] || || data-sort-value="2002-05-05" | May 5, 2002 || With reservations.
|-
| {{flagdeco|Guinea|size=23px}} [[Guinea]] || || data-sort-value="2003-06-18" | June 18, 2003 || 
|-
| {{flagdeco|New Zealand|size=23px}} [[New Zealand]] || || data-sort-value="2004-09-22" | September 22, 2004|| 
|-
| {{flagdeco|Liberia|size=23px}} [[Liberia]] ||  || data-sort-value="2005-09-16" | September 16, 2005  || 
|-
| {{flagdeco|Moldova|size=23px}} [[Moldova]] ||  || data-sort-value="2006-02-28" | February 28, 2006  || With reservations.
|-
| {{flagdeco|Montenegro|size=23px}} [[Montenegro]] || data-sort-value="2006-10-23" | October 23, 2006|| || 
|-
| {{flagdeco|Peru|state|size=23px}} [[Peru]] ||  || data-sort-value="2007-03-23" | March 23, 2007  || 
|-
| {{flagdeco|Cuba|size=23px}} [[Cuba]] ||  || data-sort-value="2007-09-02" | September 2, 2007 || 
|-
| {{flagdeco|Syria|size=23px}} [[Syria]] ||  || data-sort-value="2008-01-19" | January 19, 2008 || With reservations.
|-
| {{flagdeco|Venezuela|state|size=23px}} [[Venezuela]] ||  || data-sort-value="2013-11-12" | November 12, 2013 ||
|-
| {{flagdeco|Ecuador|size=23px}} [[Ecuador]] ||  || data-sort-value="2016-12-12" | December 12, 2016 ||
|-
| {{flagdeco|Equatorial Guinea|size=23px}} [[Equatorial Guinea]] ||  || data-sort-value="2019-01-21" |January 21, 2019 || 
|-
| {{flagdeco|Honduras|size=23px}} [[Honduras]] ||  || data-sort-value="1990-04-01" |April 1, 2008  || 
|-
| {{flagdeco|Armenia|size=23px}} [[Armenia]] ||  || data-sort-value="2020-11-23" |November 23, 2020  || With reservations.
|}
Several of the states that ratified the agreement are however signatories of the Montreux document which on the contrary of the afore-written convention, does not make illegal the use of mercenaries but gives a document about the use of mercenaries including "good practises", the agreement having no sanctions or legal constraints tied to it.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

==See also==

* [[Montreux Document]] – a non-constraining agreement between countries about Mercenary use with a side legal volley about non-military private security.
* [[Private military company]]
* [[Mercenary]] 
* [[Unlawful combatant#Mercenaries|Unlawful combatant § Mercenaries]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/INTRO/530?OpenDocument Text of the convention, list of signatories]
* [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/icruftm/icruftm.html Procedural history and related documents] on the ''International Convention against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries'' in the [http://legal.un.org/avl/historicarchives.html Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mercenary Convention}}
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