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{{Infobox language
| name             = Čabar dialect
| fam5             = [[Western South Slavic]]
| fam7             = [[Lower Carniolan dialect group]]
| ancestor3        = Lower Carniolan dialect plane
| ancestor2        = Southern Slovene dialect
| ancestor         = Southeastern Slovene dialect
| fam6             = [[Slovene language|Slovene]]
| fam4             = [[South Slavic languages|South Slavic]]
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam3             = [[Slavic languages|Slavic]]
| fam2             = [[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]]
| fam1             = [[Indo-European]]
| ethnicity        = [[Slovenes]], [[Croats]]
| region           = [[Gorski Kotar]], Upper [[Kupa]] Valley
| states           = [[Slovenia]], [[Croatia]]
| pronunciation    = ˈt͡ʃɛbɾanʃku naˈɾeːt͡ʃjɛ
| nativename       = ˈČebranšku naˈrẹːčje
| map              = Lower Carniolan dialect group.svg
| mapcaption       = {{Legend0|#af6528}}Čabar dialect
| dia1             = Bajtarji microdialects
| dia2             = Gebarji microdialects
| dia3             = Dragarji microdialects
}}

{{South Slavic languages sidebar}}This article uses [[Slovene national phonetic transcription#Logar and Ramovš transcription|Logar transcription]].

The '''Čabar dialect''' ({{langx|sl|čabranško narečje}} {{IPA|sl|t͡ʃaˈbɾaːnʃkɔ naˈreːt͡ʃjɛ|}}<ref name=":0" />) is a [[Slovene dialects|Slovene dialect]], though not all speakers self-identify as speaking Slovene.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapović |first=Mate |url=https://www.academia.edu/34989815/The_Position_of_Kajkavian_in_the_South_Slavic_Dialect_Continuum_in_Light_of_Old_Accentual_Isoglosses |title=The Position of Kajkavian in the South Slavic Dialect Continuumin in Light of Old Accentual Isoglosses |work=Zeitschrift für Slawistik |publisher=[[De Gruyter]] |year=2017 |series=62 |language=English |doi=10.1515/slaw-2017-0038 |author-link=Mate Kapović}}</ref> It is spoken along the Upper [[Kupa]] Valley, and [[Gorski Kotar]] in [[Slovenia]] and [[Croatia]].<ref name="Toporisic">Toporišič, Jože. 1992. ''Enciklopedija slovenskega jezika''. Ljubljana: Cankarjeva založba, p. 88.</ref> The dialect borders [[Lower Carniolan dialect]] to the north, [[Mixed Kočevje subdialects]] to the northeast, [[Kostel dialect]] to the southeast, [[Kajkavian|Eastern Goran dialect]] to the south, and various [[Chakavian]] dialects to the southwest and west. The dialect belongs to the [[Lower Carniolan dialect group]], and evolved from Lower Carniolan dialect plane.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Logar |first=Tine |url=https://sla.zrc-sazu.si/eSLA/Karta_narecij_600dpi_CMYK.pdf |title=Karta slovenskih narečij |last2=Rigler |first2=Jakob |publisher=[[SAZU|Založba ZRC]] |year=2016 |language=sl}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Harvcoltxt|Šekli|2018|pp=335–339}}</ref> Čabar dialect was until recently considered to be a part of Kostel dialect, but it was later discovered both dialects evolved differently, but are in process of becoming more similar to each other.<ref name=":0">{{Harvcoltxt|Gostenčnik|2018|pp=42–45}}</ref>

== Geographical distribution ==
Čabar dialect is spoken mainly in Croatia, however the northeastern part crosses the Croatia–Slovene border. Area extends from [[Babno Polje]] and [[Lazec, Loški Potok|Lazec]] in the north along Goteniška Gora to [[Mirtoviči]] and [[Gašparci]] in the east. It extends south to [[Delnice]] and extends west to [[Gorski Kotar]]. Notable settlements include [[Babno Polje]], [[Lazec, Loški Potok|Lazec]], [[Novi Kot]], [[Draga, Loški Potok|Draga]], and [[Osilnica]] in Slovenia, as well as [[Prezid, Croatia|Prezid]], [[Kozji Vrh]], [[Gorači]], [[Čabar]], [[Crni Lazi]], [[Tršće, Croatia|Tršće]], [[Plešce]], [[Vode, Croatia|Vode]], [[Gerovo]], [[Mali Lazi]], and [[Crni Lug, Croatia|Crni Lug]] in Croatia.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Gostenčnik|2018|p=179}}</ref>

== Accentual changes ==
Čabar dialect lost the difference between high- and low-pitched accent on both long and short vowels, which are still differentiated, but in process of merging in Čabar, Hrvatsko and Bosljiva Loka microdialects.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Gosteničnik |first=Januška |url=https://omp.zrc-sazu.si/zalozba/catalog/view/1152/4888/899-2 |title=Krajevni govori ob Čabranki in zgornji Kolpi |publisher=Založba ZRC |year=2018 |isbn=978-961-05-0081-0 |location=Ljubljana |language=sl}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Harvcoltxt|Šekli|2018|pp=337–339}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ramovš|1935|p=143}}</ref> It also underwent five accentual changes that are not found in all Slovene dialects: {{Lang|sl|*ženȁ}} → {{Lang|sl|*žèna}}, {{Lang|sl|*məglȁ}} → {{Lang|sl|*mə̀gla}}, {{Lang|sl|*sěnȏ}} / {{Lang|sl|*prosȏ}} → {{Lang|sl|*sě̀no}} / {{Lang|sl|*pròso}}, *visȍk → vìsok, and {{Lang|sl|*kováč}} → {{Lang|sl|*kòvač}} accent shift.<ref name=":1">{{Harvcoltxt|Gostenčnik|2018|p=153}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Šekli|2018|pp=311–314}}</ref> Some Bajtarji microdialects have also undergone the {{Lang|sl|*ropotȁt}} → {{Lang|sl|*ròpotat}} accent shift.<ref name=":1" /> The northwesternmost microdialects of [[Babno Polje]] and [[Prezid, Croatia|Prezid]] have also undergone shift {{Lang|sl|*gospodár}} → {{Lang|sl|*gòspodar}} in few words. Newly accented vowels have usually been majorly reduced and [[akanye]] is common.<ref name=":1" />

== Phonology ==
Monophthongization of vowels is present, however in opposition to eastern dialects, diphthongs are still present:<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Gostenčnik|2018|pp=117–152}}</ref>

* Non-final *ě̀ and *ě̄ diphthongized into ẹːi̯ which was later in some microdialects monophthongized to ẹː or ėː.
* Vowel *ō is rarely pronounced as a diphthong, it mostly simplified into ọː, ȯː or u.
* Non-final *è and ē, as well as non-final *ę̀ and ę̄ are pronounced as a diphthong only in the northern- and southernmost microdialects, elsewhere it monphthongized into ẹː or iː.
* Similarly, non-final *ò and ǫ̀, as well as ǭ are pronounced as a diphthong only in Babno Polje and Delnice dialects, elsewhere it monophthongized into ọː or ȯː.
* Newly stressed *e and *o after ženȁ → žèna shift mostly stayed as a diphthong i̯eː and u̯oː, or got simplified into eː and oː, respectively.
* Non-final *ə̀ and *ə̄ turned into aː.
* Non-final *à and *ā almost everywhere turned into aː.
* Non-final *ì and ī became either long or short i.
* Non-final *ù and ū became either long or short u or even ü.
* Non-final *l̥̀ and l̥̄ mostly evolved into ọːu̯ or u.
* Non-final *r̥̀ and r̥̄ mostly evolved into ər.

[[Akanye]] is also common, as well as e-akanye in prefix ne-. Ukanye is also present, turning word-final o into ȯ or u. Unstressed *u is often reduced into ü or i. Unstressed *ə evolved into e̥, ọ, ə or a.

Word-final *l and before consonants, it almost everywhere turned into u̯ or u, shvapanye (*l → u̯ before central and back consonants) is also common, but not before *u. Palatal *ĺ mostly depalatalized. Palatal *ń depalatalized if at the beginning of a word. Final *m turned into *n. Alpine Slovene *w evolved into many different sounds:

* Before a non-voiced (rarely also voiced) non-sonorant, it became f.
* v appeared before u at the beginning of a word.
* u̯ appeared before o at the beginning of a word.
* Cluster zv- simplified into zg-.
* Southern microdialects simplified *u̯m- into *xm-.
* It disappeared at the beginning of a word if followed by d, s, z, op p.

Sonorant j appears at the beginning of words that start with i and sometimes in between a vowel and a consonant. Some microdialects pronounce tl-/tn- as kl-/kn-. Consonant *x is also often simplified into f or š.

== Morphology ==
Dual forms were fully replaced by plural endings when declining, verbs have archaic dual forms. Infinitive was replaced by the supine, but pluperfect is still in use. Imperative can be alternatively formed with pojdi + infinitive, or dajmo + infinitive for first person.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Gostenčnik|2018|pp=181–219}}</ref>

== Further division ==
Čabar dialect is then further divided into three groups: Bajtarji, Dragarji and Gebarji microdialects. Dragarji microdialects lack shvapanye, and is the smallest group, spoken in Lazec, Srednja Vas pri Dragi, Trava and Čabar. These speakers are thought to have moved here from inner Slovenia. Bajtarji microdialects have undergone the most vowel reduction, akanye is very common, as well as {{Lang|sl|*hiša}} → {{Lang|sl|šiša}}, {{Lang|sl|*žejən}} → {{Lang|sl|*žejgən}} etc. It covers the biggest area, from [[Babno Polje]] in the north to [[Gerovo]] and [[Osilnica]] in the south. Southern from Bajtarji microdialects are Gebarji microdialects, which have not undergone so much of vowel reduction, akanye is only present in syllable before the stressed syllable.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Gostenčnik|2018|pp=175–178}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* {{Cite book |last=Gostenčnik |first=Januška |url=https://omp.zrc-sazu.si/zalozba/catalog/view/1152/4888/899-2 |title=Krajevni govori ob Čabranki in zgornji Kolpi |publisher=Založba ZRC |year=2018 |isbn=978-961-05-0081-0 |location=Ljubljana |language=sl}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramovš |first=Fran |title=Historična gramatika slovenskega jezika |publisher=Znanstveno društvo za humanistične vede v Ljubljani |year=1935 |isbn= |series=VII. Dialekti |location=[[Ljubljana]] |language=Sl |trans-title=Historical grammar of the Sloene language |author-link=Fran Ramovš}}
* {{Cite book |last=Šekli |first=Matej |title=Topologija lingvogenez slovanskih jezikov |work=Collection Linguistica et philologica |publisher=Znanstvenoraziskovalni center [[SAZU]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-961-05-0137-4 |editor-last=Legan Ravnikar |editor-first=Andreja |location=[[Ljubljana]] |language=Sl |translator-last=Plotnikova |translator-first=Anastasija}}