Dikaryon: Difference between revisions

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The dikaryon is a nuclear feature that is unique to certain fungi. (The green alga Derbesia had been long considered an exception,^[1] until the heterokaryotic hypothesis was challenged by later studies.^[2]) Compatible cell-types can fuse cytoplasms (plasmogamy). When this occurs, the two nuclei of two cells pair off and cohabit without fusing (karyogamy). This can be maintained for all the cells of the hyphae by synchronously dividing so that pairs are passed to newer cells. In the Ascomycota this attribute is most often found in the ascogenous hyphae and ascocarp while the bulk of the mycelium remains monokaryotic. In the Basidiomycota this is the dominant phase, with most Basidiomycota monokaryons weakly growing and short-lived.

The formation of a dikaryon is a plesiomorphic character for the subkingdom Dikarya, which consists of the Basidiomycota and the Ascomycota. The formation of croziers in the Ascomycota and of clamp connections in the Basidiomycota facilitates maintenance of the dikaryons. However, some fungi in each of these phyla have evolved other methods for maintaining the dikaryons, and therefore neither croziers nor clamp connections are ubiquitous in either phylum.

Etymology

The name dikaryon comes from the Greek δι- (di-) meaning "two" and κάρυον (karyon) meaning "nut", referring to the cell nucleus.

References

^ van den Hoek, C., D.G. Mann, and H.M. Jahns 1995. Algae: an introduction to phycology, p. 430. Cambridge University Press (623 pp).
^ Lee, S. H.; T. A. Motomura; T. Ichimura (1998). "Karyogamy follows plasmogamy in the life cycle of Derbesia tenuissima (Chlorophyta)". Phycologia. 37 (5): 330–333. doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-37-5-330.1.

External links

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[1] van den Hoek, C., D.G. Mann, and H.M. Jahns 1995. Algae: an introduction to phycology, p. 430. Cambridge University Press (623 pp).

[2] Lee, S. H.; T. A. Motomura; T. Ichimura (1998). "Karyogamy follows plasmogamy in the life cycle of Derbesia tenuissima (Chlorophyta)". Phycologia. 37 (5): 330–333. doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-37-5-330.1.

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+{{Short description|Nuclear feature unique to certain fungi}}
-'''''Dikaryon''''' is from [[Greek language|Greek]], ''di'' meaning 2 and ''karyon'' meaning [[Nut (fruit)|nut]], referring to the [[cell nucleus]].
+The '''dikaryon''' is a [[cell nucleus|nuclear]] feature that is unique to certain [[fungi]]. (The green alga ''[[Derbesia]]'' had been long considered an exception,<ref>van den Hoek, C., D.G. Mann, and H.M. Jahns 1995. Algae: an introduction to phycology, p. 430. Cambridge University Press (623 pp).</ref> until the [[heterokaryotic]] hypothesis was challenged by later studies.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lee, S. H. |author2=T. A. Motomura |author3=T. Ichimura |title=Karyogamy follows plasmogamy in the life cycle of ''Derbesia tenuissima'' (Chlorophyta) |journal=Phycologia |year=1998 |volume=37 |issue=5 |pages=330–333| doi=10.2216/i0031-8884-37-5-330.1}}</ref>) Compatible cell-types can fuse cytoplasms ([[plasmogamy]]). When this occurs, the two nuclei of two [[cell (biology)|cells]] pair off and cohabit without fusing ([[karyogamy]]). This can be maintained for all the cells of the [[hyphae]] by [[Synchronization|synchronously]] dividing so that pairs are passed to newer cells. In the [[Ascomycota]] this attribute is most often found in the [[Ascomycota#Formation of sexual spores|ascogenous hyphae and ascocarp]] while the bulk of the mycelium remains monokaryotic. In the [[Basidiomycota]] this is the dominant phase, with most Basidiomycota [[monokaryon]]s weakly growing and short-lived.
-The dikaryon is a nuclear feature which is unique to some [[fungi]], in which after [[plasmogamy]] the two compatible nuclei of two [[cell (biology)|cells]] pair off and cohabit without [[karyogamy]] within the cells of the [[hyphae]], [[synchronous|synchronously]] dividing so that pairs are maintained in the older cells while newer cells or hyphal tips are also binucleate, i.e. dikaryotic; in the [[Ascomycota]] this attribute of the nuclei to do such is only found in the [[Ascomycota#The formation of sexual spores|Ascogenous hyphae]] but is the dominant phase in the [[Basidiomycota]]. The formation of a dikaryon is a [[cladistics|pleisiomorph]]ic character for the subkingdom [[Dikarya]], which covers both the [[Basidiomycota]] and [[Ascomycota]]. The formaton of [[crozier (mycology)|croziers]] in the Ascomycota and of [[clamp connection]]s in the Basidiomycota, facilitate maintenance of the dikaryons. However, some fungi in each of these [[phylum|phyla]] have evolved other methods for maintaining the dikaryons, and therefore neither croziers nor clamp connections are ubiquitous in either phylum.
+[[File:Fungus cell cycle-en.svg|thumb|Dikaryons shown in a Basidiomycete mitosis cycle]]
+The formation of a dikaryon is a [[plesiomorphy|plesiomorphic]] character for the subkingdom [[Dikarya]], which consists of the [[Basidiomycota]] and the [[Ascomycota]]. The formation of [[crozier (mycology)|croziers]] in the Ascomycota and of [[clamp connection]]s in the Basidiomycota facilitates maintenance of the dikaryons. However, some fungi in each of these [[phylum|phyla]] have evolved other methods for maintaining the dikaryons, and therefore neither croziers nor clamp connections are ubiquitous in either phylum.
+==Etymology==
+The name ''dikaryon'' comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''δι- (di-)'' meaning "two" and ''κάρυον (karyon)'' meaning "[[Nut (fruit)|nut]]", referring to the [[cell nucleus]].
 ==See also==
+{{Portal|Fungi}}
+*[[Binucleated cells]] (as a pathological state)
 *[[Heterokaryon]]
+*[[Multinucleated cells]]
+*[[Syncytium]]
+==References==
+{{Reflist}}
 ==External links==
-[http://www.fungionline.org.uk/7sexual/5dikaryon.html Fungi Online Page, Formation of Dikaryons]
+*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120206053012/http://www.fungionline.org.uk/7sexual/5dikaryon.html Fungi Online Page, Formation of Dikaryons]
+*[http://website.nbm-mnb.ca/mycologywebpages/NaturalHistoryOfFungi/DikaryaDiscussion.html ]
-{{fungus-stub}}
 [[Category:Mycology]]
-[[uk:Дикаріон]]
+{{Mycology-stub}}