Treaty of Königsberg (1656): Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|1656 treaty between Sweden and Brandenburg}} |
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{{Infobox Treaty |
{{Infobox Treaty |
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| name = Treaty of Königsberg |
| name = Treaty of Königsberg |
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| date_expiration = |
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| signatories = [[Charles X Gustav of Sweden]] |
| signatories = |
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* {{flagd|SWE|1562}} [[Charles X Gustav of Sweden]] |
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* {{flagicon image|Wappen_Hohenzollern_2.svg}} [[Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg|Frederick William I of Brandenburg]] |
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| parties = |
| parties = |
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* {{flagd|SWE|1562}} [[Swedish Empire]] |
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* {{flagicon image|Wappen_Hohenzollern_2.svg}} [[House of Hohenzollern]] |
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| language = Latin |
| language = Latin |
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The '''Treaty of Königsberg''' was concluded on 7 January ([[Old Style and New Style dates|O.S.]]) / 17 January ([[Old Style and New Style dates|N.S.]]) 1656 during the [[Second Northern War]].<ref name=Frost171>Frost (2000), p. 171</ref> [[Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg|Frederick William I]], the "Great [[Electorate of Brandenburg|Elector" of Brandenburg]] and [[Duchy of Prussia|duke of Prussia]], was forced to join the Swedish camp and became a Swedish vassal for the [[Duchy of Prussia]] and [[Ermland]] (Ermeland, Warmia).<ref name=Press402>Press (1991), p. 402</ref> |
The '''Treaty of Königsberg''' was concluded on 7 January ([[Old Style and New Style dates|O.S.]]) / 17 January ([[Old Style and New Style dates|N.S.]]) 1656 during the [[Second Northern War]].<ref name=Frost171>Frost (2000), p. 171</ref> [[Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg|Frederick William I]], the "Great [[Electorate of Brandenburg|Elector" of Brandenburg]] and [[Duchy of Prussia|duke of Prussia]], was forced to join the Swedish camp and became a Swedish vassal for the [[Duchy of Prussia]] and [[Ermland]] (Ermeland, Warmia).<ref name=Press402>Press (1991), p. 402</ref> In a second treaty, negotiated on 24 February 1656 in Königsberg (Królewiec), Frederick William I concluded a defensive alliance with France.<ref name=Moerner201>von Moerner (1965), p. 201</ref> |
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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In 1655, the rapid progress of the Swedish campaign in [[ |
In 1655, the rapid progress of the Swedish campaign in [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland–Lithuania]] made [[Electorate of Brandenburg|Brandenburgian elector]] [[Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg|Frederick William I]] worried about his [[Duchy of Prussia]],<ref name=Press401>Press (1991), p. 401</ref> which he held as a Polish fief.<ref name=Press402/> Frederick William I, who maintained an army of 14,000 men in Brandenburg,<ref name=Frost171/> marched his army to Prussia<ref name=Press401/> and in the [[Treaty of Rinsk]] of 12 November concluded a defensive alliance with the [[Royal Prussia]]n nobility, who maintained an army consisting of 600 troops raised by the [[Prussian estates]] and a levy of 3,000 to 4,000 men.<ref name=Frost171/> In addition, 3,600 troops of the regular army and mercenaries were stationed in Royal Prussia.<ref name=Frost171/> |
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[[Charles X Gustav of Sweden|Charles X Gustav]] had meanwhile conquered nearly all of Poland and exiled the Polish king [[John II Casimir Vasa]].<ref name=Frost171/> From occupied [[ |
[[Charles X Gustav of Sweden|Charles X Gustav]] had meanwhile conquered nearly all of Poland and exiled the Polish king [[John II Casimir Vasa]].<ref name=Frost171/> From occupied [[Kraków]], he turned northwards in October<ref name=Frost172>Frost (2000), p. 172</ref> to subdue Royal Prussia, where he intended to establish a Swedish province.<ref name=Press401/> By December, all of Royal Prussia was occupied by Sweden<ref name=Press401/> except for [[Danzig]] (Gdańsk), which resisted throughout the war, and [[Malbork|Marienburg]] (Malbork), which only fell in March 1656.<ref name=Frost171/> [[Toruń|Thorn]] (Toruń) and [[Elbląg|Elbing]] (Elbląg) had not participated in the alliance of Rinsk and surrendered to Sweden already in November.<ref name=Frost171/> Now Charles X Gustav turned eastwards and marched his troops into Ducal Prussia, following the withdrawing army of Frederick William I.<ref name=Press401/> While [[field marshal]] Count [[Georg Friedrich von Waldeck]] urged the "Great Elector" to confront the Swedish forces, the latter chose not to fight and accept the Swedish terms in January.<ref name=Press401402>Press (1991), pp. 401-402</ref> |
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[[File:Königsberg 1656.PNG|thumb|300px|[[Duchy of Prussia]] and [[Ermland]] (Warmia) as Swedish fiefs]] |
[[File:Königsberg 1656.PNG|thumb|300px|[[Duchy of Prussia]] and [[Ermland]] (Warmia) as Swedish fiefs]] |
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==Treaty between Brandenburg-Prussia and Sweden== |
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==Terms== |
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[[Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg|Frederick William I]] took the [[Duchy of Prussia]] as a fief from [[Charles X Gustav of Sweden|Charles X Gustav]], and had to provide him with troops.<ref name=Press402/> Without Swedish permission, the [[Electorate of Brandenburg]] would not maintain a navy in the [[Baltic Sea]].<ref name=Press402/> In return, Frederick William I received [[Ermland]].<ref name=Press402/> |
[[Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg|Frederick William I]] took the [[Duchy of Prussia]] as a fief from [[Charles X Gustav of Sweden|Charles X Gustav]], and had to provide him with troops.<ref name=Press402/> Without Swedish permission, the [[Electorate of Brandenburg]] would not maintain a navy in the [[Baltic Sea]].<ref name=Press402/> In return, Frederick William I received [[Ermland]].<ref name=Press402/> |
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In article XVII, the [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] Swedish king further obliged the [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] elector to grant [[religious freedom]] to the Lutherans in Prussia.<ref name=Evans54>Evans (1997), p. 54</ref> |
In article XVII, the [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] Swedish king further obliged the [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] elector to grant [[religious freedom]] to the Lutherans in Prussia.<ref name=Evans54>Evans (1997), p. 54</ref> |
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==Treaty between Brandenburg-Prussia and France== |
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The Franco-Prussian treaty included a defensive alliance between the parties.<ref name=Moerner201/> Drafted on 24 February, it was ratified on 12 April by Louis in Paris and on 24 October by Frederick William in Königsberg.<ref name=Moerner201/> |
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==Consequences== |
==Consequences== |
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The treaty of Königsberg was followed by the [[Treaty of Marienburg]] on 25 June, when the tide of the war had turned against Sweden and [[Brandenburg-Prussia]] advanced to the position of a Swedish ally.<ref>Frost (2000), p. 173</ref> |
The treaty of Königsberg was followed by the [[Treaty of Marienburg]] on 25 June, when the tide of the war had turned against Sweden and [[Brandenburg-Prussia]] advanced to the position of a Swedish ally.<ref>Frost (2000), p. 173</ref> |
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{{multiple image|image1=Friedrich Wilhelm von Brandenburg by Matthias Czwiczek.jpeg||image2=Karl X Gustav |
{{multiple image|image1=Friedrich Wilhelm von Brandenburg by Matthias Czwiczek.jpeg||image2=Karl X Gustav, 1622-1660, konung av Sverige pfalzgreve av Zweibrücken (Abraham Wuchters) - Nationalmuseum - 15134.tif|footer=[[Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg|Frederick William I]] of [[Brandenburg-Prussia]] (left) and [[Charles X Gustav of Sweden]] (right)|width1=135|width2=130|align=left}} |
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Still a vassal of Charles X Gustav for Prussia,<ref name=Press402/> Frederick William I entered the war and the combined Swedish-Brandenburgian forces defeated the Polish army in the [[Battle of Warsaw (1656)|Battle of Warsaw]] in July.<ref>Frost (2000), pp. 173-174</ref> This made the Polish king [[John II Casimir Vasa]], from whom Frederick William I had to take Prussia as a fief prior to Königsberg, say that once the [[Tartars]] had the Swedes for breakfeast, he would arrest the elector "where neither sun nor moon will shine".<ref name=Press402/> In August, John II Casimir had [[Wincenty Korwin Gosiewski]] invade Prussia to "punish Frederick William for his treachery".<ref>Frost (2000), p. 177</ref> Thirteen towns and 250 villages were burned until Gosiewski was expelled in October, and the campaign was terrifying enough to persist in local folklore until the 20th century.<ref name=Frost178>Frost (2000), p. 178</ref> |
Still a vassal of Charles X Gustav for Prussia,<ref name=Press402/> Frederick William I entered the war and the combined Swedish-Brandenburgian forces defeated the Polish army in the [[Battle of Warsaw (1656)|Battle of Warsaw]] in July.<ref>Frost (2000), pp. 173-174</ref> This made the Polish king [[John II Casimir Vasa]], from whom Frederick William I had to take Prussia as a fief prior to Königsberg, say that once the [[Tartars]] had the Swedes for breakfeast, he would arrest the elector "where neither sun nor moon will shine".<ref name=Press402/> In August, John II Casimir had [[Wincenty Korwin Gosiewski]] invade Prussia to "punish Frederick William for his treachery".<ref>Frost (2000), p. 177</ref> Thirteen towns and 250 villages were burned until Gosiewski was expelled in October, and the campaign was terrifying enough to persist in local folklore until the 20th century.<ref name=Frost178>Frost (2000), p. 178</ref> |
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===Bibliography=== |
===Bibliography=== |
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{{refbegin}} |
{{refbegin}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Evans|first=Malcolm|title=Religious liberty and international law in Europe|publisher=Cambridge University Press| |
*{{cite book|last=Evans|first=Malcolm|title=Religious liberty and international law in Europe|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1997|series=Cambridge studies in international and comparative law|volume=6|isbn=0-521-55021-1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/religiousliberty00evan}} |
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*{{cite book|title=The Northern Wars. War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721|first=Robert I|last=Frost|publisher=Longman|location=Harlow|year=2000|isbn=978-0-582-06429-4}} |
*{{cite book|title=The Northern Wars. War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721|first=Robert I|last=Frost|publisher=Longman|location=Harlow|year=2000|isbn=978-0-582-06429-4}} |
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*{{cite book |
*{{cite book|title=Königlich Geheimes Staatsarchiv. Kurbrandenburgs Staatsverträge von 1601-1700|editor-first=Theodor|editor-last=von Moerner|publisher=de Gruyter|year=1965|language=German}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Press|first=Volker|title=Kriege und Krisen. Deutschland 1600-1715|publisher=Beck|location=Munich|year=1991|series=Neue deutsche Geschichte|volume=5|isbn=3-406-30817-1|language=German}} |
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{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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| ⚫ | *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120401062324/http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php?site=site.htm&dir=&nav=&siteid=133&treaty=312&page=1 Scan of the treaty of Königsberg (Brandenburg-Prussia and Sweden) at ieg-mainz.de (Institut für Europäische Geschichte Mainz), 32 pages] |
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*[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Charles_X_of_Sweden 1911 Encyclopedia - Charles X of Sweden] |
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*[https://pastel.diplomatie.gouv.fr/choiseul/ressource/pdf/D16560003.pdf Scan of the treaty of Königsberg (Brandenburg-Prussia and France) at diplomatie.gouv.fr (French Ministry for Foreign Affairs), 31 pages, pdf] |
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| ⚫ | *[http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php?site=site.htm&dir=&nav=&siteid=133&treaty=312&page=1 |
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{{Second Northern War treaties}} |
{{Second Northern War treaties}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Koenigsberg}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Koenigsberg}} |
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[[Category:Second Northern War]] |
[[Category:Second Northern War]] |
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[[Category:Königsberg]] |
[[Category:Königsberg]] |
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[[Category:17th-century treaties]] |
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[[Category:1656 treaties]] |
[[Category:1656 treaties]] |
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[[Category:Treaties of Brandenburg-Prussia|Konigsberg]] |
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[[de:Vertrag von Königsberg]] |
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[[Category:1656 in Europe]] |
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Revision as of 05:44, 17 January 2024
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| Type | Legal status of the Duchy of Prussia |
|---|---|
| Signed | 17 January 1656 |
| Location | Königsberg castle (now Kaliningrad) |
| Signatories | |
| Parties | |
| Language | Latin |
The Treaty of Königsberg was concluded on 7 January (O.S.) / 17 January (N.S.) 1656 during the Second Northern War.[1] Frederick William I, the "Great Elector" of Brandenburg and duke of Prussia, was forced to join the Swedish camp and became a Swedish vassal for the Duchy of Prussia and Ermland (Ermeland, Warmia).[2] In a second treaty, negotiated on 24 February 1656 in Königsberg (Królewiec), Frederick William I concluded a defensive alliance with France.[3]
Background
In 1655, the rapid progress of the Swedish campaign in Poland–Lithuania made Brandenburgian elector Frederick William I worried about his Duchy of Prussia,[4] which he held as a Polish fief.[2] Frederick William I, who maintained an army of 14,000 men in Brandenburg,[1] marched his army to Prussia[4] and in the Treaty of Rinsk of 12 November concluded a defensive alliance with the Royal Prussian nobility, who maintained an army consisting of 600 troops raised by the Prussian estates and a levy of 3,000 to 4,000 men.[1] In addition, 3,600 troops of the regular army and mercenaries were stationed in Royal Prussia.[1]
Charles X Gustav had meanwhile conquered nearly all of Poland and exiled the Polish king John II Casimir Vasa.[1] From occupied Kraków, he turned northwards in October[5] to subdue Royal Prussia, where he intended to establish a Swedish province.[4] By December, all of Royal Prussia was occupied by Sweden[4] except for Danzig (Gdańsk), which resisted throughout the war, and Marienburg (Malbork), which only fell in March 1656.[1] Thorn (Toruń) and Elbing (Elbląg) had not participated in the alliance of Rinsk and surrendered to Sweden already in November.[1] Now Charles X Gustav turned eastwards and marched his troops into Ducal Prussia, following the withdrawing army of Frederick William I.[4] While field marshal Count Georg Friedrich von Waldeck urged the "Great Elector" to confront the Swedish forces, the latter chose not to fight and accept the Swedish terms in January.[6]
Treaty between Brandenburg-Prussia and Sweden
Frederick William I took the Duchy of Prussia as a fief from Charles X Gustav, and had to provide him with troops.[2] Without Swedish permission, the Electorate of Brandenburg would not maintain a navy in the Baltic Sea.[2] In return, Frederick William I received Ermland.[2]
In article XVII, the Lutheran Swedish king further obliged the Calvinist elector to grant religious freedom to the Lutherans in Prussia.[7]
Treaty between Brandenburg-Prussia and France
The Franco-Prussian treaty included a defensive alliance between the parties.[3] Drafted on 24 February, it was ratified on 12 April by Louis in Paris and on 24 October by Frederick William in Königsberg.[3]
Consequences
The treaty of Königsberg was followed by the Treaty of Marienburg on 25 June, when the tide of the war had turned against Sweden and Brandenburg-Prussia advanced to the position of a Swedish ally.[8]
Still a vassal of Charles X Gustav for Prussia,[2] Frederick William I entered the war and the combined Swedish-Brandenburgian forces defeated the Polish army in the Battle of Warsaw in July.[9] This made the Polish king John II Casimir Vasa, from whom Frederick William I had to take Prussia as a fief prior to Königsberg, say that once the Tartars had the Swedes for breakfeast, he would arrest the elector "where neither sun nor moon will shine".[2] In August, John II Casimir had Wincenty Korwin Gosiewski invade Prussia to "punish Frederick William for his treachery".[10] Thirteen towns and 250 villages were burned until Gosiewski was expelled in October, and the campaign was terrifying enough to persist in local folklore until the 20th century.[11]
Hard-pressed himself by several countries entering the war against him, Charles X Gustav in January 1656 agreed with Frederick William I on the Treaty of Labiau, which altered the terms of Königsberg in a way that the Hohenzollern electors were freed of Swedish vassalage for the Prussian duchy at the cost of Ermland and a more active participation in the war.[12] In the subsequent treaties of Wehlau and Bromberg, John II Casimir confirmed Frederick William I's sovereignty in Prussia after the latter abandoned Sweden in the war.[13]
See also
Sources
References
- ^ a b c d e f g Frost (2000), p. 171
- ^ a b c d e f g Press (1991), p. 402
- ^ a b c von Moerner (1965), p. 201
- ^ a b c d e Press (1991), p. 401
- ^ Frost (2000), p. 172
- ^ Press (1991), pp. 401-402
- ^ Evans (1997), p. 54
- ^ Frost (2000), p. 173
- ^ Frost (2000), pp. 173-174
- ^ Frost (2000), p. 177
- ^ Frost (2000), p. 178
- ^ Press (1991), pp. 402-403
- ^ Press (1991), p. 403
Bibliography
- Evans, Malcolm (1997). Religious liberty and international law in Europe. Cambridge studies in international and comparative law. Vol. 6. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-55021-1.
- Frost, Robert I (2000). The Northern Wars. War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721. Harlow: Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-06429-4.
- von Moerner, Theodor, ed. (1965). Königlich Geheimes Staatsarchiv. Kurbrandenburgs Staatsverträge von 1601-1700 (in German). de Gruyter.
- Press, Volker (1991). Kriege und Krisen. Deutschland 1600-1715. Neue deutsche Geschichte (in German). Vol. 5. Munich: Beck. ISBN 3-406-30817-1.