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{{short description|Species of plant}}
{{taxobox
{{Speciesbox
|image = Astragalus membranaceus.jpg
|image = Astragalus membranaceus.jpg
⚫
|taxon = Astragalus mongholicus
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|authority = Bunge<ref name=POWO_478720-1/>
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|synonyms =
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
{{Species list
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
|Astragalus borealimongolicus|Y.Z.Zhao
|ordo = [[Fabales]]
|Astragalus membranaceus var. mandshuricus|Nakai, not validly publ.
|familia = [[Fabaceae]]
|Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus|(Bunge) P.K.Hsiao
|genus = ''[[Astragalus]]''
|species = '''''A. propinquus'''''
|Astragalus membranaceus|f. propinquus (Schischk.) Kitag.
|Astragalus membranaceus|Fisch. ex Bunge, nom. cons.
⚫
|binomial = ''Astragalus propinquus''
|Astragalus mongholicus var. dahuricus|(Fisch. ex DC.) Podlech
|binomial_authority = [[Schischkin]]<ref name="ildis">{{cite web | url = http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?version~10.01&LegumeWeb&tno~16104&genus~Astragalus&species~propinquus | title = ''Astragalus propinquus'' Schischkin | accessdate = 2012-02-27 | date = 2005-11-01 | work = LegumeWeb | publisher = International Legume Database & Information Service }}</ref>
|synonyms = * ''Astragalus membranaceus'' (Fisch.) Bunge
|Astragalus penduliflorus var. dahuricus|(Fisch. ex DC.) X.Y.Zhu
* ''Astragalus membranaceus'' (Fisch.) Bunge var. ''mongholicus'' (Bunge)P.K.Hsiao
|Astragalus penduliflorus var. mongholicus|(Bunge) X.Y.Zhu
* ''Astragalus propinquus'' Schischkin var. ''glabra'' Vydr.
|Astragalus propinquus var. glaber|Vydrina, no type.
|Astragalus propinquus|Schischk.
⚫
* ''Phaca membranacea'' Fisch.
|Astragalus purdomii|N.D.Simpson
|synonyms_ref = <ref name="ildis" />
|Phaca abbreviata|Ledeb.
|Phaca alpina var. dahurica|Fisch. ex DC.
|Phaca macrostachys|Turcz.
⚫
|Phaca membranacea|Fisch. ex Link, nom. nud.
|Tragacantha membranacea|(Fisch. ex Bunge) Kuntze
|Tragacantha mongholica|(Bunge) Kuntze
}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name="POWO_478720-1">{{cite web |title=''Astragalus mongholicus'' Bunge |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:478720-1 |access-date=2023-04-06 }}</ref>
}}
}}


'''''Astragalus propinquus''''' (syn. ''Astragalus membranaceus'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?version~10.01&LegumeWeb&tno~16104&genus~Astragalus&species~membranaceus |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-09-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413143823/http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?version~10.01&LegumeWeb&tno~16104&genus~Astragalus&species~membranaceus |archivedate=2014-04-13 |df= }}</ref> commonly known as '''Mongolian milkvetch'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf |title=English Names for Korean Native Plants |publisher=[[Korea National Arboretum]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-89-97450-98-5 |location=Pocheon |pages=368 |access-date=26 January 2017 |via=[[Korea Forest Service]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525105020/http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf |archivedate=25 May 2017 }}</ref> in English and as ''huáng qí'' ({{zh|c=[[wikt:黄|黄]][[wikt:芪|芪]]}}), ''běi qí'' ({{zh|t=[[wikt:北|北]][[wikt:芪|芪]]}}) or ''huáng huā huáng qí'' ({{zh|c=黄花黄耆}}),<ref>{{cite web | url = http://alternativehealing.org/huang_qi.htm | title = Huang qi | publisher = Complementary and Alternative Healing University | author = Joe Hing Kwok Chu | accessdate = 2012-02-27 }}</ref> in Chinese, is a [[flowering plant]] in the family [[Fabaceae]]. It is one of the [[Chinese herbology#50 fundamental herbs|50 fundamental herbs]] used in [[traditional Chinese medicine]].<ref name="pfaf-astra">{{cite web | url = http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+membranaceus | title = ''Astragalus membranaceus'' - Moench. | publisher = Plants for a Future }}</ref> It is a [[perennial plant]] and it is not listed as being threatened.<ref name="ildis" />
'''''Astragalus mongholicus''''', [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonyms]] including '''''Astragalus propinquus''''' and '''''Astragalus membranaceus''''',<ref name=POWO_478720-1/> commonly known as '''Mongolian milkvetch''' in English;<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf |title=English Names for Korean Native Plants |publisher=[[Korea National Arboretum]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-89-97450-98-5 |location=Pocheon |pages=368 |access-date=26 January 2017 |via=[[Korea Forest Service]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525105020/http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017 }}</ref> 'Хунчир' in Mongolian; ''huáng qí'' ({{zh|c={{linktext|黃芪}}}}), ''běi qí'' ({{zh|t={{linktext|北|芪}}}}) or ''huáng huā huáng qí'' ({{zh|c={{linktext|黃花|黃|耆}}}}),<ref>{{cite web | url = http://alternativehealing.org/huang_qi.htm | title = Huang qi | publisher = Complementary and Alternative Healing University | author = Joe Hing Kwok Chu | access-date = 2012-02-27 }}</ref> in Mongolia, is a [[flowering plant]] in the family [[Fabaceae]]. It is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in [[traditional Mongolian medicine]].<ref name="pfaf-astra">{{cite web | url = http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+membranaceus | title = ''Astragalus membranaceus'' – Moench | publisher = Plants for a Future }}</ref> It is a [[perennial plant]] and it is not listed as being threatened.<ref name="ildis">{{cite web | url = http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?version~10.01&LegumeWeb&tno~16104&genus~Astragalus&species~propinquus | title = ''Astragalus propinquus'' Schischkin | access-date = 2012-02-27 | date = 2005-11-01 | website = LegumeWeb | publisher = International Legume Database & Information Service }}</ref>

==Distribution==
''A. mongholicus'' is widespread in temperate Asia, being found in [[Kazakhstan]], from [[Siberia]] to the [[Russian Far East]], in [[Mongolia]], and in west and north China.<ref name=POWO_478720-1/>


== Herbalism ==
== Herbalism ==
''A. propinquus'' is used in [[traditional Chinese medicine]] (TCM).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Block|first1=Keith I.|last2=Mead|first2=Mark N.|title=Immune System Effects of Echinacea, Ginseng, and Astragalus: A Review|journal=Integrative Cancer Therapies|date=1 September 2003|volume=2|issue=3|pages=247–267|doi=10.1177/1534735403256419}}</ref> ''A. propinquus'' is an component in Lectranal, a food supplement used in treatment of [[seasonal allergic rhinitis]],<ref>{{cite journal | title = Efficacy and safety of Astragalus membranaceus in the treatment of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis | year = 2010 |vauthors=Matkovic Z, Zivkovic V, Korica M, Plavec D, Pecanic S, Tudoric N | pmid=19504468 | doi=10.1002/ptr.2877 | volume=24 | issue=2 | journal=Phytother Res | pages=175–81}}</ref> though there is limited evidence of its effectiveness.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Guo|first1=Ruoling|last2=Pittler|first2=Max H.|last3=Ernst|first3=Edzard|title=Herbal medicines for the treatment of allergic rhinitis: a systematic review|journal=Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology|date=December 2007|volume=99|issue=6|pages=483–495|doi=10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60375-4|pmid=18219828}}</ref>
''A. mongholicus'' is used in [[traditional Chinese medicine]] (TCM).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Block|first1=Keith I.|last2=Mead|first2=Mark N.|title=Immune System Effects of Echinacea, Ginseng, and Astragalus: A Review|journal=Integrative Cancer Therapies|date=1 September 2003|volume=2|issue=3|pages=247–267|doi=10.1177/1534735403256419|pmid=15035888|doi-access=|s2cid=21465896 }}</ref> ''A. mongholicus'' is a component in Lectranal, a [[food supplement]] used in treatment of [[seasonal allergic rhinitis]],<ref>{{cite journal | title = Efficacy and safety of Astragalus membranaceus in the treatment of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis | year = 2010 |vauthors=Matkovic Z, Zivkovic V, Korica M, Plavec D, Pecanic S, Tudoric N | pmid=19504468 | doi=10.1002/ptr.2877 | volume=24 | issue=2 | journal=Phytother Res | pages=175–81| s2cid = 46201817 }}</ref> though there is limited evidence of its effectiveness.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Guo|first1=Ruoling|last2=Pittler|first2=Max H.|last3=Ernst|first3=Edzard|title=Herbal medicines for the treatment of allergic rhinitis: a systematic review|journal=[[Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology]]|date=December 2007|volume=99|issue=6|pages=483–495|doi=10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60375-4|pmid=18219828}}</ref>


== Chemistry ==
== Chemistry ==
Chemical constituents of the roots (Radix Astragali) include [[polysaccharide]]s and [[triterpenoids]] (such as [[astragaloside]]s),<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Xu | first1 = Q. | last2 = Ma | first2 = X. | last3 = Liang | first3 = X. | year = 2007 | title = Determination of Astragalosides in the Roots of ''Astragalus'' spp. Using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry | url = | journal = Phytochemical Analysis | volume = 18 | issue = 5 | pages = 419–427 | pmid = 17624885 | doi = 10.1002/pca.997 }}</ref> as well as [[isoflavone]]s (including [[kumatakenin]], [[calycosin]], and [[formononetin]]) and their [[glycoside]]s and [[malonate]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Lin, L. Z. |author2=He, X. G. |author3=Lindenmaier, M. |author4=Nolan, G. |author5=Yang, J. |author6=Cleary, M. |author7=Qiu, S. X. |author8=Cordell, G. A. | year = 2000 | title = Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Study of the Flavonoids of the Roots of ''Astragalus mongholicus'' and ''A. membranaceus'' | url = | journal = Journal of Chromatography A | volume = 876 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 87–95 | pmid = 10823504 | doi=10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00149-7}}</ref> An extract of ''A. propinquus'' called TA-65 may activate [[telomerase]], extending the lengths of the shortest telomeres which protect the terminal DNA at the ends of all chromosomes.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1089/rej.2010.1085 | title = A Natural Product Telomerase Activator As Part of a Health Maintenance Program | year = 2011 | last1 = Harley | first1 = C. B. | last2 = Liu | first2 = W. | last3 = Blasco | first3 = M. | last4 = Vera | first4 = E. | last5 = Andrews | first5 = W. H. | last6 = Briggs | first6 = L. A. | last7 = Raffaele | first7 = J. M. | journal = Rejuvenation Research | volume = 14 | pages = 45–56 | pmid = 20822369 | issue = 1 | pmc = 3045570 }}</ref> It contains the saponin [[cycloastragenol]].
Chemical constituents of the roots (Radix Astragali) include [[polysaccharide]]s and [[triterpenoids]] (such as [[astragaloside]]s),<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Xu | first1 = Q. | last2 = Ma | first2 = X. | last3 = Liang | first3 = X. | year = 2007 | title = Determination of Astragalosides in the Roots of ''Astragalus'' spp. Using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry | journal = Phytochemical Analysis | volume = 18 | issue = 5 | pages = 419–427 | pmid = 17624885 | doi = 10.1002/pca.997 | bibcode = 2007PChAn..18..419X }}</ref> as well as [[isoflavone]]s (including [[kumatakenin]], [[calycosin]], and [[formononetin]]) and their [[glycoside]]s and [[malonate]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Lin, L. Z. |author2=He, X. G. |author3=Lindenmaier, M. |author4=Nolan, G. |author5=Yang, J. |author6=Cleary, M. |author7=Qiu, S. X. |author8=Cordell, G. A. | year = 2000 | title = Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Study of the Flavonoids of the Roots of ''Astragalus mongholicus'' and ''A. membranaceus'' | journal = Journal of Chromatography A | volume = 876 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 87–95 | pmid = 10823504 | doi=10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00149-7}}</ref> It contains the saponin [[cycloastragenol]].


== Toxicology ==
== Toxicology ==
While several other species of ''Astragalus'' are known to cause severe poisonings in livestock due to [[indolizine]] [[alkaloid]]s, aliphatic [[nitro compound]]s, and accumulated [[selenium]],<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/%28SICI%291099-1573%28199709%2911:6%3C411::AID-PTR132%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract | title = A review of the pharmacology and toxicology of Astragalus | journal = Phytotherapy Research | doi=10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199709)11:6<411::AID-PTR132>3.0.CO;2-6 | volume=11 | issue=6 | pages=411–418| year = 1997 | last1 = Rios | first1 = J. L | last2 = Waterman | first2 = P. G }}</ref> none of these constituents have been detected in ''Astragalus propinquus'' used in [[dietary supplement]]s and TCM preparations.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-963-ASTRAGALUS.aspx?activeIngredientId=963&activeIngredientName=ASTRAGALUS | title = Astragalus | publisher = WebMD }}</ref>
While several other species of ''Astragalus'' are known to cause severe poisonings in livestock due to [[indolizine]] [[alkaloid]]s, aliphatic [[nitro compound]]s, and accumulated [[selenium]],<ref>{{cite journal | title = A review of the pharmacology and toxicology of Astragalus | journal = Phytotherapy Research | doi=10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199709)11:6<411::AID-PTR132>3.0.CO;2-6 | volume=11 | issue=6 | pages=411–418| year = 1997 | last1 = Rios | first1 = J. L. | last2 = Waterman | first2 = P. G.| s2cid = 84850794 | doi-access = free }}</ref> none of these constituents have been detected in ''Astragalus mongholicus'' used in [[dietary supplement]]s and TCM preparations.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-963-ASTRAGALUS.aspx?activeIngredientId=963&activeIngredientName=ASTRAGALUS | title = Astragalus | publisher = WebMD }}</ref>


== Compendial status ==
== Compendial status ==
''A. propinquus'' is listed in the following official [[Pharmacopeia]]:
''A. mongholicus'' is listed (as ''A.&nbsp;propinquus'') in the following official [[pharmacopoeia]]:
⚫
* Japanese Pharmacopoeia<ref name=jp15>{{cite book |title=Japanese Pharmacopoeia |edition=15th |url=http://jpdb.nihs.go.jp/jp15e/JP15.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722105441/http://jpdb.nihs.go.jp/jp15e/JP15.pdf |archive-date= 2011-07-22}}</ref>

⚫
* Japanese Pharmacopoeia<ref name=jp15>{{cite book |title=Japanese Pharmacopoeia |edition=15th |url=http://jpdb.nihs.go.jp/jp15e/JP15.pdf |deadurl=y |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722105441/http://jpdb.nihs.go.jp/jp15e/JP15.pdf |archivedate= 2011-07-22 }}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 41: Line 52:


== External links ==
== External links ==
* {{cite web | url = http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+membranaceus | title = ''Astragalus membranaceus'' - Moench. | publisher = Plants for a Future }}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Astragalus+membranaceus | title = ''Astragalus membranaceus'' – Moench | publisher = Plants for a Future }}
* {{cite web | url = http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=140 | title = ''Astragalus membranaceus'' (FISCH. EX LINK) BUNGE - Fabaceae | work = Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases | publisher = ARS / GRIN | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20041115120643/http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=140 | archivedate = 2004-11-15 | df = }}
* {{cite web | url = http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=140 | title = ''Astragalus membranaceus'' (FISCH. EX LINK) BUNGE – Fabaceae | website = Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases | publisher = ARS / GRIN | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041115120643/http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=140 | archive-date = 2004-11-15 }}


{{Taxonbar|from1=Q15520533|from2=Q15532251|from3=Q1131804}}
{{Medicinal herbs & fungi}}
{{Medicinal herbs & fungi}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1131804}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Astragalus Propinquus}}
[[Category:Astragalus|mongholicus]]
[[Category:Astragalus|propinquus]]
[[Category:Flora of China]]
⚫
[[Category:Flora of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Flora of temperate Asia]]<!-- or Central Asia, Siberia, Mongolia, Russian Far East, China & Eastern Asia-->
⚫
[[Category:Flora of Mongolia]]
[[Category:Flora of the Russian Far East]]
[[Category:Flora of Siberia]]
[[Category:Forages]]
[[Category:Forages]]
[[Category:Herbs]]
[[Category:Herbs]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine]]
⚫
[[Category:Telomeres]]
⚫
[[Category:Poisonous plants]]

Latest revision as of 05:36, 18 February 2024

Astragalus mongholicus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Genus: Astragalus
Species:
A. mongholicus
Binomial name
Astragalus mongholicus
Bunge[1]
Synonyms[1]
  • Astragalus borealimongolicus Y.Z.Zhao
  • Astragalus membranaceus var. mandshuricus Nakai, not validly publ.
  • Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus (Bunge) P.K.Hsiao
  • Astragalus membranaceus f. propinquus (Schischk.) Kitag.
  • Astragalus membranaceus Fisch. ex Bunge, nom. cons.
  • Astragalus mongholicus var. dahuricus (Fisch. ex DC.) Podlech
  • Astragalus penduliflorus var. dahuricus (Fisch. ex DC.) X.Y.Zhu
  • Astragalus penduliflorus var. mongholicus (Bunge) X.Y.Zhu
  • Astragalus propinquus var. glaber Vydrina, no type.
  • Astragalus propinquus Schischk.
  • Astragalus purdomii N.D.Simpson
  • Phaca abbreviata Ledeb.
  • Phaca alpina var. dahurica Fisch. ex DC.
  • Phaca macrostachys Turcz.
  • Phaca membranacea Fisch. ex Link, nom. nud.
  • Tragacantha membranacea (Fisch. ex Bunge) Kuntze
  • Tragacantha mongholica (Bunge) Kuntze

Astragalus mongholicus, synonyms including Astragalus propinquus and Astragalus membranaceus,[1] commonly known as Mongolian milkvetch in English;[2] 'Хунчир' in Mongolian; huáng qí (Chinese: 黃芪), běi qí (Chinese: 北芪) or huáng huā huáng qí (Chinese: 黃花黃耆),[3] in Mongolia, is a flowering plant in the family Fabaceae. It is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Mongolian medicine.[4] It is a perennial plant and it is not listed as being threatened.[5]

Distribution

[edit]

A. mongholicus is widespread in temperate Asia, being found in Kazakhstan, from Siberia to the Russian Far East, in Mongolia, and in west and north China.[1]

Herbalism

[edit]

A. mongholicus is used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).[6] A. mongholicus is a component in Lectranal, a food supplement used in treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis,[7] though there is limited evidence of its effectiveness.[8]

Chemistry

[edit]

Chemical constituents of the roots (Radix Astragali) include polysaccharides and triterpenoids (such as astragalosides),[9] as well as isoflavones (including kumatakenin, calycosin, and formononetin) and their glycosides and malonates.[10] It contains the saponin cycloastragenol.

Toxicology

[edit]

While several other species of Astragalus are known to cause severe poisonings in livestock due to indolizine alkaloids, aliphatic nitro compounds, and accumulated selenium,[11] none of these constituents have been detected in Astragalus mongholicus used in dietary supplements and TCM preparations.[12]

Compendial status

[edit]

A. mongholicus is listed (as A. propinquus) in the following official pharmacopoeia:

  • Japanese Pharmacopoeia[13]

See also

[edit]

Notes and references

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "Astragalus mongholicus Bunge". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2023-04-06.
  2. ^ English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 368. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2017 – via Korea Forest Service.
  3. ^ Joe Hing Kwok Chu. "Huang qi". Complementary and Alternative Healing University. Retrieved 2012-02-27.
  4. ^ "Astragalus membranaceus – Moench". Plants for a Future.
  5. ^ "Astragalus propinquus Schischkin". LegumeWeb. International Legume Database & Information Service. 2005-11-01. Retrieved 2012-02-27.
  6. ^ Block, Keith I.; Mead, Mark N. (1 September 2003). "Immune System Effects of Echinacea, Ginseng, and Astragalus: A Review". Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2 (3): 247–267. doi:10.1177/1534735403256419. PMID 15035888. S2CID 21465896.
  7. ^ Matkovic Z, Zivkovic V, Korica M, Plavec D, Pecanic S, Tudoric N (2010). "Efficacy and safety of Astragalus membranaceus in the treatment of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis". Phytother Res. 24 (2): 175–81. doi:10.1002/ptr.2877. PMID 19504468. S2CID 46201817.
  8. ^ Guo, Ruoling; Pittler, Max H.; Ernst, Edzard (December 2007). "Herbal medicines for the treatment of allergic rhinitis: a systematic review". Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 99 (6): 483–495. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60375-4. PMID 18219828.
  9. ^ Xu, Q.; Ma, X.; Liang, X. (2007). "Determination of Astragalosides in the Roots of Astragalus spp. Using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry". Phytochemical Analysis. 18 (5): 419–427. Bibcode:2007PChAn..18..419X. doi:10.1002/pca.997. PMID 17624885.
  10. ^ Lin, L. Z.; He, X. G.; Lindenmaier, M.; Nolan, G.; Yang, J.; Cleary, M.; Qiu, S. X.; Cordell, G. A. (2000). "Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Study of the Flavonoids of the Roots of Astragalus mongholicus and A. membranaceus". Journal of Chromatography A. 876 (1–2): 87–95. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00149-7. PMID 10823504.
  11. ^ Rios, J. L.; Waterman, P. G. (1997). "A review of the pharmacology and toxicology of Astragalus". Phytotherapy Research. 11 (6): 411–418. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199709)11:6<411::AID-PTR132>3.0.CO;2-6. S2CID 84850794.
  12. ^ "Astragalus". WebMD.
  13. ^ Japanese Pharmacopoeia (PDF) (15th ed.). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22.
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