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Coordinates: 59°18′52″N 16°31′57″E / 59.3145°N 16.5326°E / 59.3145; 16.5326
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[[image:Sö 111, Stenkvista.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The Stenkvista runestone in Södermanland, Sweden, with its Thor's hammer.]]
[[image:Sö 111, Stenkvista.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The Stenkvista runestone in Södermanland, Sweden, with its Thor's hammer.]]
The '''Stenkvista runestone''', designated as [[runic inscription]] '''Sö 111''' in the [[Rundata]] system, is a memorial [[runestone]] located in [[Södermanland]], [[Sweden]], that features a depiction of [[Thor]]'s hammer, [[Mjöllnir]]. This runestone is one of several runestones in [[Scandinavia]] that has a dedication to Thor. While the tradition of carving inscriptions into boulders began in the 4th century and lasted into the 12th century, most runestones in Scandinavia date from the late [[Viking Age]].
The '''Stenkvista runestone''', designated as [[runic inscription]] '''Sö 111''' in the [[Rundata]] catalog, is a [[memorial]] [[runestone]] located near the church at Stenkvista, which is two kilometers east of [[Skogstorp, Eskilstuna|Skogstorp]], [[Södermanland County]], [[Sweden]], which was formerly part of the historic [[Södermanland]], and which features a depiction of [[Thor]]'s hammer, [[Mjöllnir]]. This runestone is one of several runestones in [[Scandinavia]] that has a dedication to Thor. While the tradition of carving inscriptions into boulders began in the 4th century and lasted into the 12th century, most runestones in Scandinavia date from the late [[Viking Age]].


==Description==
==Description==
The Stenkvista runestone, which currently lies in a churchyard, is made of granite and is 2.2 meters in height. It is classified as being in [[Runestone styles|runestone style]] Fp. This is the classification for inscriptions where the runic text is characterized by runic bands that end with serpent or animal heads depicted as seen from above. The [[runemaster]] who carved this runestone placed a dot between the words in the inscription, arranged the design so that the man's name Þjóðmundr and the words "their father" are below the Thor's hammer. Thor's hammer was used on several memorial runestones in Sweden and Denmark, perhaps as a parallel to or a [[Norse paganism|pagan]] reaction to the use of the cross by Christians.<ref>{{Cite book |last=DuBois |first=Thomas Andrew |authorlink= |title=Nordic Religions in the Viking Age |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |date=1999 |location= |pages=158-159 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=g2-Lga0r62MC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false |doi= |id= |isbn=0-8122-3511-8}}</ref> Other surviving runestones depicting Thor's hammer include runestones U 1161 in Altuna ([[Altuna Runestone]]), Dr 331 in [[Gårdstånga]], Sö 140 in Jursta, Öl 1 in Karlevi ([[Karlevi Runestone]]), Sö 86 in Åby, Dr 26 in Laeborg, and Dr 119 in Spentrup.<ref>{{Cite book
The Stenkvista runestone, which currently lies in a churchyard, is made of granite and is 2.2 meters in height. It is classified as being in [[Runestone styles|runestone style]] Fp. This is the classification for inscriptions where the runic text is characterized by runic bands that end with serpent or animal heads depicted as seen from above. The [[runemaster]] who carved this runestone placed a dot between the words in the runic text, arranged the design so that the runes '''þiuþmunt''' for the man's name Þjóðmundr and '''faþur * sin''' for the words ''fôður sinn'' ("their father") are located below the Thor's hammer. Thor's hammer was used on several memorial runestones in Sweden and Denmark, perhaps as a parallel to or a [[Norse paganism|pagan]] reaction to the use of the [[Christian cross|cross]] by Christians.<ref>{{Cite book |last=DuBois |first=Thomas Andrew |title=Nordic Religions in the Viking Age |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=1999 |pages=158–159 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2-Lga0r62MC |isbn=0-8122-3511-8}}</ref> Other surviving runestones or inscriptions depicting Thor's hammer include runestones [[Altuna Runestone|U 1161]] in Altuna, [[Södermanland Runic Inscription 86|Sö 86]] in Åby, [[Bjärby Runestones#Vg 113|Vg 113]] in Lärkegapet, [[Karlevi Runestone|Öl 1]] in Karlevi, [[Laeborg Runestone|DR 26]] in Laeborg, [[Danish Runic Inscription 48|DR 48]] in Hanning, [[Danish Runic Inscription 120|DR 120 in Spentrup]], and [[Gårdstånga runestone DR 331|DR 331 in Gårdstånga]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holtgård |first=Anders |editor-last=Düwel |editor-first=Klaus |editor2-last=Nowak |editor2-first=Sean |contribution=Runeninschriften und Runendenkmäler als Quellen der Religionsgeschichte |title=Runeninschriften als Quellen Interdisziplinärer Forschung: Abhandlungen des Vierten Internationalen Symposiums über Runen und Runeninschriften in Göttingen vom 4-9 August 1995 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=1998 |location=Berlin |page=727 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYqsisEVQHEC |isbn=3-11-015455-2}}</ref><ref name="Handbook">{{Cite book |last1=McKinnell |first1=John |last2=Simek |first2=Rudolf |author2-link=Rudolf Simek |last3=Düwel |first3=Klaus |contribution=Gods and Mythological Beings in the Younger Futhark |title=Runes, Magic and Religion: A Sourcebook |publisher=Fassbaender |year=2004 |location=Vienna |pages=116–133 |url=http://dro.dur.ac.uk/1053/1/1053.pdf |isbn=3-900538-81-6}}</ref>
|last=Holtgård |first=Anders |authorlink= |editor-last=Düwel |editor-first=Klaus |editor2-last=Nowak |editor2-first=Sean |contribution=Runeninschriften und Runendenkmäler als Quellen der Religionsgeschichte |title=Runeninschriften als Quellen Interdisziplinärer Forschung: Abhandlungen des Vierten Internationalen Symposiums über Runen und Runeninschriften in Göttingen vom 4-9 August 1995 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |date=1998 |location=Berlin |pages=727 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KYqsisEVQHEC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false |doi= |id= |isbn=3-11-015455-2}}</ref>


[[File:Sö 111, Stenkvista 1916.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Sö 111 in 1916.]]
[[Norse paganism|Norse pagan]] gods appear as elements in two of the names listed in the inscription. The name Freygeirr translates as "[[Freyr]]'s spear"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cleasby |first=Richard |authorlink= |coauthors=Vigfússon, Guðbrandur |title=An Icelandic-English Dictionary |publisher=Clarendon Press |date=1878 |location= |pages=196 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RnEJAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false |doi= |id= |isbn= }}</ref> and Þorgautr as "[[Thor]]-Goth."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ferguson |first=Robert |authorlink= |title=Surnames as a Science |publisher=George Routledge & Sons |date=1883 |page=63 |location=London |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HlUQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false |doi= |id= |isbn= }}</ref>
The runic text indicates that the stone is a memorial raised by three sons to their father Þjóðmundr. Two [[Norse paganism|Norse pagan]] gods appear as [[theophoric name]] elements in two of the personal names listed in the inscription. The name Freygeirr translates as "[[Freyr]]'s Spear"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cleasby |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Cleasby |author2=Vigfússon, Guðbrandur |author-link2=Guðbrandur Vigfússon |title=An Icelandic-English Dictionary |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1878 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RnEJAAAAQAAJ/page/n313 196] |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RnEJAAAAQAAJ }}</ref> and Þorgautr as "[[Thor]]-Goth."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ferguson |first=Robert |title=Surnames as a Science |publisher=George Routledge & Sons |year=1883 |page=[https://archive.org/details/surnamesasscienc00ferguoft/page/63 63] |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/surnamesasscienc00ferguoft }}</ref>


==Inscription==
==Inscription==
{{fs interlinear |indent=2 |spacing=0.5 |class1=bold
===Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters===
:'''* helki * auk * fraykai<small>R</small> * auk * þorkautr * raistu * merki * si<small>R</small>un * at * þiuþmunt faþur * sin'''<ref name="Rundata">[http://www.nordiska.uu.se/forskn/samnord.htm Project Samnordisk Runtextdatabas Svensk] - [[Rundata]] entry for Sö 111.</ref>
|* helki * auk * fraykaiʀ * auk * þorkautr * raistu * merki * siʀun * at * þiuþmunt faþur * sin
⚫
|{} Helgi {} ok {} Freygeirr {} ok {} Þorgautr {} reistu {} merki {} sírún/sírýn {} at {} Þjóðmund, fôður {} sinn.

|Helgi and Freygeirr and Þorgautr raised the rune-decorated landmark in memory of Þjóðmundr, their father.<ref name="Rundata">[http://www.nordiska.uu.se/forskn/samnord.htm Project Samnordisk Runtextdatabas Svensk] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807043328/http://www.nordiska.uu.se/forskn/samnord.htm |date=2011-08-07 }} - [[Rundata]] entry for Sö 111.</ref>
===Transcription into Old Norse===
}}
⚫
:Helgi ok Freygeirr ok Þorgautr reistu merki sírún/sírýn at Þjóðmund, fôður sinn.<ref name="Rundata"/>

===Translation in English===
:Helgi and Freygeirr and Þorgautr raised the rune-decorated landmark in memory of Þjóðmundr, their father.<ref name="Rundata"/>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


{{coord|59.3145|N|16.5326|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}
{{runestones}}
[[Category:Runestones in Södermanland]]
[[Category:Runestones in Södermanland]]

Latest revision as of 20:18, 23 February 2024

The Stenkvista runestone in Södermanland, Sweden, with its Thor's hammer.

The Stenkvista runestone, designated as runic inscription Sö 111 in the Rundata catalog, is a memorial runestone located near the church at Stenkvista, which is two kilometers east of Skogstorp, Södermanland County, Sweden, which was formerly part of the historic Södermanland, and which features a depiction of Thor's hammer, Mjöllnir. This runestone is one of several runestones in Scandinavia that has a dedication to Thor. While the tradition of carving inscriptions into boulders began in the 4th century and lasted into the 12th century, most runestones in Scandinavia date from the late Viking Age.

Description

[edit]

The Stenkvista runestone, which currently lies in a churchyard, is made of granite and is 2.2 meters in height. It is classified as being in runestone style Fp. This is the classification for inscriptions where the runic text is characterized by runic bands that end with serpent or animal heads depicted as seen from above. The runemaster who carved this runestone placed a dot between the words in the runic text, arranged the design so that the runes þiuþmunt for the man's name Þjóðmundr and faþur * sin for the words fôður sinn ("their father") are located below the Thor's hammer. Thor's hammer was used on several memorial runestones in Sweden and Denmark, perhaps as a parallel to or a pagan reaction to the use of the cross by Christians.[1] Other surviving runestones or inscriptions depicting Thor's hammer include runestones U 1161 in Altuna, Sö 86 in Åby, Vg 113 in Lärkegapet, Öl 1 in Karlevi, DR 26 in Laeborg, DR 48 in Hanning, DR 120 in Spentrup, and DR 331 in Gårdstånga.[2][3]

Sö 111 in 1916.

The runic text indicates that the stone is a memorial raised by three sons to their father Þjóðmundr. Two Norse pagan gods appear as theophoric name elements in two of the personal names listed in the inscription. The name Freygeirr translates as "Freyr's Spear"[4] and Þorgautr as "Thor-Goth."[5]

Inscription

[edit]

*

 

helki

Helgi

*

 

auk

ok

*

 

fraykaiʀ

Freygeirr

*

 

auk

ok

*

 

þorkautr

Þorgautr

*

 

raistu

reistu

*

 

merki

merki

*

 

siʀun

sírún/sírýn

*

 

at

at

*

 

þiuþmunt

Þjóðmund,

faþur

fôður

*

 

sin

sinn.

* helki * auk * fraykaiʀ * auk * þorkautr * raistu * merki * siʀun * at * þiuþmunt faþur * sin

{} Helgi {} ok {} Freygeirr {} ok {} Þorgautr {} reistu {} merki {} sírún/sírýn {} at {} Þjóðmund, fôður {} sinn.

Helgi and Freygeirr and Þorgautr raised the rune-decorated landmark in memory of Þjóðmundr, their father.[6]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ DuBois, Thomas Andrew (1999). Nordic Religions in the Viking Age. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 158–159. ISBN 0-8122-3511-8.
  2. ^ Holtgård, Anders (1998). "Runeninschriften und Runendenkmäler als Quellen der Religionsgeschichte". In Düwel, Klaus; Nowak, Sean (eds.). Runeninschriften als Quellen Interdisziplinärer Forschung: Abhandlungen des Vierten Internationalen Symposiums über Runen und Runeninschriften in Göttingen vom 4-9 August 1995. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 727. ISBN 3-11-015455-2.
  3. ^ McKinnell, John; Simek, Rudolf; Düwel, Klaus (2004). "Gods and Mythological Beings in the Younger Futhark". Runes, Magic and Religion: A Sourcebook (PDF). Vienna: Fassbaender. pp. 116–133. ISBN 3-900538-81-6.
  4. ^ Cleasby, Richard; Vigfússon, Guðbrandur (1878). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. Clarendon Press. p. 196.
  5. ^ Ferguson, Robert (1883). Surnames as a Science. London: George Routledge & Sons. p. 63.
  6. ^ Project Samnordisk Runtextdatabas Svensk Archived 2011-08-07 at the Wayback Machine - Rundata entry for Sö 111.

59°18′52″N 16°31′57″E / 59.3145°N 16.5326°E / 59.3145; 16.5326

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