Jump to content

Gadwall: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
BataGoran (talk | contribs)
54 edits
No edit summary
Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5
 
(15 intermediate revisions by 13 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{short description|Species of bird}}
{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
Line 21: Line 21:
}}
}}


The '''gadwall''' (''Mareca strepera'') is a common and widespread [[dabbling duck]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Gadwall/lifehistory|title=Gadwall, Life history|website=All About Birds|publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology|access-date=12 April 2016}}</ref> in the family [[Anatidae]].
The '''gadwall''' ('''''Mareca strepera''''') is a common and widespread [[dabbling duck]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Gadwall/lifehistory|title=Gadwall, Life history|website=All About Birds|publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology|access-date=12 April 2016}}</ref> in the family [[Anatidae]].


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
Line 31: Line 31:


== Description ==
== Description ==
The gadwall is {{convert|46|–|56|cm|in|abbr=on}} long with a {{convert|78|–|90|cm|in|abbr=on}} wingspan.<ref name=Floyd>{{Cite book |last=Floyd |first=T. |year=2008 |title=Smithsonian Field Guide to the Birds of North America |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New York }}</ref> The male is slightly larger than the female, weighing on average {{convert|990|g|oz|abbr=on}} against her {{convert|850|g|oz|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Madge/> The breeding male is patterned grey, with a black rear end, light chestnut wings, and a brilliant white [[speculum feathers|speculum]], obvious in flight or at rest.<ref name=Dunn>{{cite book |last1=Dunn |first1=J. |last2=Alderfer |first2=J. |year=2006 |title=National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of North America |edition=5th }}</ref> In non-breeding (eclipse) plumage, the drake looks more like the female, but retains the male wing pattern, and is usually greyer above and has less orange on the bill.<ref name=Madge/>
The gadwall is {{convert|47|–|58|cm|in|abbr=on}} long with a {{convert|78|–|85|cm|in|abbr=on}} wingspan.<ref name=Floyd>{{Cite book |last=Floyd |first=T. |year=2008 |title=Smithsonian Field Guide to the Birds of North America |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New York }}</ref> The male is slightly larger than the female, weighing on average {{convert|990|g|oz|abbr=on}} against her {{convert|850|g|oz|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Madge/> The breeding male is patterned grey, with a black rear end, light chestnut wings, and a brilliant white [[speculum feathers|speculum]], obvious in flight or at rest.<ref name=Dunn>{{cite book |last1=Dunn |first1=J. |last2=Alderfer |first2=J. |year=2006 |title=National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of North America |edition=5th }}</ref> In non-breeding (eclipse) plumage, the drake looks more like the female, but retains the male wing pattern, and is usually greyer above and has less orange on the bill.<ref name=Madge/>


The female is light brown, with plumage much like a female [[mallard]]. It can be distinguished from that species by the dark orange-edged bill, smaller size, the white [[speculum feathers|speculum]], and white belly.<ref name=Dunn/> Both sexes go through two moults annually, following a juvenile moult.<ref name=Floyd/>
The female is light brown, with plumage much like a female [[mallard]]. It can be distinguished from that species by the dark orange-edged bill, smaller size, the white [[speculum feathers|speculum]], and white belly.<ref name=Dunn/> Both sexes go through two moults annually, following a juvenile moult.<ref name=Floyd/>
Line 40: Line 40:
The gadwall breeds in the northern areas of Europe and across the [[Palearctic]], and central North America. In North America, its breeding range lies along the [[Saint Lawrence River]], through the [[Great Lakes]], [[Alberta]], [[Saskatchewan]], the [[Dakotas]], south to [[Kansas]], west to [[California]], and along coastal [[Pacific]] [[Canada]] and southern coastal [[Alaska]].<ref name=Floyd/><ref name=Dunn/> The range of this bird appears to be expanding into eastern North America. This [[dabbling duck]] is strongly [[bird migration|migratory]], and winters farther south than its breeding range, from coastal [[Alaska]], south into [[Central America]], and east into [[Idaho]], [[Kansas]], [[Ohio]], [[Virginia]], and then south all the way into Central America.<ref name=Floyd/><ref name=Dunn/>
The gadwall breeds in the northern areas of Europe and across the [[Palearctic]], and central North America. In North America, its breeding range lies along the [[Saint Lawrence River]], through the [[Great Lakes]], [[Alberta]], [[Saskatchewan]], the [[Dakotas]], south to [[Kansas]], west to [[California]], and along coastal [[Pacific]] [[Canada]] and southern coastal [[Alaska]].<ref name=Floyd/><ref name=Dunn/> The range of this bird appears to be expanding into eastern North America. This [[dabbling duck]] is strongly [[bird migration|migratory]], and winters farther south than its breeding range, from coastal [[Alaska]], south into [[Central America]], and east into [[Idaho]], [[Kansas]], [[Ohio]], [[Virginia]], and then south all the way into Central America.<ref name=Floyd/><ref name=Dunn/>


In [[Great Britain]], the gadwall is a scarce-breeding bird and winter visitor, though its population has increased in recent years. It is likely that its expansion was partly through introduction, mainly to England, and partly through colonization by continental birds staying to breed in [[Scotland]]. In [[Ireland]] a small breeding population has recently become established, centred on [[County Wexford]] in the south and [[Lough Neagh]] in the north.<ref name=IrishBirds/> The Gadwall is also seen in some parts of [[South Asia]], particularly the southern part of [[India]]. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Frederick|first=Prince|date=2020-12-26|title=Gadwalls join the party|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/gadwalls-join-the-party/article33422528.ece|access-date=2021-08-01|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
In [[Great Britain]], the gadwall is a scarce-breeding bird and winter visitor, though its population has increased in recent years. It is likely that its expansion was partly through introduction, mainly to England, and partly through colonization by continental birds staying to breed in [[Scotland]]. In [[Ireland]] a small breeding population has recently become established, centred on [[County Wexford]] in the south and [[Lough Neagh]] in the north.<ref name=IrishBirds/> The Gadwall is also seen in some parts of [[South Asia]], particularly the southern part of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Frederick|first=Prince|date=2020-12-26|title=Gadwalls join the party|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/gadwalls-join-the-party/article33422528.ece|access-date=2021-08-01|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>


== Behaviour ==
== Behaviour ==
Line 46: Line 46:
The gadwall is a bird of open wetlands, such as [[prairie]] or [[steppe]] lakes, wet grassland or marshes with dense fringing vegetation, and usually feeds by dabbling for plant food with head submerged. They can also dive underwater for food, more proficiently than other dabbling ducks, and may also steal food from diving birds such as coots.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Todd|first=Frank S.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36056940|title=Natural history of the waterfowl|date=1996|publisher=San Diego Natural History Museum|isbn=0-934797-11-0|location=San Diego, Calif.|oclc=36056940}}</ref> It nests on the ground, often some distance from water. It is not as gregarious as some dabbling ducks outside the breeding season and tends to form only small flocks.
The gadwall is a bird of open wetlands, such as [[prairie]] or [[steppe]] lakes, wet grassland or marshes with dense fringing vegetation, and usually feeds by dabbling for plant food with head submerged. They can also dive underwater for food, more proficiently than other dabbling ducks, and may also steal food from diving birds such as coots.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Todd|first=Frank S.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36056940|title=Natural history of the waterfowl|date=1996|publisher=San Diego Natural History Museum|isbn=0-934797-11-0|location=San Diego, Calif.|oclc=36056940}}</ref> It nests on the ground, often some distance from water. It is not as gregarious as some dabbling ducks outside the breeding season and tends to form only small flocks.


Gadwalls are monogamous and may start breeding after their first year. Pair formation begins during fall migration or on breeding grounds, but has also been reported to occur in August when males are still in eclipse plumage. Gadwalls are generally quiet, except during courtship. The male utters a ''mep'' call during a display known as the ''burp'', where he raises his head pointing his bill towards a female.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dwyer|first=Thomas J.|date=1974|title=Social Behavior of Breeding Gadwalls in North Dakota|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4084516|journal=The Auk|volume=91|issue=2|pages=375–386|issn=0004-8038}}</ref> The ''grunt-whistle'' is similar to that of mallards, where the male rears his outstretched head with the bill dipped into water, displacing a stream of water droplets towards a nearby female as the bill is raised against the chest. During this display the male makes a loud whistle call followed by a low ''burp''. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Baldassarre|first=Guy A.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/810772720|title=Ducks, geese, and swans of North America|date=2014|isbn=978-1-4214-0751-7|edition=2|location=Baltimore|oclc=810772720}}</ref> Paired males may follow other females in flight displays.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Crabtree|first=Robert L.|last2=Broome|first2=Linda S.|last3=Wolfe|first3=Michael L.|date=1989|title=Effects of Habitat Characteristics on Gadwall Nest Predation and Nest-Site Selection|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3801319|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=53|issue=1|pages=129–137|doi=10.2307/3801319|issn=0022-541X}}</ref>
Gadwalls are monogamous and may start breeding after their first year. Pair formation begins during fall migration or on breeding grounds, but has also been reported to occur in August when males are still in eclipse plumage. Gadwalls are generally quiet, except during courtship. The male utters a ''mep'' call during a display known as the ''burp'', where he raises his head pointing his bill towards a female.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dwyer|first=Thomas J.|date=1974|title=Social Behavior of Breeding Gadwalls in North Dakota|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4084516|journal=The Auk|volume=91|issue=2|pages=375–386|jstor=4084516 |issn=0004-8038}}</ref> The ''grunt-whistle'' is similar to that of mallards, where the male rears his outstretched head with the bill dipped into water, displacing a stream of water droplets towards a nearby female as the bill is raised against the chest. During this display the male makes a loud whistle call followed by a low ''burp''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Baldassarre|first=Guy A.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/810772720|title=Ducks, geese, and swans of North America|date=2014|isbn=978-1-4214-0751-7|edition=2|location=Baltimore|oclc=810772720}}</ref> Paired males may follow other females in flight displays.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Crabtree|first1=Robert L.|last2=Broome|first2=Linda S.|last3=Wolfe|first3=Michael L.|date=1989|title=Effects of Habitat Characteristics on Gadwall Nest Predation and Nest-Site Selection|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3801319|journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|volume=53|issue=1|pages=129–137|doi=10.2307/3801319|jstor=3801319 |issn=0022-541X}}</ref>


Young birds feed on [[insect]]s at first; adults also eat some molluscs and insects during the nesting season.
Young birds feed on [[insect]]s at first; adults also eat some molluscs and insects during the nesting season.


== Conservation ==
== Conservation ==
Currently, the gadwall is listed as [[least concern]] in the [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]].<ref name="IUCN" /> The gadwall is one of the species to which the ''Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds'' ([[AEWA]]) applies. Populations have increased approximately 2.5% over the course of 49 years (from 1966 to 2010), and continue to grow. Gadwalls are one of the most hunted duck species (3rd to the [[mallard]] and [[green-winged teal]]), with 1.7 million shot each year.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}
Currently, the gadwall is listed as [[least concern]] in the [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]].<ref name="IUCN" /> The gadwall is one of the species to which the ''Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds'' ([[AEWA]]) applies. Populations have increased approximately 2.5% over the course of 49 years (from 1966 to 2010), and continue to grow. Gadwalls are one of the most hunted duck species (3rd to the [[mallard]] and [[green-winged teal]]), with 1.7 million shot each year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gadwalls: The Wonder Duck {{!}} Ducks Unlimited |url=https://www.ducks.org/conservation/waterfowl-research-science/gadwalls-the-wonder-duck |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=www.ducks.org |language=en}}</ref>


Because of the efforts of the United States and Canadian groups [[Ducks Unlimited]], [[Delta Waterfowl Foundation]] and other private conservation groups, the species continues to be sustainably hunted there.<ref name=":0"/>
Because of the efforts of the United States and Canadian groups [[Ducks Unlimited]], [[Delta Waterfowl Foundation]] and other private conservation groups, the species continues to be sustainably hunted there.<ref name=":0"/>



==Gallery==
==Gallery==
Line 62: Line 63:
File:Snatterand ( Anas strepera) Ystad-2020.jpg|Three males and two females resting
File:Snatterand ( Anas strepera) Ystad-2020.jpg|Three males and two females resting
File:Anas strepera M F.JPG|Male and female on the [[Lake Ontario]]
File:Anas strepera M F.JPG|Male and female on the [[Lake Ontario]]
File:Gadwalls in flight, Taudaha Lake.jpg|Gadwalls in flight, [[Taudaha Lake]]
</gallery>
</gallery>


Line 90: Line 92:
{{Commons category}}
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikispecies|Anas strepera}}
{{Wikispecies|Anas strepera}}
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Gadwall}}
{{EB1911 poster|Gadwall}}
* {{BirdLife|22680149|Anas strepera}}
* {{BirdLife|22680149|Anas strepera}}
* [http://www.rspb.org.uk/birds/guide/g/gadwall/index.asp RSPB Birds by Name Gadwall Page]
* [http://www.rspb.org.uk/birds/guide/g/gadwall/index.asp RSPB Birds by Name Gadwall Page]
* [http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Gadwall.html Gadwall Species Account] – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
* [http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Gadwall.html Gadwall Species Account] – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080916062958/http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i1350id.html Gadwall – ''Anas strepera''] – USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080916062958/http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i1350id.html Gadwall – ''Anas strepera''] – USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
* [http://www.massaudubon.org/our-conservation-work/wildlife-research-conservation/statewide-bird-monitoring/breeding-bird-atlases/bba2/find-a-bird/(id)/136 Gadwal at the Massachusetts Breeding Bird Atlas]
* [http://www.massaudubon.org/our-conservation-work/wildlife-research-conservation/statewide-bird-monitoring/breeding-bird-atlases/bba2/find-a-bird/(id)/136 Gadwal at the Massachusetts Breeding Bird Atlas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108123612/http://www.massaudubon.org/our-conservation-work/wildlife-research-conservation/statewide-bird-monitoring/breeding-bird-atlases/bba2/find-a-bird/(id)/136 |date=2014-01-08 }}
* {{InternetBirdCollection|gadwall-anas-strepera}}
* {{InternetBirdCollection|gadwall-anas-strepera}}
* {{VIREO|Gadwall}}
* {{VIREO|Gadwall}}
* [http://www.ornithos.de/Ornithos/Feather_Collection/Anas_strepera/Anas_strepera.htm Feathers of gadwall (''Anas strepera'')]
* [http://www.ornithos.de/Ornithos/Feather_Collection/Anas_strepera/Anas_strepera.htm Feathers of gadwall (''Anas strepera'')] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213053321/http://www.ornithos.de/Ornithos/Feather_Collection/Anas_strepera/Anas_strepera.htm |date=2013-12-13 }}


{{North American Game}}
{{North American Game}}
{{Taxonbar |from1=Q25889|from2=Q28106966}}
{{Taxonbar |from1=Q25889|from2=Q28106966}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Mareca]]
[[Category:Mareca]]

Latest revision as of 16:43, 17 May 2024

For other uses, see Gadwall (disambiguation).

Gadwall
Calls recorded in the Netherlands
Female
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Anseriformes
Family: Anatidae
Genus: Mareca
Species:
M. strepera
Binomial name
Mareca strepera
Subspecies
Synonyms
  • Anas strepera Linnaeus, 1758

The gadwall (Mareca strepera) is a common and widespread dabbling duck[2] in the family Anatidae.

Taxonomy

[edit]

The gadwall was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae.[3] DNA studies have shown that it is a sister species with the falcated duck; the two are closely related to the three species of wigeons, and all of them have been assigned to the genus Mareca.[4][5] There are two subspecies:[6]

  • M. s. strepera, the common gadwall, described by Linnaeus, is the nominate subspecies.
  • †M. s. couesi, Coues's gadwall, extinct c. 1874, was formerly found only on Teraina, a coral atoll in the Pacific Ocean.[7]

The specific name strepera is Late Latin for "noisy".[8] The etymology of the word gadwall is not known, but the name has been in use since 1666.[9]

Description

[edit]

The gadwall is 47–58 cm (19–23 in) long with a 78–85 cm (31–33 in) wingspan.[10] The male is slightly larger than the female, weighing on average 990 g (35 oz) against her 850 g (30 oz).[11] The breeding male is patterned grey, with a black rear end, light chestnut wings, and a brilliant white speculum, obvious in flight or at rest.[12] In non-breeding (eclipse) plumage, the drake looks more like the female, but retains the male wing pattern, and is usually greyer above and has less orange on the bill.[11]

The female is light brown, with plumage much like a female mallard. It can be distinguished from that species by the dark orange-edged bill, smaller size, the white speculum, and white belly.[12] Both sexes go through two moults annually, following a juvenile moult.[10]

The gadwall is a quieter duck, except during its courtship display. Females give a call similar to the quack of a female mallard but higher-pitched, transcribed as gag-ag-ag-ag. Males give a grunt, transcribed as mep, and a whistle.[11]

Distribution

[edit]

The gadwall breeds in the northern areas of Europe and across the Palearctic, and central North America. In North America, its breeding range lies along the Saint Lawrence River, through the Great Lakes, Alberta, Saskatchewan, the Dakotas, south to Kansas, west to California, and along coastal Pacific Canada and southern coastal Alaska.[10][12] The range of this bird appears to be expanding into eastern North America. This dabbling duck is strongly migratory, and winters farther south than its breeding range, from coastal Alaska, south into Central America, and east into Idaho, Kansas, Ohio, Virginia, and then south all the way into Central America.[10][12]

In Great Britain, the gadwall is a scarce-breeding bird and winter visitor, though its population has increased in recent years. It is likely that its expansion was partly through introduction, mainly to England, and partly through colonization by continental birds staying to breed in Scotland. In Ireland a small breeding population has recently become established, centred on County Wexford in the south and Lough Neagh in the north.[13] The Gadwall is also seen in some parts of South Asia, particularly the southern part of India.[14]

Behaviour

[edit]
Female and male dabbling, WWT London Wetland Centre, Barnes

The gadwall is a bird of open wetlands, such as prairie or steppe lakes, wet grassland or marshes with dense fringing vegetation, and usually feeds by dabbling for plant food with head submerged. They can also dive underwater for food, more proficiently than other dabbling ducks, and may also steal food from diving birds such as coots.[15] It nests on the ground, often some distance from water. It is not as gregarious as some dabbling ducks outside the breeding season and tends to form only small flocks.

Gadwalls are monogamous and may start breeding after their first year. Pair formation begins during fall migration or on breeding grounds, but has also been reported to occur in August when males are still in eclipse plumage. Gadwalls are generally quiet, except during courtship. The male utters a mep call during a display known as the burp, where he raises his head pointing his bill towards a female.[16] The grunt-whistle is similar to that of mallards, where the male rears his outstretched head with the bill dipped into water, displacing a stream of water droplets towards a nearby female as the bill is raised against the chest. During this display the male makes a loud whistle call followed by a low burp.[17] Paired males may follow other females in flight displays.[15][18]

Young birds feed on insects at first; adults also eat some molluscs and insects during the nesting season.

Conservation

[edit]

Currently, the gadwall is listed as least concern in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[1] The gadwall is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies. Populations have increased approximately 2.5% over the course of 49 years (from 1966 to 2010), and continue to grow. Gadwalls are one of the most hunted duck species (3rd to the mallard and green-winged teal), with 1.7 million shot each year.[19]

Because of the efforts of the United States and Canadian groups Ducks Unlimited, Delta Waterfowl Foundation and other private conservation groups, the species continues to be sustainably hunted there.[2]


[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2016). "Mareca strepera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22680149A86020572. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680149A86020572.en. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  2. ^ a b "Gadwall, Life history". All About Birds. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
  3. ^ Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata (in Latin). Holmiae [Stockholm]: Laurentii Salvii. p. 125. Retrieved 10 August 2014. A. macula alarum rufa nigra alba.
  4. ^ Johnson, Kevin P.; Sorenson, Michael D. (1999). "Phylogeny and biogeography of dabbling ducks (genus: Anas): A comparison of molecular and morphological evidence" (PDF). The Auk. 116 (3): 792–805. doi:10.2307/4089339. JSTOR 4089339.
  5. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). "Screamers, ducks, geese & swans". World Bird List Version 7.3. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  6. ^ "ITIS Report: Anas strepera". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
  7. ^ Hume, Julian P.; Walters, Michael (2012). Extinct Birds. London, UK: T. & A. D. Poyser. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-4081-5725-1. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
  8. ^ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 46, 367. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  9. ^ "gadwall". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  10. ^ a b c d Floyd, T. (2008). Smithsonian Field Guide to the Birds of North America. New York: HarperCollins.
  11. ^ a b c Madge, Steve; Burn, Hilary (1988). Wildfowl: An Identification Guide to the Ducks, Geese and Swans of the World. Christopher Helm. pp. 200–202. ISBN 0-7470-2201-1.
  12. ^ a b c d Dunn, J.; Alderfer, J. (2006). National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of North America (5th ed.).
  13. ^ "Gadwall". Irish Birds. 9 (1): 68. 2010.
  14. ^ Frederick, Prince (2020-12-26). "Gadwalls join the party". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2021-08-01.
  15. ^ a b Todd, Frank S. (1996). Natural history of the waterfowl. San Diego, Calif.: San Diego Natural History Museum. ISBN 0-934797-11-0. OCLC 36056940.
  16. ^ Dwyer, Thomas J. (1974). "Social Behavior of Breeding Gadwalls in North Dakota". The Auk. 91 (2): 375–386. ISSN 0004-8038. JSTOR 4084516.
  17. ^ Baldassarre, Guy A. (2014). Ducks, geese, and swans of North America (2 ed.). Baltimore. ISBN 978-1-4214-0751-7. OCLC 810772720.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  18. ^ Crabtree, Robert L.; Broome, Linda S.; Wolfe, Michael L. (1989). "Effects of Habitat Characteristics on Gadwall Nest Predation and Nest-Site Selection". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 53 (1): 129–137. doi:10.2307/3801319. ISSN 0022-541X. JSTOR 3801319.
  19. ^ "Gadwalls: The Wonder Duck | Ducks Unlimited". www.ducks.org. Retrieved 2024-02-17.

Literature cited

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mareca strepera.
Wikispecies has information related to Anas strepera.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Gadwall".
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gadwall&oldid=1224315198"