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Coordinates: 38°22′49″N 41°23′43″E / 38.38028°N 41.39528°E / 38.38028; 41.39528
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{{For|the historical region|Sasun (historical region)}}
{{For|the historical region|Sasun (historical region)}}
{{Short description|Municipality in Batman Province, Turkey}}
{{Short description|Municipality in Batman Province, Turkey}}
{{Infobox Turkey place
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}{{Infobox Turkey place
| type = municipality
| type = municipality
| name = Sason
| name = Sason
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}}
}}
[[File:Çiyayên_Sasonê.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Sason region]]
[[File:Çiyayên_Sasonê.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Sason region]]
'''Sason''' ({{lang-hy|Սասուն|translit=Sasun}}; {{lang-ku|Qabilcewz}};<ref>{{cite book |author1=Adem |first=Avcıkıran |url= |title=Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî |date=2009 |page=56 |language=tr, ku |access-date=}}</ref> {{lang-ar|قبل جوز}}; alternatively spelled as '''Sasun''' or '''Sassoun'''), is a town in the [[Batman Province]] of [[Turkey]]. It is the seat of the [[Sason District]].<ref name=ilce>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx İlçe Belediyesi], Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 30 January 2023.</ref> Its population is 12,696 (2021).<ref name=tuik>{{Cite web |title=Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021|url=https://www.tuik.gov.tr/indir/duyuru/favori_raporlar.xlsx |access-date=30 January 2023|publisher=[[TÜİK]]|language=tr |format=XLS}}</ref>
'''Sason'''{{efn|{{lang-hy|Խաբլջոզ|translit=Khabljoz}}, also {{lang|hy|Գաբլճոզ}} {{transliteration|hy|Gablchoz}}, etc.;<ref name=":0"/> {{lang-ku|Qabilcewz|script=Latn}}<ref>{{cite book |author1=Adem |first=Avcıkıran |url= |title=Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî |date=2009 |page=56 |language=tr, ku |access-date=}}</ref>}} is a town in the [[Batman Province]] of [[Turkey]]. It is the seat of the [[Sason District]].<ref name=ilce>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx İlçe Belediyesi], Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 30 January 2023.</ref> Its population is 12,696 (2021).<ref name=tuik>{{Cite web |title=Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021|url=https://www.tuik.gov.tr/indir/duyuru/favori_raporlar.xlsx |access-date=30 January 2023|publisher=[[TÜİK]]|language=tr |format=XLS}}</ref> It was formerly known as Kabilcevz.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Nişanyan |first=Sevan |author-link=Sevan Nişanyan |title=Adını unutan ülke: Türkiye'de adı değiştirilen yerler sözlüğü |publisher=Everest Yayınları |year=2010 |isbn=9789752897304 |location=Istanbul |pages=61, 438 |language=tr}}</ref>

⚫
Sasun, as it is called by [[Armenians]], plays a prominent role in [[Culture of Armenia|Armenian culture]] and [[History of Armenia|history]]. It is the setting of ''[[Daredevils of Sassoun]]'', Armenia's national epic. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it was a major center of the activities of the ''[[Armenian fedayi]]'', who staged two uprisings against the Ottoman authorities and Kurdish tribes in [[1894 Sasun rebellion|1894]] and [[1904 Sasun uprising|1904]]. In the [[2019 Turkish local elections|local elections of March 2019]], Muzaffer Arslan was elected Mayor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sabah.com.tr/secim/31-mart-2019-yerel-secim-sonuclari/batman/sason/ilcesi-yerel-secim-sonuclari|title=Batman Sason Seçim Sonuçları - 31 Mart 2019 Yerel Seçimleri|website=www.sabah.com.tr|access-date=2020-03-29}}</ref> He was replaced by Mehmet Şafi Yavuz in February 2021.<ref>[https://ilkha.com/siyaset/sason-un-yeni-belediye-baskani-mehmet-safi-yavuz-oldu-152573 Sason’un yeni Belediye Başkanı Mehmet Şafi Yavuz oldu], ilkha.com</ref>


== Toponymy ==
== Toponymy ==
''Sason'' derives from the name of the historical region [[Sasun (historical region)|Sasun]].<ref name=":1" /> In the Armenian tradition, the name of Sasun (from earlier ''Sanasunk'') is traditionally associated with Sanasar (i.e., biblical Sharezer), the son of the Assyrian king [[Sennacherib]] who fled to Armenia after murdering his father․ Sanasar is said to have settled in the area around Mount Sim, which was called ''Sanasunk'' (as if meaning "Sanasar's progeny") after him and his descendants that populated the region.<ref name="Hübschmann">{{cite book |last=Hübschmann |first=Heinrich |url=https://archive.org/details/diealtarmenisch00hbgoog/page/n233 |title=Die Altarmenischen Ortsnamen. Mit Beiträgen zur historischen Topographie Armeniens und einer Karte |date=1904 |publisher=Verlag von Karl J. Trübner |pages=315-316 |language=de}}</ref>
Sanasunk or Sasunk meant "the Land of Sanasar". According to legend, the name comes from Sanasar, son of the Assyrian king (Hebrew šar “king”, Assyrian sar “king”).<ref name=vgm/>

The former name of the settlement, ''Kabilcevz'', comes from the Arabic word ''jawz'' 'walnut' (Turkish {{lang|tr|ceviz}}), in reference to the abundance of walnut trees in the area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sason Cevizi |url=http://www.sason.gov.tr/sason-cevizi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002133914/http://www.sason.gov.tr/sason-cevizi |archive-date=2023-10-02 |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=T.C. Sason Kaymakamlığı |language=tr}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
During the Ottoman period, Sason, then known as Kabilcevz, was located in the ''[[Nahiyah|nahiye]]'' of Hazzo-Kabilcevz in the ''[[kaza]]'' (district) of Sasun within the [[Bitlis vilayet]]. Sometimes, it fell under the ''kaza'' of Kulp instead. As of 1914, it was a mixed Armenian-Kurdish village, reportedly with 105 Kurdish households and 45 Armenian households. Most of the village's Armenian population was deported and died during the [[Armenian genocide]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Hakobian |first1=T. Kh. |author-link=Tadevos Hakobyan |title=Hayastani ev harakitsʻ shrjanneri teghanunneri baṛaran |last2=Melik-Bakhshian |first2=St. T. |last3=Barseghian |first3=H. Kh. |publisher=[[Yerevan State University|Yerevan State University Publishing House]] |year=1988 |volume=2 |location= |pages=[http://nayiri.com/imagedDictionaryBrowser.jsp?dictionaryId=61&dt=HY_HY&pageNumber=1652 612]-613 |language=hy |script-title=hy:Հայաստանի և հարակից շրջանների տեղանունների բառարան |trans-title=Dictionary of Toponymy of Armenia and Adjacent Territories |chapter=Khabljoz |script-chapter=hy:Խաբլջոզ}}</ref> The settlement became the center of the [[Sason District]] in 1925.<ref name=":1" />
Historically, the area was known as ''Sasun'', part of the historical [[Armenian Highlands]]. The exact etymology of the name is unknown, although various folk etymologies exist.<ref name="Karavachar">{{cite book|last1=Hakobyan|first1=Tadevos Kh.|url=http://www.nayiri.com/imagedDictionaryBrowser.jsp?dictionaryId=61&dt=HY_HY&pageNumber=3582|title=Հայաստանի և հարակից շրջանների տեղանունների բառարան [Dictionary of toponymy of Armenia and adjacent territories]|last2=Melik-Bakhshyan|first2=Stepan T.|last3=Barseghyan|first3=Hovhannes Kh.|date=1998|publisher=Yerevan State University Publishing House|volume=4|location=Yerevan|page=506|language=hy}}</ref> Sasun is mentioned (in the form ''Sanasunkʻ'') as one of the cantons of the [[Arzanene|Aghdznik']] province of the ancient [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Kingdom of Armenia]] in the geography of 7th-century Armenian scholar [[Anania Shirakatsi]].<ref name="Karavachar" /> Later, the region was ruled by the [[Mamikonian]] dynasty from around 772 until 1189/1190, when the Mamikonians moved to [[Cilicia]] after being dispossessed by the [[Shah-Armens]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Hewsen|first=Robert H.|author-link=Robert Hewsen|title=Armenia: A Historical Atlas|year=2001|location=Chicago|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=0-226-33228-4|page=95}}</ref>

===Ottoman period===
The region was eventually conquered by the [[Ottoman Empire]], becoming part of the sanjak of [[Muş]] in [[Bitlis Vilayet]], and continued to hold a substantial population of [[Armenians]].<ref name="hewsen1">{{cite book|last=Hewsen|first=Robert H.|author-link=Robert Hewsen|title=Armenia: A Historical Atlas|year=2001|location=Chicago|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=0-226-33228-4|page=206]}}</ref> During this period, Sason was a federation of some forty Armenian villages, whose inhabitants were known as Sasuntsis ({{lang-hy|Սասունցի}}).<ref name="hewsen1"/> Surrounded by fierce [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] tribes to whom they were often forced to pay tribute, the Sasuntsis were able to maintain an autonomy free of Turkish rule until the end of the 19th century when the Kurds themselves were finally brought under government control.<ref name="hewsen1"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Hewsen|first=Robert H.|author-link=Robert Hewsen|title=Armenia: A Historical Atlas|year=2001|location=Chicago|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=0-226-33228-4|page=167}}</ref> Proud warriors, the Sasuntsis made all their weapons and relied on nothing from the outside world.<ref name="hewsen1"/>

In 1893, some three to four thousand nomadic Kurds from the [[Diyarbakır]] plains entered Sason region. This incursion of nomads, who customarily used the mountain meadows of the area in summer for their herds, was harmful to the sedentary Armenians. Some Kurdish tribes were responsible for bringing economic ruin to the agrarian community of the Armenian villagers: they would steal livestock and demand that the Armenians should pay a second tax (that is, a separate tax in addition to the one Armenians paid to the Ottoman government).<ref>{{cite book|last=Balakian|first=Peter|author-link=Peter Balakian|title=[[The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response]]|date=5 October 2004|location=New York|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|isbn=0-06-055870-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/burningtigris00pete/page/54 54]}}</ref><ref>Eliot, Charles. ''Turkey in Europe'', p.405. 1908.</ref><ref>Quataert, Don. ''An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire'', p.880. Cambridge University Press, 1999. {{ISBN|0-521-57455-2}}</ref> When the Armenians decided to challenge extortion, a fight ensued and a Kurd was killed. Using the Kurd's death as a pretext by describing that a revolt had taken place, Turkish officials endorsed a Kurdish revenge attack against the Armenians of Sason.<ref>Balakian, pp. 54-55.</ref>

The Kurds, however, were successfully driven off by the armed Armenian villagers, but that success was then seen as a possible threat by the Ottoman authorities. In 1894, the villagers refused to pay taxes unless the Ottoman authorities adequately protected them against renewed Kurdish raids as well as extortion. Instead, the government sent a force of about 3,000 soldiers and Kurdish irregulars to disarm the villagers, an event which ended in a general massacre of between 900 and 3,000 men, women and children. The "Sasun affair" was widely publicised and was investigated by representatives from the European Powers, resulting in demands that Ottoman Turkey initiate reforms in the six "[[Six vilayets|Armenian vilayets]]". [[Abdul Hamid II]]'s response to those demands culminated in the [[Hamidian Massacres|anti-Armenian pogroms]] of 1895 and 1896.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hewsen|first=Robert H.|author-link=Robert Hewsen|title=Armenia: A Historical Atlas|year=2001|location=Chicago|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=0-226-33228-4|page=231}}</ref>

As a region where the [[Hamidian massacres]] were perpetrated, McDowall estimates that at least 1,000 Armenian villagers were slain in the Sason atrocity,<ref>White, Paul J. ''Primitive Rebels Or Revolutionary Modernisers?'', p.60-61. Zed Books, 2000. {{ISBN|1-85649-822-0}}</ref> all of which was instigated by the buildup of Ottoman troops in early 1894.<ref>Kaiser, Hilmar. ''Imperialism, Racism, and Development Theories'', p.6. [[Gomidas Institute]], 1997. {{ISBN|1-884630-02-2}}</ref> Officials and military officers involved in the Sason massacres were decorated and rewarded.<ref>Chisholm, Hugh. ''The Encyclopædia Britannica'', p.568. The Encyclopædia Britannica Co., 1910.</ref> More than 60,000 Armenians from the region of Sason died during the [[Armenian genocide]].<ref name="Karavachar" /> Many of the survivors fled to Eastern Armenia and settled in villages in the former [[Ashtarak]] and [[Talin, Armenia|Talin]] districts of [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet Armenia]].<ref name="Karavachar" /> The 60,000 figure most likely includes refugees from neighboring areas, as according to the [[Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople]], on the eve of World War I, there were 24,233 Armenians in the [[kaza]] of Sasun, with 127 churches, six monasteries, and 15 schools.<ref name=vgm>{{Cite web |title=Kaza Sason / Սասուն - Sasun |url=https://virtual-genocide-memorial.de/region/the-six-provinces/bitlis-vilayet/sancak-mus-mush/kaza-sason-sassun/ |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=Virtual Genocide Memorial |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Geography===
The area is very mountainous, suitable for trekking and climbing, and many white water rivers are also located in it. Mereto mountain has the highest peak in Sason. The area is known for its walnuts. In fact, some locals still use the old name Kâbilcevz.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sason.gov.tr/ |title = Sason Kaymakamlığı}}</ref>


== Demographics ==
== Demographics ==
As of 2021, the population of the town was 12,696 (2021).<ref name="tuik" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Mother tongue, [[Sason District]], [[1927 Turkish census]]<ref name=1927census>{{Cite journal |last=BabaoğLu |first=Resul |date=2018-01-01 |title=CUMHURİYET İDARESİNE GEÇİŞ SÜRECİNDE SİİRT'TE DEMOGRAFİK GÖSTERGELER |url=http://www.johschool.com/Makaleler/259130195_19.%20R.%20Babao%C4%9Flu%20-%20Cumhuriyet%20%C4%B0daresine%20G%C3%B6re.529-563..pdf |journal=Journal Of History School |language=en |volume=11 |issue=XXXIV |pages=529–563. |doi=10.14225/Joh1285 |issn=1308-5298}}</ref>
! [[Turkish language|Turkish]] !! [[Arabic]] !! [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] !! [[Circassian languages|Circassian]] !! [[Armenian language|Armenian]] !! Unknown or other languages
|-
| 238 || 4,215 || 4,557 || – || 198 || 26
|}


== Government ==
{| class="wikitable"
⚫
In the [[2019 Turkish local elections|local elections of March 2019]], Muzaffer Arslan was elected Mayor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Batman Sason Seçim Sonuçları - 31 Mart 2019 Yerel Seçimleri |url=https://www.sabah.com.tr/secim/31-mart-2019-yerel-secim-sonuclari/batman/sason/ilcesi-yerel-secim-sonuclari |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=www.sabah.com.tr}}</ref> He was replaced by Mehmet Şafi Yavuz in February 2021.<ref>[https://ilkha.com/siyaset/sason-un-yeni-belediye-baskani-mehmet-safi-yavuz-oldu-152573 Sason’un yeni Belediye Başkanı Mehmet Şafi Yavuz oldu], ilkha.com</ref>
|+ Religion, [[Sason District]], [[1927 Turkish census]]<ref name=1927census/>
! [[Islam in Turkey|Muslim]] !! [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian]] !! [[History of the Jews in Turkey|Jewish]] !! [[Christianity in Turkey|Other Christian]]
|-
| 8,959 || 89 || – || 122
|}

Today, most of Sason's population is [[Kurds|Kurdish]] and [[Arab]]. An [[Armenians|Armenian]] minority may still live in Sason. According to a 1972 estimate, about 6,000 Armenian villagers were still living in the region.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hewsen|first=Robert H.|author-link=Robert Hewsen|title=Armenia: A Historical Atlas|year=2001|location=Chicago|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=0-226-33228-4|page=268}}</ref>


==Culture==
==Culture==
⚫
There are numerous ruins in the area, and also some historical water fountains, such as Sevek Çeşmesi, Nabuhan Çeşmesi, Hapyenk Çeşmesi, and Ağde Çeşmesi. There is also a ''[[türbe]]''—a burial site of a holy man—called Şehan, which is the site of celebrations every July.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}} The town had an Armenian church called Surp Stepanos.<ref name=":0" />
The area was the setting for the [[Armenian mythology|Armenian epic]] ''Sasna Tsrer'' ([[Daredevils of Sassoun]]), which was rediscovered and first partly written down in 1873. It is better known as ''Sasuntsi Davit'' ("[[David of Sasun]]").<ref name="hewsen1"/> This epic dates from the time of the invasion of Armenia by the Caliphs of [[Egypt]] (about 670), in which the [[List of Armenian national heroes|Armenian folk hero]] of the same name drives foreign invaders from [[Armenia]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Toumanian
|first=Hovhannes|title=David of Sassoun|edition=Armenian and English version|publisher=Oshagan Publishers|pages=7–8}}</ref>

⚫
There are numerous ruins in the area, and also some historical water fountains, "Sevek Çeşmesi", "Nabuhan Çeşmesi", "Hapyenk Çeşmesi", and "Ağde Çeşmesi". Also Şehan named [[turbe]], a burial site of a holy man, is the site of celebrations in every July.


==See also==
== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
*[[Sasun Resistance (1894)]]
*[[Sasun Uprising (1904)]]


==References==
==References==
Line 80: Line 53:
[[Category:District municipalities in Turkey]]
[[Category:District municipalities in Turkey]]
[[Category:Kurdish settlements in Batman Province]]
[[Category:Kurdish settlements in Batman Province]]
[[Category:Former Armenian communities in Turkey]]

Revision as of 07:37, 23 May 2024

For other uses, see Sason (disambiguation).
For the historical region, see Sasun (historical region).
Sason
Municipality
Sason is located in Turkey
Sason
Sason
Location in Turkey
Coordinates: 38°22′49″N 41°23′43″E / 38.38028°N 41.39528°E / 38.38028; 41.39528
CountryTurkey
ProvinceBatman
DistrictSason
Government
 • MayorMehmet Şafi Yavuz (AKP)
Population
 (2021)[1]
12,696
Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT)
Postal code
72500
Websitewww.sason.bel.tr
Sason region

Sason[a] is a town in the Batman Province of Turkey. It is the seat of the Sason District.[4] Its population is 12,696 (2021).[1] It was formerly known as Kabilcevz.[5]

Toponymy

Sason derives from the name of the historical region Sasun.[5] In the Armenian tradition, the name of Sasun (from earlier Sanasunk) is traditionally associated with Sanasar (i.e., biblical Sharezer), the son of the Assyrian king Sennacherib who fled to Armenia after murdering his father․ Sanasar is said to have settled in the area around Mount Sim, which was called Sanasunk (as if meaning "Sanasar's progeny") after him and his descendants that populated the region.[6]

The former name of the settlement, Kabilcevz, comes from the Arabic word jawz 'walnut' (Turkish ceviz), in reference to the abundance of walnut trees in the area.[7]

History

During the Ottoman period, Sason, then known as Kabilcevz, was located in the nahiye of Hazzo-Kabilcevz in the kaza (district) of Sasun within the Bitlis vilayet. Sometimes, it fell under the kaza of Kulp instead. As of 1914, it was a mixed Armenian-Kurdish village, reportedly with 105 Kurdish households and 45 Armenian households. Most of the village's Armenian population was deported and died during the Armenian genocide.[2] The settlement became the center of the Sason District in 1925.[5]

Demographics

As of 2021, the population of the town was 12,696 (2021).[1]

Government

In the local elections of March 2019, Muzaffer Arslan was elected Mayor.[8] He was replaced by Mehmet Şafi Yavuz in February 2021.[9]

Culture

There are numerous ruins in the area, and also some historical water fountains, such as Sevek Çeşmesi, Nabuhan Çeşmesi, Hapyenk Çeşmesi, and Ağde Çeşmesi. There is also a türbe—a burial site of a holy man—called Şehan, which is the site of celebrations every July.[citation needed] The town had an Armenian church called Surp Stepanos.[2]

Notes

  1. ^ Armenian: Խաբլջոզ, romanized: Khabljoz, also Գաբլճոզ Gablchoz, etc.;[2] Template:Lang-ku[3]

References

  1. ^ a b c "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021" (XLS) (in Turkish). TÜİK. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  2. ^ a b c Hakobian, T. Kh.; Melik-Bakhshian, St. T.; Barseghian, H. Kh. (1988). "Khabljoz" Խաբլջոզ. Hayastani ev harakitsʻ shrjanneri teghanunneri baṛaran Հայաստանի և հարակից շրջանների տեղանունների բառարան [Dictionary of Toponymy of Armenia and Adjacent Territories] (in Armenian). Vol. 2. Yerevan State University Publishing House. pp. 612-613.
  3. ^ Adem, Avcıkıran (2009). Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî (in Turkish and Kurdish). p. 56.
  4. ^ İlçe Belediyesi, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  5. ^ a b c Nişanyan, Sevan (2010). Adını unutan ülke: Türkiye'de adı değiştirilen yerler sözlüğü (in Turkish). Istanbul: Everest Yayınları. pp. 61, 438. ISBN 9789752897304.
  6. ^ Hübschmann, Heinrich (1904). Die Altarmenischen Ortsnamen. Mit Beiträgen zur historischen Topographie Armeniens und einer Karte (in German). Verlag von Karl J. Trübner. pp. 315–316.
  7. ^ "Sason Cevizi". T.C. Sason Kaymakamlığı (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  8. ^ "Batman Sason Seçim Sonuçları - 31 Mart 2019 Yerel Seçimleri". www.sabah.com.tr. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  9. ^ Sason’un yeni Belediye Başkanı Mehmet Şafi Yavuz oldu, ilkha.com
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