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{{short description|1568 Spanish-Dutch battle}}
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{{infobox military conflict
{{use mdy dates|date=November 2021}}
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|conflict =Battle of Dahlen
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{{Infobox military conflict
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|partof =[[Eighty Years' War]]
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|conflict = Battle of Dahlen
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|image =[[File:The siege of Dalen on july 22, 1568 (Frans Hogenberg).jpg|300px]]
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|partof = the [[Eighty Years' War]]
|caption =''The siege before Dalen, july 22 1568'' (engraving) by [[Frans Hogenberg]].
|date =25 April, 1568
|image = Bor-Nederlantsche-Oorloghen 9147.tif
|image_size = 300
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|place =[[Rheindahlen]], [[Bishopric of Liège]]<br>(present-day [[Germany]])
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|caption = ''The siege before Dalen, july 22 1568'' (engraving) by [[Frans Hogenberg]].
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|coordinates ={{coord|51|8|N|6|22|E|source:eswiki_region:DE|display=title}}
|date = {{start date and age|1568|04|25|mf=y}}
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|place = Near [[Rheindahlen, Mönchengladbach|Dahlen]], [[Duchy of Jülich]], [[Holy Roman Empire]] (present-day [[Germany]])
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|coordinates = {{coord|51|8|N|6|22|E|source:eswiki|display=inline}}
|map_type =
|map_type =
|latitude =
|latitude =
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|map_label =
|map_label =
|territory =
|territory =
|result =Spanish victory
|result = Spanish victory
|status =
|status =
|combatant1 =[[Dutch Republic|Dutch Rebels]]
|combatant1 = Dutch Rebels
|combatant2 ={{flagicon|Spain|1506}} [[Spanish Empire|Spain]]
|combatant2 = {{flagicon|Spain|1506}} [[Spanish Empire]]
|combatant3 =
|combatant3 =
|commander1 =[[Joost de Soete]]
|commander1 = Jean de Montigny
|commander2 =[[Sancho d'Avila]]
|commander2 = {{flagicon|Spain|1506}} [[Sancho d'Avila]]
|commander3 =
|commander3 =
|units1 =
|units1 =
|units2 =
|units2 =
|units3 =
|units3 =
|strength1 =3,000<ref name=Motley>Motley, p. 160.</ref>
|strength1 = 3,000<ref name=Motley>Motley, p. 160.</ref>
|strength2 =1,600<ref name=Motley/>
|strength2 = 1,600<ref name=Motley/>
|strength3 =
|strength3 =
|casualties1 =~2,000 killed<ref name=Cabrera>{{es}} Cabrera de Córdoba, p. 484.</ref><ref name=Carnero>{{es}} Carnero, p. 24.</ref>
|casualties1 = ~2,000 killed<ref name=Cabrera>{{in lang|es}} Cabrera de Córdoba, p. 484.</ref><ref name=Carnero>{{in lang|es}} Carnero, p. 24.</ref>
|casualties2 =Very few<ref>''Luis Cabrera de Córdoba mentioned 12 Spaniards killed and nearly 50 wounded''. Cabrera de Córdoba, p. 484</ref><ref>''Antonio Carnero put the Spanish loss as 20 killed and 50 wounded''. Carnero, p. 24.</ref><ref>''John Lothrop Motley credited the total Spanish loss as 20 men''. Motley, p. 161.</ref>
|casualties2 = Very few<ref>''Luis Cabrera de Córdoba mentioned 12 Spaniards killed and nearly 50 wounded''. Cabrera de Córdoba, p. 484</ref><ref>''Antonio Carnero put the Spanish loss as 20 killed and 50 wounded''. Carnero, p. 24.</ref><ref>''John Lothrop Motley credited the total Spanish loss as 20 men''. Motley, p. 161.</ref>
|casualties3 =
|casualties3 =
|notes =
|notes =
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|campaignbox ={{Campaignbox Eighty Years' War}}
}}
}}
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{{Campaignbox Eighty Years' War}}

The '''Battle of Dahlen''' was fought on April 23, 1568, between a Dutch rebel army led by [[Joost de Soete]], Lord of [[Villers]], and a Spanish army commanded by [[Sancho d'Avila|Sancho Dávila y Daza]]. As a part of [[William I of Orange|William of Orange's]] planned invasion, the Dutch rebels were trying to conquer the town of [[Roermond]] when the arrival of the Spanish force compelled them to withdraw. Dávila pursued the retreating force and inflicted Villers a defeat near the small town of Dahlen (today known as [[Rheindahlen]]). The survivors of this encounter sought refuge under the walls of Dahlen, where the Spanish infantry finally defeated them. This battle is sometimes considered the official start of the [[Eighty Years' War]].
The '''Battle of Dahlen''' was fought on April 23, 1568, between a Dutch rebel army led by Jean de Montigny, Lord of [[Villers-au-Bois|Villers]], and a Spanish army commanded by [[Sancho d'Avila|Sancho Dávila y Daza]]. As a part of [[William I of Orange|William of Orange's]] planned invasion, the Dutch rebels were trying to conquer the town of [[Roermond]] when the arrival of the Spanish force compelled them to withdraw. Dávila pursued the retreating force and inflicted a defeat upon Villers near the small town of Dahlen (today known as [[Rheindahlen, Mönchengladbach|Rheindahlen]]). The survivors of this encounter sought refuge under the walls of Dahlen, where the Spanish infantry finally defeated them. This battle is sometimes considered the official start of the [[Eighty Years' War]].


== Background ==
== Background ==
In 1568, [[William I of Orange]], stadtholder of [[Holland]], [[Zeeland]] and [[Utrecht]], and other noblemen dissatisfied with the Spanish rule in the Netherlands, the [[Geuzen]], were determined to expel [[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba]], and his Spanish troops from the country.<ref name=Motley0>Motley, p. 159.</ref> William, based in [[Dillenburg]], designed a triple attack upon the Netherlands by his rebel followers and foreign mercenary forces.<ref name=Motley0/> An army of [[Huguenots]] and Netherlander refugees would attack [[Artois]] across the French border; another, under William's brother [[Louis of Nassau|Louis]], would try to raise the province of [[Friesland]] in arms against the Spanish; and a third one, under [[Antoine II de Lalaing]], Count of [[Hoogstraten]], would operate in the [[Meuse-Rhenish|Meuse-Rhin area]].<ref name=Motley0/>
In 1568, [[William I of Orange]], stadtholder of [[Holland]], [[Zeeland]], and [[Utrecht]], and other noblemen dissatisfied with the Spanish rule in the Netherlands, the [[Geuzen]], were determined to expel [[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba]], and his Spanish troops from the country.<ref name=Motley0>Motley, p. 159.</ref> William, based in [[Dillenburg]], designed a triple attack upon the Netherlands by his rebel followers and foreign mercenary forces.<ref name=Motley0/> An army of [[Huguenots]] and Netherlander refugees would attack [[Artois]] across the French border; another, under William's brother [[Louis of Nassau|Louis]], would try to raise the province of [[Friesland]] in arms against the Spanish; and a third one, under [[Antoine II de Lalaing]], Count of [[Hoogstraten]], would operate in the [[Meuse-Rhenish|Meuse-Rhin area]].<ref name=Motley0/>


The first force to be put in arms was that of Hoogstraten, though he had to be replaced by [[Joost de Soete]], Lord of Villers, who crossed the frontier of the [[United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg|Jülich-Cleves County]] on 20 April accompanied by [[William II de La Marck]], Lord of [[Lummen|Lumey]],<ref name=Bentivoglio>{{es}} Bentivoglio, p. 62.</ref> and in charge of about 3,000 men, both cavalry and infantry,<ref name=Motley/> amongst them French [[Huguenots]] and German cavalry recently dismissed from Spanish service.<ref name=Cordoba1>{{es}} Cabrera de Córdoba, p. 483.</ref> Villers was expected to raise the country and to take and important city to serve as a base for a large offensive.<ref name=Motley/> The city selected was [[Roermond]], a fortified town of considerable size situated at the confluence of the [[Meuse (river)|Meuse]] and [[Rur]] rivers.<ref name=Cabrera/>
The first force to be put in arms was that of Hoogstraten, though he had to be replaced by Jean de Montigny, Lord of Villers, who crossed the frontier of the [[United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg|Jülich-Cleves County]] on April 20 accompanied by [[William II de La Marck]], Lord of [[Lummen|Lumey]],<ref name=Bentivoglio>{{in lang|es}} Bentivoglio, p. 62.</ref> and in charge of about 3,000 men, both cavalry and infantry,<ref name=Motley/> amongst them French [[Huguenots]] and German cavalry recently dismissed from Spanish service.<ref name=Cordoba1>{{in lang|es}} Cabrera de Córdoba, p. 483.</ref> Villers was expected to raise the country and to take an important city to serve as a base for a large offensive.<ref name=Motley/> The city selected was [[Roermond]], a fortified town of considerable size situated at the confluence of the [[Meuse (river)|Meuse]] and [[Rur]] rivers.<ref name=Cabrera/>


== Prelude ==
== Prelude ==
As soon as he received news of the invasion, Alba organized an improvised army to secure [[Maastricht]] and prevent the junction of the Dutch rebels with his French fellows.<ref name=Cordoba1/> He ordered the [[Maestro de Campo|maestre de campo]] don [[Sancho de Londoño]] to move his [[tercio]] from the village of [[Lier, Belgium|Lier]] up to Maastricht and its neighborhood.<ref name=Cordoba1/> To blockade the route linking the northern France with the valley of the Meuse, the Duke mobilized most of the cavalry under his illegitimate son, [[Fernando de Toledo]], Grand Prior of Castile, who sent his men from [[Tournai]] up to the neutral [[Bishopric of Liège]] under the command of his lieutenant, don Lope de Acuña.<ref name=Cordoba1/>
As soon as he received news of the invasion, Alba organized an improvised army to secure [[Maastricht]] and prevent the junction of the Dutch rebels with his French fellows.<ref name=Cordoba1/> He ordered the [[maestre de campo]] don [[Sancho de Londoño]] to move his [[tercio]] from the village of [[Lier, Belgium|Lier]] up to Maastricht and its neighborhood.<ref name=Cordoba1/> To blockade the route linking northern France with the valley of the Meuse, the Duke mobilized most of the cavalry under his illegitimate son, [[Fernando de Toledo]], Grand Prior of Castile, who sent his men from [[Tournai]] up to the neutral [[Bishopric of Liège]] under the command of his lieutenant, don Lope de Acuña.<ref name=Cordoba1/>


Alba ordered to the captain of his guard, don [[Sancho d'Avila|Sancho Dávila y Daza]], to go after the rebel army with his own company of Spanish [[demi-lancer|lances]] and those of Albanese lances under captain Nicolò Basta, and of horse arquebusiers under Pedro Montañés.<ref name=Cordoba1/> 300 horse in all,<ref name=Bentivoglio/> which were later reinforced with the tercio of Londoño, Lope's cavalry, and 4 companies of German pikemen, numbering 300 men, from Colonel's [[County of Eberstein|Count of Eberstein]] regiment, from the Maastricht garrison.<ref name=Cordoba1/><ref name=Carnero1>{{es}} Carnero, p. 23.</ref> In all the small Spanish army numbered about 1,600 men.<ref name=Motley/>
Alba ordered the captain of his guard, don [[Sancho d'Avila|Sancho Dávila y Daza]], to go after the rebel army with his own company of Spanish [[demi-lancer|lances]] and those of Albanese lances under captain Nicolò Basta, and of horse arquebusiers under Pedro Montañés.<ref name=Cordoba1/> 300 horse in all,<ref name=Bentivoglio/> which were later reinforced with the tercio of Londoño, Lope's cavalry, and four companies of German pikemen, numbering 300 men, from Colonel's [[County of Eberstein|Count of Eberstein]] regiment, from the Maastricht garrison.<ref name=Cordoba1/><ref name=Carnero1>{{in lang|es}} Carnero, p. 23.</ref> In all the small Spanish army numbered about 1,600 men.<ref name=Motley/>


While being searched by the Spanish, Villers and his army passed through [[Eijsden]] and advanced upon [[Roermond]]. There, they tried to enter the town pretending to be soldiers of the King of Spain, but the town's inhabitants were not fooled.<ref name=Cabrera/><ref name=Carnero1/> Then the rebels resorted to their weapons and attempted to seize on the town's gates, only to be driven off.<ref name=Bentivoglio/> Fearing to be caught by the Spanish, Villers decided to withdraw, taking the road to the [[Duchy of Guelders|Guelders]] exclave of [[Erkelenz]].<ref name=Motley/> There were some doubts on the Spanish side about what to do then.<ref name=Cabrera/> Londoño advised caution,<ref name=Bentivoglio/> but Dávila decided to pursue the rebels, seeking to gain a victory that would serve as a warning for them.<ref name=Cabrera/>
While being searched by the Spanish, Villers and his army passed through [[Eijsden]] and advanced upon [[Roermond]]. There, they tried to enter the town pretending to be soldiers of the King of Spain, but the town's inhabitants were not fooled.<ref name=Cabrera/><ref name=Carnero1/> Then the rebels resorted to their weapons and attempted to seize the town's gates, only to be driven off.<ref name=Bentivoglio/> Fearing that they would be caught by the Spanish, Villers decided to withdraw, taking the road to the [[Duchy of Guelders|Guelders]] exclave of [[Erkelenz]].<ref name=Motley/> There were some doubts on the Spanish side about what to do then.<ref name=Cabrera/> Londoño advised caution,<ref name=Bentivoglio/> but Dávila decided to pursue the rebels, seeking to gain a victory that would serve as a warning for them.<ref name=Cabrera/>


== Battle ==
== Battle ==
[[File:Erkelant.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Excerpt of the manuscript atlas by [[Christian Sgrothen]] showing the area in where the battle was fought.]]
[[File:Erkelant.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Excerpt of the manuscript atlas by [[Christian Sgrothen]] showing the area in where the battle was fought.]]
Sancho Dávila went ahead with his cavalry and was informed by his scouts that the rebels were close to the village of [[Erkelenz]].<ref name=Carnero1/> There Villers found his path cut off because a nearby bridge over the [[Rur|Rur river]] had been demolished.<ref name=Carnero1/> He decided to take the road to Dahlen, a small walled town in the [[Bishopric of Liège]], while Dávila followed him and soon discovered the rebel army on the road between the two towns.<ref name=Carnero1/>
Sancho Dávila went ahead with his cavalry and was informed by his scouts that the rebels were close to the village of [[Erkelenz]].<ref name=Carnero1/> There Villers found his path cut off because a nearby bridge over the [[Rur|Rur river]] had been demolished.<ref name=Carnero1/> He decided to take the road to Dahlen, a small walled town in the [[Duchy of Jülich]], while Dávila followed him and soon discovered the rebel army on the road between the two towns.<ref name=Carnero1/>


Villers deployed his troops for the battle on a plain with some groves behind and a [[hollow way]] covering one of his flanks, and dispatched his baggage towards Dahlen as soon learned of Dávila's nearby presence.<ref name=Carnero1/> To distract the Spanish general, he sent against him some of his cavalry, but Dávila dispersed it and made his way throughout the hollow way.<ref name=Carnero1/>
Villers deployed his troops for the battle on a plain with some groves behind and a [[hollow way]] covering one of his flanks, and dispatched his baggage towards Dahlen as soon as he learned of Dávila's presence nearby.<ref name=Carnero1/> To distract the Spanish general, he sent some of his cavalry against him, but Dávila dispersed it and made his way through the hollow way.<ref name=Carnero1/>
{{double image
{{multiple image
|1=right
| align = right
| image1 =
|2=Joost de Soete.jpg
|3=150
| width1 = 150
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| alt1 = Left image alt text
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|4=Sancho d'Avila.jpg
| caption1 =
|5=132
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| image2 = Sancho d'Avila.jpg
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|6=The commanders of the battle of Dahlen: Sancho Dávila y Daza (right), and Joost de Soete, Lord of Villers.
| width2 = 132
|7=
|8=Left image alt text
| alt2 = Right image alt text
| caption2 =
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|9=Right image alt text}}
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| footer = The commander of the battle of Dahlen: Sancho Dávila y Daza
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After a brief [[reconnaissance]], Dávila, together with the Count of Eberstein and the cavalry companies under captains don Alonso de Vargas and Nicolò Basta, charged across the plain and frontally lunged over the rebel squadrons, which they broke.<ref name=Carnero1/> Villers lost then most of his cavalry and two [[War flag|flags]].<ref name=Motley/><ref name=Cabrera/> He and some 1,300 men retreated in some order with part of the [[baggage]] and managed to reach Dahlen, under whose walls they entrenched in order to withstand a second attack.<ref name=Motley/><ref name=Cabrera/>
}}
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After a brief [[reconnaissance]], Dávila, together with the Count of Eberstein and the cavalry companies under captains don Alonso de Vargas and Nicolò Basta, charged across the plain and frontally lunged over the rebel squadrons, which they broke.<ref name=Carnero1/> Villers then lost most of his cavalry and two [[War flag|flags]].<ref name=Motley/><ref name=Cabrera/> He and some 1,300 men retreated in some order with part of the [[baggage]] and managed to reach Dahlen, under whose walls they entrenched in order to withstand a second attack.<ref name=Motley/><ref name=Cabrera/>


Villers covered his men behind a [[ravelin]] of the wall, which had also a [[moat]], and reinforced his weak flank with some baggage wagons.<ref name=Bentivoglio/><ref name=Carnero1/> Sancho Dávila was unable to reach such positions with his cavalry due to the rough groves, so he called Sancho de Londoño to come rapidly with the infantry.<ref name=Carnero1/> By early afternoon, the 300 German pikemen were detached behind the ravelin to prevent any attempt of flight,<ref name=Cabrera/> while 600 Spaniards, organized in 5 flags and under the personal leadership of Londoño, were ready to make a [[frontal attack]] over the fort, which they did shortly thereafter.<ref name=Carnero/>
Villers covered his men behind a [[ravelin]] of the wall, which also had a [[moat]], and reinforced his weak flank with some baggage wagons.<ref name=Bentivoglio/><ref name=Carnero1/> Sancho Dávila was unable to reach such positions with his cavalry due to the rough groves, so he called Sancho de Londoño to come rapidly with the infantry.<ref name=Carnero1/> By early afternoon, the 300 German pikemen were detached behind the ravelin to prevent any attempt to flee,<ref name=Cabrera/> while 600 Spaniards, organized in five flags and under the personal leadership of Londoño, were ready to make a [[frontal attack]] over the fort, which they did shortly thereafter.<ref name=Carnero/>


The fight lasted half a hour, after which the Spaniards took the ravelin. Just a few rebels succeded in escaping and sought refuge in Dahlen, climbing through scales;<ref name=Cabrera/> the others were butchered.<ref name=Cabrera/><ref name=Carnero/>
The fight lasted half an hour, after which the Spaniards took the ravelin. Just a few rebels succeeded in escaping and sought refuge in Dahlen, climbing through scales;<ref name=Cabrera/> the others were butchered.<ref name=Cabrera/><ref name=Carnero/>


== Aftermath ==
== Aftermath ==
Joost de Soete was amongst those who escaped inside Dahlen, but was afterwards handed to the Spanish.<ref name=Motley1>Motley, p. 161.</ref> The Lord of Lumey, on the other hand, evaded capture. All the baggage, seven flags, a large number [[corslet]]s, pikes, harquebuses, other weapons and munitions were seized by the victors.<ref name=Carnero/> Some 2,000 rebels, most of whom were French, were killed, as opposed to light Spanish casualties. Shortly thereafter, the Spanish army was split up. Dávila went to [[Brussels]] with the foremost captives to execute them, the Count of Eberstein returned to Maastricht with his German pikemen, and Sancho de Londoño lodged his men at Roermond, where he ordered several prisioners natives of the place to be hanged.<ref name=Cabrera/><ref name=Carnero/>
Villers was amongst those who escaped inside Dahlen, but was afterwards handed to the Spanish.<ref name=Motley1>Motley, p. 161.</ref> The Lord of Lumey, on the other hand, evaded capture. All the baggage, seven flags, a large number [[corslet]]s, pikes, harquebuses, other weapons, and munitions were seized by the victors.<ref name=Carnero/> Some 2,000 rebels, most of whom were French, were killed, as opposed to light Spanish casualties. Shortly thereafter, the Spanish army was split up. Dávila went to [[Brussels]] with the foremost captives to execute them, the Count of Eberstein returned to Maastricht with his German pikemen, and Sancho de Londoño lodged his men at Roermond, where he ordered several prisoners &ndash; natives of the place &ndash; to be hanged.<ref name=Cabrera/><ref name=Carnero/>


A month later, Louis of Nassau scored an important victory over the Spanish at [[Battle of Heiligerlee|Heiligerlee]].<ref name=Motley2>Motley, p. 170.</ref> Shortly afterwards, however, the rebel planned invasion of Artois was defeated in the bailiwick of [[Hesdin]].<ref name=Motley0/> The local Spanish forces under the Count of Roleux drove the rebels across the French frontier.<ref name=Motley0/> There, in [[Picardy]], at [[Saint Valery]], the French royal army destroyed what remained of the Netherlander force.<ref name=Motley0/> On 21 July Alba decisively defeated Nassau at [[Battle of Jemmingen|Jemmingen]], which put end to the Dutch rebel campaign in Friesland.<ref name=Motley1>Motley, p. 194.</ref>
A month later, Louis of Nassau scored an important victory over the Spanish at [[Battle of Heiligerlee (1568)|Heiligerlee]].<ref name=Motley2>Motley, p. 170.</ref> Shortly afterwards, however, the planned rebel invasion of Artois was defeated in the bailiwick of [[Hesdin]].<ref name=Motley0/> The local Spanish forces under the Count of Roleux drove the rebels across the French frontier.<ref name=Motley0/> There, in [[Picardy]], at [[Saint-Valery]], the French royal army destroyed what remained of the Netherlander force.<ref name=Motley0/> On July 21, Alba decisively defeated Nassau at [[Battle of Jemmingen|Jemmingen]], which put end to the Dutch rebel campaign in Friesland.<ref name=Motley1p194>Motley, p. 194.</ref>

It would be many decades before the Dutch rebels finally capture [[Roermond]], which came under the [[Dutch Republic]]'s rule only in the final phase of the [[Eighty Years' War]].


== References ==
== References ==
Line 79: Line 85:


== Sources ==
== Sources ==
*{{cite book|last=Bentivoglio|first=Guido|title=Las guerras de Flandes|year=1687|publisher=Geronymo Verdussen|location=Antwerp|url=http://books.google.es/books?id=R0hDAAAAcAAJ}}
*{{cite book|last=Bentivoglio|first=Guido|title=Las guerras de Flandes|year=1687|publisher=Geronymo Verdussen|location=Antwerp|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0hDAAAAcAAJ}}
*{{cite book|last=Cabrera de Córdoba|first=Luis|title=Filipe Segundo, Rey de España|year=1619|publisher=Luis Sanchez|url=http://books.google.es/books?id=9uABH7lcvXoC}}
*{{cite book|last=Cabrera de Córdoba|first=Luis|title=Filipe Segundo, Rey de España|year=1619|publisher=Luis Sanchez|url=https://archive.org/details/A052068}}
*{{cite book|last=Carnero|first=Antonio|title=Historia de las guerras ciuiles que ha auido en los estados de Flandes des del año 1559 hasta el de 1609 y las causas de la rebelion de dichos estados|year=1625|pu blisher=Juan de Meerbeque|location=Brussels|url=http://books.google.es/books?id=j3fTbqQjDSQC}}
*{{cite book|last=Carnero|first=Antonio|title=Historia de las guerras ciuiles que ha auido en los estados de Flandes des del año 1559 hasta el de 1609 y las causas de la rebelion de dichos estados|year=1625|publisher=Juan de Meerbeque|location=Brussels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j3fTbqQjDSQC}}
*{{cite book|last=Lothrop Motley|first=John|title=The rise of the Dutch republic, a history|year=1883|publisher=New York and London, Harper & brothers|url=http://www.archive.org/details/risedutchrepubl00motlgoog}}
*{{cite book|last=Lothrop Motley|first=John|title=The Rise of the Dutch Republic: A History|year=1883|location=New York and London |publisher=Harper & Brothers|url=https://archive.org/details/risedutchrepubl00motlgoog |oclc=631636}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Dahlen}}
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[[Category:Eighty Years' War (1566–1609)]]
[[Category:Battles of the Eighty Years' War]]
[[Category:Battles involving Spain]]
[[Category:Military history of North Rhine-Westphalia]]
[[Category:1568 in Europe]]
[[Category:1568 in Europe]]
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[[Category:Battles of the Eighty Years' War|Rheindalen 1568]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1568]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1568]]

[[de:Schlacht bei Dahlen]]
[[es:Batalla de Dalen]]
[[fr:Bataille de Rheindalen]]
[[nl:Slag bij Dalheim]]

Latest revision as of 04:55, 2 June 2024

Battle of Dahlen
Part of the Eighty Years' War

The siege before Dalen, july 22 1568 (engraving) by Frans Hogenberg.
DateApril 25, 1568; 456 years ago (1568-04-25)
Location
Near Dahlen, Duchy of Jülich, Holy Roman Empire (present-day Germany)
51°8′N 6°22′E / 51.133°N 6.367°E / 51.133; 6.367
Result Spanish victory
Belligerents
Dutch Rebels Spain Spanish Empire
Commanders and leaders
Jean de Montigny Spain Sancho d'Avila
Strength
3,000[1] 1,600[1]
Casualties and losses
~2,000 killed[2][3] Very few[4][5][6]

The Battle of Dahlen was fought on April 23, 1568, between a Dutch rebel army led by Jean de Montigny, Lord of Villers, and a Spanish army commanded by Sancho Dávila y Daza. As a part of William of Orange's planned invasion, the Dutch rebels were trying to conquer the town of Roermond when the arrival of the Spanish force compelled them to withdraw. Dávila pursued the retreating force and inflicted a defeat upon Villers near the small town of Dahlen (today known as Rheindahlen). The survivors of this encounter sought refuge under the walls of Dahlen, where the Spanish infantry finally defeated them. This battle is sometimes considered the official start of the Eighty Years' War.

Background

[edit]

In 1568, William I of Orange, stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, and Utrecht, and other noblemen dissatisfied with the Spanish rule in the Netherlands, the Geuzen, were determined to expel Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba, and his Spanish troops from the country.[7] William, based in Dillenburg, designed a triple attack upon the Netherlands by his rebel followers and foreign mercenary forces.[7] An army of Huguenots and Netherlander refugees would attack Artois across the French border; another, under William's brother Louis, would try to raise the province of Friesland in arms against the Spanish; and a third one, under Antoine II de Lalaing, Count of Hoogstraten, would operate in the Meuse-Rhin area.[7]

The first force to be put in arms was that of Hoogstraten, though he had to be replaced by Jean de Montigny, Lord of Villers, who crossed the frontier of the Jülich-Cleves County on April 20 accompanied by William II de La Marck, Lord of Lumey,[8] and in charge of about 3,000 men, both cavalry and infantry,[1] amongst them French Huguenots and German cavalry recently dismissed from Spanish service.[9] Villers was expected to raise the country and to take an important city to serve as a base for a large offensive.[1] The city selected was Roermond, a fortified town of considerable size situated at the confluence of the Meuse and Rur rivers.[2]

Prelude

[edit]

As soon as he received news of the invasion, Alba organized an improvised army to secure Maastricht and prevent the junction of the Dutch rebels with his French fellows.[9] He ordered the maestre de campo don Sancho de Londoño to move his tercio from the village of Lier up to Maastricht and its neighborhood.[9] To blockade the route linking northern France with the valley of the Meuse, the Duke mobilized most of the cavalry under his illegitimate son, Fernando de Toledo, Grand Prior of Castile, who sent his men from Tournai up to the neutral Bishopric of Liège under the command of his lieutenant, don Lope de Acuña.[9]

Alba ordered the captain of his guard, don Sancho Dávila y Daza, to go after the rebel army with his own company of Spanish lances and those of Albanese lances under captain Nicolò Basta, and of horse arquebusiers under Pedro Montañés.[9] 300 horse in all,[8] which were later reinforced with the tercio of Londoño, Lope's cavalry, and four companies of German pikemen, numbering 300 men, from Colonel's Count of Eberstein regiment, from the Maastricht garrison.[9][10] In all the small Spanish army numbered about 1,600 men.[1]

While being searched by the Spanish, Villers and his army passed through Eijsden and advanced upon Roermond. There, they tried to enter the town pretending to be soldiers of the King of Spain, but the town's inhabitants were not fooled.[2][10] Then the rebels resorted to their weapons and attempted to seize the town's gates, only to be driven off.[8] Fearing that they would be caught by the Spanish, Villers decided to withdraw, taking the road to the Guelders exclave of Erkelenz.[1] There were some doubts on the Spanish side about what to do then.[2] Londoño advised caution,[8] but Dávila decided to pursue the rebels, seeking to gain a victory that would serve as a warning for them.[2]

Battle

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Excerpt of the manuscript atlas by Christian Sgrothen showing the area in where the battle was fought.

Sancho Dávila went ahead with his cavalry and was informed by his scouts that the rebels were close to the village of Erkelenz.[10] There Villers found his path cut off because a nearby bridge over the Rur river had been demolished.[10] He decided to take the road to Dahlen, a small walled town in the Duchy of Jülich, while Dávila followed him and soon discovered the rebel army on the road between the two towns.[10]

Villers deployed his troops for the battle on a plain with some groves behind and a hollow way covering one of his flanks, and dispatched his baggage towards Dahlen as soon as he learned of Dávila's presence nearby.[10] To distract the Spanish general, he sent some of his cavalry against him, but Dávila dispersed it and made his way through the hollow way.[10]

Right image alt text
The commander of the battle of Dahlen: Sancho Dávila y Daza

After a brief reconnaissance, Dávila, together with the Count of Eberstein and the cavalry companies under captains don Alonso de Vargas and Nicolò Basta, charged across the plain and frontally lunged over the rebel squadrons, which they broke.[10] Villers then lost most of his cavalry and two flags.[1][2] He and some 1,300 men retreated in some order with part of the baggage and managed to reach Dahlen, under whose walls they entrenched in order to withstand a second attack.[1][2]

Villers covered his men behind a ravelin of the wall, which also had a moat, and reinforced his weak flank with some baggage wagons.[8][10] Sancho Dávila was unable to reach such positions with his cavalry due to the rough groves, so he called Sancho de Londoño to come rapidly with the infantry.[10] By early afternoon, the 300 German pikemen were detached behind the ravelin to prevent any attempt to flee,[2] while 600 Spaniards, organized in five flags and under the personal leadership of Londoño, were ready to make a frontal attack over the fort, which they did shortly thereafter.[3]

The fight lasted half an hour, after which the Spaniards took the ravelin. Just a few rebels succeeded in escaping and sought refuge in Dahlen, climbing through scales;[2] the others were butchered.[2][3]

Aftermath

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Villers was amongst those who escaped inside Dahlen, but was afterwards handed to the Spanish.[11] The Lord of Lumey, on the other hand, evaded capture. All the baggage, seven flags, a large number corslets, pikes, harquebuses, other weapons, and munitions were seized by the victors.[3] Some 2,000 rebels, most of whom were French, were killed, as opposed to light Spanish casualties. Shortly thereafter, the Spanish army was split up. Dávila went to Brussels with the foremost captives to execute them, the Count of Eberstein returned to Maastricht with his German pikemen, and Sancho de Londoño lodged his men at Roermond, where he ordered several prisoners – natives of the place – to be hanged.[2][3]

A month later, Louis of Nassau scored an important victory over the Spanish at Heiligerlee.[12] Shortly afterwards, however, the planned rebel invasion of Artois was defeated in the bailiwick of Hesdin.[7] The local Spanish forces under the Count of Roleux drove the rebels across the French frontier.[7] There, in Picardy, at Saint-Valery, the French royal army destroyed what remained of the Netherlander force.[7] On July 21, Alba decisively defeated Nassau at Jemmingen, which put end to the Dutch rebel campaign in Friesland.[13]

It would be many decades before the Dutch rebels finally capture Roermond, which came under the Dutch Republic's rule only in the final phase of the Eighty Years' War.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Motley, p. 160.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k (in Spanish) Cabrera de Córdoba, p. 484.
  3. ^ a b c d e (in Spanish) Carnero, p. 24.
  4. ^ Luis Cabrera de Córdoba mentioned 12 Spaniards killed and nearly 50 wounded. Cabrera de Córdoba, p. 484
  5. ^ Antonio Carnero put the Spanish loss as 20 killed and 50 wounded. Carnero, p. 24.
  6. ^ John Lothrop Motley credited the total Spanish loss as 20 men. Motley, p. 161.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Motley, p. 159.
  8. ^ a b c d e (in Spanish) Bentivoglio, p. 62.
  9. ^ a b c d e f (in Spanish) Cabrera de Córdoba, p. 483.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j (in Spanish) Carnero, p. 23.
  11. ^ Motley, p. 161.
  12. ^ Motley, p. 170.
  13. ^ Motley, p. 194.

Sources

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  • Bentivoglio, Guido (1687). Las guerras de Flandes. Antwerp: Geronymo Verdussen.
  • Cabrera de Córdoba, Luis (1619). Filipe Segundo, Rey de España. Luis Sanchez.
  • Carnero, Antonio (1625). Historia de las guerras ciuiles que ha auido en los estados de Flandes des del año 1559 hasta el de 1609 y las causas de la rebelion de dichos estados. Brussels: Juan de Meerbeque.
  • Lothrop Motley, John (1883). The Rise of the Dutch Republic: A History. New York and London: Harper & Brothers. OCLC 631636.
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