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Coordinates: 53°42′26″N 07°08′49″E / 53.70722°N 7.14694°E / 53.70722; 7.14694
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{{Infobox German location
{{Infobox German location
|type = Stadt
|type = Stadt
|image_photo = Norderney aerial photo.jpg
|image_photo = Norderney aerial photo (cropped).jpg
|image_caption = Aerial view of Norderney from the west
|image_caption = Aerial view of Norderney from the west
|image_flag = Flag of Norderney.svg
|image_flag = Flag of Norderney.svg
Line 25: Line 25:
[[File:Sentinel-Norderney.png|thumb|Norderney as seen from space]]
[[File:Sentinel-Norderney.png|thumb|Norderney as seen from space]]
[[File:Conversationshaus Norderney (2010).JPG|thumb|The ''Conversationshaus'' (2010)]]
[[File:Conversationshaus Norderney (2010).JPG|thumb|The ''Conversationshaus'' (2010)]]
'''Norderney''' ({{lang-nds|Nördernee}}) is one of the seven populated [[East Frisian Islands]] off the [[North Sea]] coast of [[Germany]].
'''Norderney''' ({{IPA|de|ˌnɔʁdɐˈnaɪ̯|-|De-Norderney2.ogg}}; {{lang-nds|Nördernee}}) is one of the seven populated [[East Frisian Islands]] off the [[North Sea]] coast of [[Germany]].


The island is {{convert|14|by|2.5|km}}, having a total area of about {{Convert|26.3|km2|sqmi}} and is therefore Germany's ninth-largest island. Norderney's population amounts to about 5,850<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ergebnisse.zensus2011.de/#StaticContent:034520020020,ROOT,ROOT,|title=Zensusdatenbank - Ergebnisse des Zensus 2011|website=ergebnisse.zensus2011.de|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref> people. In 1946 Norderney gained municipal status and belongs to the Aurich "Kreis" (county). On the northern side of the island lies a {{convert|14|km|adj=on}} long sandy beach.
The island is {{convert|14|by|2.5|km}}, having a total area of about {{Convert|26.3|km2|sqmi}} and is therefore Germany's ninth-largest island. Norderney's population amounts to about 5,850<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ergebnisse.zensus2011.de/#StaticContent:034520020020,ROOT,ROOT,|title=Zensusdatenbank - Ergebnisse des Zensus 2011|website=ergebnisse.zensus2011.de|access-date=2016-11-24}}</ref> people. In 1946 Norderney gained municipal status and belongs to the Aurich "Kreis" (county). On the northern side of the island lies a {{convert|14|km|adj=on}} long sandy beach.
Line 56: Line 56:
Norderney has a maritime climate, with generally less extreme temperatures than on the nearby mainland. Precipitation occurs mainly during the winter and autumn, but autumn seems to be slightly wetter, with November being the wettest month with {{convert|87.6|mm}} while spring tends is usually the driest time due to the still cool sea temperature, which can't produce a lot of humidity.
Norderney has a maritime climate, with generally less extreme temperatures than on the nearby mainland. Precipitation occurs mainly during the winter and autumn, but autumn seems to be slightly wetter, with November being the wettest month with {{convert|87.6|mm}} while spring tends is usually the driest time due to the still cool sea temperature, which can't produce a lot of humidity.


Summers are warm and sometimes hot, but the sea winds regulate the temperature down usually within a few days. Winters are mild and, due to the effect of the Golf Stream, usually free of frosts. The Island also has more sunshine hours than the mainland, with around 2,000 hours per year.
Summers are warm and sometimes hot, but the sea winds regulate the temperature down usually within a few days. Winters are mild and, due to the effect of the Gulf Stream, usually free of frosts. The Island also has more sunshine hours than the mainland, with around 2,000 hours per year.


Sea temperatures are fluctuating between {{convert|3|and|7|C}} in the winter and over {{convert|20|C}} in the summer months. The highest temperature so far was {{convert|35.4|C}} on 24 July 2019.
Sea temperatures are fluctuating between {{convert|3|and|7|C}} in the winter and over {{convert|20|C}} in the summer months. The highest temperature so far was {{convert|35.4|C}} on 24 July 2019 and the coldest {{convert|-19.4|C}} on 11 February 1929.


{{Weather box
{{Weather box
|location = Norderney Island
|location = Norderney Island (1991–2020 normals). Extremes 1898 - 2023
|metric first = yes
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|single line = yes
Line 77: Line 77:
|Dec record high C=13.0
|Dec record high C=13.0
|year record high C=
|year record high C=
|Jan high C= 6.5
|Feb high C= 8.2
|Mar high C= 10.0
|Apr high C= 15.1
|May high C= 18.3
|Jun high C= 20.6
|Jul high C= 22.5
|Aug high C= 23.2
|Sep high C= 21.4
|Oct high C= 17.0
|Nov high C= 11.2
|Dec high C= 7.8
|Jan low C= 4.9
|Feb low C= 4.5
|Mar low C= 6.4
|Apr low C= 9.0
|May low C= 10.5
|Jun low C= 15.6
|Jul low C= 17.3
|Aug low C= 18.1
|Sep low C= 15.2
|Oct low C= 11.0
|Nov low C= 6.6
|Dec low C= 5.7
|Jan record low C=-15.5
|Jan record low C=-15.5
|Feb record low C=-15.3
|Feb record low C=-19.4
|Mar record low C=-9.6
|Mar record low C=-13.5
|Apr record low C=-2.8
|Apr record low C=-4.4
|May record low C=1.1
|May record low C=1.0
|Jun record low C=5.1
|Jun record low C=4.9
|Jul record low C=9.1
|Jul record low C=6.9
|Aug record low C=8.9
|Aug record low C=8.4
|Sep record low C=5.6
|Sep record low C=3.6
|Oct record low C=-1.5
|Oct record low C=-4.2
|Nov record low C=-7.1
|Nov record low C=-9.5
|Dec record low C=-12.5
|Dec record low C=-15.5
|Jan precipitation mm= 60.0
|Jan high C = 4.6
|Feb precipitation mm= 50.7
|Feb high C = 4.9
|Mar precipitation mm= 52.8
|Mar high C = 7.5
|Apr precipitation mm= 31.2
|Apr high C = 11.5
|May precipitation mm= 20.7
|May high C = 14.9
|Jun precipitation mm= 38.7
|Jun high C = 17.9
|Jul precipitation mm= 40.0
|Jul high C = 20.5
|Aug precipitation mm= 45.8
|Aug high C = 20.9
|Sep precipitation mm= 51.2
|Sep high C = 17.9
|Oct precipitation mm= 67.2
|Oct high C = 13.4
|Nov precipitation mm= 87.6
|Nov high C = 8.7
|Dec precipitation mm= 74.5
|Dec high C = 5.7
|Jan sun = 45.6
| year high C = 12.4
|Feb sun = 76.3
|Jan mean C = 3.0
|Mar sun = 120.2
|Feb mean C = 3.1
|Apr sun = 205.2
|Mar mean C = 5.2
|May sun = 256.3
|Apr mean C = 8.6
|Jun sun = 272.7
|May mean C = 12.0
|Jul sun = 280.9
|Jun mean C = 15.1
|Aug sun = 255.3
|Jul mean C = 17.6
|Sep sun = 175.8
|Aug mean C = 18.1
|Oct sun = 101.5
|Sep mean C = 15.3
|Nov sun = 56.0
|Oct mean C = 11.2
|Dec sun = 38.2
|Nov mean C = 6.9
|Dec mean C = 4.1
|source 1 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland&T82002gsbDocumentPath=Navigation%2FOeffentlichkeit%2FKlima__Umwelt%2FKlimadaten%2Fkldaten__kostenfrei%2Fkldat__D__mittelwerte__node.html%3F__nnn%3Dtrue |title=Mittelwerte 30-jähriger Perioden |trans-title=Averages of 30-years periods |language=de | publisher=German Weather Service}}</ref>
|year mean C = 10
|source 2 = [[European Climate Assessment and Dataset]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecad.eu/download/millennium/millennium.php |date=January 2013 |title=Millenium European Climate – Indices data |work=European Climate Assessment & Dataset }}</ref>
|Jan low C = 1.2
}}
|Feb low C = 1.3
|Mar low C = 3.0
|Apr low C = 6.1
|May low C = 9.7
|Jun low C = 12.8
|Jul low C = 15.3
|Aug low C = 15.6
|Sep low C = 13.0
|Oct low C = 9.0
|Nov low C = 5.0
|Dec low C = 2.3
| year low C = 7.8
| precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 58.2
|Feb precipitation mm = 45.2
|Mar precipitation mm = 42.9
|Apr precipitation mm = 36.4
|May precipitation mm = 41.8
|Jun precipitation mm = 61.2
|Jul precipitation mm = 79.9
|Aug precipitation mm = 89.1
|Sep precipitation mm = 78.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 77.0
|Nov precipitation mm = 67.6
|Dec precipitation mm = 69.0
| year precipitation mm = 747.3
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 19.1
|Feb precipitation days = 16.4
|Mar precipitation days = 15.4
|Apr precipitation days = 12.9
|May precipitation days = 12.3
|Jun precipitation days = 14.7
|Jul precipitation days = 15.0
|Aug precipitation days = 16.7
|Sep precipitation days = 16.1
|Oct precipitation days = 18.7
|Nov precipitation days = 19.4
|Dec precipitation days = 19.6
|year precipitation days = 196.3
|Jan sun = 51.0
|Feb sun = 74.2
|Mar sun = 139.1
|Apr sun = 204.1
|May sun = 242.3
|Jun sun = 221.1
|Jul sun = 234.1
|Aug sun = 210.3
|Sep sun = 155.3
|Oct sun = 106.4
|Nov sun = 56.9
|Dec sun = 43.8
|year sun = 1727.6
|Jan humidity = 87.5
|Feb humidity = 85.5
|Mar humidity = 82.9
|Apr humidity = 79.6
|May humidity = 78.5
|Jun humidity = 78.4
|Jul humidity = 78.0
|Aug humidity = 77.0
|Sep humidity = 79.1
|Oct humidity = 82.5
|Nov humidity = 86.5
|Dec humidity = 87.8
|unit snow days = 1.0 cm
|Jan snow days = 2.6
|Feb snow days = 3.6
|Mar snow days = 1.2
|Apr snow days = 0
|May snow days = 0
|Jun snow days = 0
|Jul snow days = 0
|Aug snow days = 0
|Sep snow days = 0
|Oct snow days = 0
|Nov snow days = 0
|Dec snow days = 2.3
|year snow days =
| source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref name=WMO>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231012163449/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Norderney_10113.csv
| archive-date = 12 October 2023
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Norderney_10113.csv
| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2010
| work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = 12 October 2023}}</ref>[[Deutscher Wetterdienst]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland&T82002gsbDocumentPath=Navigation%2FOeffentlichkeit%2FKlima__Umwelt%2FKlimadaten%2Fkldaten__kostenfrei%2Fkldat__D__mittelwerte__node.html%3F__nnn%3Dtrue |title=Mittelwerte 30-jähriger Perioden |trans-title=Averages of 30-years periods |language=de | publisher=German Weather Service}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/CDC/observations_germany/climate/monthly/kl/historical// |date=January 2024 |title=Index of /Climate_environment/CDC/Observations_germany/Climate/Monthly/Kl/Historical/ }}</ref>
|source 2 = [[European Climate Assessment and Dataset]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecad.eu/download/millennium/millennium.php |date=January 2013 |title=Millenium European Climate – Indices data |work=European Climate Assessment & Dataset }}</ref>}}


There is a [[nude beach|nudist beach]] just east of Norderney's popular Weiße Düne (White Dune) beach.<ref name="BILD.de 2015">{{cite web | title=Nackedei auf Norderney: Das Nackt-Paradies zum Glücklichsein | website=BILD.de | date=15 August 2015 | url=http://www.bild.de/regional/hamburg/norderney/das-nackt-paradies-zum-gluecklichsein-42190276.bild.html | language=de | access-date=18 September 2016|trans-title=The Naked Paradise for Happiness}}</ref>
There is a [[nude beach|nudist beach]] just east of Norderney's popular Weiße Düne (White Dune) beach.<ref name="BILD.de 2015">{{cite web | title=Nackedei auf Norderney: Das Nackt-Paradies zum Glücklichsein | website=BILD.de | date=15 August 2015 | url=http://www.bild.de/regional/hamburg/norderney/das-nackt-paradies-zum-gluecklichsein-42190276.bild.html | language=de | access-date=18 September 2016|trans-title=The Naked Paradise for Happiness}}</ref>


Revision as of 11:51, 7 June 2024

For other uses, see Norderney (disambiguation).
Norderney
Town
Aerial view of Norderney from the west
Aerial view of Norderney from the west
Flag of Norderney
Flag
Coat of arms of Norderney
Coat of arms
Location of Norderney within Aurich district
HinteWirdum, GermanyIhlowSüdbrookmerlandKrummhörnEmdenNetherlandsLeer (district)Leer (district)WiesmoorAurichGroßefehnUpgant-SchottMarienhafeRechtsupwegLeezdorfOsteelHalbemondNordenBerumburGroßheideLütetsburgHageHagermarschDornumMemmertLütje HörnJuistNorderneyBaltrumAurich (district)Lower SaxonyWittmund (district)
Norderney is located in Germany
Norderney
Norderney
Norderney is located in Lower Saxony
Norderney
Norderney
Coordinates: 53°42′26″N 07°08′49″E / 53.70722°N 7.14694°E / 53.70722; 7.14694
CountryGermany
StateLower Saxony
DistrictAurich
Subdivisions2 Ortsteile Fischerhafen, Nordhelmsiedlung
Government
 • Mayor (2019–24) Frank Ulrichs[1]
Area
 • Total26.3 km2 (10.2 sq mi)
Elevation
5 m (16 ft)
Population
 (2022-12-31)[2]
 • Total5,992
 • Density230/km2 (590/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
Postal codes
26548
Dialling codes04932
Vehicle registrationAUR, NOR
Websitewww.norderney.de
Norderney as seen from space
The Conversationshaus (2010)

Norderney (German pronunciation: [ˌnɔʁdɐˈnaɪ̯] ⓘ; Template:Lang-nds) is one of the seven populated East Frisian Islands off the North Sea coast of Germany.

The island is 14 by 2.5 kilometres (8.7 by 1.6 mi), having a total area of about 26.3 square kilometres (10.2 sq mi) and is therefore Germany's ninth-largest island. Norderney's population amounts to about 5,850[3] people. In 1946 Norderney gained municipal status and belongs to the Aurich "Kreis" (county). On the northern side of the island lies a 14-kilometre (8.7 mi) long sandy beach.

The neighbouring island to the east is Baltrum, which lies about 800m (half a mile) away beyond the Wichter Ee. To the west is the island of Juist, about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) away on the other side of the Norderneyer Seegatt.

The entire eastern half of Norderney belongs to the Lower Saxon Wadden Sea National Park. Access to the park is restricted, as it is subdivided in zones of different accessibility for the protection of the wildlife. The status as a National Park also affects all types of traffic on the island, while especially car traffic is subject to strict regulations.

The mainland is easily reached via ferry operated by AG Reederei Norden-Frisia from the harbour, Norddeich pier near the northern German city of Norden. Norderney also possesses an airport with a 1,000-metre (3,300 ft) runway.

History

Of the seven East Frisian islands, Norderney is the youngest. The island has only existed in its present form since the middle of the 16th century, being the eastern remnant of the larger island Buise. The larger island of Buise was split into two parts during the Grote Mandrenke flood of 1362, the eastern half at first being called Ostrende. What was left of Buise shrank in size over the years and finally disappeared into the North Sea during the St. Peter's Flood of 1651. Ostrende, on the other hand, grew in size, and is noted in a 1550 census as "Norder neys Oog" (Northern New Island), and having a church and 18 houses. The inhabitants at this time worked principally as fishermen. In the second half of the 18th century the sea trade industry grew in importance. Next to fishing, tourism became important to the island economy. In 1797, Norderney became the first German resort on the North Sea.

It is believed that the first durable settlements were established during the 13th and 14th centuries. A town developed in the western part of the island, protected by high dunes. The first documented mention of the island was in 1398. By 1650 the island was about 8.3 kilometres (5.2 mi) long and the town had about 18 houses and 101 inhabitants. A severe storm flooded the island at Christmastime in 1717. In the 1830s shellfish harvesting became the most important activity of the islanders.

Crown Prince Georg of Hannover, Herzog von Cumberland, visited Norderney for the first time in 1836 and from 1851 held court each summer on the island. During this time the resort gained a strong following of the rich and famous. In 1858 a 950-metre deck with promenade was built. The island's windmill was built in 1862. In 1899 the island had 4,018 inhabitants and 26,000 resort guests. In 1901 an angelfish fishery was established. In 1925 there were 5,564 inhabitants and 38,140 guests. Deutsche Luft Hansa commenced scheduled flights to the island the same year.

Cultural references

Coat of arms and flag

Since 10 July 1928 the coat of arms of the city of Norderney depicts the local landmark, the "Kap," or cape building. A dune and water is shown underneath. Such high structures helped mariners identify the island and orient themselves in earlier times. There are similar buildings on Borkum and Wangerooge. The Norderney cape building was built in 1848 from wood, and was replaced in 1870 with a stone building. At night a fire was lit in the top part of the structure. Today lighthouses have taken over this function. The island painter Poppe Folkerts designed the coat of arms.

Norderney is one of the smallest German communities to fly its own flag. The small city flag has horizontal blue and white stripes and a black and white checkered area on the left side. The blue colour stands for the sea, white symbolizes the colour of the sand, and black stands for the Norderney sea sign.

Climate and recreation

Norderney has a maritime climate, with generally less extreme temperatures than on the nearby mainland. Precipitation occurs mainly during the winter and autumn, but autumn seems to be slightly wetter, with November being the wettest month with 87.6 millimetres (3.45 in) while spring tends is usually the driest time due to the still cool sea temperature, which can't produce a lot of humidity.

Summers are warm and sometimes hot, but the sea winds regulate the temperature down usually within a few days. Winters are mild and, due to the effect of the Gulf Stream, usually free of frosts. The Island also has more sunshine hours than the mainland, with around 2,000 hours per year.

Sea temperatures are fluctuating between 3 and 7 °C (37 and 45 °F) in the winter and over 20 °C (68 °F) in the summer months. The highest temperature so far was 35.4 °C (95.7 °F) on 24 July 2019 and the coldest −19.4 °C (−2.9 °F) on 11 February 1929.

Climate data for Norderney Island (1991–2020 normals). Extremes 1898 - 2023
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 12.8
(55.0) 		15.3
(59.5) 		21.8
(71.2) 		27.3
(81.1) 		30.3
(86.5) 		33.5
(92.3) 		35.4
(95.7) 		33.7
(92.7) 		30.2
(86.4) 		25.5
(77.9) 		17.3
(63.1) 		13.0
(55.4) 		35.4
(95.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 4.6
(40.3) 		4.9
(40.8) 		7.5
(45.5) 		11.5
(52.7) 		14.9
(58.8) 		17.9
(64.2) 		20.5
(68.9) 		20.9
(69.6) 		17.9
(64.2) 		13.4
(56.1) 		8.7
(47.7) 		5.7
(42.3) 		12.4
(54.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 3.0
(37.4) 		3.1
(37.6) 		5.2
(41.4) 		8.6
(47.5) 		12.0
(53.6) 		15.1
(59.2) 		17.6
(63.7) 		18.1
(64.6) 		15.3
(59.5) 		11.2
(52.2) 		6.9
(44.4) 		4.1
(39.4) 		10
(50)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.2
(34.2) 		1.3
(34.3) 		3.0
(37.4) 		6.1
(43.0) 		9.7
(49.5) 		12.8
(55.0) 		15.3
(59.5) 		15.6
(60.1) 		13.0
(55.4) 		9.0
(48.2) 		5.0
(41.0) 		2.3
(36.1) 		7.8
(46.0)
Record low °C (°F) −15.5
(4.1) 		−19.4
(−2.9) 		−13.5
(7.7) 		−4.4
(24.1) 		1.0
(33.8) 		4.9
(40.8) 		6.9
(44.4) 		8.4
(47.1) 		3.6
(38.5) 		−4.2
(24.4) 		−9.5
(14.9) 		−15.5
(4.1) 		−19.4
(−2.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 58.2
(2.29) 		45.2
(1.78) 		42.9
(1.69) 		36.4
(1.43) 		41.8
(1.65) 		61.2
(2.41) 		79.9
(3.15) 		89.1
(3.51) 		78.9
(3.11) 		77.0
(3.03) 		67.6
(2.66) 		69.0
(2.72) 		747.3
(29.42)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 19.1 16.4 15.4 12.9 12.3 14.7 15.0 16.7 16.1 18.7 19.4 19.6 196.3
Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) 2.6 3.6 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.3 9.7
Average relative humidity (%) 87.5 85.5 82.9 79.6 78.5 78.4 78.0 77.0 79.1 82.5 86.5 87.8 81.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours 51.0 74.2 139.1 204.1 242.3 221.1 234.1 210.3 155.3 106.4 56.9 43.8 1,727.6
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[4]Deutscher Wetterdienst[5][6]
Source 2: European Climate Assessment and Dataset[7]


There is a nudist beach just east of Norderney's popular Weiße Düne (White Dune) beach.[8]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Verzeichnis der direkt gewählten Bürgermeister/-innen und Landräte/Landrätinnen". Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen. April 2021.
  2. ^ "LSN-Online Regionaldatenbank, Tabelle A100001G: Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes, Stand 31. Dezember 2022" (in German). Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen.
  3. ^ "Zensusdatenbank - Ergebnisse des Zensus 2011". ergebnisse.zensus2011.de. Retrieved 2016-11-24.
  4. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2010". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  5. ^ "Mittelwerte 30-jähriger Perioden" [Averages of 30-years periods] (in German). German Weather Service.
  6. ^ "Index of /Climate_environment/CDC/Observations_germany/Climate/Monthly/Kl/Historical/". January 2024.
  7. ^ "Millenium European Climate – Indices data". European Climate Assessment & Dataset. January 2013.
  8. ^ "Nackedei auf Norderney: Das Nackt-Paradies zum Glücklichsein" [The Naked Paradise for Happiness]. BILD.de (in German). 15 August 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  9. ^ Steckoll, Solomon H. (1982). The Alderney death camp. Granada. ISBN 978-0-583-13478-1.
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