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Every source says about 10 metre tube. Not sure where 18 metre tube came from. Maybe someone drank something other than tea
 
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[[File:Petrel rocket.png|thumb|400x400px|Petrel sounding rocket]]
The '''Petrel''' was a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[sounding rocket]]. The Petrel 1 was launched, like the [[Skua (rocket)|Skua]] 1, with 3 [[Chick (rocket)|Chick]] booster rockets. The Chick motors were fitted in a Booster Carriage that also carried the two parachutes that brought it back to earth for re-use. The Petrel 1 was 3.34 m long, had a diameter of 19 cm and reached a maximum altitude of 140 kilometers. It was fired from a barrel launcher approximately {{convert|60|ft|m|abbr=on|adj=mid|long}}.
The '''Petrel''' was a British [[sounding rocket]].<ref name="DivisionServices1972">{{cite book|author1=Great Britain. Central Office of Information. Reference Division|author2=British Information Services|title=British industry today; aerospace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-govAQAAIAAJ|year=1972|publisher=H.M. Stationery Off.|isbn=9780117006027 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Serra |first=Jean-Jacques |date=2005-02-07 |title=Skua and Petrel rockets |url=http://www.univ-perp.fr/fuseurop/skupe_e.htm |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=European Rockets|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207182449/http://www.univ-perp.fr/fuseurop/skupe_e.htm |archive-date=2005-02-07 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Petrel |url=http://www.astronautix.com/p/petrel.html |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> The Petrel 1 was launched, like the [[Skua (rocket)|Skua]] 1, with 3 [[Chick (rocket)|Chick]] booster rockets. The Chick motors were fitted into a booster carriage that also carried the two parachutes that brought it back to earth for re-use. The Petrel 1 was 3.34 m long, had a diameter of 19&nbsp;cm and reached a maximum altitude of 140 kilometres.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Petrel 1 |url=http://www.astronautix.com/p/petrel1.html |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> It was fired from a {{convert|10|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}} launch tube.<ref name="MassieRobins1986" />


The Petrel was first flown on 8 June 1967 in [[South Uist]].<ref name=":0" /> Since 1968, some 234 Petrels have been launched from sites in South Uist, [[Andøya Space|Andøya]], [[Kiruna]], [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station|Thumba]], [[Sonmiani Flight Test Range|Sonmiani]] and [[Greenland]]. Around 2/3 of the launches have taken place from South Uist.<ref name="MassieRobins1986">{{Cite book |last= Massie |first=Harrie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bqQsjc3BwZkC&pg=PA190 |title=History of British Space Science |last2=Robins |first2=M. O. |date=27 February 1986 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-30783-3 |pages=185-190}}</ref>
The Petrel was first flown on June 8, 1967 in [[South Uist]]. In [[1977]] an improved version (the Petrel 2) with a maximum height of 175 kilometers was used for the first time. The Petrel was also fired from ESRANGE at Kiruna in Sweden in 1971, and from the range on Andoya, an island off the Norwegian coast in 1973. One launcher was installed at Kiruna, while two were installed on Andoya. Both could be loaded but only one was elevated at a time. Two launchers allowed successive firings, one as an event came up and another as it decayed.


In 1977, an improved version, the Petrel 2, with a maximum altitude of 175 kilometres was used for the first time.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Petrel 2 |url=http://www.astronautix.com/p/petrel2.html |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> The Petrel was also fired from [[Esrange|ESRANGE]] at Kiruna in Sweden in 1971, and from the range on Andøya, an island off the Norwegian coast in 1973. One launcher was installed at Kiruna, while two were installed on Andøya. Both could be loaded, but only one was elevated at a time. Two launchers allowed successive firings, one as an event came up and another as it decayed. The Petrel Iaunch programme ceased in August 1982.<ref name="BöhmeFricke2013">{{cite book|author1=S. Böhme|author2=W. Fricke|author3=H. Hefele|author4=I. Heinrich, W. Hofmann, D. Krahn, V. R. Matas, L. D. Schmadel, G. Zech|title=Astronomy and Astrophysics Abstracts: Literature 1983|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJHuCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA100|date=14 December 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-662-12340-9|pages=100–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite conference |last=Delury |first=J. T. |date=June 1983 |title=Summary of the 1957-1982 UK scientific research sounding-rocket programme |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983ESASP.183...21D |conference=Sixth ESA Symposium on European rocket and balloon programmes and related research |pages=21 |bibcode=1983ESASP.183...21D |id=ESA SP-183}}</ref>
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To facilitate one experiment a Petrel payload released gas clouds at apogee. The wife of one of the firing team reported that strange lights were reported as being seen in the night sky from Scotland.


⚫
To facilitate one experiment, a Petrel payload released gas clouds at apogee. The wife of one of the firing team members reported that strange lights were being seen in the night sky from Scotland.
⚫
==Petrel 1==
*[[Payload (air and space craft)|payload]]: 18&nbsp;kg
*maximum [[altitude]]: 140&nbsp;km
*launch [[thrust]]: 20&nbsp;kN
*launch [[weight]]: 130&nbsp;kg
*diameter: 0.19 m
*length: 3.34 m


==Petrel 2==
== Versions ==
There were two versions of the Petrel rocket:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lapwing |url=http://www.astronautix.com/l/lapwing.html |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref>
*payload: 18&nbsp;kg
{| class="wikitable sortable"
*maximum altitude: 175&nbsp;km
|+Petrel rocket versions
*takeoff thrust: 27&nbsp;kN
!Version
*takeoff weight: 160&nbsp;kg
!First Stage
*diameter: 0.19 m
!Second Stage
*length: 3.70 m
!Payload (kg)

!Apogee (km)
==External links==
!Thrust at start (kN)
*http://www.univ-perp.fr/fuseurop/skupe_e.htm
!Main stage thrust (kN)
*http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/petrel.htm
!Main stage burn time (s)

!Weight (kg)
⚫
[[Category:Sounding rockets]]
!Diameter (m)
!Length (m)
|-
⚫
|Petrel 1
|3 x Chick
|Lapwing
|18
|140
|20
|4.5
|30
|130
|0.19
|3.34
|-
⚫
|Petrel 2
|4 x Chick
|lengthened Lapwing
|18
|175
|27
|4.5
|40
|160
|0.19
|3.70
|}


==See also==
* [[Sounding rocket]]
* [[X-ray astronomy]]
* [[Skua (rocket)]]


==References==
<references />
⚫
[[Category:Sounding rockets of the United Kingdom]]
{{Rocket-stub}}
{{Rocket-stub}}

⚫
[[de:Petrel]]
[[es:Petrel (cohete)]]

Latest revision as of 14:28, 14 June 2024

Petrel sounding rocket

The Petrel was a British sounding rocket.[1][2][3] The Petrel 1 was launched, like the Skua 1, with 3 Chick booster rockets. The Chick motors were fitted into a booster carriage that also carried the two parachutes that brought it back to earth for re-use. The Petrel 1 was 3.34 m long, had a diameter of 19 cm and reached a maximum altitude of 140 kilometres.[2][4] It was fired from a 10-metre-long (33 ft) launch tube.[5]

The Petrel was first flown on 8 June 1967 in South Uist.[2] Since 1968, some 234 Petrels have been launched from sites in South Uist, Andøya, Kiruna, Thumba, Sonmiani and Greenland. Around 2/3 of the launches have taken place from South Uist.[5]

In 1977, an improved version, the Petrel 2, with a maximum altitude of 175 kilometres was used for the first time.[6] The Petrel was also fired from ESRANGE at Kiruna in Sweden in 1971, and from the range on Andøya, an island off the Norwegian coast in 1973. One launcher was installed at Kiruna, while two were installed on Andøya. Both could be loaded, but only one was elevated at a time. Two launchers allowed successive firings, one as an event came up and another as it decayed. The Petrel Iaunch programme ceased in August 1982.[7][8]

To facilitate one experiment, a Petrel payload released gas clouds at apogee. The wife of one of the firing team members reported that strange lights were being seen in the night sky from Scotland.

Versions

[edit]

There were two versions of the Petrel rocket:[2][3][4][6][9]

Petrel rocket versions
Version First Stage Second Stage Payload (kg) Apogee (km) Thrust at start (kN) Main stage thrust (kN) Main stage burn time (s) Weight (kg) Diameter (m) Length (m)
Petrel 1 3 x Chick Lapwing 18 140 20 4.5 30 130 0.19 3.34
Petrel 2 4 x Chick lengthened Lapwing 18 175 27 4.5 40 160 0.19 3.70

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Great Britain. Central Office of Information. Reference Division; British Information Services (1972). British industry today; aerospace. H.M. Stationery Off. ISBN 9780117006027.
  2. ^ a b c d Serra, Jean-Jacques (2005-02-07). "Skua and Petrel rockets". European Rockets. Archived from the original on 2005-02-07. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
  3. ^ a b "Petrel". www.astronautix.com. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
  4. ^ a b "Petrel 1". www.astronautix.com. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
  5. ^ a b Massie, Harrie; Robins, M. O. (27 February 1986). History of British Space Science. Cambridge University Press. pp. 185–190. ISBN 978-0-521-30783-3.
  6. ^ a b "Petrel 2". www.astronautix.com. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
  7. ^ S. Böhme; W. Fricke; H. Hefele; I. Heinrich, W. Hofmann, D. Krahn, V. R. Matas, L. D. Schmadel, G. Zech (14 December 2013). Astronomy and Astrophysics Abstracts: Literature 1983. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 100–. ISBN 978-3-662-12340-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Delury, J. T. (June 1983). Summary of the 1957-1982 UK scientific research sounding-rocket programme. Sixth ESA Symposium on European rocket and balloon programmes and related research. p. 21. Bibcode:1983ESASP.183...21D. ESA SP-183.
  9. ^ "Lapwing". www.astronautix.com. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
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