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{{Year nav topic5|1775|science}}
{{Year nav topic5|1775|science}}
{{Science year nav|1775}}


The year '''1775 in''' [[science]] and [[technology]] involved some significant events.
The year '''1775 in''' [[science]] and [[technology]] involved some significant events.


==Biology==
==Biology==
* The [[cheetah]] (''Acinonyx jubatus'') is described.<ref name="Catsg2017">{{cite journal |author=Kitchener, A.C. |author2=Breitenmoser-Würsten, C. |author3=Eizirik, E. |author4=Gentry, A. |author5=Werdelin, L. |author6=Wilting, A. |author7=Yamaguchi, N. |last-author-amp=yes |year=2017 |title=A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 11 |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/5.Cat_News/5.3._Special_Issues/5.3.10._SI_11/CN_Special_Issue_11_Revised_taxonomy_of_the_Felidae.pdf}}</ref>
* The [[cheetah]] (''Acinonyx jubatus'') is described.<ref name="Catsg2017">{{cite journal |author=Kitchener, A.C. |author2=Breitenmoser-Würsten, C. |author3=Eizirik, E. |author4=Gentry, A. |author5=Werdelin, L. |author6=Wilting, A. |author7=Yamaguchi, N. |name-list-style=amp |year=2017 |title=A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group |journal=Cat News |issue=Special Issue 11 |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/5.Cat_News/5.3._Special_Issues/5.3.10._SI_11/CN_Special_Issue_11_Revised_taxonomy_of_the_Felidae.pdf}}</ref>


==Chemistry==
==Chemistry==
* May 25 – [[Joseph Priestley]]'s account of his isolation of [[oxygen]] in the form of a [[gas]] ("dephlogisticated air") is read to the [[Royal Society]] of [[London]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Priestley|first=Joseph|jstor=106209|title=An Account of Further Discoveries in Air|journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]]|volume=65|year=1775|pages=384–94|doi=10.1098/rstl.1775.0039|url=http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/65/384.full.pdf}}</ref>
* May 25 – [[Joseph Priestley]]'s account of his isolation of [[oxygen]] in the form of a [[gas]] ("dephlogisticated air") is read to the [[Royal Society]] of [[London]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Priestley|first=Joseph|jstor=106209|title=An Account of Further Discoveries in Air|journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]]|volume=65|year=1775|pages=384–94|doi=10.1098/rstl.1775.0039|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[Torbern Bergman]]'s ''De attractionibus electivis'' ("A Dissertation on Elective Attractions") is published, containing the largest tables of [[chemical affinity]] ever published.
* [[Torbern Bergman]]'s ''{{lang|la|De attractionibus electivis}}'' ("A Dissertation on Elective Attractions") is published, containing the largest tables of [[chemical affinity]] ever published.


==Exploration==
==Exploration==
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==Mathematics==
==Mathematics==
* [[Joseph Louis Lagrange|Lagrange]]'s ''[[List of important publications in mathematics#Recherches d'Arithmétique|Recherches d'Arithmétique]]'' develops a general theory of binary [[quadratic forms]].
* [[Joseph Louis Lagrange|Lagrange]]'s ''[[List of important publications in mathematics#Recherches d'Arithmétique|Recherches d'Arithmétique]]'' develops a general theory of binary [[quadratic forms]].
*First [[Stanhope Demonstrator]], a mechanical device to demonstrate and solve problems in logic, is produced by English aristocrat [[Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl Stanhope]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Logic Machines|authorlink=Martin Gardner|first=Martin|last=Gardner|journal=[[Scientific American]]|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24950629|volume=186|pages=68–69|year=1952|issue=3 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0352-68 |jstor=24950629 |bibcode=1952SciAm.186c..68G |quote=...the first true logic machine, the Stanhope Demonstrator.|url-access=subscription|access-date=2023-02-20|archive-date=2023-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323144336/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24950629|url-status=live}}</ref>


==Medicine==
==Medicine==
* English surgeon [[Percivall Pott]] finds the first occupational link to [[cancer]], contributing to the science of [[epidemiology]].
* English surgeon [[Percivall Pott]] finds the first occupational link to [[cancer]], contributing to the science of [[epidemiology]].
* German physician Melchior Adam Weikard anonymously publishes the textbook ''[[Der Philosophische Arzt]]'' including the earliest description of symptoms resembling [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]].
* German physician [[Melchior Adam Weikard]] anonymously publishes the textbook ''[[Der Philosophische Arzt]]'' including the earliest description of symptoms resembling [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]].


==Natural history==
==Natural history==
* February 21 – [[La Specola]], [[Florence]]'s Museum of Zoology and Natural History, opens to the public.
* February 21 – [[La Specola]], [[Florence]]'s Museum of Zoology and Natural History, opens to the public.
* [[Johan Christian Fabricius]] publishes his ''{{lang|la|Systema entomologiæ}}''.
* [[Johan Christian Fabricius]] publishes his ''{{lang|la|Systema entomologiæ}}''.
* [[Peter Forsskål]]'s ''{{lang|la|Descriptiones Animalium: Avium, amphiborum, insectorum, vermium quæ in itinere orientali}}'' (containing early observations on [[bird migration]]) and ''Flora Ægyptiaco-Arabica sive descriptiones plantarum quas per Ægyptum Inferiorem et Arabiam felicem detexit'' are published posthumously, edited by [[Carsten Niebuhr]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The University of Copenhagen – A Danish centre of learning since 1479|url=http://www.e-pages.dk/ku/196/99|publisher=[[University of Copenhagen|Københavns Universitet]]|accessdate=2011-05-19}}</ref>
* [[Peter Forsskål]]'s ''{{lang|la|Descriptiones Animalium: Avium, amphiborum, insectorum, vermium quæ in itinere orientali}}'' (containing early observations on [[bird migration]]) and ''{{lang|la|Flora Ægyptiaco-Arabica sive descriptiones plantarum quas per Ægyptum Inferiorem et Arabiam felicem detexit}}'' are published posthumously, edited by [[Carsten Niebuhr]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The University of Copenhagen – A Danish centre of learning since 1479|url=http://www.e-pages.dk/ku/196/99|publisher=[[University of Copenhagen|Københavns Universitet]]|accessdate=2011-05-19}}</ref>
⚫
[[Image:Watt steam pumping engine.JPG|thumb|300px|[[Watt steam engine]]]]


==Technology==
==Technology==
⚫
[[Image:Watt steam pumping engine.JPG|thumb|300px|[[Watt steam engine]]]]
* [[James Watt]]'s 1769 [[steam engine]] [[patent]] is extended to June 1800 by [[Act of Parliament]] of [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] and the first [[Watt steam engine|engines]] are built under it.<ref>{{cite journal|first=F. M.|last=Scherer|title=Invention and Innovation in the Watt-Boulton Steam-Engine Venture|journal=[[Technology and Culture]]|volume=6|issue=2|year=1965|pages=165–87|jstor=3101072|doi=10.2307/3101072}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blwattsenginespread.htm|title=The Invention of the Steam Engine: The Life of James Watt. Part 4: The Steam Engine Gains Popularity|work=About.com Inventors|accessdate=2011-02-25}}</ref>
* May 22 – [[James Watt]]'s 1769 [[steam engine]] [[patent]] is extended to June 1800 by [[Act of Parliament]] of [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] and the first [[Watt steam engine|engines]] are built under it.<ref>{{cite journal|first=F. M.|last=Scherer|title=Invention and Innovation in the Watt-Boulton Steam-Engine Venture|journal=[[Technology and Culture]]|volume=6|issue=2|year=1965|pages=165–87|jstor=3101072|doi=10.2307/3101072|s2cid=112618665 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blwattsenginespread.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120525164012/http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blwattsenginespread.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 25, 2012|title=The Invention of the Steam Engine: The Life of James Watt. Part 4: The Steam Engine Gains Popularity|work=About.com Inventors|accessdate=2011-02-25}}</ref>
* [[Jacques-Constantin Périer]] operates a [[paddle steamer]] on the [[Seine]], but it proves to be underpowered.<ref>{{cite book|first=H. Philip|last=Spratt|title=The Birth of the Steamboat|location=London|year=1958|page=35}}</ref>
* [[Jacques-Constantin Périer]] operates a [[paddle steamer]] on the [[Seine]], but it proves to be underpowered.<ref>{{cite book|first=H. Philip|last=Spratt|title=The Birth of the Steamboat|url=https://archive.org/details/birthofsteamboat0000spra|url-access=registration|location=London|year=1958|page=[https://archive.org/details/birthofsteamboat0000spra/page/35 35]}}</ref>
* [[Alexander Cumming]] patents the [[Trap (plumbing)|S-trap]] in [[London]], laying the foundations for the modern [[flush toilet]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Development of the Flushing Toilet – Detailed Chronology 1596 onwards|publisher=Twyfords Bathrooms|location=Stoke-on-Trent|url=http://www.twyfordbathrooms.com/default.asp?path=1;52;8648;8723}}</ref>
* [[Alexander Cumming]] patents the [[Trap (plumbing)|S-trap]] in [[London]], laying the foundations for the modern [[flush toilet]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Development of the Flushing Toilet – Detailed Chronology 1596 onwards|publisher=Twyfords Bathrooms|location=Stoke-on-Trent|url=http://www.twyfordbathrooms.com/default.asp?path=1;52;8648;8723|access-date=2011-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100322192643/http://www.twyfordbathrooms.com/default.asp?path=1|archive-date=2010-03-22|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Edinburgh]] [[confectioner]] [[Charles Spalding]] devizes improvements to the [[diving bell]], adding a system of balance-weights.<ref>{{citation|title=Transactions of the Society Instituted at London for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce|year=1806|publisher=[[Society of Arts]]|pages=220–232|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zxtbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA232&dq=%22charles+spalding%22+edinburgh#v=onepage&q=%22charles%20spalding%22%20edinburgh&f=false|edition=3rd|volume=1|accessdate=2013-01-22}}</ref>
* [[Edinburgh]] [[confectioner]] [[Charles Spalding]] devises improvements to the [[diving bell]], adding a system of balance-weights.<ref>{{citation|title=Transactions of the Society Instituted at London for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce|year=1806|publisher=[[Society of Arts]]|pages=220–232|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zxtbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA232|edition=3rd|volume=1|accessdate=2013-01-22}}</ref>
* [[Pierre-Simon Girard]], age 74, invents a [[water turbine]].
* [[Pierre-Simon Girard]], age 10, invents a [[water turbine]].
* December 30 – [[John Arnold (watchmaker)|John Arnold]] takes out his first [[patent]] for improvements in the construction of [[marine chronometer]]s in [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]], including the first for a [[compensation balance]].<ref>No. 1113. {{cite journal|authorlink=Jonathan Betts|first=Jonathan|last=Betts|title=Arnold, John (1735/6–1799)|journal=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/677|accessdate=2012-03-09|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/677}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref>
* December 30 – [[John Arnold (watchmaker)|John Arnold]] takes out his first [[patent]] for improvements in the construction of [[marine chronometer]]s in [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]], including the first for a [[compensation balance]].<ref>No. 1113. {{cite ODNB|authorlink=Jonathan Betts|first=Jonathan|last=Betts|title=Arnold, John (1735/6–1799)|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/677|accessdate=2012-03-09|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/677}}</ref>
* Approximate date – [[Thomas Mudge (horologist)|Thomas Mudge]] invents the detached [[lever escapement]] for clocks and watches.
* [[French Academy of Sciences]] made the statement that the academy "will no longer accept or deal with proposals concerning [[perpetual motion]]."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Scaffer |first1=Simon |title=The Show That Never Ends: Perpetual Motion in the Early Eighteenth Century |journal=The British Journal for the History of Science |date=June 1995 |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=157–189 |jstor=4027676 |doi=10.1017/S0007087400032957 |s2cid=146549874 }}</ref>


==Awards==
==Awards==
* [[Copley Medal]]: [[Nevil Maskelyne]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Copley Medal {{!}} British scientific award |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |accessdate=21 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Copley Medal]]: [[Nevil Maskelyne]]


==Births==
==Births==
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{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


[[Category:1775 in science]]
[[Category:1775 in science| ]]
[[Category:18th century in science]]
[[Category:18th century in science]]
[[Category:1770s in science]]
[[Category:1770s in science]]

Latest revision as of 16:49, 16 June 2024

List of years in science (table)
+...
1775 in science
Fields
Technology
Social sciences
Paleontology
Extraterrestrial environment
Terrestrial environment
Other/related

The year 1775 in science and technology involved some significant events.

Biology

[edit]

Chemistry

[edit]

Exploration

[edit]

Mathematics

[edit]

Medicine

[edit]

Natural history

[edit]
  • February 21 – La Specola, Florence's Museum of Zoology and Natural History, opens to the public.
  • Johan Christian Fabricius publishes his Systema entomologiæ.
  • Peter Forsskål's Descriptiones Animalium: Avium, amphiborum, insectorum, vermium quæ in itinere orientali (containing early observations on bird migration) and Flora Ægyptiaco-Arabica sive descriptiones plantarum quas per Ægyptum Inferiorem et Arabiam felicem detexit are published posthumously, edited by Carsten Niebuhr.[4]

Technology

[edit]
Watt steam engine

Awards

[edit]

Births

[edit]

Deaths

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Kitchener, A.C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A. & Yamaguchi, N. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat News (Special Issue 11).
  2. ^ Priestley, Joseph (1775). "An Account of Further Discoveries in Air". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 65: 384–94. doi:10.1098/rstl.1775.0039. JSTOR 106209.
  3. ^ Gardner, Martin (1952). "Logic Machines". Scientific American. 186 (3): 68–69. Bibcode:1952SciAm.186c..68G. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0352-68. JSTOR 24950629. Archived from the original on 2023-03-23. Retrieved 2023-02-20. ...the first true logic machine, the Stanhope Demonstrator.
  4. ^ "The University of Copenhagen – A Danish centre of learning since 1479". Københavns Universitet. Retrieved 2011-05-19.
  5. ^ Scherer, F. M. (1965). "Invention and Innovation in the Watt-Boulton Steam-Engine Venture". Technology and Culture. 6 (2): 165–87. doi:10.2307/3101072. JSTOR 3101072. S2CID 112618665.
  6. ^ "The Invention of the Steam Engine: The Life of James Watt. Part 4: The Steam Engine Gains Popularity". About.com Inventors. Archived from the original on May 25, 2012. Retrieved 2011-02-25.
  7. ^ Spratt, H. Philip (1958). The Birth of the Steamboat. London. p. 35.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ^ "The Development of the Flushing Toilet – Detailed Chronology 1596 onwards". Stoke-on-Trent: Twyfords Bathrooms. Archived from the original on 2010-03-22. Retrieved 2011-05-04.
  9. ^ Transactions of the Society Instituted at London for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce, vol. 1 (3rd ed.), Society of Arts, 1806, pp. 220–232, retrieved 2013-01-22
  10. ^ No. 1113. Betts, Jonathan (2004). "Arnold, John (1735/6–1799)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/677. Retrieved 2012-03-09. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  11. ^ Scaffer, Simon (June 1995). "The Show That Never Ends: Perpetual Motion in the Early Eighteenth Century". The British Journal for the History of Science. 28 (2): 157–189. doi:10.1017/S0007087400032957. JSTOR 4027676. S2CID 146549874.
  12. ^ "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
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