Isaac Tyrnau: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|14th century Austrian (or Hungarian) rabbi}} |
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{{No footnotes|date=November 2009}} |
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| ⚫ | Rabbi '''Isaac Tyrnau''' (יצחק אייזיק מטירנא or יצחק טירנאו; also '''Isaak Tyrnau''') was an [[Archduchy of Austria|Austrian]] (or [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungarian]]) [[rabbi]], born in the late 14th century and active in the 15th century; he is most famous for his ''Sefer haMinhagim'' (Book of Customs). |
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{{Expand German|Isaak Tyrnau|date=December 2009}} |
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== Biography == |
== Biography == |
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Little is known about his life. He was born in [[Vienna]] and later moved to |
Little is known about his life. He was born in [[Vienna]] and later moved to [[Tyrnau]] in [[Austria]], although some suggest ''[[Trnava]]'' ({{lang-de|Tyrnau}}), in modern-day [[Slovakia]]. He [[Torah study|studied]] under Rabbis [[Abraham Klausner (Austrian rabbi)|Abraham Klausner]] of [[Vienna]] and {{Ill|Shalom of Neustadt|lt=Shalom|he|שלום מנוישטאדט}} of [[Wiener Neustadt|Neustadt]].<ref name=je/> It is possible that he later served as rabbi in [[Pressburg]], although this is debated by scholars. His correspondence with the [[Yaakov ben Moshe Levi Moelin|Maharil]] regarding a [[Divorce in Judaism|divorce]] (1420) is recorded. |
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[[Gabriel Polak]] and [[Israel Böhmer]] published ([[Königsberg]], 1857) an anonymous story entitled |
[[Gabriel Polak]] and [[Israel Böhmer]] published ([[Königsberg]], 1857) an anonymous story entitled "''Etzba Elohim''," the heroes of which are Isaac Tyrnau and his beautiful daughter.<ref name=je>{{JewishEncyclopedia|inline=1|article=Isaac Tyrnau|url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8224-isaac-tyrnau|author=[[Richard Gottheil]] and [[Max Seligsohn]]}} Its bibliography: |
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*[[Heinrich Graetz|Grätz]], ''{{Abbr|Gesch.|Geschichte der Juden}}'' 3d ed., viii. 11, 12; |
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*[[Chaim Yosef David Azulai|Azulai]], ''Shem ha-Gedolim'', i.; |
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*[[Johann Christoph Wolf|Wolf]], ''{{Abbr|Bibl. Hebr.|Bibliotheca Hebræa}}'' i., Nos. 214, 1194; |
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*[[David Gans]], ''Ẓemaḥ Dawid'', p. 65, Warsaw, 1890; |
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*[[Moritz Steinschneider|Steinschneider]], ''{{Abbr|Cat. Bodl.|Catalogue of the Hebrew Books in the Bodleian Library}}'' col. 909; |
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*[[Julius Fürst|Fürst]], ''{{Abbr|Bibl. Jud.|Bibliotheca Judaica}}'' iii. 456. |
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</ref> According to legend, a [[Hungarian prince]] fell in love with Tyrnau's daughter, converted to Judaism, renounced the throne and married Tyrnau's daughter. |
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== Works == |
== Works == |
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'''''Sefer haMinhagim''''' (Book of Customs) is a compendium of ''[[halakha|halachot]]'' ("Jewish laws") and ''[[minhag]]im'' ("customs") of [[Ashkenazi Jews]], arranged according to the calendar. The work is significantly influenced by those of Tyrnau's teachers. It also contains notes from a Hungarian rabbi, which were already attached with the first printed edition of Tyrnau's work (1566). It is quoted by [[Mordecai Yoffe|Mordechai Jaffe]] at the end of his "Lebush" on Orah Hayyim. |
The '''''Sefer haMinhagim''''' (Book of Customs) is a compendium of ''[[halakha|halachot]]'' ("Jewish laws") and ''[[minhag]]im'' ("customs") of various groups of [[Ashkenazi Jews]], arranged according to the calendar. The work is significantly influenced by those of Tyrnau's teachers. It also contains notes from a Hungarian rabbi, which were already attached with the first printed edition of Tyrnau's work (1566).<ref name=so>[https://web.archive.org/web/20041118020245/http://www.seforimonline.org/seforim3.html Seforim Online]</ref> It is quoted by [[Mordecai Yoffe|Mordechai Jaffe]] at the end of his "''Lebush''" on ''[[Orah Hayyim]]''.<ref name=je/> As Tyrnau states in the foreword of the book, his intention was to unify the customs. The [[Black Death]] around 1348 had almost completely destroyed the German Jewish communities. The number of scholars had diminished so much that in some places "there were only two or three persons who had a real knowledge of local customs". |
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Tyrnau's work is noted as the first to discuss in detail the idea of the ''[[ |
Tyrnau's work is noted as the first to discuss in detail the idea of the ''[[Jewish bereavement#Yahrzeit|Yahrzeit]]'' (the commemoration of the anniversary of a death). It was translated into Yiddish in 1590, and often reprinted. It also contains a treatise on morals entitled "''Orhot Hayyim''," in 132 sections,<ref name=je/> which is appended to the ''Sefer haMinhagim''. |
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This work was to some extent superseded by ''Minhagei Maharil'' by Rabbi [[Yaakov ben Moshe Levi Moelin]] (Maharil), 1556. |
This work was to some extent superseded by ''Minhagei Maharil'' by Rabbi [[Yaakov ben Moshe Levi Moelin]] (Maharil), 1556. |
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== External links == |
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{{reflist}} |
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* {{JewishEncyclopedia|article=Isaac Tyrnau|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=250&letter=I|author=[[Richard Gottheil]], [[Max Seligsohn]]}} |
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{{Rishonim}} |
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** [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=250&letter=I Isaac Tyrnau], jewishencyclopedia.com |
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** [http://www.seforimonline.org/seforim3.html ''Sefer Minhagim''], seforimonline.org |
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* Resources |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> |
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| NAME = Tyrnau, Isaac |
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| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = |
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| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Austro-Hungarian historian and rabbi |
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| DATE OF BIRTH = |
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| PLACE OF BIRTH = |
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| DATE OF DEATH = |
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| PLACE OF DEATH = |
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}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Tyrnau, Isaac}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tyrnau, Isaac}} |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:14th-century Austrian rabbis]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:15th-century Austrian writers]] |
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[[Category:14th-century |
[[Category:14th-century Hungarian writers]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Rabbis from Vienna]] |
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[[Category:Hungarian Orthodox rabbis]] |
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[[Category:People from Vienna]] |
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[[Category:People from Trnava]] |
[[Category:People from Trnava]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Rabbis from Bratislava]] |
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Revision as of 13:22, 21 June 2024
Rabbi Isaac Tyrnau (יצחק אייזיק מטירנא or יצחק טירנאו; also Isaak Tyrnau) was an Austrian (or Hungarian) rabbi, born in the late 14th century and active in the 15th century; he is most famous for his Sefer haMinhagim (Book of Customs).
Biography
Little is known about his life. He was born in Vienna and later moved to Tyrnau in Austria, although some suggest Trnava (German: Tyrnau), in modern-day Slovakia. He studied under Rabbis Abraham Klausner of Vienna and Shalom of Neustadt.[1] It is possible that he later served as rabbi in Pressburg, although this is debated by scholars. His correspondence with the Maharil regarding a divorce (1420) is recorded.
Gabriel Polak and Israel Böhmer published (Königsberg, 1857) an anonymous story entitled "Etzba Elohim," the heroes of which are Isaac Tyrnau and his beautiful daughter.[1] According to legend, a Hungarian prince fell in love with Tyrnau's daughter, converted to Judaism, renounced the throne and married Tyrnau's daughter.
Works
The Sefer haMinhagim (Book of Customs) is a compendium of halachot ("Jewish laws") and minhagim ("customs") of various groups of Ashkenazi Jews, arranged according to the calendar. The work is significantly influenced by those of Tyrnau's teachers. It also contains notes from a Hungarian rabbi, which were already attached with the first printed edition of Tyrnau's work (1566).[2] It is quoted by Mordechai Jaffe at the end of his "Lebush" on Orah Hayyim.[1] As Tyrnau states in the foreword of the book, his intention was to unify the customs. The Black Death around 1348 had almost completely destroyed the German Jewish communities. The number of scholars had diminished so much that in some places "there were only two or three persons who had a real knowledge of local customs".
Tyrnau's work is noted as the first to discuss in detail the idea of the Yahrzeit (the commemoration of the anniversary of a death). It was translated into Yiddish in 1590, and often reprinted. It also contains a treatise on morals entitled "Orhot Hayyim," in 132 sections,[1] which is appended to the Sefer haMinhagim.
This work was to some extent superseded by Minhagei Maharil by Rabbi Yaakov ben Moshe Levi Moelin (Maharil), 1556.
References
- ^ a b c d
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Richard Gottheil and Max Seligsohn (1901–1906). "Isaac Tyrnau". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. Its bibliography:
- Grätz, Gesch. 3d ed., viii. 11, 12;
- Azulai, Shem ha-Gedolim, i.;
- Wolf, Bibl. Hebr. i., Nos. 214, 1194;
- David Gans, Ẓemaḥ Dawid, p. 65, Warsaw, 1890;
- Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. col. 909;
- Fürst, Bibl. Jud. iii. 456.
- ^ Seforim Online
- Sefer HaMinhagim (Hebrew Fulltext, PDF)
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