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{{short description|Use of Cannabis in Hong Kong}}
{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{more citations needed|date=July 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox cannabis overview
⚫
'''Cannabis in Hong Kong''' is illegal. The possession, sale, transportation, and cultivation of [[cannabis]] is prohibited under the Dangerous Drug Ordinance<ref name="Police.gov.hk">{{citation |url = http://www.police.gov.hk/ppp_en/04_crime_matters/drug/law_pen.html |title = Information on the official web site of the Hong Kong Police Force |publisher = Police.gov.hk |date = |access-date = 2011-12-14 }}</ref> (Chapter 134 of the [[Law of Hong Kong]]), which was put into effect in 1969.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url= https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/education-community/article/2100741/whats-deal-cannabis-hong-kong |title= What's the deal with cannabis in Hong Kong? |date=2017-07-01 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en |access-date=2019-03-15 }}</ref>
| image = Hong Kong in China (zoomed).svg
| caption = Location of Hong Kong (red)
| medicinal = Illegal
| recreational = Illegal
}}
⚫
'''Cannabis is illegal in Hong Kong'''. The possession, sale, transportation, and [[Cannabis cultivation|cultivation]] of [[cannabis]] is prohibited under the Dangerous Drug Ordinance<ref name="Police.gov.hk">{{citation |url = http://www.police.gov.hk/ppp_en/04_crime_matters/drug/law_pen.html |title = Information on the official web site of the Hong Kong Police Force |publisher = Police.gov.hk |access-date = 2011-12-14 }}</ref> (Chapter 134 of the [[Law of Hong Kong]]), which was put into effect at January 17, 1969, during the British colonial period.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url= https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/education-community/article/2100741/whats-deal-cannabis-hong-kong |title= What's the deal with cannabis in Hong Kong? |date=2017-07-01 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en |access-date=2019-03-15 }}</ref>


== Legality ==
== Legality ==
Cannabis is listed as a [[Schedule 1 controlled substance|Schedule 1]] drug prohibited by the Dangerous Drug Ordinance, alongside others like [[heroin]], [[opium]], [[cocaine]] and [[methamphetamine]]. The offenses, and the maximum penalties associated with each offense, are listed below:
Cannabis is listed as a [[Schedule 1 controlled substance|Schedule 1]] drug prohibited by the Dangerous Drug Ordinance, alongside others like [[heroin]], [[opium]], [[cocaine]], and [[methamphetamine]]. The offenses and the maximum penalties associated with each offense are listed below:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Offenses Under the Dangerous Drug Ordinance<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Lo|first1=Stefan H.C.|last2=Dobinson|first2=Ian|last3=Chui|first3=Wing Hong|date=2004|title=Sentencing for Drug Offences in Hong Kong: An Overview|url=|journal=Hong Kong Law Journal|volume=34|pages=13–45|via=}}</ref>
|+Offenses Under the Dangerous Drug Ordinance<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Lo|first1=Stefan H.C.|last2=Dobinson|first2=Ian|last3=Chui|first3=Wing Hong|date=2004|title=Sentencing for Drug Offences in Hong Kong: An Overview|journal=Hong Kong Law Journal|volume=34|pages=13–45}}</ref>
!Section
!Section
!Offense
!Offense
Line 29: Line 35:


=== Legal treatment of cannabis trafficking ===
=== Legal treatment of cannabis trafficking ===
"Trafficking" is defined in the Dangerous Drug Ordinance as:<blockquote>"...importing into Hong Kong, exporting from Hong Kong, procuring, supplying or otherwise dealing in or with the dangerous drug, or possessing the dangerous drug for the purpose of trafficking..."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elegislation.gov.hk/checkconfig/checkClientConfig.jsp?applicationId=RA001|title=Hong Kong e-Legislation: Cap. 134 Dangerous Drugs Ordinance|website=www.elegislation.gov.hk|access-date=2019-03-19}}</ref></blockquote>To set the length for each particular sentence, judges may look to previous cases where sentence minimums—known as [[Murder in English law#Tariff system|tariffs]]—were applied, and use them as guidelines. The principal tariffs for distributing cannabis resin were suggested in ''Attorney-General v Chan Chi-man'' ([1987] HKLR 221),<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hklii.org/eng/hk/cases/hkca/1995/36.html|title=R. v. TUEN SHUI MING AND ANOTHER [1995] HKCA 36; [1995] 2 HKC 798; CAAR 12/1994 (9 June 1995)|website=www.hklii.org|access-date=2019-03-19}}</ref> where it was noted that sentences should be scaled down appropriately based on the type of cannabis product being trafficked (i.e. the penalties are reduced if the product contains smaller amounts of [[tetrahydrocannabinol]], or THC):
"Trafficking" is defined in the Dangerous Drug Ordinance as:<blockquote>"...importing into Hong Kong, exporting from Hong Kong, procuring, supplying or otherwise dealing in or with the dangerous drug, or possessing the dangerous drug for the purpose of trafficking..."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elegislation.gov.hk/checkconfig/checkClientConfig.jsp?applicationId=RA001|title=Hong Kong e-Legislation: Cap. 134 Dangerous Drugs Ordinance|website=www.elegislation.gov.hk|access-date=2019-03-19|archive-date=2017-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314212919/http://www.elegislation.gov.hk/checkconfig/checkClientConfig.jsp?applicationId=RA001|url-status=dead}}</ref></blockquote>To set the length for each particular sentence, judges may look to previous cases where sentence minimums—known as [[Murder in English law#Tariff system|tariffs]]—were applied, and use them as guidelines. The principal tariffs for distributing cannabis resin were suggested in ''Attorney-General v Chan Chi-man'' ([1987] HKLR 221),<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hklii.org/eng/hk/cases/hkca/1995/36.html|title=R. v. TUEN SHUI MING AND ANOTHER [1995] HKCA 36; [1995] 2 HKC 798; CAAR 12/1994 (9 June 1995)|website=www.hklii.org|access-date=2019-03-19}}</ref> where it was noted that sentences should be scaled down appropriately based on the type of cannabis product being trafficked (i.e. the penalties are reduced if the product contains smaller amounts of [[tetrahydrocannabinol]], or THC):
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Tariffs for Cannabis Resin Trafficking<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
|+Tariffs for Cannabis Resin Trafficking<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
Line 50: Line 56:
|over 4 years
|over 4 years
|}
|}
Other details in the case are also used to make judgments. In ''HKSAR v Chor Lui'' ([2001] 3 HKLRD 95), where the accused pleaded guilty to distributing 0.24g of herbal cannabis in a [[Nightclub|discotheque]], the [[Court of First Instance (Hong Kong)|Court of First Instance]] scaled back the sentence to two months due to the amount of cannabis distributed, its lack of potency compared to cannabis resin, and in exchange for a "guilty" plea.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hklii.hk/cgi-bin/sinodisp/eng/hk/cases/hkcfi/2001/730.html?stem=&synonyms=&query=(HKLRD%2095)%20OR%20ncotherjcitationtitles(HKLRD%2095)|title=HKSAR v. CHOR LUI [2001] HKCFI 730; [2001] 3 HKLRD 95; HCMA 535/2001 (3 August 2001)|website=www.hklii.hk|access-date=2019-03-19}}</ref> However, the Magistrate dismissed the ability to appeal the sentence, under grounds of location and social context—the accused was selling cannabis in a place "where impressionable young people congregated, and was preying on their credibility".<ref>{{cite report|url=|title=Yearly Review of the Prosecutions Division 2001|author=|authors=|first=|date=2001|publisher=Department of Justice|issue=|doi=|volume=|page=38|pmid=|docket=|quote=|author-link=|access-date=}}</ref>
Other details in the case are also used to make judgments. In ''HKSAR v Chor Lui'' ([2001] 3 HKLRD 95), where the accused pleaded guilty to distributing 0.24g of herbal cannabis in a [[Nightclub|discotheque]], the [[Court of First Instance (Hong Kong)|Court of First Instance]] scaled back the sentence to two months due to the amount of cannabis distributed, its lack of potency compared to cannabis resin, and in exchange for a "guilty" plea.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hklii.hk/cgi-bin/sinodisp/eng/hk/cases/hkcfi/2001/730.html?stem=&synonyms=&query=(HKLRD%2095)%20OR%20ncotherjcitationtitles(HKLRD%2095)|title=HKSAR v. CHOR LUI [2001] HKCFI 730; [2001] 3 HKLRD 95; HCMA 535/2001 (3 August 2001)|website=www.hklii.hk|access-date=2019-03-19}}</ref> However, the Magistrate dismissed the ability to appeal the sentence, under grounds of location and social context—the accused was selling cannabis in a place "where impressionable young people congregated, and was preying on their credibility".<ref>{{cite report|title=Yearly Review of the Prosecutions Division 2001|date=2001|publisher=Department of Justice|page=38}}</ref>


While the court tends to reduce the initial sentence based on cannabis potency and amount, it acknowledges that any role in the trafficking of a Schedule 1 drug should be taken seriously.<ref name=":1" /> For example, in ''R v Chan Shu Tong'' ([1996] 4 HKC 515), the accused admitted to storing 790&nbsp;kg of cannabis being trafficked in a rented flat, under orders from his employer. From a starting point of 30 years, the judge settled on a sentence of 18 years for the accused. During the appeal process, the [[Court of Appeal (Hong Kong)|Court of Appeal]] upheld the original decision, stating that while the accused did not benefit from the trafficking operation, their participation in storing the cannabis was still significant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hklii.hk/cgi-bin/sinodisp/eng/hk/cases/hkca/1996/86.html?stem=&synonyms=&query=(Chan%20Shu%20Tong)%20OR%20ncotherjcitationtitles(Chan%20Shu%20Tong)|title=CHAN SHU TONG v. R. [1996] HKCA 86; [1996] 4 HKC 515; CACC 119/1996 (28 August 1996)|website=www.hklii.hk|access-date=2019-03-19}}</ref>
While the court tends to reduce the initial sentence based on cannabis potency and amount, it acknowledges that any role in the trafficking of a Schedule 1 drug should be taken seriously.<ref name=":1" /> For example, in ''R v Chan Shu Tong'' ([1996] 4 HKC 515), the accused admitted to storing 790&nbsp;kg of cannabis being trafficked in a rented flat, under orders from his employer. From a starting point of 30 years, the judge settled on a sentence of 18 years for the accused. During the appeal process, the [[Court of Appeal (Hong Kong)|Court of Appeal]] upheld the original decision, stating that while the accused did not benefit from the trafficking operation, their participation in storing the cannabis was still significant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hklii.hk/cgi-bin/sinodisp/eng/hk/cases/hkca/1996/86.html?stem=&synonyms=&query=(Chan%20Shu%20Tong)%20OR%20ncotherjcitationtitles(Chan%20Shu%20Tong)|title=CHAN SHU TONG v. R. [1996] HKCA 86; [1996] 4 HKC 515; CACC 119/1996 (28 August 1996)|website=www.hklii.hk|access-date=2019-03-19}}</ref>
Line 56: Line 62:
=== Legality of Cannabinoids ===
=== Legality of Cannabinoids ===


[[Schedule 1 controlled substance|Schedule 1]] lists Cannabinol and its Tetrahydro derivatives as illegal. Thus, other Cannabinoids (such as Cannabidiol (CBD)) are legal in Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201811/07/P2018110700319.htm|title=Government of Hong Kong Press Releases: LCQ5: Regulation of products containing cannabis}}</ref>
[[Schedule 1 controlled substance|Schedule 1]] lists [[Tetrahydrocannabinol|THC]] illegal. [[Cannabidiol|CBD]] is also illegal in Hong Kong. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hong-kong-cbd-criminalized-ranks-with-heroin-cocaine/ | title=Hong Kong criminalizes CBD, ranking it alongside heroin and cocaine | website=[[CBS News]] }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201811/07/P2018110700319.htm|title=Government of Hong Kong Press Releases: LCQ5: Regulation of products containing cannabis}}</ref>


== Usage and attitudes ==
== Usage and attitudes ==
While using and growing cannabis remains illegal, there have been reports of greater cannabis arrests and seizures over the years. In 2016, cannabis seizures by [[Hong Kong Police Force|Hong Kong police]] increased by over 95% to 255&nbsp;kg, up from 130&nbsp;kg in 2015.<ref name=":0" /> According to the Narcotics Division of the [[Security Bureau (Hong Kong)|Security Bureau]], in 2016, cannabis was reported to be used by 5% of all psychotropic substance abusers in Hong Kong.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tam CH, Kwok SI, Lo TW, Lam SH, Lee GK | title = Hidden Drug Abuse in Hong Kong: From Social Acquaintance to Social Isolation | journal = Frontiers in Psychiatry | volume = 9 | pages = 457 | date = 2018-09-25 | pmid = 30319464 | pmc = 6167475 | doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00457 }}</ref>
While using and growing cannabis remains illegal, there have been reports of greater cannabis arrests and [[Seizure|seizures]] over the years. In 2016, cannabis seizures by [[Hong Kong Police Force|Hong Kong police]] increased by over 95% to 255&nbsp;kg, up from 130&nbsp;kg in 2015.<ref name=":0" /> According to the Narcotics Division of the [[Security Bureau (Hong Kong)|Security Bureau]], in 2016, cannabis was reported to be used by 5% of all psychotropic substance abusers in Hong Kong.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tam CH, Kwok SI, Lo TW, Lam SH, Lee GK | title = Hidden Drug Abuse in Hong Kong: From Social Acquaintance to Social Isolation | journal = Frontiers in Psychiatry | volume = 9 | pages = 457 | date = 2018-09-25 | pmid = 30319464 | pmc = 6167475 | doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00457 | doi-access = free }}</ref>


The first cannabis investment symposium in Hong Kong was held in November 2018 targeting new cannabis investment opportunities for Hong Kong investors in an emerging new industry with the support of the [[HKSAR government]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/cannatech-hong-kongs-first-ever-cannabis-investor-symposium|title=CannaTech: Hong Kong's first ever cannabis investor symposium|date=2018-09-20|website=The GrowthOp|language=en-CA|access-date=2019-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-30/pot-entrepreneurs-target-asian-money-at-hong-kong-investor-forum|title=Pot Entrepreneurs Target Investors in Hong Kong, Where It's Illegal|last1=Hu|first1=Fox|last2=Owram|first2=Kristine | name-list-format = vanc |date=October 30, 2018|work = Bloomberg |access-date=2019-03-15}}</ref>
The first cannabis investment symposium in Hong Kong was held in November 2018 targeting new cannabis investment opportunities for Hong Kong investors in an emerging new industry with the support of the [[HKSAR government]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegrowthop.com/cannabis-news/cannatech-hong-kongs-first-ever-cannabis-investor-symposium|title=CannaTech: Hong Kong's first ever cannabis investor symposium|date=2018-09-20|website=The GrowthOp|language=en-CA|access-date=2019-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-30/pot-entrepreneurs-target-asian-money-at-hong-kong-investor-forum|title=Pot Entrepreneurs Target Investors in Hong Kong, Where It's Illegal|last1=Hu|first1=Fox|last2=Owram|first2=Kristine | name-list-style = vanc |date=October 30, 2018|work = Bloomberg |access-date=2019-03-15}}</ref>


There have also been reports of [[Synthetic cannabinoids|synthetic cannabinoid]] usage in Hong Kong, which was not common before 2010.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tung CK, Chiang TP, Lam M | title = Acute mental disturbance caused by synthetic cannabinoid: a potential emerging substance of abuse in Hong Kong | journal = East Asian Archives of Psychiatry | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = 31–3 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22447803 }}</ref>
There have also been reports of [[Synthetic cannabinoids|synthetic cannabinoid]] usage in Hong Kong, which was not common before 2010.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tung CK, Chiang TP, Lam M | title = Acute mental disturbance caused by synthetic cannabinoid: a potential emerging substance of abuse in Hong Kong | journal = East Asian Archives of Psychiatry | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = 31–3 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22447803 }}</ref>
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[[Category:Cannabis in China|Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Cannabis in China|Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Hong Kong society]]
[[Category:Society of Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Politics of Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Politics of Hong Kong]]

Latest revision as of 06:11, 16 July 2024

Cannabis in Hong Kong
Location of Hong Kong (red)
MedicinalIllegal
RecreationalIllegal

Cannabis is illegal in Hong Kong. The possession, sale, transportation, and cultivation of cannabis is prohibited under the Dangerous Drug Ordinance[1] (Chapter 134 of the Law of Hong Kong), which was put into effect at January 17, 1969, during the British colonial period.[2]

Legality

[edit]

Cannabis is listed as a Schedule 1 drug prohibited by the Dangerous Drug Ordinance, alongside others like heroin, opium, cocaine, and methamphetamine. The offenses and the maximum penalties associated with each offense are listed below:

Offenses Under the Dangerous Drug Ordinance[3]
Section Offense Maximum penalty (on indictment) Maximum penalty (summarily)
4 Trafficking, or offering to traffic, in a dangerous drug Life, and HK$5 million fine 3 years and HK $500,000 fine
6 Manufacturing a dangerous drug Life, and HK$500,000 fine Not applicable
5 Possession or use of a dangerous drug 7 years and HK$1 million fine 3 years and HK$100,000 fine
[edit]

"Trafficking" is defined in the Dangerous Drug Ordinance as:

"...importing into Hong Kong, exporting from Hong Kong, procuring, supplying or otherwise dealing in or with the dangerous drug, or possessing the dangerous drug for the purpose of trafficking..."[4]

To set the length for each particular sentence, judges may look to previous cases where sentence minimums—known as tariffs—were applied, and use them as guidelines. The principal tariffs for distributing cannabis resin were suggested in Attorney-General v Chan Chi-man ([1987] HKLR 221),[5] where it was noted that sentences should be scaled down appropriately based on the type of cannabis product being trafficked (i.e. the penalties are reduced if the product contains smaller amounts of tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC):

Tariffs for Cannabis Resin Trafficking[3][5]
Quantity (g) Sentence Range
less than 2000 up to 16 months
over 2000 16–24 months
over 3000 24–36 months
over 6000 36–48 months
over 9000 over 4 years

Other details in the case are also used to make judgments. In HKSAR v Chor Lui ([2001] 3 HKLRD 95), where the accused pleaded guilty to distributing 0.24g of herbal cannabis in a discotheque, the Court of First Instance scaled back the sentence to two months due to the amount of cannabis distributed, its lack of potency compared to cannabis resin, and in exchange for a "guilty" plea.[6] However, the Magistrate dismissed the ability to appeal the sentence, under grounds of location and social context—the accused was selling cannabis in a place "where impressionable young people congregated, and was preying on their credibility".[7]

While the court tends to reduce the initial sentence based on cannabis potency and amount, it acknowledges that any role in the trafficking of a Schedule 1 drug should be taken seriously.[3] For example, in R v Chan Shu Tong ([1996] 4 HKC 515), the accused admitted to storing 790 kg of cannabis being trafficked in a rented flat, under orders from his employer. From a starting point of 30 years, the judge settled on a sentence of 18 years for the accused. During the appeal process, the Court of Appeal upheld the original decision, stating that while the accused did not benefit from the trafficking operation, their participation in storing the cannabis was still significant.[8]

Legality of Cannabinoids

[edit]

Schedule 1 lists THC illegal. CBD is also illegal in Hong Kong. [9] [10]

Usage and attitudes

[edit]

While using and growing cannabis remains illegal, there have been reports of greater cannabis arrests and seizures over the years. In 2016, cannabis seizures by Hong Kong police increased by over 95% to 255 kg, up from 130 kg in 2015.[2] According to the Narcotics Division of the Security Bureau, in 2016, cannabis was reported to be used by 5% of all psychotropic substance abusers in Hong Kong.[11]

The first cannabis investment symposium in Hong Kong was held in November 2018 targeting new cannabis investment opportunities for Hong Kong investors in an emerging new industry with the support of the HKSAR government.[12][13]

There have also been reports of synthetic cannabinoid usage in Hong Kong, which was not common before 2010.[14]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Information on the official web site of the Hong Kong Police Force, Police.gov.hk, retrieved 2011-12-14
  2. ^ a b "What's the deal with cannabis in Hong Kong?". South China Morning Post. 2017-07-01. Retrieved 2019-03-15.
  3. ^ a b c Lo, Stefan H.C.; Dobinson, Ian; Chui, Wing Hong (2004). "Sentencing for Drug Offences in Hong Kong: An Overview". Hong Kong Law Journal. 34: 13–45.
  4. ^ "Hong Kong e-Legislation: Cap. 134 Dangerous Drugs Ordinance". www.elegislation.gov.hk. Archived from the original on 2017-03-14. Retrieved 2019-03-19.
  5. ^ a b "R. v. TUEN SHUI MING AND ANOTHER [1995] HKCA 36; [1995] 2 HKC 798; CAAR 12/1994 (9 June 1995)". www.hklii.org. Retrieved 2019-03-19.
  6. ^ "HKSAR v. CHOR LUI [2001] HKCFI 730; [2001] 3 HKLRD 95; HCMA 535/2001 (3 August 2001)". www.hklii.hk. Retrieved 2019-03-19.
  7. ^ Yearly Review of the Prosecutions Division 2001 (Report). Department of Justice. 2001. p. 38.
  8. ^ "CHAN SHU TONG v. R. [1996] HKCA 86; [1996] 4 HKC 515; CACC 119/1996 (28 August 1996)". www.hklii.hk. Retrieved 2019-03-19.
  9. ^ "Hong Kong criminalizes CBD, ranking it alongside heroin and cocaine". CBS News.
  10. ^ "Government of Hong Kong Press Releases: LCQ5: Regulation of products containing cannabis".
  11. ^ Tam CH, Kwok SI, Lo TW, Lam SH, Lee GK (2018-09-25). "Hidden Drug Abuse in Hong Kong: From Social Acquaintance to Social Isolation". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 9: 457. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00457. PMC 6167475. PMID 30319464.
  12. ^ "CannaTech: Hong Kong's first ever cannabis investor symposium". The GrowthOp. 2018-09-20. Retrieved 2019-03-15.
  13. ^ Hu F, Owram K (October 30, 2018). "Pot Entrepreneurs Target Investors in Hong Kong, Where It's Illegal". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2019-03-15.
  14. ^ Tung CK, Chiang TP, Lam M (March 2012). "Acute mental disturbance caused by synthetic cannabinoid: a potential emerging substance of abuse in Hong Kong". East Asian Archives of Psychiatry. 22 (1): 31–3. PMID 22447803.
[edit]
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