Jump to content

Middle Malayalam: Difference between revisions

Edit links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
Tags: Visual edit Mobile edit Mobile web edit
Reverted 1 edit by Arctic Circle System (talk): Still mechanically cloning Glottolog? Just stop it.
 
(7 intermediate revisions by 7 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Period of the Malayalam language}}
{{Short description|Period of the Malayalam language}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name= Middle Malayalam
|name= Middle Malayalam
|nativename= മധ്യകാലമലയാളം
|nativename= മധ്യകാലമലയാളം
|pronunciation= Madhyakālamalayāḷam
|pronunciation= Madhyakālamalayāḷam
|region= [[Kerala]]
|region= [[Kerala]]
Line 21: Line 21:
The works including ''[[Unniyachi Charitham]]'', ''[[Unnichiruthevi Charitham]]'', and ''Unniyadi Charitham'', are written in Middle Malayalam, those date back to 13th and 14th centuries of [[Common Era]].<ref name="mlm">{{cite book |title=A Short History of Malayalam Literature |author=Dr. K. Ayyappa Panicker |url=https://archive.org/details/ASHORTHISTORYOFMALAYALAMLITERATURE |year=2006 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Department of Information and Public Relations, Kerala}}</ref><ref name="Malabar">{{cite book |last1=Sreedhara Menon |first1=A. |title=''Kerala Charitram'' |year=2007 |publisher=DC Books |location=Kottayam |isbn=978-8126415885 |edition=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAlXPgAACAAJ&q=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3+%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82}}</ref> The ''Sandesha Kavya''s of 14th century CE written in [[Manipravalam]] language include ''[[Unnuneeli Sandesam]]''.<ref name="mlm"/><ref name="Malabar"/> The word ''Manipravalam'' literally means ''Diamond-Coral'' or ''Ruby-Coral''. The 14th-century ''[[Lilatilakam]]'' text states Manipravalam to be a ''Bhashya'' (language) where "Malayalam and Sanskrit should combine together like ruby and coral, without the least trace of any discord".<ref name="PollockPollock2003">{{cite book|author1=Sheldon Pollock|author2=Arvind Raghunathan|title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC |date=19 May 2003|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-22821-4|pages=449, 455–472}}</ref><ref>Ke Rāmacandr̲an Nāyar (1971). ''Early Manipravalam: a study.'' Anjali. Foreign Language Study. pp. 78</ref> ''Kannassa Ramayanam'' and ''Kannassa Bharatam'' by '''Rama Panikkar''' of the [[Niranam poets]] who lived between 1350 and 1450 are representative of this language.<ref name="ptn">{{Citation|last=Kerala (India)|first=Dept. of Public Relations|title=District Handbooks of Kerala: Pathanamthitta (Volume 7 of District Handbooks of Kerala, Kerala (India). Dept. of Public Relations|year=2003}}</ref> The ''[[Champu]] Kavyas'' written by Punam Nambudiri, one among the ''Pathinettara Kavikal'' (Eighteen and a half poets) in the court of the [[Zamorin of Calicut]], also belong to Middle Malayalam.<ref name="Malabar"/><ref name="mlm"/>
The works including ''[[Unniyachi Charitham]]'', ''[[Unnichiruthevi Charitham]]'', and ''Unniyadi Charitham'', are written in Middle Malayalam, those date back to 13th and 14th centuries of [[Common Era]].<ref name="mlm">{{cite book |title=A Short History of Malayalam Literature |author=Dr. K. Ayyappa Panicker |url=https://archive.org/details/ASHORTHISTORYOFMALAYALAMLITERATURE |year=2006 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Department of Information and Public Relations, Kerala}}</ref><ref name="Malabar">{{cite book |last1=Sreedhara Menon |first1=A. |title=''Kerala Charitram'' |year=2007 |publisher=DC Books |location=Kottayam |isbn=978-8126415885 |edition=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAlXPgAACAAJ&q=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3+%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82}}</ref> The ''Sandesha Kavya''s of 14th century CE written in [[Manipravalam]] language include ''[[Unnuneeli Sandesam]]''.<ref name="mlm"/><ref name="Malabar"/> The word ''Manipravalam'' literally means ''Diamond-Coral'' or ''Ruby-Coral''. The 14th-century ''[[Lilatilakam]]'' text states Manipravalam to be a ''Bhashya'' (language) where "Malayalam and Sanskrit should combine together like ruby and coral, without the least trace of any discord".<ref name="PollockPollock2003">{{cite book|author1=Sheldon Pollock|author2=Arvind Raghunathan|title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC |date=19 May 2003|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-22821-4|pages=449, 455–472}}</ref><ref>Ke Rāmacandr̲an Nāyar (1971). ''Early Manipravalam: a study.'' Anjali. Foreign Language Study. pp. 78</ref> ''Kannassa Ramayanam'' and ''Kannassa Bharatam'' by '''Rama Panikkar''' of the [[Niranam poets]] who lived between 1350 and 1450 are representative of this language.<ref name="ptn">{{Citation|last=Kerala (India)|first=Dept. of Public Relations|title=District Handbooks of Kerala: Pathanamthitta (Volume 7 of District Handbooks of Kerala, Kerala (India). Dept. of Public Relations|year=2003}}</ref> The ''[[Champu]] Kavyas'' written by Punam Nambudiri, one among the ''Pathinettara Kavikal'' (Eighteen and a half poets) in the court of the [[Zamorin of Calicut]], also belong to Middle Malayalam.<ref name="Malabar"/><ref name="mlm"/>


The [[Old Malayalam]] language (9th century CE – 13th century CE) was employed in several official records and transactions (at the level of the [[Chera/Perumals of Makotai|Chera Perumal]] kings as well as the [[Caste|upper-caste]] ([[Nambudiri]]) villages).<ref name=":830">{{Cite book|last=Narayanan|first=M. G. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=Perumals+of+Kerala|title=Perumals of Kerala|publisher=CosmoBooks|year=2013|isbn=9788188765072|location=Thrissur|pages=380–82}}</ref> It was an inscriptional language and there was not any literary work of its own, with possible exceptions of ''[[Ramacharitam]]'' and ''[[Thirunizhalmala]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ayyar|first=L. V. Ramaswami|url=https://archive.org/stream/TheEvolutionOfMalayalamMorphology/The-Evolution-of-Malayalam-Morphology|title=The Evolution of Malayalam Morphology|publisher=Rama Varma Research Institute|year=1936|isbn=|edition=1st|location=Trichur|pages=3}}</ref> However the [[Malayalam literature]] completely got diverged from the contemporary [[Tamil literature]] by the period of Middle Malayalam.<ref name="ptn"/> The Middle Malayalam period marked the commencement of the unique traits of [[Malayalam literature]].<ref name="mlm"/><ref name="Malabar"/> The literary works written in Middle Malayalam were heavily influenced by [[Sanskrit]] and [[Prakrit]], while comparing them with the modern [[Malayalam literature]].<ref name="mlm"/><ref name="Malabar"/>
The [[Old Malayalam]] language (9th century CE – 13th century CE) was employed in several official records and transactions (at the level of the [[Chera/Perumals of Makotai|Chera Perumal]] kings as well as the [[Caste|upper-caste]] ([[Nambudiri]]) villages).<ref name=":830">{{Cite book|last=Narayanan|first=M. G. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=Perumals+of+Kerala|title=Perumals of Kerala|publisher=CosmoBooks|year=2013|isbn=9788188765072|location=Thrissur|pages=380–82}}</ref> It was an inscriptional language and there was not any literary work of its own, with possible exceptions of ''[[Ramacharitam]]'' and ''[[Thirunizhalmala]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ayyar|first=L. V. Ramaswami|url=https://archive.org/stream/TheEvolutionOfMalayalamMorphology/The-Evolution-of-Malayalam-Morphology|title=The Evolution of Malayalam Morphology|publisher=Rama Varma Research Institute|year=1936|isbn=|edition=1st|location=Trichur|pages=3}}</ref> However the [[Malayalam literature]] completely diverged from the contemporary [[Tamil literature]] by the period of Middle Malayalam.<ref name="ptn"/> The Middle Malayalam period marked the commencement of the unique traits of [[Malayalam literature]].<ref name="mlm"/><ref name="Malabar"/> The literary works written in Middle Malayalam were heavily influenced by [[Sanskrit]] and [[Prakrit]], while comparing them with the modern [[Malayalam literature]].<ref name="mlm"/><ref name="Malabar"/>


==Notes==
==Notes==
Line 29: Line 29:
* {{cite book |title=A Short History of Malayalam Literature |author=Dr. K. Ayyappa Panicker |url=https://archive.org/details/ASHORTHISTORYOFMALAYALAMLITERATURE |year=2006 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Department of Information and Public Relations, Kerala}}
* {{cite book |title=A Short History of Malayalam Literature |author=Dr. K. Ayyappa Panicker |url=https://archive.org/details/ASHORTHISTORYOFMALAYALAMLITERATURE |year=2006 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Department of Information and Public Relations, Kerala}}
* {{cite book|author=Menon, A. Sreedhara |title=A Survey of Kerala History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C|year=2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=9788126415786}}
* {{cite book|author=Menon, A. Sreedhara |title=A Survey of Kerala History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C|year=2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=9788126415786}}
* {{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019 (Malayalam Edition)|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode}}
* {{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode |edition=Malayalam }}
{{Malayalam Literature|state=collapsed}}
{{Malayalam Literature|state=collapsed}}
{{Languages of India}}
{{Languages of India}}

Latest revision as of 06:21, 21 July 2024

Middle Malayalam
മധ്യകാലമലയാളം
PronunciationMadhyakālamalayāḷam
RegionKerala
EraDeveloped into Modern Malayalam by the 15th century
Early form
Vatteluttu, then Kolezhuthu, Malayanma, Grantha
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
GlottologNone

Middle Malayalam is the period of the Malayalam language spanning from 13th century to 15th century AD.[1][2]

The works including Unniyachi Charitham, Unnichiruthevi Charitham, and Unniyadi Charitham, are written in Middle Malayalam, those date back to 13th and 14th centuries of Common Era.[3][4] The Sandesha Kavyas of 14th century CE written in Manipravalam language include Unnuneeli Sandesam.[3][4] The word Manipravalam literally means Diamond-Coral or Ruby-Coral. The 14th-century Lilatilakam text states Manipravalam to be a Bhashya (language) where "Malayalam and Sanskrit should combine together like ruby and coral, without the least trace of any discord".[5][6] Kannassa Ramayanam and Kannassa Bharatam by Rama Panikkar of the Niranam poets who lived between 1350 and 1450 are representative of this language.[7] The Champu Kavyas written by Punam Nambudiri, one among the Pathinettara Kavikal (Eighteen and a half poets) in the court of the Zamorin of Calicut, also belong to Middle Malayalam.[4][3]

The Old Malayalam language (9th century CE – 13th century CE) was employed in several official records and transactions (at the level of the Chera Perumal kings as well as the upper-caste (Nambudiri) villages).[8] It was an inscriptional language and there was not any literary work of its own, with possible exceptions of Ramacharitam and Thirunizhalmala.[9] However the Malayalam literature completely diverged from the contemporary Tamil literature by the period of Middle Malayalam.[7] The Middle Malayalam period marked the commencement of the unique traits of Malayalam literature.[3][4] The literary works written in Middle Malayalam were heavily influenced by Sanskrit and Prakrit, while comparing them with the modern Malayalam literature.[3][4]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Menon, T. K. Krishna (1939). A Primer of Malayalam Literature. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 9788120606036 – via Google Books.
  2. ^ Lal, Mohan (June 6, 1992). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 9788126012213 – via Google Books.
  3. ^ a b c d e Dr. K. Ayyappa Panicker (2006). A Short History of Malayalam Literature. Thiruvananthapuram: Department of Information and Public Relations, Kerala.
  4. ^ a b c d e Sreedhara Menon, A. (2007). Kerala Charitram (2007 ed.). Kottayam: DC Books. ISBN 978-8126415885.
  5. ^ Sheldon Pollock; Arvind Raghunathan (19 May 2003). Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia. University of California Press. pp. 449, 455–472. ISBN 978-0-520-22821-4.
  6. ^ Ke Rāmacandr̲an Nāyar (1971). Early Manipravalam: a study. Anjali. Foreign Language Study. pp. 78
  7. ^ a b Kerala (India), Dept. of Public Relations (2003), District Handbooks of Kerala: Pathanamthitta (Volume 7 of District Handbooks of Kerala, Kerala (India). Dept. of Public Relations
  8. ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. (2013). Perumals of Kerala. Thrissur: CosmoBooks. pp. 380–82. ISBN 9788188765072.
  9. ^ Ayyar, L. V. Ramaswami (1936). The Evolution of Malayalam Morphology (1st ed.). Trichur: Rama Varma Research Institute. p. 3.

Further reading

[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Middle_Malayalam&oldid=1235787385"