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{{Short description|Species of sea cucumber}}
{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
| name = Giant California sea cucumber
| image = Parastichopus californicus.jpg
| image = Parastichopus californicus.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| status_ref =<ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn|author=Mercier, A.|author2= Hamel, J.-F.|author3= Toral-Granda, T.-G.|author4= Alvarado, J.J.|author5= Paola Ortiz, E. |author6= Benavides, M. |name-list-style=amp |year= 2013 |title= ''Parastichopus californicus'' |page= e.T180436A1630411 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T180436A1630411.en |access-date=23 December 2023}}</ref>
| phylum = [[Echinodermata]]
| status2 = G5
| classis = [[Holothuroidea]]
| status2_system = TNC
| ordo = [[Aspidochirotida]]
| status2_ref = <ref name="NatureServe">{{cite web|title=Apostichopus californicus|url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.948969/Apostichopus_californicus|website=[[NatureServe]] Explorer|access-date=17 April 2024}}</ref>
⚫
| familia = [[Stichopodidae]]
| genus = ''[[Parastichopus]]''
| genus = Apostichopus
| species = '''''P. californicus'''''
| species = californicus
| authority = ([[William Stimpson|Stimpson]], 1857)
⚫
| binomial = ''Parastichopus californicus''
| synonyms =
| binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[Systema Naturae|1758]])
*''Holothuria californica'' <small>Stimpson, 1857</small>
| synonyms = ''Apostichopus californicus''
*''Parastichopus californicus'' <small>(Stimpson, 1857)</small>
*''Stichopus californicus'' <small>(Stimpson, 1857)</small>
}}
}}


The '''giant California sea cucumber''' (''Parastichopus californicus'') is a [[Holothuroidea|sea cucumber]] that can be found from the [[Gulf of Alaska]] to [[Southern California]]. It is found from the low [[intertidal zone]] to a depth of 250&nbsp;m. They are most abundant in areas with moderate current with cobbles, boulders or bedrock.
The '''California sea cucumber''' (''Apostichopus californicus''),<ref>{{cite WoRMS |author=G. Paulay |year=2010 |title=Apostichopus californicus (Stimpson, 1857) |id=529363 |accessdate=September 29, 2017}}</ref> also known as the '''giant California sea cucumber''', is a [[Holothuroidea|sea cucumber]] that can be found from the [[Gulf of Alaska]] to [[Baja California]]. It is found from the low [[intertidal zone]] to a depth of {{cvt|250|m|ft}}. They are most abundant in areas with moderate current with cobbles, boulders or bedrock. They are [[Artisanal fishing|artisanally fished]].


== Physical description ==
== Description ==


The giant California sea cucumber can grow to a length of 50&nbsp;cm and a width of 5&nbsp;cm. It has a soft, cylindrical body, with red-brown to yellowish leathery skin. It has an [[endoskeleton]] just below the skin. The mouth and anus are on opposite ends of the body. The mouth is surrounded by twenty retractable [[tentacle]]s that are used to bring food in. Five rows of [[tube feet]] extend from the mouth to the anus. Mobility is limited, though individuals can move up to 4&nbsp;m per day while feeding. They use their tube feet located on the underside of their body.
The California sea cucumber can grow to a length of {{convert|50|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} and a width of {{cvt|5|cm|in|0}}. It has a soft, cylindrical body, with red-brown to yellowish leathery skin. It has an [[endoskeleton]] just below the skin. The mouth and anus are on opposite ends of the body. The mouth is surrounded by twenty retractable [[tentacle]]s that are used to bring food in. Five rows of [[tube feet]] extend from the mouth to the anus. They use their tube feet located on the underside of their body to attach themselves to rocks.


== Feeding habits ==
== Feeding ==
[[Image:Parastichopus californicus 1 (pfly).jpg|thumb|''Parastichopus californicus'' at ebb/low tide, [[Saratoga Passage]]]]
[[Image:Parastichopus californicus 1 (pfly).jpg|thumb|''A. californicus'' at ebb/low tide, [[Saratoga Passage]]]]
The giant California sea cucumber is a scavenger that feeds on [[plankton]] and other organic matter. They feed by sifting through sediments with their tentacles, or by positioning themselves in a current where they can use their tentacles to catch food flowing by.
The California sea cucumber is a scavenger that feeds on organic matter. They feed by sifting through sediments with their tentacles, or by positioning themselves in a current where they can use their tentacles to catch food flowing by. They can live 10 years old.


== Behavior and reproduction ==
== Behavior and reproduction ==


''P. californianus'' is a solitary nocturnal animal. It has the ability to regenerate all parts of its body. When threatened, it can expel all its stomach contents through its anus until its next feed. It can also expel sticky filaments to ensnare or confuse predators. It undertakes seasonal migrations to different depths.
''A. californicus'' is a solitary nocturnal animal. When threatened, it can [[Evisceration (autotomy)|eviscerate]], expelling its organs through its anus. It can also expel sticky filaments to ensnare or confuse predators.


These sea cucumbers have separate sexes, and [[Egg (biology)|egg]]s are [[external fertilization|fertilized externally]]. Spawning usually takes place in August, and each female can produce thousands of eggs. After fertilization, a larva is formed which metamorphoses into a sea cucumber after a few weeks.
These sea cucumbers have separate sexes, and [[Egg (biology)|egg]]s are [[external fertilization|fertilized externally]]. Spawning usually takes place in August, and each female can produce thousands of eggs. After fertilization, a larva is formed which metamorphoses into a sea cucumber after a few weeks.


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
*Benton, William, et al. Britannica Macropaedia. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc, 1976.
*Benton, William, et al. Britannica Macropaedia. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc, 1976.
*Stichpus californicus. NWMarineLife.com, Olympia, Washington. [http://www.nwmarinelife.com/htmlswimmers/s_californicus.html]
*''Stichopus californicus''. NWMarineLife.com, Olympia, Washington. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927004013/http://www.nwmarinelife.com/htmlswimmers/s_californicus.html]


==External links==
{{commons|Parastichopus californicus}}
⚫
{{Commons|Parastichopus californicus}}
* {{SealifePhotos|529363}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q27157894|from2=Q2491427}}
[[Category:Aspidochirotida]]

⚫
[[Category:Animals described in 1758]]
⚫
[[Category:Stichopodidae]]
⚫
[[Category:Animals described in 1857]]
[[Category:Taxa named by William Stimpson]]
[[Category:Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN]] <!-- Apostichopus californicus -->

Revision as of 17:58, 27 July 2024

California sea cucumber

Secure  (NatureServe)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Echinodermata
Class: Holothuroidea
Order: Synallactida
Family: Stichopodidae
Genus: Apostichopus
Species:
A. californicus
Binomial name
Apostichopus californicus
(Stimpson, 1857)
Synonyms
  • Holothuria californica Stimpson, 1857
  • Parastichopus californicus (Stimpson, 1857)
  • Stichopus californicus (Stimpson, 1857)

The California sea cucumber (Apostichopus californicus),[3] also known as the giant California sea cucumber, is a sea cucumber that can be found from the Gulf of Alaska to Baja California. It is found from the low intertidal zone to a depth of 250 m (820 ft). They are most abundant in areas with moderate current with cobbles, boulders or bedrock. They are artisanally fished.

Description

The California sea cucumber can grow to a length of 50 cm (1 ft 8 in) and a width of 5 cm (2 in). It has a soft, cylindrical body, with red-brown to yellowish leathery skin. It has an endoskeleton just below the skin. The mouth and anus are on opposite ends of the body. The mouth is surrounded by twenty retractable tentacles that are used to bring food in. Five rows of tube feet extend from the mouth to the anus. They use their tube feet located on the underside of their body to attach themselves to rocks.

Feeding

A. californicus at ebb/low tide, Saratoga Passage

The California sea cucumber is a scavenger that feeds on organic matter. They feed by sifting through sediments with their tentacles, or by positioning themselves in a current where they can use their tentacles to catch food flowing by. They can live 10 years old.

Behavior and reproduction

A. californicus is a solitary nocturnal animal. When threatened, it can eviscerate, expelling its organs through its anus. It can also expel sticky filaments to ensnare or confuse predators.

These sea cucumbers have separate sexes, and eggs are fertilized externally. Spawning usually takes place in August, and each female can produce thousands of eggs. After fertilization, a larva is formed which metamorphoses into a sea cucumber after a few weeks.

References

  1. ^ Mercier, A.; Hamel, J.-F.; Toral-Granda, T.-G.; Alvarado, J.J.; Paola Ortiz, E. & Benavides, M. (2013). "Parastichopus californicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T180436A1630411. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T180436A1630411.en. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  2. ^ "Apostichopus californicus". NatureServe Explorer. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  3. ^ G. Paulay (2010). "Apostichopus californicus (Stimpson, 1857)". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
  • Benton, William, et al. Britannica Macropaedia. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc, 1976.
  • Stichopus californicus. NWMarineLife.com, Olympia, Washington. [1]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Parastichopus californicus.
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