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{{short description|Greek Voivode of Wallachia and Moldavia}}
[[Image:Alexandru Ipsilanti.jpg|thumb|220px|Alexander Ypsilantis]]
{{Infobox royalty
⚫
'''Alexander Ypsilantis''' ({{lang-el|Αλέξανδρος Υψηλάντης}} - ''Alexandros Ypsilantis'', {{lang-ro|Alexandru Ipsilanti}}; 1725–1805) was a [[Greeks|Greek]] [[Voivode]] ([[List of Wallachian rulers|Prince]]) of [[Wallachia]] from 1775 to 1782, and again from 1796 to 1797, and also Voivode ([[List of Moldavian rulers|Prince]]) of [[Moldavia]] from 1786 to 1788. He bears the same name as, but should not be confused with, [[Alexander Ypsilanti (1792-1828)|his grandson]], the [[Greek War of Independence]] hero of the early 19th century. The Ypsilantis were a prominent family of [[Phanariotes]].
|title =
| name =Alexander Ypsilantis
| image =Alexandru Ipsilanti.jpg
| caption =
| succession =[[List of rulers of Wallachia|Prince of Wallachia]]<br />''(1st reign)''
| reign1 =15 September 1774 – February 1782
| predecessor1 =[[Emanuel Giani Ruset]]
| successor1 =[[Nicholas Caradja]]
| succession2 =[[List of rulers of Moldavia|Prince of Moldavia]]
| reign2 =December 1786 – 19 April 1788
| predecessor2 =[[Alexandru Mavrocordat]]
| successor2 =[[Emanuel Giani Ruset]]
| succession3 =[[List of rulers of Wallachia|Prince of Wallachia]]<br />''(2nd reign)''
| reign3 =August 1796 – December 1797
| predecessor3 =[[Alexander Mourouzis]]
| successor3 =[[Constantine Hangerli]]
| spouse =
| issue =[[Constantine Ypsilantis]]
| house =[[Ypsilantis family|Ypsilantis]]
| house-type =
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date =1726
| birth_place =[[Constantinople]], [[Ottoman Empire]]<br />(modern-day [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]])
| death_date =13 January 1807
| death_place =[[Constantinople]], [[Ottoman Empire]]<br />(modern-day [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]])
| religion =[[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]
⚫
|}}

⚫
'''Alexander Ypsilantis''' ({{lang-el|Αλέξανδρος Υψηλάντης}} ''Alexandros Ypsilantis'', {{lang-ro|Alexandru Ipsilanti}}; 1726 – 13 January 1807) was a [[Greeks|Greek]] [[Voivode]] ([[List of Wallachian rulers|Prince]]) of [[Wallachia]] from 1774 to 1782, and again from 1796 to 1797, and also Voivode of [[Moldavia]] from 1786 to 1788. He bears the same name as, but should not be confused with, [[Alexander Ypsilanti (1792-1828)|his grandson]], the [[Greek War of Independence]] hero of the early 19th century. The Ypsilantis were a prominent family of [[Phanariotes]].


==Reign==
==Reign==
⚫
In 1774, as a diplomat in service to the [[Sublime Porte|Porte]], Ypsilanti took part in the signing of the [[Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji]] with [[Russian Empire|Russia]]; a year later, he was rewarded for this and other services by being appointed [[Dragoman of the Porte]]. Still in 1775, he was awarded the throne of Wallachia. This could only happen as the Russian troops were ending their occupation of [[Bucharest]], begun in 1771. The throne had been vacant throughout this period, a hiatus provoked by [[Emanuel Giani Ruset]]'s agreement with [[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine II]] at the start of the [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)|war]].


⚫
As principal acts of his reign in Wallachia, Ypsilanti enforced a series of reforms. Several laws are grouped in the ''[[Pravilniceasca condică]]'', called "Syntagmation nomikon" in its [[Greek language|Greek]] version (roughly: "The [[Legal code|Code]] of [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] [[Custom (law)|customary laws]]"). Issued in 1780, the Code sought to amend fiscal, administrative, judicial and political flaws. During his judicial reform, Ipsilanti created civil courts in each Wallachian county.<ref>Djuvara, p. 69</ref> What was in fact a radical redefinition of legal boundaries had to make occasional reference to Byzantine norms (the traditional laws in the two Principalities), due to resistance from [[Conservatism|conservative]] [[boyars]] in the Assembly (the [[Sfatul boieresc|Sfat]]). Most notably, the new laws tried to impose [[Salary|salaries]] for public offices, a measure intended to reduce fiscal burdens on the taxed social categories (that had been supposed to provide revenues for the fiscal agents, usually boyars, in an economy in which land ownership had become less of an asset than holding office) and ensure a more professional administrative structure.
⚫
In 1774, as a diplomat in service to the [[Ottoman Porte|Porte]], Ypsilanti took part in the signing of the [[Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji|Kuchuk-Kainarji]] peace treaty with [[Russian history, 1682-1796|Russia]]; a year later, he was rewarded for this and other services by being appointed [[dragoman]]. Still in 1775, he was awarded the throne of Wallachia. This could only happen as the Russian troops were ending their occupation of [[Bucharest]], begun in 1771. The throne had been vacant throughout this period, a hiatus provoked by [[Emanuel Giani Ruset]]'s agreement with [[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine II]] at the start of the [[Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774|war]].


[[File:Stamp of Moldova md631.jpg|thumb|Alexander Ypsilantis on a stamp of [[Moldova]]]]
⚫
As principal acts of his reign in Wallachia, Ypsilanti enforced a series of reforms. Several laws are grouped in the ''[[Pravilniceasca condică]]'', called "Syntagmation nomikon" in its [[Greek language|Greek]] version (roughly: "The [[Legal code|Code]] of [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] [[Custom (law)|customary laws]]"). Issued in 1780, the Code sought to amend fiscal, administrative, judicial and political flaws. During his judicial reform, Ipsilanti created [[civil court]]s in each Wallachian county.<ref>Djuvara, pp.69</ref> What was in fact a radical redefinition of legal boundaries had to make occasional reference to Byzantine norms (the traditional laws in the two Principalities), due to resistance from [[Conservatism|conservative]] [[boyars]] in the Assembly (the [[Sfatul boieresc|Sfat]]). Most notably, the new laws tried to impose [[Salary|salaries]] for public offices, a measure intended to reduce fiscal burdens on the taxed social categories (that had been supposed to provide revenues for the fiscal agents, usually boyars, in an economy in which land ownership had become less of an asset than holding office) and ensure a more professional administrative structure.
⚫
Ypsilanti's reigns coincide with a critical moment in [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] history. In August 1787, Russia resumed hostilities (see [[Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)]]), and the [[Ottoman Porte|Porte]] faced a large-scale invasion of its [[Danubian Principalities|Danubian territories]] as the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Empire]] joined the fighting (9 February 1788). A secondary effect of this event was the granting of military command over Turkish troops in the region to Ypsilanti: the gesture is also significant as a temporary re-shaping of status in the relations between Prince and [[Ottoman dynasty|Sultan]] for the context of Phanariote rule.

⚫
Ypsilanti's reigns coincide with a critical moment in [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] history. In August 1787, Russia resumed hostilities (see [[Russo-Turkish War, 1787-1792]]), and the [[Ottoman Porte|Porte]] faced a large-scale invasion of its [[Danubian Principalities|Danubian territories]] as the [[Habsburg Empire]] joined the fighting (9 February 1788). A secondary effect of this event was the granting of military command over Turkish troops in the region to Ypsilanti: the gesture is also significant as a temporary re-shaping of status in the relations between Prince and [[Ottoman Dynasty|Sultan]] for the context of Phanariote rule.


Sources suggest that Ypsilanti was considering an alliance with Austria, and had been negotiating with emissaries of Emperor [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]]. However, as the Austrians occupied [[Iaşi]] in April, all contacts ceased and the Prince was kept in custody in [[Brno]] up to the signing of the peace treaty at [[Svishtov|Sistowa]] (autumn of 1791).
Sources suggest that Ypsilanti was considering an alliance with Austria, and had been negotiating with emissaries of Emperor [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]]. However, as the Austrians occupied [[Iaşi]] in April, all contacts ceased and the Prince was kept in custody in [[Brno]] up to the signing of the peace treaty at [[Svishtov|Sistowa]] (autumn of 1791).


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Constantine Ypsilantis]] – son

[[Constantine Ypsilantis]] - son<br>
* [[Alexander Ypsilantis]] – grandson
[[Alexander Ypsilantis (1792-1828)]] - grandson<br>
* [[Demetrios Ypsilantis]] – grandson
[[Demetrios Ypsilantis]] - grandson<br>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


===Bibliography===
===Sources===
*{{ro icon}} Vlad Georgescu, ''Istoria ideilor politice româneşti (1369-1878)'', Munich, 1987
*{{in lang|ro}} [[Vlad Georgescu]], ''Istoria ideilor politice românești (1369–1878)'', Munich, 1987
*{{ro icon}} Mustafa A. Mehmet, ''Documente turceşti privind istoria României'', vol. III, Bucharest, 1983
*{{in lang|ro}} Mustafa A. Mehmet, ''Documente turcești privind istoria României'', vol. III, Bucharest, 1983
*{{ro icon}} [[Neagu Djuvara]], ''Între Orient şi Occident - Ţările Române la începutul epocii moderne'', [[Editura Humanitas]], Bucharest, 2007
*{{in lang|ro}} [[Neagu Djuvara]], ''Între Orient și Occident – Țările Române la începutul epocii moderne'', [[Humanitas (publishing house)|Editura Humanitas]], Bucharest, 2007


{{start box}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Scarlat Caradja]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Grand Dragoman of the Porte|years=1774}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Constantine Mourousis]]}}
{{succession box|
{{succession box|
before=[[Emanuel Giani Ruset]]|
before=[[Emanuel Giani Ruset]]|
title=[[List of Wallachian rulers|Prince of Wallachia]]|
title=[[List of Wallachian rulers|Prince of Wallachia]]|
years=1774 -1782|
years=1774–1782|
after=[[Nicolae Caradja]]
after=[[Nicolae Caradja]]
}}
}}
Line 36: Line 68:
before=[[Alexandru Moruzi]]|
before=[[Alexandru Moruzi]]|
title=[[List of Wallachian rulers|Prince of Wallachia]]|
title=[[List of Wallachian rulers|Prince of Wallachia]]|
years=1796 - 1797|
years=1796–1797|
after=[[Constantin Hangerli]]
after=[[Constantin Hangerli]]
}}
}}
{{end box}}

{{start box}}
{{succession box|
{{succession box|
before=[[Alexandru Mavrocordat]]|
before=[[Alexandru Mavrocordat]]|
title=[[List of Moldavian rulers|Prince/Voivode of Moldavia]]|
title=[[List of Moldavian rulers|Prince/Voivode of Moldavia]]|
years=1786 - 1788|
years=1786–1788|
after=Austrian occupation
after=Austrian occupation
}}
}}
{{end box}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}


{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME = Ypsilanti, Alexander
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1725
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1805
| PLACE OF DEATH =
⚫
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ypsilanti, Alexander}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ypsilanti, Alexander}}
[[Category:Dragomans]]
[[Category:1726 births]]
⚫
[[Category:People of the Ottoman Empire]]
⚫
[[Category:Rulers of Moldavia]]
⚫
[[Category:Rulers of Wallachia]]
⚫
[[Category:Ypsilantis family]]
[[Category:1725 births]]
[[Category:1805 deaths]]
[[Category:1805 deaths]]
[[Category:Diplomats from Istanbul]]

[[Category:Constantinopolitan Greeks]]
[[de:Alexander Ypsilantis (1725–1807)]]
⚫
[[Category:Ypsilantis family|Alexander]]
[[el:Αλέξανδρος Ι. Υψηλάντης]]
⚫
[[Category:Dragomans of the Porte]]
[[fr:Alexandre Ypsilántis (1725-1807)]]
⚫
[[Category:Monarchs of Moldavia]]
[[hu:VII. Sándor havasalföldi fejedelem]]
⚫
[[Category:Princes of Wallachia]]
[[pl:Aleksander Ipsilanti (hospodar)]]
[[Category:18th-century translators]]
[[ro:Alexandru Vodă Ipsilanti]]
[[ru:Александр Ипсиланти (старший)]]
[[sv:Alexandros Ypsilantis d.ä.]]

Revision as of 16:44, 29 July 2024

Alexander Ypsilantis
Prince of Wallachia
(1st reign)
Reign15 September 1774 – February 1782
PredecessorEmanuel Giani Ruset
SuccessorNicholas Caradja
Prince of Moldavia
ReignDecember 1786 – 19 April 1788
PredecessorAlexandru Mavrocordat
SuccessorEmanuel Giani Ruset
Prince of Wallachia
(2nd reign)
ReignAugust 1796 – December 1797
PredecessorAlexander Mourouzis
SuccessorConstantine Hangerli
Born1726
Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
(modern-day Istanbul, Turkey)
Died13 January 1807
Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
(modern-day Istanbul, Turkey)
IssueConstantine Ypsilantis
HouseYpsilantis
ReligionOrthodox

Alexander Ypsilantis (Greek: Αλέξανδρος Υψηλάντης Alexandros Ypsilantis, Template:Lang-ro; 1726 – 13 January 1807) was a Greek Voivode (Prince) of Wallachia from 1774 to 1782, and again from 1796 to 1797, and also Voivode of Moldavia from 1786 to 1788. He bears the same name as, but should not be confused with, his grandson, the Greek War of Independence hero of the early 19th century. The Ypsilantis were a prominent family of Phanariotes.

Reign

In 1774, as a diplomat in service to the Porte, Ypsilanti took part in the signing of the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji with Russia; a year later, he was rewarded for this and other services by being appointed Dragoman of the Porte. Still in 1775, he was awarded the throne of Wallachia. This could only happen as the Russian troops were ending their occupation of Bucharest, begun in 1771. The throne had been vacant throughout this period, a hiatus provoked by Emanuel Giani Ruset's agreement with Catherine II at the start of the war.

As principal acts of his reign in Wallachia, Ypsilanti enforced a series of reforms. Several laws are grouped in the Pravilniceasca condică, called "Syntagmation nomikon" in its Greek version (roughly: "The Code of Byzantine customary laws"). Issued in 1780, the Code sought to amend fiscal, administrative, judicial and political flaws. During his judicial reform, Ipsilanti created civil courts in each Wallachian county.[1] What was in fact a radical redefinition of legal boundaries had to make occasional reference to Byzantine norms (the traditional laws in the two Principalities), due to resistance from conservative boyars in the Assembly (the Sfat). Most notably, the new laws tried to impose salaries for public offices, a measure intended to reduce fiscal burdens on the taxed social categories (that had been supposed to provide revenues for the fiscal agents, usually boyars, in an economy in which land ownership had become less of an asset than holding office) and ensure a more professional administrative structure.

Alexander Ypsilantis on a stamp of Moldova

Ypsilanti's reigns coincide with a critical moment in Ottoman history. In August 1787, Russia resumed hostilities (see Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)), and the Porte faced a large-scale invasion of its Danubian territories as the Habsburg Empire joined the fighting (9 February 1788). A secondary effect of this event was the granting of military command over Turkish troops in the region to Ypsilanti: the gesture is also significant as a temporary re-shaping of status in the relations between Prince and Sultan for the context of Phanariote rule.

Sources suggest that Ypsilanti was considering an alliance with Austria, and had been negotiating with emissaries of Emperor Joseph II. However, as the Austrians occupied Iaşi in April, all contacts ceased and the Prince was kept in custody in Brno up to the signing of the peace treaty at Sistowa (autumn of 1791).

See also

References

  1. ^ Djuvara, p. 69

Sources

  • (in Romanian) Vlad Georgescu, Istoria ideilor politice românești (1369–1878), Munich, 1987
  • (in Romanian) Mustafa A. Mehmet, Documente turcești privind istoria României, vol. III, Bucharest, 1983
  • (in Romanian) Neagu Djuvara, Între Orient și Occident – Țările Române la începutul epocii moderne, Editura Humanitas, Bucharest, 2007
Preceded by Grand Dragoman of the Porte
1774 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prince of Wallachia
1774–1782 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prince of Wallachia
1796–1797 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prince/Voivode of Moldavia
1786–1788 		Succeeded by
Austrian occupation
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