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{{short description|African abolitionist in England (c.1757–after 1791)}}
{{Short description|British abolitionist and activist (1757–1791)}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
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| image = File:Richard and Maria Cosway, and Ottobah Cugoano 1784 (cropped) (cropped).jpg
| image = File:Richard and Maria Cosway, and Ottobah Cugoano 1784 (cropped) (cropped).jpg
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| alt =
| caption = Cugoano, 1784 by [[Richard Cosway]]
| caption = Cugoano, 1784, by [[Richard Cosway]]
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| birth_date = {{circa}}{{birth year| 1757}}
| birth_date = {{circa}}{{birth year| 1757}}
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'''Ottobah Cugoano''' ({{circa}} 1757 – after 1791), also known as '''John Stuart''', was an [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|abolitionist]], [[Political activism|political activist]], and [[Natural and legal rights|natural rights]] [[philosopher]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Bogues |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Bogues|date=2003 |title=Black Heretics, Black Prophets: Radical Political Intellectuals |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |pages=25–46 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dahl|first=Adam|date=21 November 2019|title=Creolizing Natural Liberty: Transnational Obligation in the Thought of Ottobah Cugoano|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/707400|journal=The Journal of Politics|volume=82|issue=3|pages=908–920|doi=10.1086/707400|s2cid=212865739|issn=0022-3816}}</ref> from [[West Africa]] who was active in [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] in the latter half of the 18th century.
'''Ottobah Cugoano''' ({{circa|1757}} – {{circa|1791}}), also known as '''John Stuart''', was a British abolitionist and activist who was born in [[West Africa]]. Born into a [[Fante people|Fante]] family in [[Ajumako]], he was sold into slavery at the age of thirteen and shipped to [[Grenada]] in the [[West Indies]]. In 1772, he was purchased by a merchant who took him to England, where Cugoano learned to read and write, and was emancipated. Eventually, he started working for the artists [[Richard Cosway|Richard]] and [[Maria Cosway]], becoming acquainted with several promiment British political and cultural figures as a result. He joined the [[Sons of Africa]], a group of Black [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|abolitionists]] in Britain, and died at some point after 1791.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bogues |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Bogues|date=2003 |title=Black Heretics, Black Prophets: Radical Political Intellectuals |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |pages=25–46 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dahl|first=Adam|date=21 November 2019|title=Creolizing Natural Liberty: Transnational Obligation in the Thought of Ottobah Cugoano|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/707400|journal=The Journal of Politics|volume=82|issue=3|pages=908–920|doi=10.1086/707400|s2cid=212865739|issn=0022-3816}}</ref>

Captured in the [[Gold Coast (region)|Gold Coast]] and sold into slavery at the age of 13, he was shipped to [[Grenada]] in the [[West Indies]]. In 1772, he was purchased by a merchant who took him to England, where Cugoano learned to read and write, and was freed. Later working for artists [[Richard Cosway|Richard]] and [[Maria Cosway]], Cugoano became acquainted with several British political and cultural figures. He joined the [[Sons of Africa]], a group of African abolitionists in Britain.


==Early life==
==Early life==
He was born Quobna Ottobah Cugoano{{efn|"The British Library has a copy of the 1791 edition [of Cugoano's book] in which the author's name is printed at the end as 'Quobna Ottobouh Cugoano'. Ray A Kea, ''A Cultural and Social History of Ghana from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century'', Lewiston, NY, 2012 notes that the modern version of 'Quobna' would be '[[Kwabena]]', meaning 'born on Tuesday', and 'Ottobouh' meant 'second-born', so he must have had a brother or sister."<ref>Lyall, Andrew (2017), "Introduction", ''Granville Sharp's Cases on Slavery'', Bloomsbury Publishing ({{ISBN|9781509911233}}), note 34, p. 10.</ref>}} in 1757 in [[Ajumako|Agimaque (Ajumako)]] in the [[Gold Coast (region)|Gold Coast]] (modern-day [[Ghana]]).<ref name="''The Signifying Monkey'', Henry Louis Gates, Jr">[[Henry Louis Gates, Jr|Gates, Henry Louis]] (1988), ''[[The Signifying Monkey]]: A Theory of African-American Literary Criticism'', Oxford University Press, pp. 146–47.</ref> He was a [[Fante people|Fanti]]<ref name="''The Signifying Monkey'', Henry Louis Gates, Jr"/> and his family was close to the local chief.
He was born Quobna Ottobah Cugoano{{efn|"The British Library has a copy of the 1791 edition [of Cugoano's book] in which the author's name is printed at the end as 'Quobna Ottobouh Cugoano'. Ray A Kea, ''A Cultural and Social History of Ghana from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century'', Lewiston, NY, 2012, notes that the modern version of 'Quobna' would be '[[Kwabena]]', meaning 'born on Tuesday', and 'Ottobouh' meant 'second-born', so he must have had a brother or sister."<ref>Lyall, Andrew (2017), "Introduction", ''Granville Sharp's Cases on Slavery'', Bloomsbury Publishing ({{ISBN|9781509911233}}), note 34, p. 10.</ref>}} in 1757 in [[Ajumako|Agimaque (Ajumako)]] in the [[Gold Coast (region)|Gold Coast]] (modern-day [[Ghana]]).<ref name="''The Signifying Monkey'', Henry Louis Gates, Jr">[[Henry Louis Gates, Jr|Gates, Henry Louis]] (1988), ''[[The Signifying Monkey]]: A Theory of African-American Literary Criticism'', Oxford University Press, pp. 146–47.</ref> He was born into a [[Fante people|Fante]] family<ref name="''The Signifying Monkey'', Henry Louis Gates, Jr"/> and his family was close to the local chief.


At the age of 13, Cugoano was kidnapped with a group of children, [[Atlantic slave trade|sold into slavery]] and transported from [[Cape Coast]] on a [[slave ship]] to [[Grenada#British colonial period|Grenada]].<ref name="''The Signifying Monkey'', Henry Louis Gates, Jr"/> He worked on a [[plantation]] in the [[Lesser Antilles]] until he was purchased in 1772 by Alexander Campbell, a Scottish plantation owner, who took him into his household. Late in 1772, Campbell took him with him on a visit to England where Cugoano was able to secure his freedom.<ref>[https://www.blackhistorymonth.org.uk/article/section/bhm-firsts/ottobah-cugoano/ "Ottobah Cugoano"], ''Black History Month'', 18 August 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2019.</ref><ref name = "Alston2021">Alston, David (2021), ''Slaves and Highlanders: Silenced Histories of Scotland and the Caribbean'', [[Edinburgh University Press]], pp. 53 - 58, {{isbn|9781474427319}}</ref> On 20 August 1773, he was baptised at [[St James's Church, Piccadilly]], as "John Stuart – a Black, aged 16 Years".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quobna Ottobah Cugoano |url=https://www.sjp.org.uk/whats-on/quobna-ottobah-cugoano/ |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=SJP |language=en-US}}</ref>
At the age of 13, Cugoano was kidnapped with a group of children, [[Atlantic slave trade|sold into slavery]] and transported from [[Cape Coast]] on a [[slave ship]] to [[Grenada#British colonial period|Grenada]].<ref name="''The Signifying Monkey'', Henry Louis Gates, Jr"/> He worked on a [[plantation]] in the [[Lesser Antilles]] until he was purchased in 1772 by Alexander Campbell, a Scottish plantation owner, who took him into his household. Late in 1772, Campbell took him with him on a visit to England where Cugoano was able to secure his freedom.<ref>[https://www.blackhistorymonth.org.uk/article/section/bhm-firsts/ottobah-cugoano/ "Ottobah Cugoano"], ''Black History Month'', 18 August 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2019.</ref><ref name = "Alston2021">Alston, David (2021), ''Slaves and Highlanders: Silenced Histories of Scotland and the Caribbean'', [[Edinburgh University Press]], pp. 53 - 58, {{isbn|9781474427319}}</ref> On 20 August 1773, he was baptised at [[St James's Church, Piccadilly]], as "John Stuart – a Black, aged 16 Years".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quobna Ottobah Cugoano |url=https://www.sjp.org.uk/whats-on/quobna-ottobah-cugoano/ |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=SJP |language=en-US}}</ref>
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In 1786, he played a key role in the case of [[Henry Demane]], a kidnapped black man who was to be shipped back to the West Indies. Cugoano contacted [[Granville Sharp]], a well-known abolitionist, who was able to have Demane removed from the ship before it sailed.<ref>Harris, Jennifer. "Quobna Ottabah Cugoano", ''Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook: 2002'', Detroit, MI: Gale Research Company, 2003.</ref>
In 1786, he played a key role in the case of [[Henry Demane]], a kidnapped black man who was to be shipped back to the West Indies. Cugoano contacted [[Granville Sharp]], a well-known abolitionist, who was able to have Demane removed from the ship before it sailed.<ref>Harris, Jennifer. "Quobna Ottabah Cugoano", ''Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook: 2002'', Detroit, MI: Gale Research Company, 2003.</ref>


In 1787, possibly with the help of his friend [[Olaudah Equiano]], Cugoano published an attack on slavery entitled ''Thoughts and Sentiments on the Evil and Wicked Traffic of the Slavery and Commerce of the Human Species'' (1787). By now a devout [[Christianity|Christian]], he wrote work informed by that religion. He used arguments around Christianity and global economics and politics for this cause. His writing called for the abolition of slavery and immediate [[abolitionism in the United Kingdom|emancipation]] of all enslaved people. It argues that an enslaved person's duty is to escape from slavery, and that force should be used to prevent further enslavement. The narrative was sent to [[George III of the United Kingdom|King George III]], the Prince of Wales and to [[Edmund Burke]], a leading politician.<ref>[[Peter Fryer|Fryer, Peter]] (1984), ''[[Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain]]'', London: [[Pluto Press]], p. 101.</ref> George III, along with much of the [[British Royal Family|royal family]], remained opposed to abolition of the [[middle passage|slave trade]].
In 1787, possibly with the help of his friend [[Olaudah Equiano]], Cugoano published an aboitionist work entitled ''Thoughts and Sentiments on the Evil and Wicked Traffic of the Slavery and Commerce of the Human Species'' (1787). By now a devout [[Christianity|Christian]], his work was informed by Cugoano's religious belief, and he used arguments around Christianity and global economics and politics for this cause. The work called for the abolition of slavery and immediate [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|emancipation]] of all enslaved people. It argues that an enslaved person's duty is to escape from slavery, and that force should be used to prevent further enslavement. The work was sent to prominent British political figures such as [[George III]], the Prince of Wales and [[Edmund Burke]].<ref>[[Peter Fryer|Fryer, Peter]] (1984), ''[[Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain]]'', London: [[Pluto Press]], p. 101.</ref> A shorter version of the work was published in 1791, with subscribers including prominent artists such as Cosway, [[Joshua Reynolds]], [[James Northcote]] and [[Joseph Nollekens]], "indicating their support of Cugoano’s mission".<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/name/richard-cosway-ra|title=Richard Cosway RA (1742? - 1821)|publisher=Royal Academy}}</ref> In the shortened work, addressed to the "Sons of Africa", Cugoano expressed qualified support for the efforts to establish a colony in [[Sierra Leone]] for London's "[[Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor|Poor Blacks]]" (mostly freed African-American slaves who had been relocated to London after the [[American Revolutionary War]]; other early settlers were the [[Nova Scotian Settlers]], that is [[Black Loyalist]]s, also former American slaves, from [[Nova Scotia]], who chose to move to Sierra Leone). Cugoano called for the establishment of schools in Britain especially for African students.

Four years later, in 1791, Cugoano published a shorter version of his book, addressed to the "Sons of Africa". In it, he expressed qualified support for the failed British efforts to establish a colony in [[Sierra Leone]] for London's "[[Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor|Poor Blacks]]" (mostly freed African-American slaves who had been relocated to London after the [[American Revolutionary War]]; other early settlers were the [[Nova Scotian Settlers]], that is [[Black Loyalist]]s, also former American slaves, from [[Nova Scotia]], who chose to move to Sierra Leone). Cugoano called for the establishment of schools in Britain especially for African students.


In 1791, Cugoano moved with the Cosways to 12 Queen Street in [[Mayfair]]. His last known letter, written in 1791, mentions travelling to "upwards of fifty places" to promote the book and that he found that "complexion is a predominant prejudice". Cugoano wished to travel to Nova Scotia to recruit settlers for the proposed free colony of African Britons in Sierra Leone but it is not known if he did so.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ottobah Cugoano {{!}} photographer, designer {{!}} Blue Plaques|url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/ottobah-cugoano|access-date=2020-11-20|website=English Heritage}} (sic)</ref>
In 1791, Cugoano moved with the Cosways to 12 Queen Street in [[Mayfair]]. His last known letter, written in 1791, mentions travelling to "upwards of fifty places" to promote the book and that he found that "complexion is a predominant prejudice". Cugoano wished to travel to Nova Scotia to recruit settlers for the proposed free colony of African Britons in Sierra Leone but it is not known if he did so.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ottobah Cugoano {{!}} photographer, designer {{!}} Blue Plaques|url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/ottobah-cugoano|access-date=2020-11-20|website=English Heritage}} (sic)</ref>
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Cugoano, Quobna Ottobah}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cugoano, Quobna Ottobah}}
[[Category:1757 births]]
[[Category:1750s births]]
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[[Category:18th-century British writers]]
[[Category:18th-century slaves]]
[[Category:18th-century slaves]]
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[[Category:Black British activists]]
[[Category:Black British activists]]
[[Category:Black British former slaves]]
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[[Category:British former slaves]]
[[Category:Black British writers]]
[[Category:Black British writers]]
[[Category:British abolitionists]]
[[Category:British abolitionists]]
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[[Category:British slave trade]]
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[[Category:English people of Ghanaian descent]]
[[Category:Ghanaian abolitionists]]
[[Category:Ghanaian writers]]
[[Category:Grenadian slaves]]
[[Category:Grenadian slaves]]

[[Category:People from Central Region (Ghana)]]
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[[Category:Fante people]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

Revision as of 01:32, 31 July 2024

Ottobah Cugoano
Cugoano, 1784, by Richard Cosway
Bornc.1757 (1757)
Ajumako, West Africa
Diedc.1791 (aged 33–34)
Other namesJohn Stuart
Quobna Ottobah Cugoano
Occupation(s)Abolitionist and political activist
Notable workThoughts and Sentiments on the Evil and Wicked Traffic of the Slavery and Commerce of the Human Species (1787)

Ottobah Cugoano (c. 1757 – c. 1791), also known as John Stuart, was a British abolitionist and activist who was born in West Africa. Born into a Fante family in Ajumako, he was sold into slavery at the age of thirteen and shipped to Grenada in the West Indies. In 1772, he was purchased by a merchant who took him to England, where Cugoano learned to read and write, and was emancipated. Eventually, he started working for the artists Richard and Maria Cosway, becoming acquainted with several promiment British political and cultural figures as a result. He joined the Sons of Africa, a group of Black abolitionists in Britain, and died at some point after 1791.[1][2]

Early life

He was born Quobna Ottobah Cugoano[a] in 1757 in Agimaque (Ajumako) in the Gold Coast (modern-day Ghana).[4] He was born into a Fante family[4] and his family was close to the local chief.

At the age of 13, Cugoano was kidnapped with a group of children, sold into slavery and transported from Cape Coast on a slave ship to Grenada.[4] He worked on a plantation in the Lesser Antilles until he was purchased in 1772 by Alexander Campbell, a Scottish plantation owner, who took him into his household. Late in 1772, Campbell took him with him on a visit to England where Cugoano was able to secure his freedom.[5][6] On 20 August 1773, he was baptised at St James's Church, Piccadilly, as "John Stuart – a Black, aged 16 Years".[7]

Abolitionist

Richard and Maria Cosway, and Ottobah Cugoano (1784), by Richard Cosway

In 1784, Cugoano was employed as a servant by the artists Richard Cosway and his wife, Maria. Through the Cosways, he came to the attention of leading British political and cultural figures of the time, including the poet William Blake and the Prince of Wales. Together with Olaudah Equiano and other educated Africans living in Britain, Cugoano became active in the Sons of Africa, an abolitionist group whose members wrote frequently to the newspapers of the day, condemning the practice of slavery.

Title page of Thoughts and Sentiments on the Evil and Wicked Traffic of the Slavery and Commerce of the Human Species (1787)

In 1786, he played a key role in the case of Henry Demane, a kidnapped black man who was to be shipped back to the West Indies. Cugoano contacted Granville Sharp, a well-known abolitionist, who was able to have Demane removed from the ship before it sailed.[8]

In 1787, possibly with the help of his friend Olaudah Equiano, Cugoano published an aboitionist work entitled Thoughts and Sentiments on the Evil and Wicked Traffic of the Slavery and Commerce of the Human Species (1787). By now a devout Christian, his work was informed by Cugoano's religious belief, and he used arguments around Christianity and global economics and politics for this cause. The work called for the abolition of slavery and immediate emancipation of all enslaved people. It argues that an enslaved person's duty is to escape from slavery, and that force should be used to prevent further enslavement. The work was sent to prominent British political figures such as George III, the Prince of Wales and Edmund Burke.[9] A shorter version of the work was published in 1791, with subscribers including prominent artists such as Cosway, Joshua Reynolds, James Northcote and Joseph Nollekens, "indicating their support of Cugoano’s mission".[10] In the shortened work, addressed to the "Sons of Africa", Cugoano expressed qualified support for the efforts to establish a colony in Sierra Leone for London's "Poor Blacks" (mostly freed African-American slaves who had been relocated to London after the American Revolutionary War; other early settlers were the Nova Scotian Settlers, that is Black Loyalists, also former American slaves, from Nova Scotia, who chose to move to Sierra Leone). Cugoano called for the establishment of schools in Britain especially for African students.

In 1791, Cugoano moved with the Cosways to 12 Queen Street in Mayfair. His last known letter, written in 1791, mentions travelling to "upwards of fifty places" to promote the book and that he found that "complexion is a predominant prejudice". Cugoano wished to travel to Nova Scotia to recruit settlers for the proposed free colony of African Britons in Sierra Leone but it is not known if he did so.[11]

Revd Lucy Winkett and Revd Dr Rosemarie Mallett at the dedication of the plaque commemorating 250th anniversary of Ottobah Cugoano's baptism on 20 August 2023
Revd Lucy Winkett and Revd Dr Rosemarie Mallett at the dedication of the plaque commemorating 250th anniversary of Cugoano's baptism, 20 August 2023
Blue plaque on Schomberg House

After 1791, Cugoano disappears from the historical record and it is likely that he died in 1791 or 1792.[11]

Commemoration

In November 2020, an English Heritage blue plaque honouring Cugoano was unveiled on Schomberg House in Pall Mall, London, where he had lived and worked with the Cosways from 1784 to 1791.[12][11][13][14]

On 20 August 2023, St James's Church, Piccadilly, dedicated a new plaque to honour the 250th anniversary of Cugoano's baptism there in 1773, the only recorded date in his life.[15] St James's additionally commissioned Trinidad-based artist Che Lovelace to create a new artwork in commemoration of Cugoano's baptismal anniversary, to be installed in the church entrance on 20 September 2023 – the first permanent artwork commissioned by St James's Church, as well as the first anywhere in the world to commemorate Cugoano.[16][17][18]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "The British Library has a copy of the 1791 edition [of Cugoano's book] in which the author's name is printed at the end as 'Quobna Ottobouh Cugoano'. Ray A Kea, A Cultural and Social History of Ghana from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century, Lewiston, NY, 2012, notes that the modern version of 'Quobna' would be 'Kwabena', meaning 'born on Tuesday', and 'Ottobouh' meant 'second-born', so he must have had a brother or sister."[3]

References

  1. ^ Bogues, Anthony (2003). Black Heretics, Black Prophets: Radical Political Intellectuals. New York: Routledge. pp. 25–46.
  2. ^ Dahl, Adam (21 November 2019). "Creolizing Natural Liberty: Transnational Obligation in the Thought of Ottobah Cugoano". The Journal of Politics. 82 (3): 908–920. doi:10.1086/707400. ISSN 0022-3816. S2CID 212865739.
  3. ^ Lyall, Andrew (2017), "Introduction", Granville Sharp's Cases on Slavery, Bloomsbury Publishing (ISBN 9781509911233), note 34, p. 10.
  4. ^ a b c Gates, Henry Louis (1988), The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of African-American Literary Criticism, Oxford University Press, pp. 146–47.
  5. ^ "Ottobah Cugoano", Black History Month, 18 August 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  6. ^ Alston, David (2021), Slaves and Highlanders: Silenced Histories of Scotland and the Caribbean, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 53 - 58, ISBN 9781474427319
  7. ^ "Quobna Ottobah Cugoano". SJP. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  8. ^ Harris, Jennifer. "Quobna Ottabah Cugoano", Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook: 2002, Detroit, MI: Gale Research Company, 2003.
  9. ^ Fryer, Peter (1984), Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain, London: Pluto Press, p. 101.
  10. ^ "Richard Cosway RA (1742? - 1821)". Royal Academy.
  11. ^ a b c "Ottobah Cugoano | photographer, designer | Blue Plaques". English Heritage. Retrieved 20 November 2020. (sic)
  12. ^ Brown, Mark (20 November 2020). "Blue plaque for anti-slavery campaigner Ottobah Cugoano". The Guardian.
  13. ^ Specia, Megan (20 November 2020). "Abolitionist Is Earliest Black Londoner Honored With Blue Plaque". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
  14. ^ Plaque #54386 on Open Plaques
  15. ^ Warren, Jess (20 August 2023). "Piccadilly: Church commemorates forgotten black history figure". BBC News. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  16. ^ "St James's Church Piccadilly to commemorate forgotten figure in history of Black Britain". Diocese of London. 27 July 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  17. ^ Torre, Berny (21 August 2023). "'Forgotten' figure of black British history to be honoured in central London church". Morning Star. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  18. ^ Dale, Penny (20 September 2023). "Quobna Cugoano: London church honours Ghanaian-born freed slave and abolitionist". BBC News.
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