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{{Short description|Canadian pharmacologist (1934–2021)}}
{{Autobiography|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
|name = Philip Seeman
|name = Philip Seeman
|image =
|image =
|alt =
|alt =
|caption =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1934|2|8}}
|birth_date = {{BirthDeathAge|df=yes|B|1934|2|8|2021|1|9|yes}}
|birth_place = Winnipeg, Manitoba
|birth_place = [[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]], Canada
|death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
|death_date = {{BirthDeathAge|df=yes||1934|2|8|2021|1|9|yes}}
|death_place =
|death_place = [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], Canada
|alma_mater = [[McGill University]]<br />[[Rockefeller University]]<br />[[Cambridge University]]
|education = BSc, MSc, MD, and PhD
|other_names =
|other_names =
|known_for =
|known_for =
|occupation = Physician, Professor, and Neuropharmacologist
|occupation =
|nationality =
|nationality =
|awards = [[Order of Canada]]
|awards = [[Order of Canada]]
}}
}}
'''Philip Seeman''', {{Post-nominals|country=CAN|OC|FRSC}} (born February 8, 1934) is a Canadian [[schizophrenia]] researcher and [[neuropharmacology|neuropharmacologist]], known for his research on [[dopamine]] receptors. Seeman is a Professor Emeritus at the University of Toronto, where he previously served as the Chair of the Department of Pharmacology.
'''Philip Seeman''', {{Post-nominals|country=CAN|OC|FRSC}} (8 February 1934 – 9 January 2021) was a Canadian [[schizophrenia]] researcher and [[neuropharmacology|neuropharmacologist]], known for his research on [[dopamine]] receptors.<ref>{{cite web |title=Philip SEEMAN |url=https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/theglobeandmail/obituary.aspx?n=philip-seeman&pid=197516322 |publisher=The Globe and Mail |access-date=19 January 2021}}</ref>

==Early life==
Philip Seeman was born on February 8, 1934 in [[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]] and raised in [[Montreal]]. He received a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree, honours Physics & Physiology (1955), a [[Master of Science]] degree, Physiology of Transport & Secretion (1956), and a [[Doctor of Medicine]] (1960) from [[McGill University]]. Following McGill, Seeman took an internship at the Harper Hospital in Detroit, where he has stated he decided to go into medical research after seeing that the state of medicine at that time was unable to cure his patients sufficiently.<ref name=Shorter /> In 1966, he received a Ph.D. in Life Sciences from [[Rockefeller University]], and later pursued a post-doc at [[Cambridge University]].<ref name=NS>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=d0hfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA94|title=Psyche in the Lab|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sites.utoronto.ca/seeman/Philip_Seeman_lab/Welcome.html|title=DR. PHILIP SEEMAN’S LABUniversity of Toronto|publisher=}}</ref>


==Career==
==Career==
Born in [[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]], Seeman was raised in [[Montreal]]. He received a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree, honours physics & physiology (1955), a [[Master of Science]] degree, physiology of transport & secretion (1956), and a [[Doctor of Medicine]] (1960) from [[McGill University]]. In 1966, he received a Ph.D. in life sciences from [[Rockefeller University]] under the supervision of [[George Emil Palade]].<ref name=Peters>{{cite web |last1=Peters |first1=Diane |title=Researcher Philip Seeman shed new light on biology of schizophrenia |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-researcher-philip-seeman-shed-new-light-on-biology-of-schizophrenia/ |website=The Globe and Mail |access-date=15 August 2024 |date=27 January 2021}}</ref>


In 1967, Seeman became an assistant professor in the Department of Pharmacology at the [[University of Toronto]]. In 1970, he was appointed a professor.
===Research positions===
In 1967, Seeman became an Assistant Professor in the Department of Pharmacology at the [[University of Toronto]]. In 1970, he was appointed a Professor. In 1977 Seeman became the Chair of the Department of Pharmacology at the university,<ref name=Shorter>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=amNZAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT520|title=Partnership for Excellence|publisher=}}</ref> holding the position until 1987.<ref name=Encyc /> He has also held the University Tanenbaum Chair in Neuroscience, and is now Professor Emeritus of the University of Toronto Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry.<ref name=Psych>{{cite web|url=http://www.psychiatry.utoronto.ca/people/dr-philip-seeman/|title=Dr. Philip Seeman|work=Department of Psychiatry}}</ref> Seeman has published about 750 scientific articles,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://neuroscience.com/archive/philip-seeman|title=Philip Seeman|publisher=}}</ref> book chapters, and books, including his 1976 text ''Principles of Medical Pharmacology''.<ref name=Encyc>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=9DBnY_R-Mt0C&pg=PA1|title=The Dopamine Receptors|publisher=}}</ref>


⚫
In 1974, having spent years in search of the binding site of antipsychotic medication, he discovered the [[Dopamine receptor|dopamine D2 receptor]], the basis for the [[dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia]].<ref>{{Cite journal| author = P. Seeman, M. Chau-Wong, J. Tedesco & K. Wong| title = Brain receptors for antipsychotic drugs and dopamine: direct binding assays| journal = [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]]| volume = 72| issue = 11| pages = 4376–4370|date=November 1975| pmid = 1060115| pmc = 388724| doi = 10.1073/pnas.72.11.4376| bibcode = 1975PNAS...72.4376S| doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=People|journal=CMAJ|year=1994|volume=151|number=8|pages= 1186–1187|pmc=1337253}}</ref> His discoveries also helped advance research on other diseases involving dopamine, such as [[Parkinson's disease]] and [[Huntington's disease]].<ref name=Peters/>
===Psychosis Research===
⚫
In 1963 Seeman began researching schizophrenia while pursuing his PhD in New York City, when his wife was working at Manhattan State Hospital. While there, he first came across patients suffering from psychosis. After encountering them, his wife suggested that he might be interested in trying to find the cause of the disease.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=bf6EAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA83|title=Schizophrenia|publisher=}}</ref> In 1974, having spent years in search for the binding site of antipsychotic medication, he discovered the [[Dopamine receptor|dopamine D2 receptor]], the basis for the [[dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=P. Seeman |author2=M. Chau-Wong |author3=J. Tedesco |author4=K. Wong | title = Brain receptors for antipsychotic drugs and dopamine: direct binding assays| journal = [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]]| volume = 72| issue = 11| pages = 4376–4370|date=November 1975| pmid = 1060115| pmc = 388724| doi = 10.1073/pnas.72.11.4376}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=People|journal=CMAJ|year=1994|volume=151|number=8|pages= 1186–1187|pmc=1337253}}</ref> which became a foundational hypothesis for drug development for the treatment of psychosis.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=mPkKtA15KM8C&pg=PA156|title=Serotonin-dopamine Interaction|publisher=}}</ref> The discovery occurred through work that measured the clinical potency of various anti-psychotic drugs and their simultaneous correlation with their capacity to block the dopamine receptors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=fBxyTAEiSUIC&pg=PA87|title=Blaming the Brain|publisher=}}</ref>


In 2001, he was made an Officer of the [[Order of Canada]] "for his research on dopamine receptors and their involvement in diseases such as schizophrenia, Parkinson's and Huntington's".<ref>{{OCC|4875}}</ref>
In 1978, Seeman published findings in ''Nature'' that showed after an autopsy, the brains of schizophrenics have 50% or more dopamine receptors than the average human brain, though their research also pointed to the possibility that these additional receptors may have been caused by the medication the schizophrenic patients had been taking as treatment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Z5IABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA101|title=Pharmacological Treatment of College Students with Psychological Problems|publisher=}}</ref> This led to further research that the medication itself was a cause for the increase of dopamine D2 receptors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=M-X1BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|title=The Science and Pseudoscience of Children's Mental Health: Cutting Edge ...|publisher=}}</ref> During the early 1980s, Seeman’s work was contrary to a prevailing idea that schizophrenia was a socially constructed disorder that could be cure through psychotherapy, with Seeman claiming that the source of the disorder was biological instead.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19830903&id=dhUyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SqUFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1378,936041&hl=en|title=The Montreal Gazette - Google News Archive Search|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19800902&id=uDMyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qaQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5613,91179&hl=en|title=The Montreal Gazette - Google News Archive Search|publisher=}}</ref>


In 1985, he was made a Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Canada]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sciandmed.com/sm/journalviewer.aspx?issue=1066&article=787&action=1 |title=Science & Medicine - Science & Medicine |website=www.sciandmed.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716014909/http://www.sciandmed.com/sm/journalviewer.aspx?issue=1066&article=787&action=1 |archive-date=2011-07-16}} </ref>
In 1989 Seeman discovered that endogenous neurotransmitters could displace receptor radioligands, for use in measuring the release of neurotransmitters during brain imaging. He then invented the radioactive PHNO to label D2High receptors in 1993.<ref name=Psych /> Seeman went on to research the efficacy of atypical antipsychotic drugs such as quetiapine, showing that they dissociated from the D2 receptor more quickly than prior drugs. His lab then hypothesized that those suffering from schizophrenia show an increase in the proportion of their D2 receptors in a state of high affinity for dopamine. He also published findings showing that narcotics such as amphetamines and ketamine cause a stimulation of D2 receptors that cause psychotic symptoms, including a higher causation in schizophrenic patients than the average person.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/547112|title=Medscape: Medscape Access|publisher=}}</ref>
Seeman continued to pursue the research of how schizophrenia could be treated through drugs affecting the D2 receptor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=d0hfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA97|title=Psyche in the Lab|publisher=}}</ref> In 2005 Seeman published that most psychotic-triggers, such as narcotics, gene mutations or lesions on the brain, cause an increase in D2High receptors and their resultant schizophrenic symptoms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Cw6MlCXhN5MC&pg=PA296|title=Mad in America|publisher=}}</ref> Seeman also discovered that all anti-Parkinson’s disease drugs stmulate dopamine D2High receptors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/philip-seeman/|title=Philip Seeman|author=Rose Sheinin|work=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref>


He was married to Dr. [[Mary V. Seeman]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Most Wikipedia profiles are about men – these women in Australia are hoping to change that |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/most-wikipedia-profiles-are-about-men-these-women-in-australia-are-hoping-to-change-that |access-date=27 July 2019 |work=SBS News |language=en}}</ref>
===Business career===
In 2001 Seeman founded the company Clera Inc., a drug research company focusing on novel small-molecule therapies for schizophrenia, psychosis, and [[Parkinson’s Disease]]. The company has received $9 million in research grants and $5 million in private funding for his research into drugs targeting the D2 receptors.<ref>http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/29018/title/Drugs-from-D2/</ref> Seeman holds the position of Scientific Officer with the company.<ref name=Bloo />


==Recognition==
== Notes ==
{{reflist}}
In 2001, he was made an Officer of the [[Order of Canada]] "for his research on dopamine receptors and their involvement in diseases such as schizophrenia, Parkinson's and Huntington's".<ref>{{OCC|4875}}</ref> In 1985, he was made a Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Canada]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciandmed.com/sm/journalviewer.aspx?issue=1066&article=787&action=1|title=Science & Medicine - Science & Medicine|publisher=}}</ref> He is also a recipient of the Killam Prize,<ref>http://killamprogram.canadacouncil.ca/~/media/images/cumulative%20list/killam%20prizes%20past%20winners%20from%201981-%20by%20year.pdf</ref> and an honourary doctorate from the University of Toronto.<ref name=Bloo>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=29861785&privcapId=29196449&previousCapId=29196449&previousTitle=Clera%20Inc.|title=Philip Seeman M.D., Ph.D.: Executive Profile & Biography - Businessweek|publisher=}}</ref>


==References==
== References ==
{{reflist|3}}
{{Refbegin}}
⚫
* {{cite journal | last1 = Madras | first1 = B.K. | year = 2013 | title = History of the discovery of the antipsychotic dopamine D2 receptor: A basis for the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia | journal = Journal of the History of the Neurosciences: Basic and Clinical Perspectives | volume = 22 | issue = 1| pages = 62–78 | doi=10.1080/0964704x.2012.678199| pmid = 23323533 | s2cid = 12002684 }}

⚫
* {{cite journal | last1 = Seeman | first1 = P. | year = 2011 | title = All roads to schizophrenia lead to dopamine supersensitivity and elevated dopamine D2High receptors | journal = CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics | volume = 17 | issue = 2| pages = 118–132 | doi=10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00162.x| pmid = 20560996 | pmc = 6493870 }}
==Further reading==
⚫
* {{cite journal | last1 = Madras | first1 = B.K. | year = 2013 | title = History of the discovery of the antipsychotic dopamine D2 receptor: A basis for the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia | url = | journal = Journal of the History of the Neurosciences: Basic and Clinical Perspectives | volume = 22 | issue = 1| pages = 62–78 | doi=10.1080/0964704x.2012.678199 | pmid=23323533}}
⚫
* {{cite journal | last1 = Seeman | first1 = P. | year = 2011 | title = All roads to schizophrenia lead to dopamine supersensitivity and elevated dopamine D2High receptors | url = | journal = CNS Neuroscience and Therapeutics | volume = 17 | issue = 2| pages = 118–132 | doi=10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00162.x}}
* P. Seeman (2010). "Dopamine D2 Receptors as Treatment Targets in Schizophrenia. Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses April: 56-73.
* P. Seeman (2010). "Dopamine D2 Receptors as Treatment Targets in Schizophrenia. Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses April: 56-73.
* P. Seeman (2007), Scholarpedia, 2(10): 3634 doi.4249/scholarpedia.3634
* P. Seeman (2007), Scholarpedia, 2(10): 3634 doi.4249/scholarpedia.3634
* {{cite journal | last1 = Seeman | first1 = P. | year = 2006 | title = Targeting the dopamine D2 receptor in schizophrenia | url = | journal = Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets | volume = 10 | issue = | pages = 515–531 | doi=10.1517/14728222.10.4.515}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Seeman | first1 = P. | year = 2006 | title = Targeting the dopamine D2 receptor in schizophrenia | journal = Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets | volume = 10 | issue = 4| pages = 515–531 | doi=10.1517/14728222.10.4.515| pmid = 16848689 | s2cid = 30902536 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Seeman | first1 = P. | last2 = Weinshenker | first2 = D. | last3 = Quirion | first3 = R. | last4 = Srivastava | first4 = L. | last5 = Bhardwaj | first5 = S.K. | last6 = Grandy | first6 = D.K. | last7 = Premont | first7 = R. | last8 = Sotnikova | first8 = T. | last9 = Boksa | first9 = P. | last10 = El-Ghundi | first10 = M. | last11 = O'Dowd | first11 = B.F. | last12 = George | first12 = S.R. | last13 = Perreault | first13 = M.L. | last14 = Mannisto | first14 = P.T. | last15 = Robinson | first15 = S. | last16 = Palmiter | first16 = R.D. | last17 = Tallerico | first17 = T. | year = 2005 | title = Dopamine supersensitivity correlates with D2High states, implying many paths to psychosis | url = | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA | volume = 102 | issue = | pages = 3513–3518 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0409766102 | pmid=15716360 | pmc=548961}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Seeman | first1 = P. | last2 = Weinshenker | first2 = D. | last3 = Quirion | first3 = R. | last4 = Srivastava | first4 = L. | last5 = Bhardwaj | first5 = S.K. | last6 = Grandy | first6 = D.K. | last7 = Premont | first7 = R. | last8 = Sotnikova | first8 = T. | last9 = Boksa | first9 = P. | last10 = El-Ghundi | first10 = M. | last11 = O'Dowd | first11 = B.F. | last12 = George | first12 = S.R. | last13 = Perreault | first13 = M.L. | last14 = Mannisto | first14 = P.T. | last15 = Robinson | first15 = S. | last16 = Palmiter | first16 = R.D. | last17 = Tallerico | first17 = T. | year = 2005 | title = Dopamine supersensitivity correlates with D2High states, implying many paths to psychosis | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA | volume = 102 | issue = 9| pages = 3513–3518 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0409766102 | pmid=15716360 | pmc=548961 | bibcode = 2005PNAS..102.3513S| doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Seeman | first1 = P. | last2 = Chau-Wong | first2 = M. | last3 = Tedesco | first3 = J. | last4 = Wong | first4 = K. | year = 1975 | title = Brain receptors for antipsychotic drugs and dopamine: Direct binding assays | url = | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA | volume = 72 | issue = | pages = 4376–4380 | doi=10.1073/pnas.72.11.4376 | pmid=1060115 | pmc=388724}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Seeman | first1 = P. | last2 = Chau-Wong | first2 = M. | last3 = Tedesco | first3 = J. | last4 = Wong | first4 = K. | year = 1975 | title = Brain receptors for antipsychotic drugs and dopamine: Direct binding assays | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA | volume = 72 | issue = 11| pages = 4376–4380 | doi=10.1073/pnas.72.11.4376 | pmid=1060115 | pmc=388724| bibcode = 1975PNAS...72.4376S | doi-access = free }}
{{Refend}}

⚫
== External links ==
⚫
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130529195153/http://www.utoronto.ca/seeman/ Home Page of Philip Seeman's Laboratory]
⚫
* [http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/547112 Probing the Biology of Psychosis, Schizophrenia, and Antipsychotics: An Expert Interview With Dr. Philip Seeman, MD, PhD] – an interview on the [[Medscape]] website
⚫
* [http://www.esi-topics.com/schizophrenia/interviews/dr-philip-seeman.html Schizophrenia] – an essay by Philip Seeman, November 2001


{{authority control}}
⚫
==External links==
⚫
* [http://www.utoronto.ca/seeman/ Home Page of Philip Seeman's Laboratory]
⚫
* [http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/547112 Probing the Biology of Psychosis, Schizophrenia, and Antipsychotics: An Expert Interview With Dr. Philip Seeman, MD, PhD] - an interview on the [[Medscape]] website
⚫
* [http://www.esi-topics.com/schizophrenia/interviews/dr-philip-seeman.html Schizophrenia] - an essay by Philip Seeman, November 2001


{{DEFAULTSORT:Seeman, Philip}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Seeman, Philip}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Canadian pharmacologists]]
[[Category:Canadian pharmacologists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of Canada]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of Canada]]
[[Category:People from Winnipeg]]
[[Category:People from Winnipeg]]
[[Category:Schizophrenia researchers]]
[[Category:Neuropharmacologists]]
[[Category:Canadian neuroscientists]]

Latest revision as of 18:53, 15 August 2024

Philip Seeman
Born(1934-02-08)8 February 1934
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Died9 January 2021(2021-01-09) (aged 86)
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
AwardsOrder of Canada

Philip Seeman, OC FRSC (8 February 1934 – 9 January 2021) was a Canadian schizophrenia researcher and neuropharmacologist, known for his research on dopamine receptors.[1]

Career

[edit]

Born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Seeman was raised in Montreal. He received a Bachelor of Science degree, honours physics & physiology (1955), a Master of Science degree, physiology of transport & secretion (1956), and a Doctor of Medicine (1960) from McGill University. In 1966, he received a Ph.D. in life sciences from Rockefeller University under the supervision of George Emil Palade.[2]

In 1967, Seeman became an assistant professor in the Department of Pharmacology at the University of Toronto. In 1970, he was appointed a professor.

In 1974, having spent years in search of the binding site of antipsychotic medication, he discovered the dopamine D2 receptor, the basis for the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia.[3][4] His discoveries also helped advance research on other diseases involving dopamine, such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease.[2]

In 2001, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada "for his research on dopamine receptors and their involvement in diseases such as schizophrenia, Parkinson's and Huntington's".[5]

In 1985, he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.[6]

He was married to Dr. Mary V. Seeman.[7]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ "Philip SEEMAN". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  2. ^ a b Peters, Diane (27 January 2021). "Researcher Philip Seeman shed new light on biology of schizophrenia". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
  3. ^ P. Seeman, M. Chau-Wong, J. Tedesco & K. Wong (November 1975). "Brain receptors for antipsychotic drugs and dopamine: direct binding assays". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 72 (11): 4376–4370. Bibcode:1975PNAS...72.4376S. doi:10.1073/pnas.72.11.4376. PMC 388724. PMID 1060115.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ "People". CMAJ. 151 (8): 1186–1187. 1994. PMC 1337253.
  5. ^ Order of Canada citation
  6. ^ "Science & Medicine - Science & Medicine". www.sciandmed.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16.
  7. ^ "Most Wikipedia profiles are about men – these women in Australia are hoping to change that". SBS News. Retrieved 27 July 2019.

References

[edit]
[edit]
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