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Coordinates: 48°34′05″N 38°39′31″E / 48.56806°N 38.65861°E / 48.56806; 38.65861
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{{short description|City in Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine}}
{{short description|City in Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name = Kadiivka
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name = Kadiivka
| native_name = Кадіївка
| native_name = Кадіївка
| native_name_lang = uk
| native_name_lang = uk
| other_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| settlement_type = City
| image_shield = Stahanov coa.png
| image_shield = Stahanov coa.png
| image_flag = Flag of Stahanov.png
| image_flag = Flag of Stahanov.png
| image_skyline = Stakhanov - Cinema Mir.jpg
| image_skyline = Stakhanov - Cinema Mir.jpg
| image_caption = Mir Cinema
| image_caption = Mir Cinema
| coordinates = {{coord|48|34|05|N|38|39|31|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|48|34|05|N|38|39|31|E|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| pushpin_map = Ukraine Luhansk Oblast#Ukraine
| pushpin_map = Ukraine Luhansk Oblast#Ukraine
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_label_position =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = [[Ukraine]] (''[[de jure]]'')<br>[[Russia]] (''[[de facto]]'')
| subdivision_name = {{UKR}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Oblasts of Ukraine|Oblast]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Oblasts of Ukraine|Oblast]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Luhansk Oblast}}
| subdivision_name1 = [[Luhansk Oblast]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Luhansk oblast]], [[Lugansk People's Republic]] (''[[de facto]]'')
| subdivision_type2 = [[Raions of Ukraine|Raion]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Alchevsk Raion]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Alchevsk Raion]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Raions of Ukraine|Raion]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Hromada]]
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kadiivka urban hromada]]
| blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank_info = [[Humid continental climate#Mild/cool summer subtype|Dfb]]
| blank_info = [[Humid continental climate#Mild/cool summer subtype|Dfb]]
| established_title = Founded
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 1814
| established_date = 1814
Line 57: Line 57:
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_map_caption =
}}
}}
'''Kadiivka''' ({{Lang-uk|Кадіївка}}) or '''Stakhanov''' ({{Lang-ru|Стаханов}}), is a city in [[Alchevsk Raion]], [[Luhansk Oblast]], [[Donbas]], eastern [[Ukraine]]. It is located on the Komyshuvakha River, a right tributary of the [[Luhan (river)|Luhan]].<ref name=EoU>{{Cite web |title=Stakhanov |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CT%5CStakhanov.htm |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine}}</ref> Ukraine renamed the city ''Kadiivka'' in 2016, and refers to the city by this name, however Ukraine has not controlled the city since early 2014.<ref name= "Stakhanov2014">{{cite news|author=Анастасия Баранова |url=https://news.pn/en/incidents/103133 |title=In Stakhanov the armed extremists occupied premises of the Executive Committee of the City Soviet of People's Deputies, requirements yet don't put forward |website=News.pn |date=2014-05-02 |access-date=2016-04-07}}</ref><ref name= "Ukrainerename">[http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=58193 Офіційний портал Верховної Ради України]</ref><ref>[http://www.unian.ua/politics/1342963-rada-pereymenuvala-naseleni-punkti-na-okupovanomu-donbasi-torez-na-chistyakove-krasnodon-na-sorokine.html UNIAN]</ref>
'''Kadiivka''' ({{Lang-uk|Кадіївка}}) or '''Stakhanov''' ({{Lang-ru|Стаханов}}), is a city in [[Alchevsk Raion]], [[Luhansk Oblast]], [[Donbas]], eastern [[Ukraine]]. Residence of [[Kadiivka urban hromada]]. It is located on the Komyshuvakha River, a right tributary of the [[Luhan (river)|Luhan]].<ref name=EoU>{{Cite web |title=Stakhanov |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CT%5CStakhanov.htm |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine|access-date=4 April 2024 }}</ref> Ukraine renamed the city ''Kadiivka'' in 2016, and refers to the city by this name, however Ukraine has not controlled the city since early 2014.<ref name= "Stakhanov2014">{{cite news|author=Анастасия Баранова |url=https://news.pn/en/incidents/103133 |title=In Stakhanov the armed extremists occupied premises of the Executive Committee of the City Soviet of People's Deputies, requirements yet don't put forward |date=2014-05-02 |access-date=4 April 2024 }}</ref><ref name= "Ukrainerename">[http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=58193 Офіційний портал Верховної Ради України]</ref><ref>[http://www.unian.ua/politics/1342963-rada-pereymenuvala-naseleni-punkti-na-okupovanomu-donbasi-torez-na-chistyakove-krasnodon-na-sorokine.html UNIAN]</ref>


Following their 2022 [[2022 annexation referendums in Russian-occupied Ukraine|annexation referendum]], [[Russia]] claimed the entire Luhansk Oblast, including Stakhanov (Kadiivka), as part of their [[Lugansk People's Republic]] (LPR / LNR).<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=2022-09-27 |title=Moscow's proxies in occupied Ukraine regions report big votes to join Russia |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/moscows-proxies-occupied-ukraine-regions-report-big-votes-join-russia-2022-09-27/ |access-date=2022-09-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Walker | first=Shaun | title='Referendums' on joining Russia under way in occupied Ukraine | website=the Guardian | date=23 September 2022 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/23/occupied-parts-of-ukraine-prepare-to-vote-on-joining-russia | access-date=17 February 2024}}</ref> Kadiivka's population is approximately {{Ua-pop-est2022|73,248|.}} Russia maintains the name Stakhanov, after the famous [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] miner [[Alexei Stakhanov]], and all city signage remains in the name of Stakhanov.<ref name= "Reuters">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/news/picture/on-the-line-of-separation-in-eastern-ukr-idUSRTXBHH0J/ |title=On the line of separation in eastern Ukraine|date= 15 April 2021 |access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref>
Following their 2022 [[2022 annexation referendums in Russian-occupied Ukraine|annexation referendum]], [[Russia]] claimed the entire Luhansk Oblast, including Stakhanov (Kadiivka), as part of their [[Lugansk People's Republic]] (LPR / LNR).<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=2022-09-27 |title=Moscow's proxies in occupied Ukraine regions report big votes to join Russia |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/moscows-proxies-occupied-ukraine-regions-report-big-votes-join-russia-2022-09-27/ |access-date=2022-09-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Walker | first=Shaun | title='Referendums' on joining Russia under way in occupied Ukraine | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/23/occupied-parts-of-ukraine-prepare-to-vote-on-joining-russia | date=23 September 2022 | access-date=17 February 2024}}</ref> Kadiivka's population is approximately {{Ua-pop-est2022|73,248|.}} Russia maintains the name Stakhanov, after the famous [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] miner [[Alexei Stakhanov]], and all city signage remains in the name of Stakhanov.<ref name= "Reuters">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/news/picture/on-the-line-of-separation-in-eastern-ukr-idUSRTXBHH0J/ |title=On the line of separation in eastern Ukraine|date= 15 April 2021 |access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
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===Origins and Name===
===Origins and Name===


Kadiivka has its origins in the mid-19th century in the settlement of Shubynka, when [[coal mining]] was developing in the region.<ref name=EoU/> It became known as Kadiivka ({{Lang-uk|Кадіївка}}; {{lang-ru|Кадиевка|Kadiyevka}}) in 1898.<ref name=EoU/> The city was briefly renamed ''Serho'', after Bolshevik leader [[Sergo Ordzhonikidze]] ({{lang-uk|Серго}}) between 1937 and 1940, before returning to the name Kadiivka from 1940 to 1978.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.helsinki.org.ua/publications/zvit-tsentru-dokumentuvannia-uhspl-istoriia-odnoho-mista-kadiivka-nazvu-zmineno-okupatsiia-tryvaie/ |title=Звіт Центру документування УГСПЛ "Історія одного міста: Кадіївка: назву змінено, окупація триває" – Українська Гельсінська спілка з прав людини |date=29 April 2020 |language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Україна: енциклопедичний довідник |date=2002 |publisher=Потенціал |location=Київ |page=192 |quote=У 1940—1978 рр. місто носило попередню назву Кадіївка}}</ref><ref>Stakhanov // The New Encyclopedia Britannica. 15th edition. Micropaedia. Vol. 11. Chicago, 1994. p. 204.</ref> On 15 February 1978, the city was renamed ''Stakhanov'' ({{Lang-uk|Стаханов}}; {{Lang-ru|Стаханов}}) after the famous [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] miner Alexei Stakhanov, who started his career there.<ref name=winston>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtMkAQAAMAAJ&q=Stakhanov+renamed+1978 |title=Post-Soviet Geography|date=1993 |volume=34|page=650}}</ref> On 12 May 2016, Ukraine's [[Verkhovna Rada]] voted to change its name back to Kadiivka as a result of [[decommunization in Ukraine|decommunization laws]], however as the Luhansk People's Republic, and later Russian occupation authorities who control the city have not recognized this decision and maintain the name Stakhanov, the name change has only had a symbolic, and political meaning.<ref name= "Stakhanovshelling">{{Cite web|title=Seven homes damaged, company building destroyed as Stakhanov comes under Ukrainian artillery fire - JCCC|url= https://lug-info.com/en/news/seven-homes-damaged-company-building-destroyed-as-stakhanov-comes-under-ukrainian-artillery-fire-jccc|access-date=2024-02-25|language=en}}</ref><ref name= "Ukrainerename"/>
Kadiivka has its origins in the mid-19th century in the settlement of Shubynka, when [[coal mining]] was developing in the region.<ref name=EoU/> It became known as Kadiivka ({{Lang-uk|Кадіївка}}; {{lang-ru|Кадиевка|Kadiyevka}}) in 1898.<ref name=EoU/> The city was briefly renamed ''Serho'', after Bolshevik leader [[Sergo Ordzhonikidze]] ({{lang-uk|Серго}}) between 1937 and 1940, before returning to the name Kadiivka from 1940 to 1978.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.helsinki.org.ua/publications/zvit-tsentru-dokumentuvannia-uhspl-istoriia-odnoho-mista-kadiivka-nazvu-zmineno-okupatsiia-tryvaie/ |title=Звіт Центру документування УГСПЛ "Історія одного міста: Кадіївка: назву змінено, окупація триває" – Українська Гельсінська спілка з прав людини |date=29 April 2020 |language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Україна: енциклопедичний довідник |date=2002 |publisher=Потенціал |location=Київ |page=192 |quote=У 1940—1978 рр. місто носило попередню назву Кадіївка}}</ref><ref>Stakhanov // The New Encyclopedia Britannica. 15th edition. Micropaedia. Vol. 11. Chicago, 1994. p. 204.</ref> On 15 February 1978, the city was renamed ''Stakhanov'' ({{Lang-uk|Стаханов}}; {{Lang-ru|Стаханов}}) after the famous [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] miner Alexei Stakhanov, who started his career there.<ref name=winston>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtMkAQAAMAAJ&q=Stakhanov+renamed+1978 |title=Post-Soviet Geography|date=1993 |volume=34|page=650}}</ref> On 12 May 2016, Ukraine's [[Verkhovna Rada]] voted to change its name back to Kadiivka as a result of [[decommunization in Ukraine|decommunization laws]], however as the Luhansk People's Republic, who control the city have not recognized this decision and maintain the name Stakhanov, the name change has only had a symbolic, and political meaning.<ref name= "Stakhanovshelling">{{Cite web|title=Seven homes damaged, company building destroyed as Stakhanov comes under Ukrainian artillery fire - JCCC|url= https://lug-info.com/en/news/seven-homes-damaged-company-building-destroyed-as-stakhanov-comes-under-ukrainian-artillery-fire-jccc|date= 10 October 2022 |access-date=4 April 2024}}</ref><ref name= "Ukrainerename"/>


===Ukrainian Soviet Union to Ukraine===
===Ukrainian Soviet Union to Ukraine===
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During the Second World War, the city was occupied by German troops from July 1942 [[Donbass Strategic Offensive (August 1943)|until September 1943]]. A Soviet labor camp for German prisoners of war operated at Kadiivka during the Second World War.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boeckh |first1=Katrin |title=Stalinismus in der Ukraine: die Rekonstruktion des sowjetischen Systems nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg |date=2007 |publisher=Harrassowitz |location=Wiesbaden |page=131}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bonwetsch |first1=Bernd |last2=Bordjugov |first2=Gennadij |last3=Naimark |first3=Norman M. |title=Sowjetische Politik in der SBZ 1945–1949: Dokumente zur Tätigkeit der Propagandaverwaltung (Informationsverwaltung) der SMAD under Sergej Tjul'panow |date=1998 |publisher=Verlag J.H.W. Dietz Nachf. Bonn |location=Bonn |page=57}}</ref> In November 1944, three districts (city district councils) were created: Illichivskyi, Bryanskyi, and Golubivskyi.<ref>{{citation|title=Відомості ВР УРСР|work=[[s:Указ ПВР УРСР від 11.11.1944 «Про утворення в місті Кадіївці, Ворошиловградської області, трьох … Іллічівської, Брянської і Голубівської»|Про утворення в місті Кадіївці, Ворошиловградської області, трьох міських районних Рад депутатів трудящих — Іллічівської, Брянської і Голубівської]]|date=11 November 1944|page=17}}</ref> In the 1950s, the city encompassed settlements that were later separated into separate cities - [[Brianka]], [[Pervomaisk, Luhansk Oblast|Pervomaisk]], and [[Kirovsk, Luhansk Oblast|Kirovsk]].<ref>Ведомости Верховного Совета СССР, 1963, № 8 (1147).</ref>
During the Second World War, the city was occupied by German troops from July 1942 [[Donbass Strategic Offensive (August 1943)|until September 1943]]. A Soviet labor camp for German prisoners of war operated at Kadiivka during the Second World War.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boeckh |first1=Katrin |title=Stalinismus in der Ukraine: die Rekonstruktion des sowjetischen Systems nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg |date=2007 |publisher=Harrassowitz |location=Wiesbaden |page=131}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bonwetsch |first1=Bernd |last2=Bordjugov |first2=Gennadij |last3=Naimark |first3=Norman M. |title=Sowjetische Politik in der SBZ 1945–1949: Dokumente zur Tätigkeit der Propagandaverwaltung (Informationsverwaltung) der SMAD under Sergej Tjul'panow |date=1998 |publisher=Verlag J.H.W. Dietz Nachf. Bonn |location=Bonn |page=57}}</ref> In November 1944, three districts (city district councils) were created: Illichivskyi, Bryanskyi, and Golubivskyi.<ref>{{citation|title=Відомості ВР УРСР|work=[[s:Указ ПВР УРСР від 11.11.1944 «Про утворення в місті Кадіївці, Ворошиловградської області, трьох … Іллічівської, Брянської і Голубівської»|Про утворення в місті Кадіївці, Ворошиловградської області, трьох міських районних Рад депутатів трудящих — Іллічівської, Брянської і Голубівської]]|date=11 November 1944|page=17}}</ref> In the 1950s, the city encompassed settlements that were later separated into separate cities - [[Brianka]], [[Pervomaisk, Luhansk Oblast|Pervomaisk]], and [[Kirovsk, Luhansk Oblast|Kirovsk]].<ref>Ведомости Верховного Совета СССР, 1963, № 8 (1147).</ref>


The city was renamed in 1978 in honor of [[Alexei Stakhanov]], a Soviet coal miner famous for purportedly setting a new record of coal mining output using his own innovative working methods and inspiring the [[Stakhanovite movement]].<ref name=brit>{{Cite web |title=Stakhanov |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Stakhanov |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref name=winston/>
The city was renamed in 1978 in honor of [[Alexei Stakhanov]], a Soviet coal miner famous for purportedly setting a new record of coal mining output using his own innovative working methods and inspiring the [[Stakhanovite movement]].<ref name=brit>{{Cite web |title=Stakhanov |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Stakhanov |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=4 April 2024 }}</ref><ref name=winston/>


The city was incorporated by Ukraine as a [[city of regional significance (Ukraine)|city of oblast significance]]. With the [[fall of the Soviet Union]], in 1991, then Stakhanov became part of independent Ukraine. In the 32 years, from 1991, to 2013, Stakhanov would experience a sharp population fall, from 112,700 in 1991, to 77,593 in 2013.<ref>Stakhanov // The New Encyclopedia Britannica. 15th edition. Micropaedia. Vol.11. Chicago, 1994. page 204</ref><ref>[http://database.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/ukr/publ_new1/2013/sb_nnas_2012.pdf Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2013 року. Державна служба статистики України. Київ, 2013. стор.75]</ref>
The city was incorporated by Ukraine as a [[city of regional significance (Ukraine)|city of oblast significance]]. With the [[fall of the Soviet Union]], in 1991, then Stakhanov became part of independent Ukraine. In the 32 years, from 1991, to 2013, Stakhanov would experience a sharp population fall, from 112,700 in 1991, to 77,593 in 2013.<ref>Stakhanov // The New Encyclopedia Britannica. 15th edition. Micropaedia. Vol.11. Chicago, 1994. page 204</ref><ref>[http://database.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/ukr/publ_new1/2013/sb_nnas_2012.pdf Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2013 року. Державна служба статистики України. Київ, 2013. стор.75]</ref>
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{{Further information|War in Donbas (2014–2022)}}
{{Further information|War in Donbas (2014–2022)}}


From 2014, Kadiivka, as all of Donbas, became caught up in the aftermath of [[Euromaidan]]. From April 2014, pro-Russia separatists started taking over parts of the south and east of Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27008026|title='Casualties' in Ukraine gun battles|date=13 April 2014|work=BBC News|access-date=15 February 2024|language=en-GB}}</ref> In April and early May 2014, Luhansk and the surrounding area, including Kadiivka,
From 2014, Kadiivka, as all of Donbas, became caught up in the aftermath of [[Euromaidan]]. From April 2014, pro-Russia separatists started taking over parts of the south and east of Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27008026|title='Casualties' in Ukraine gun battles|date=13 April 2014|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref> In April and early May 2014, Luhansk and the surrounding area, including Kadiivka,
was taken over by Russian-backed forces of the self-proclaimed Luhansk People's Republic (LPR / LNR).<ref name=IEU>{{cite web|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CU%5CLuhansk.htm|work=Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine|title=Luhansk|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref><ref name= "Stakhanov2014"/> The Ukrainian Government launched their [[Joint Forces Operation (Ukraine)|Anti-Terrorist Operation]] in mid-April 2014, with the aim of taking back all territories under separatist control.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ukrainianworldcongress.org/nine-years-ago-russia-unleashed-war-in-donbas/|title=NINE YEARS AGO, RUSSIA UNLEASHED WAR IN DONBAS |date=April 13, 2023 |access-date=14 February 2024}}</ref> In May, the [[2014 Donbass status referendums]] were held. The referendums returned an overwhelming majority vote to cede from Ukraine into the Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics, however they were condemned by the west, and did not obtain international recognition.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/russia-calls-for-civilized-implementation-of-east-ukraine-referendum-results-1399884791|title=Russia Calls for "Civilized Implementation" of East Ukraine Referendum Results|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=12 May 2014|access-date=17 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-60468237|title=Russia recognises Ukraine separatist regions as independent states|work=BBC News|date=21 February 2022 |access-date=17 February 2024|archive-date=21 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221205402/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-60468237|url-status=live}}</ref>
was taken over by Russian-backed forces of the self-proclaimed Luhansk People's Republic (LPR / LNR).<ref name=IEU>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CU%5CLuhansk.htm|encyclopedia=Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine|title=Luhansk|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref><ref name= "Stakhanov2014"/> The Ukrainian Government launched their [[Joint Forces Operation (Ukraine)|Anti-Terrorist Operation]] in mid-April 2014, with the aim of taking back all territories under separatist control.<ref>{{cite web|title=NINE YEARS AGO, RUSSIA UNLEASHED WAR IN DONBAS|url=https://www.ukrainianworldcongress.org/nine-years-ago-russia-unleashed-war-in-donbas/ |date=13 April 2023 |access-date=14 February 2024}}</ref> In May, the [[2014 Donbass status referendums]] were held. The referendums returned an overwhelming majority vote to cede from Ukraine into the Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics, however they were condemned by the west, and did not obtain international recognition.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/russia-calls-for-civilized-implementation-of-east-ukraine-referendum-results-1399884791|title=Russia Calls for "Civilized Implementation" of East Ukraine Referendum Results|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=12 May 2014|access-date=17 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-60468237|title=Russia recognises Ukraine separatist regions as independent states|work=BBC News|date=21 February 2022 |access-date=17 February 2024|archive-date=21 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221205402/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-60468237|url-status=live}}</ref>


In autumn 2014, with separatist leader Pavel Dremov controlling Kadiivka, there was talk of the area being a breakaway 'Cossack Republic' within the breakaway Luhansk People's Republic.<ref name= "Politico">{{cite news |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/11/welcome-to-the-cossack-peoples-republic-of-stakhanov-112420/ |title=Welcome to the Cossack People's Republic of Stakhanov |date=2014-11-02 |access-date=2024-02-25}}</ref> While remaining a part of the LPR, Dremov and his militia were among the most outspoken against LPR authorities.<ref name= "Vice">{{cite news |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/xw34e7/paranoia-and-purges-the-dark-and-dirty-battle-for-power-in-rebel-held-ukraine |title=Paranoia and Purges: The Dark and Dirty Battle for Power in Rebel-Held Ukraine |date=2016-02-10 |access-date=2024-02-28}}</ref> Any possibility of a breakaway 'Cossack Republic' ended with Dremov's death in a car explosion in late 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Дремова убили из-за флешки с компроматом на Ефремова-Плотницкого – новости Донбасса |url=https://dn.depo.ua/rus/dn/dromova-vbili-cherez-fleshku-z-kompromatom-na-efremova-plotnitskogo-12122015184500 |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=www.depo.ua |language=ru}}</ref><ref name= "Vice"/>
In autumn 2014, with separatist leader Pavel Dremov controlling Kadiivka, there was talk of the area being a breakaway 'Cossack Republic' within the breakaway Luhansk People's Republic.<ref name= "Politico">{{cite news |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/11/welcome-to-the-cossack-peoples-republic-of-stakhanov-112420/ |title=Welcome to the Cossack People's Republic of Stakhanov |date=11 February 2014 |access-date=4 April 2024 }}</ref> While remaining a part of the LPR, Dremov and his militia were among the most outspoken against LPR authorities.<ref name= "Vice">{{cite news |title=Paranoia and Purges: The Dark and Dirty Battle for Power in Rebel-Held Ukraine|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/xw34e7/paranoia-and-purges-the-dark-and-dirty-battle-for-power-in-rebel-held-ukraine |date=10 February 2016 |access-date=4 April 2024}}</ref> Any possibility of a breakaway 'Cossack Republic' ended with Dremov's death in a car explosion in late 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Дремова убили из-за флешки с компроматом на Ефремова-Плотницкого – новости Донбасса |url=https://dn.depo.ua/rus/dn/dromova-vbili-cherez-fleshku-z-kompromatom-na-efremova-plotnitskogo-12122015184500 |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=www.depo.ua |language=ru}}</ref><ref name= "Vice"/>


In October 2015, the [[OSCE#OSCE involvement in Ukraine (2014-present)|OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine]] opened a Forward Patrol Base in the city, meaning that a small number of OSCE international monitors were based full-time in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/193436 |title=OSCE SMM Status Report as of 21 October 2015 |work=Report by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe |date=21 October 2015 |access-date=26 May 2016}}</ref> From 2016 until 2022, Stakhanov was not an active scene of war. The OSCE left the city shortly before the 2022 [[Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022–present)|Russian invasion of Ukraine]] began.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-staff-osce-begins-pullout-donetsk-eastern-ukraine-2022-02-13/ |title=OSCE begins pullout from Eastern Ukraine |work=BBC |date=13 February 2022 |access-date=9 March 2023}}</ref>
In October 2015, the [[OSCE#OSCE involvement in Ukraine (2014-present)|OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine]] opened a Forward Patrol Base in the city, meaning that a small number of OSCE international monitors were based full-time in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.osce.org/ukraine-smm/193436 |title=OSCE SMM Status Report as of 21 October 2015 |work=Report by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe |date=21 October 2015 |access-date=26 May 2016}}</ref> From 2016 until 2022, Stakhanov was not an active scene of war. The OSCE left the city shortly before the 2022 [[Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022–present)|Russian invasion of Ukraine]] began.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-staff-osce-begins-pullout-donetsk-eastern-ukraine-2022-02-13/ |title=OSCE begins pullout from Eastern Ukraine |date=13 February 2022 |access-date=9 March 2023}}</ref>


=== 2022 on ===
=== 2022 on ===


Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, in February 2022, Kadiivka has been a significant, although not central location.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ukrainian military carried out a precision strike on Wagner base at stadium in Kadiivka, Luhansk governor says|url= https://english.nv.ua/nation/ukraine-s-army-destroys-wagner-mercenaries-base-in-occupied-kadiivka-50248912.html |access-date=2022-06-11|language=en}}</ref> In 2022, Russia's [[Wagner Group]] were reported to have significant bases in Kadiivka, which were repeatedly targeted by Ukrainian strikes.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Video Shows Destroyed Russian Mercenaries' Base, Ukraine Says|website= [[Newsweek]] |date= 10 June 2022 |url= https://www.newsweek.com/ukraine-russia-wagner-serhiy-haidai-luhansk-kadiivka-1714605 |access-date=2022-06-11|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-63933132 |title=Ukraine strikes Wagner HQ in Luhansk, governor says |work=BBC |date=11 December 2022 |access-date=11 December 2022}}</ref> The city of Kadiivka itself has been hit multiple times by Ukrainian shelling since 2022, with multiple civilian casualties and fatalities.<ref name= "Stakhanovshelling"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ukrainian army shells LPR city of Stakhanov for first time in weeks|url= https://tass.com/emergencies/1711815 |access-date=2023-11-26|language=en}}</ref>
Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, in February 2022, Kadiivka has been a significant, although not central location.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ukrainian military carried out a precision strike on Wagner base at stadium in Kadiivka, Luhansk governor says|url= https://english.nv.ua/nation/ukraine-s-army-destroys-wagner-mercenaries-base-in-occupied-kadiivka-50248912.html |date=10 June 2022 |access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref> In 2022, Russia's [[Wagner Group]] were reported to have significant bases in Kadiivka, and these were repeatedly targeted by Ukrainian strikes.<ref>{{Cite news|title= Video Shows Destroyed Russian Mercenaries' Base, Ukraine Says|website= [[Newsweek]] |url= https://www.newsweek.com/ukraine-russia-wagner-serhiy-haidai-luhansk-kadiivka-1714605 |date= 10 June 2022 |access-date=4 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-63933132 |title=Ukraine strikes Wagner HQ in Luhansk, governor says |date=11 December 2022 |access-date=11 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ukrainian military carried out a precision strike on Wagner base at stadium in Kadiivka, Luhansk governor says|url= https://novayagazeta.eu/articles/2022/11/17/occupation-authorities-two-killed-in-kadiivka-by-ukraine-shelling-en-news|access-date=4 April 2024}}</ref>


https://lug-info.com/en/news/14-homes-damaged-in-kiev-artillery-strike-at-stakhanov-jccc


==Economy, Education==
==Economy, Education==
Line 122: Line 119:


=== Transport ===
=== Transport ===
The city formerly had both [[tram]]s and trolleybuses. Tram traffic opened on February 15, 1937. The number of trams dwindled over the years before the trams stopped running in 2007. The trolleybuses stopped running in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Міський транспорт :: Стаханов|url=http://urbantransport.kiev.ua/ua_10.html|access-date=2021-05-20|website=urbantransport.kiev.ua}}</ref>
The city formerly had both [[tram]]s and trolleybuses. Tram traffic opened on February 15, 1937. The number of trams dwindled over the years before the trams stopped running in 2007. The trolleybuses stopped running in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Міський транспорт :: Стаханов|url=http://urbantransport.kiev.ua/ua_10.html|website=urbantransport.kiev.ua|access-date=4 April 2024}}</ref>


==Demographics==
==Demographics==
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==References==
==References==
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{{Commons category|Kadiivka}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


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{{2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine}}
{{2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
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{{Commons category|Kadiivka}}


[[Category:Stakhanov, Ukraine| ]]
[[Category:Kadiivka| ]]
[[Category:Alchevsk Raion]]
[[Category:Alchevsk Raion]]
[[Category:Cities in Luhansk Oblast]]
[[Category:Cities in Luhansk Oblast]]
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[[Category:Populated places established in the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Soviet toponymy in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Soviet toponymy in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Kadiivka urban hromada]]

Revision as of 04:55, 25 August 2024

Kadiivka
Кадіївка
City
Mir Cinema
Mir Cinema
Flag of Kadiivka
Flag
Coat of arms of Kadiivka
Coat of arms
Kadiivka is located in Luhansk Oblast
Kadiivka
Kadiivka
Kadiivka is located in Ukraine
Kadiivka
Kadiivka
Coordinates: 48°34′05″N 38°39′31″E / 48.56806°N 38.65861°E / 48.56806; 38.65861
Country Ukraine
OblastLuhansk Oblast
RaionAlchevsk Raion
HromadaKadiivka urban hromada
Founded1814
Area
 • Total91.81 km2 (35.45 sq mi)
Elevation
251 m (823 ft)
Population
 (2019)
 • Total74,546
 • Density810/km2 (2,100/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code
940ХХ
Area code+380 06435
ClimateDfb

Kadiivka (Template:Lang-uk) or Stakhanov (Russian: Стаханов), is a city in Alchevsk Raion, Luhansk Oblast, Donbas, eastern Ukraine. Residence of Kadiivka urban hromada. It is located on the Komyshuvakha River, a right tributary of the Luhan.[1] Ukraine renamed the city Kadiivka in 2016, and refers to the city by this name, however Ukraine has not controlled the city since early 2014.[2][3][4]

Following their 2022 annexation referendum, Russia claimed the entire Luhansk Oblast, including Stakhanov (Kadiivka), as part of their Lugansk People's Republic (LPR / LNR).[5][6] Kadiivka's population is approximately 73,248 (2022 estimate).[7] Russia maintains the name Stakhanov, after the famous Soviet miner Alexei Stakhanov, and all city signage remains in the name of Stakhanov.[8]

History

Origins and Name

Kadiivka has its origins in the mid-19th century in the settlement of Shubynka, when coal mining was developing in the region.[1] It became known as Kadiivka (Template:Lang-uk; Russian: Кадиевка, romanized: Kadiyevka) in 1898.[1] The city was briefly renamed Serho, after Bolshevik leader Sergo Ordzhonikidze (Template:Lang-uk) between 1937 and 1940, before returning to the name Kadiivka from 1940 to 1978.[9][10][11] On 15 February 1978, the city was renamed Stakhanov (Template:Lang-uk; Russian: Стаханов) after the famous Soviet miner Alexei Stakhanov, who started his career there.[12] On 12 May 2016, Ukraine's Verkhovna Rada voted to change its name back to Kadiivka as a result of decommunization laws, however as the Luhansk People's Republic, who control the city have not recognized this decision and maintain the name Stakhanov, the name change has only had a symbolic, and political meaning.[13][3]

Ukrainian Soviet Union to Ukraine

The city was part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic from its founding in 1922. In January 1928, the town became the center of Kadiivka Raion.[14] A local newspaper has been published in the settlement since September 1930.[15] In 1919, the population of the city was 38,000. Kadiivka received city status in 1932.[1] In April 1932, the Kadiivka Raion was, along with five other raions, restructured into Kadiivka Municipality.[16] By 1940, the population of Kadiivka had risen to 95,000.[17]

During the Second World War, the city was occupied by German troops from July 1942 until September 1943. A Soviet labor camp for German prisoners of war operated at Kadiivka during the Second World War.[18][19] In November 1944, three districts (city district councils) were created: Illichivskyi, Bryanskyi, and Golubivskyi.[20] In the 1950s, the city encompassed settlements that were later separated into separate cities - Brianka, Pervomaisk, and Kirovsk.[21]

The city was renamed in 1978 in honor of Alexei Stakhanov, a Soviet coal miner famous for purportedly setting a new record of coal mining output using his own innovative working methods and inspiring the Stakhanovite movement.[22][12]

The city was incorporated by Ukraine as a city of oblast significance. With the fall of the Soviet Union, in 1991, then Stakhanov became part of independent Ukraine. In the 32 years, from 1991, to 2013, Stakhanov would experience a sharp population fall, from 112,700 in 1991, to 77,593 in 2013.[23][24]

2014-2022

Further information: War in Donbas (2014–2022)

From 2014, Kadiivka, as all of Donbas, became caught up in the aftermath of Euromaidan. From April 2014, pro-Russia separatists started taking over parts of the south and east of Ukraine.[25] In April and early May 2014, Luhansk and the surrounding area, including Kadiivka, was taken over by Russian-backed forces of the self-proclaimed Luhansk People's Republic (LPR / LNR).[26][2] The Ukrainian Government launched their Anti-Terrorist Operation in mid-April 2014, with the aim of taking back all territories under separatist control.[27] In May, the 2014 Donbass status referendums were held. The referendums returned an overwhelming majority vote to cede from Ukraine into the Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics, however they were condemned by the west, and did not obtain international recognition.[28][29]

In autumn 2014, with separatist leader Pavel Dremov controlling Kadiivka, there was talk of the area being a breakaway 'Cossack Republic' within the breakaway Luhansk People's Republic.[30] While remaining a part of the LPR, Dremov and his militia were among the most outspoken against LPR authorities.[31] Any possibility of a breakaway 'Cossack Republic' ended with Dremov's death in a car explosion in late 2015.[32][31]

In October 2015, the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine opened a Forward Patrol Base in the city, meaning that a small number of OSCE international monitors were based full-time in the city.[33] From 2016 until 2022, Stakhanov was not an active scene of war. The OSCE left the city shortly before the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine began.[34]

2022 on

Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, in February 2022, Kadiivka has been a significant, although not central location.[35] In 2022, Russia's Wagner Group were reported to have significant bases in Kadiivka, and these were repeatedly targeted by Ukrainian strikes.[36][37][38]

Economy, Education

A metallurgical plant in Kadiivka, pictured in the early 1900s

In Soviet times, the city was an important industrial centre. In 1984, there were four coal mines, a processing plant, a machine-building plant, a car building plant, the Stakhanov Railway Car Building Works, an ore repair plant, the Stakhanov Coke Plant, a rubber products plant, a carbon black plant, the Stakhanov Ferroalloy Plant, the Stakhanovsky Yunost Mechanical Plant, the Stakhanovsky Experimental Mechanical Plant, a sewing factory, a meat processing plant, a refrigerating plant, and a dairy.[39][1]

In 1985, in the Soviet Union, the city was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour.[40] Kadiivka's economy has been severely affected by ongoing war, and it is unclear what is still operational.[30] In 2016, Vice described the city as a 'depressed mining town'.[31]

There is a branch of the Kommunarsky Mining and Metallurgical Institute, an evening engineering college, a mining college, a medical school, a pedagogical college, seven vocational schools, 24 secondary schools, 17 medical institutions, a children's sanatorium.

Sport, Culture

Stakhanov has a Palace of Culture, 75 libraries, 10 clubs, 2 cinemas, a historical and art museum and a mine museum named after Vladimir Lenin.[1] There are three sports stadiums in the city, Pobeda, Yunost, and Vagonostroitel, and a swimming pool Dolphin.[1]

Bulgarian politician Grisha Filipov (1919–1994), was born in Kadiivka.[41]

Geography

Kadiivka is situated between the cities of Pervomaisk, to its north, and Alchevsk, to the south. The area around is traditionally known for mining, and richness of natural resources.[1]

City municipality

The municipality of Kadiivka also includes two other cities, in the nearby area -

Transport

The city formerly had both trams and trolleybuses. Tram traffic opened on February 15, 1937. The number of trams dwindled over the years before the trams stopped running in 2007. The trolleybuses stopped running in 2011.[42]

Demographics

As per the Ukrainian Census of 2001, the ethnicity of Kadiivka was: Ukrainians: 46.1%, Russians: 50.1%, Belarusians: 1%, Other: 2.9%. The languages spoken were: Russian: 85.3%, Ukrainian: 13.0%, Belarusian: 0.1%, Armenian: 0.1%.[43]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h "Stakhanov". Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  2. ^ a b Анастасия Баранова (2014-05-02). "In Stakhanov the armed extremists occupied premises of the Executive Committee of the City Soviet of People's Deputies, requirements yet don't put forward". Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  3. ^ a b Офіційний портал Верховної Ради України
  4. ^ UNIAN
  5. ^ "Moscow's proxies in occupied Ukraine regions report big votes to join Russia". Reuters. 2022-09-27. Retrieved 2022-09-27.
  6. ^ Walker, Shaun (23 September 2022). "'Referendums' on joining Russia under way in occupied Ukraine". Retrieved 17 February 2024.
  7. ^ Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022 [Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1, 2022] (PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022.
  8. ^ "On the line of separation in eastern Ukraine". 15 April 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  9. ^ Звіт Центру документування УГСПЛ "Історія одного міста: Кадіївка: назву змінено, окупація триває" – Українська Гельсінська спілка з прав людини (Report) (in Ukrainian). 29 April 2020.
  10. ^ Україна: енциклопедичний довідник. Київ: Потенціал. 2002. p. 192. У 1940—1978 рр. місто носило попередню назву Кадіївка
  11. ^ Stakhanov // The New Encyclopedia Britannica. 15th edition. Micropaedia. Vol. 11. Chicago, 1994. p. 204.
  12. ^ a b Post-Soviet Geography. Vol. 34. 1993. p. 650.
  13. ^ "Seven homes damaged, company building destroyed as Stakhanov comes under Ukrainian artillery fire - JCCC". 10 October 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  14. ^ "Кадіївка, Луганська область". Історія міст і сіл Української РСР (in Ukrainian).
  15. ^ № 2911. Стахановское знамя // Летопись периодических и продолжающихся изданий СССР 1986 – 1990. Часть 2. Газеты. М., «Книжная палата», 1994. стр.382
  16. ^ ЗЗРРСУУ/1932/8/Про реорганізацію органів влади в Горлівському, Риківському, Артемівському, Ворошилівському, Костянтинівському … районах  (in Ukrainian) – via Wikisource.
  17. ^ Н. Лопатин «город наш Кадиевка» с. 227.
  18. ^ Boeckh, Katrin (2007). Stalinismus in der Ukraine: die Rekonstruktion des sowjetischen Systems nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 131.
  19. ^ Bonwetsch, Bernd; Bordjugov, Gennadij; Naimark, Norman M. (1998). Sowjetische Politik in der SBZ 1945–1949: Dokumente zur Tätigkeit der Propagandaverwaltung (Informationsverwaltung) der SMAD under Sergej Tjul'panow. Bonn: Verlag J.H.W. Dietz Nachf. Bonn. p. 57.
  20. ^ "Відомості ВР УРСР", Про утворення в місті Кадіївці, Ворошиловградської області, трьох міських районних Рад депутатів трудящих — Іллічівської, Брянської і Голубівської, p. 17, 11 November 1944
  21. ^ Ведомости Верховного Совета СССР, 1963, № 8 (1147).
  22. ^ "Stakhanov". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  23. ^ Stakhanov // The New Encyclopedia Britannica. 15th edition. Micropaedia. Vol.11. Chicago, 1994. page 204
  24. ^ Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2013 року. Державна служба статистики України. Київ, 2013. стор.75
  25. ^ "'Casualties' in Ukraine gun battles". 13 April 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
  26. ^ "Luhansk". Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
  27. ^ "NINE YEARS AGO, RUSSIA UNLEASHED WAR IN DONBAS". 13 April 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
  28. ^ "Russia Calls for "Civilized Implementation" of East Ukraine Referendum Results". The Wall Street Journal. 12 May 2014. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
  29. ^ "Russia recognises Ukraine separatist regions as independent states". BBC News. 21 February 2022. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
  30. ^ a b "Welcome to the Cossack People's Republic of Stakhanov". 11 February 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  31. ^ a b c "Paranoia and Purges: The Dark and Dirty Battle for Power in Rebel-Held Ukraine". 10 February 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
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