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'''Luuq''' ({{lang-so|Luuq}}, {{lang-ar|لوق}}) is a |
'''Luuq''' ({{lang-so|Luuq}}, {{lang-ar|لوق}}, {{lang-it|Lugh}}) is a city in the southwestern [[Gedo]] province of [[Somalia]]. It is one of the older settlements in the area. It is the seat of the [[Luuq District]]. The town is located in a bend of the [[Juba River]], where the watercourse flows down from north to south in a horseshoe shape. Luuq is also known as '''Luuq Gan naane'''. |
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==Overview== |
==Overview== |
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The name Luuq in the [[Somali language]] means "alley" by virtue of the city's geographical setting. The river has great influence on the city and its surrounding areas. The entrance of the city gate is situated not more than 100 meters from the river banks on both the eastern and western sides of the town. About 4 km past the city center and main Luuq Market, the river encloses the city again completely.<ref>{{cite book|title=Huddur & the History of Southern Somalia|publisher=Nahda Bookshop Publisher|year=2005|isbn=9772004992|first=Salah|last=Mohammed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGEwAQAAIAAJ&q=Huddur+%26+the+History+of+Southern+Somalia+page+50 }}</ref> |
The name Luuq in the [[Somali language]] means "alley" by virtue of the city's geographical setting. The river has great influence on the city and its surrounding areas. The entrance of the city gate is situated not more than 100 meters from the river banks on both the eastern and western sides of the town. About 4 km past the city center and main Luuq Market, the river encloses the city again completely.<ref>{{cite book|title=Huddur & the History of Southern Somalia|publisher=Nahda Bookshop Publisher|year=2005|isbn=9772004992|first=Salah|last=Mohammed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGEwAQAAIAAJ&q=Huddur+%26+the+History+of+Southern+Somalia+page+50 }}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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===Medieval=== |
===Medieval=== |
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With the expansion of coastal-interior trade in the south, both the coastal town of Benadir and its inland sister "town of Luuq" on [[Gedo|upper Jubba]] had grown into an important emporium. The Bender-Luuq caravan trade used the southern region of [[Ethiopia]] as an economic catchment area to access new and valued commodities such as coffee, gold, and slaves. In the [[Shebelle River|Shebelle]] and [[Jubba river|Jubba]] valleys, the emergence of the political power of the [[ |
With the expansion of coastal-interior trade in the south, both the coastal town of Benadir and its inland sister "town of Luuq" on [[Gedo|upper Jubba]] had grown into an important emporium. The Bender-Luuq caravan trade used the southern region of [[Ethiopia]] as an economic catchment area to access new and valued commodities such as coffee, gold, and slaves. In the [[Shebelle River|Shebelle]] and [[Jubba river|Jubba]] valleys, the emergence of the political power of the [[gasaargude saldante]] coincided with this period of southern expansion of the interior caravan trade which boosted urban centers across the inter-riverine regions. The Ajuran Somalis "established and maintained control over the coastal regions and built roads connecting the interior urban centers which further boosted prosperity in southern Somalia. As the political power grew, so the [[Ajuran Sultanate|Ajuran]] extended their control of the coastal-interior caravan trade reaching Ethiopia."<ref>{{cite book|title=Climate Change Adaptation in Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fvAABAAAQBAJ&q=Climate+Change+Adaptation+in+Africa%3A+An+Historical+Ecology |page=74 |first=Gufu|last=Obba|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317745914|year=2014}}</ref> |
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Among the most important inland market towns were Luuq and [[Bardera]] on the [[Jubba river|Jubba]] river. Then the goods from the interior were exported as far as Southeast Asia.<ref>{{cite book|title=Climate Change Adaptation in Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fvAABAAAQBAJ&q=Climate+Change+Adaptation+in+Africa%3A+An+Historical+Ecology |first=Gufu|page=74|last=Obba|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317745914|year=2014}}</ref> |
Among the most important inland market towns were Luuq and [[Bardera]] on the [[Jubba river|Jubba]] river. Then the goods from the interior were exported as far as Southeast Asia.<ref>{{cite book|title=Climate Change Adaptation in Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fvAABAAAQBAJ&q=Climate+Change+Adaptation+in+Africa%3A+An+Historical+Ecology |first=Gufu|page=74|last=Obba|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317745914|year=2014}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | |||
[[File:Somaliprince.png|thumb|right|Gunpowder wedding of a Prince of Luuq. One of the main cities in the [[Sultanate of the Geledi|Geledi Sultanate]]]] |
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| ⚫ | Luuq was one of the most important cities in [[Geledi Sultanate]] led by the Gasaaragude dynasty part of the Geledi federation that governed the [[Gedo|upper Jubba]] region. Luuq was the largest city in [[Jubba river|Jubba]] river and served as the military center for the kingdom. All prisoners were locked in the Luuq prison facility. Anyone who wanted to join the army were trained in Luuq. All the weapons were made in Luuq.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPwOsOcNy5YC |title=Historical Dictionary of Somalia |page=116|date= 25 February 2003|isbn=9780810866041 |accessdate=2014-02-15|last1=Mukhtar |first1=Mohamed Haji }}</ref> According to captain Thomas Smee in his 1811 report to the authorities of British India wrote the city was heavily fortified and had over 2 thousand stone houses with mosques, roads including palaces, and castles in the center.<ref>Edward A. Alpers, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/181253 "Muqdisho in the Nineteenth Century: A Regional Perspective", ''Journal of African History''], 24 (1983), p. 444</ref> |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | According to Scott Rees, the importance of the locally made cotton cloth ''Futa Benaadir'' "lay in its exchange". The inland commercial centers in Jubbaland "formerly a seat of flourishing and extensive trade, and a commercial and enterprising people" and the coastal commercial nodes of the Benadir, particularly [[Barawa]], provided goods for the interior markets. The caravans from the Benadir stopped in [[Bale Zone|Bale]] to attract trade goods from the surrounding regions. Cattle barter for "expensive beads, copper, and better quality goods" was popular. The traders of Luuq "reached such sophistication that [they had] a highly developed system of weights and measures, credit was available, and written contracts were signed between the merchants the caravans who carried their merchandise into the interior". The importance of Luuq was its proximity to the [[Arsi Zone|Arsi]] and [[Borena Zone|Borana]] regions. Market transactions between Luuq-based Somali traders and the Oromo pastoralists were complex in terms of methods used to obtain ivory, the most valued trade item, from the interior: "Somali traders would first have to exchange cotton cloth for cattle from the Oromo herdsmen. The cattle were then traded to the hunters for ivory."<ref>{{cite book|title=Climate Change Adaptation in Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fvAABAAAQBAJ&q=Climate+Change+Adaptation+in+Africa%3A+An+Historical+Ecology |page=75 |first=Gufu|last=Obba|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317745914|year=2014}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Luuq was one of the most important cities in [[Geledi Sultanate]] led by the Gasaaragude dynasty part of the Geledi federation that governed the [[Gedo|upper Jubba]] region. Luuq was the largest city in [[Jubba river|Jubba]] river and served as the military center for the kingdom. All prisoners were locked in the Luuq prison facility. Anyone who wanted to join the army were trained in Luuq. All the weapons were made in Luuq.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPwOsOcNy5YC |title=Historical Dictionary of Somalia |page=116|date= 25 February 2003|isbn=9780810866041 |accessdate=2014-02-15|last1=Mukhtar |first1=Mohamed Haji }}</ref> According to captain Thomas Smee in his 1811 report to the authorities of British India wrote the city was heavily fortified and had over 2 thousand stone houses with mosques, roads including palaces, and castles in the center.<ref>Edward A. Alpers, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/181253 "Muqdisho in the Nineteenth Century: A Regional Perspective", ''Journal of African History''], 24 (1983), p. 444</ref> |
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| ⚫ | According to Scott Rees, the importance of the locally made cotton cloth ''Futa Benaadir'' "lay in its exchange". The inland commercial centers in Jubbaland "formerly a seat of flourishing and extensive trade, and a commercial and enterprising people" and the coastal commercial nodes of the Benadir, particularly [[Barawa]], provided goods for the interior markets. The caravans from the Benadir stopped in [[Bale Zone|Bale]] to attract trade goods from the surrounding regions. Cattle barter for "expensive beads, copper, and better quality goods" was popular. The traders of Luuq "reached such sophistication that [they had] a highly developed system of weights and measures, credit was available, and written contracts were signed between the merchants the caravans who carried their merchandise into the interior". The importance of Luuq was its proximity to the [[Arsi Zone|Arsi]] and [[Borena Zone|Borana]] regions. Market transactions between Luuq-based Somali traders and the Oromo pastoralists were complex in terms of methods used to obtain ivory, the most valued trade item, from the interior: "Somali traders (Rahaween tribe) would first have to exchange cotton cloth for cattle from the Oromo herdsmen. The cattle were then traded to the hunters for ivory."<ref>{{cite book|title=Climate Change Adaptation in Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fvAABAAAQBAJ&q=Climate+Change+Adaptation+in+Africa%3A+An+Historical+Ecology |page=75 |first=Gufu|last=Obba|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317745914|year=2014}}</ref> |
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The Ethiopian Emperor [[Menelik II|Menelik]]'s Somali expedition, consisting of an army of 15,000 men, made a deep push into the vicinity of Luuq in [[Somalia]]. However, his troops were soundly defeated by the [[Sultanate of the Geledi]], with only 200 soldiers returning alive in the [[Osman Ahmed#Conflict with the Ethiopian Empire|Battle of Luuq]].<ref>Divine madness: Moḥammed ʻAbdulle Ḥassan (1856-1920) page 69</ref> |
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===Colonial Period=== |
===Colonial Period=== |
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===Modern=== |
===Modern=== |
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After independence in 1960, the city was made the center of the official [[Luuq District]] and served as the political center for [[Gedo]] region. |
After independence in 1960, the city was made the center of the official [[Luuq District]] and served as the political center for [[Gedo]] region. |
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On March 7, 2011, [[Transitional Federal Government]] forces and allied militia captured Luuq from [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al-Shabaab]] rebels, encountering little or no resistance.<ref>{{Cite news| last=Guled | first=Abdi | title=Somali president claims victory in war with rebels | url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2014424654_apafsomalia.html | newspaper=[[Seattle Times]] | agency=[[Associated Press]] | date=2011-03-07 | accessdate=2011-03-07 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | title=Somali troops, militia take two towns from rebels | url=https://af.reuters.com/article/ethiopiaNews/idAFLDE72604720110307?sp=true | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830013304/http://af.reuters.com/article/ethiopiaNews/idAFLDE72604720110307?sp=true | url-status=dead | archive-date=2012-08-30 | work=[[Reuters]] | date=2011-03-07 | accessdate=2011-03-07 }}</ref> |
On March 7, 2011, [[Transitional Federal Government]] forces and allied militia captured Luuq from [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al-Shabaab]] rebels, encountering little or no resistance.<ref>{{Cite news| last=Guled | first=Abdi | title=Somali president claims victory in war with rebels | url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2014424654_apafsomalia.html | newspaper=[[Seattle Times]] | agency=[[Associated Press]] | date=2011-03-07 | accessdate=2011-03-07 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | title=Somali troops, militia take two towns from rebels | url=https://af.reuters.com/article/ethiopiaNews/idAFLDE72604720110307?sp=true | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830013304/http://af.reuters.com/article/ethiopiaNews/idAFLDE72604720110307?sp=true | url-status=dead | archive-date=2012-08-30 | work=[[Reuters]] | date=2011-03-07 | accessdate=2011-03-07 }}</ref> |
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In 2013, Luuq and other settlements in the wider Gedo region were officially incorporated into the newly formed [[Jubaland]] autonomous state.<ref name="Sjgraibtie">{{cite news|title=Somalia: Jubaland gains recognition after intense bilateral talks in Ethiopia |url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Jubaland_gains_recognition_after_intense_bilateral_talks_in_Ethiopia_printer.shtml |accessdate=11 September 2013 |newspaper=Garowe Online |date=28 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012043444/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Jubaland_gains_recognition_after_intense_bilateral_talks_in_Ethiopia_printer.shtml |archivedate=12 October 2013 }}</ref> |
In 2013, Luuq and other settlements in the wider Gedo region were officially incorporated into the newly formed [[Jubaland]] autonomous state.<ref name="Sjgraibtie">{{cite news|title=Somalia: Jubaland gains recognition after intense bilateral talks in Ethiopia |url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Jubaland_gains_recognition_after_intense_bilateral_talks_in_Ethiopia_printer.shtml |accessdate=11 September 2013 |newspaper=Garowe Online |date=28 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012043444/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Jubaland_gains_recognition_after_intense_bilateral_talks_in_Ethiopia_printer.shtml |archivedate=12 October 2013 }}</ref> |
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==Demographics== |
==Demographics== |
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Luuq has a population of around 41,000 inhabitants.<ref name="Tsctp">{{cite web|title=Somalia City & Town Population|url=http://www.tageo.com/index-e-so-cities-SO.htm|publisher=Tageo|accessdate=4 October 2013}}</ref>{{better source|date=July 2018}} The broader [[Luuq District]] has a total population of 185,703 residents.<ref name="Rdatp">{{cite web|title=Regions, districts, and their populations: Somalia 2005 (draft)|url=https://docs.unocha.org/sites/dms/Somalia/UNDP-POP-RURAL-URBAN%202005.pdf|publisher=UNDP|accessdate=21 September 2013}}</ref> |
Luuq has a population of around 41,000 inhabitants.<ref name="Tsctp">{{cite web|title=Somalia City & Town Population|url=http://www.tageo.com/index-e-so-cities-SO.htm|publisher=Tageo|accessdate=4 October 2013}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=July 2018}} The broader [[Luuq District]] has a total population of 185,703 residents.<ref name="Rdatp">{{cite web|title=Regions, districts, and their populations: Somalia 2005 (draft)|url=https://docs.unocha.org/sites/dms/Somalia/UNDP-POP-RURAL-URBAN%202005.pdf|publisher=UNDP|accessdate=21 September 2013}}</ref> |
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==Climate== |
==Climate== |
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Luuq has a [[hot desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BWh''). It has two very short [[wet season|rainy seasons]], in April/May and October/November, due to the passages of the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]]. However, these two rainy seasons are extremely unreliable even vis-à-vis other similar hot and arid regions of the globe.<ref>Dewar, Robert E. and Wallis, James R; ‘Geographical patterning of interannual rainfall variability in the tropics and near tropics: An L-moments approach’; in ''[[Journal of Climate]]'', 12; pp. 3457-3466</ref> Averages high temperatures exceed {{convert|40|°C|°F}} in March, the hottest month of the year. Averages high temperatures remain above {{convert|33|°C|°F|1|disp=or}} during July and August, the least hot months of the year. Averages low temperatures are always above {{convert|20|°C|°F|disp=or}} throughout the whole year. Annual average rainfall is only {{convert|272|mm|in|2|disp=or}} and the city receives just too little annual rainfall to achieve a [[semi-arid climate|“semi-arid” climate]] classification. Luuq is one of the hottest places year-round on Earth as the annual daily mean temperature exceeds {{convert|30|°C|°F|disp=or}}. The sky is almost always clear year-round and fair weather is extremely reliable.{{ |
Luuq has a [[hot desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BWh''). It has two very short [[wet season|rainy seasons]], in April/May and October/November, due to the passages of the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]]. However, these two rainy seasons are extremely unreliable even vis-à-vis other similar hot and arid regions of the globe.<ref>Dewar, Robert E. and Wallis, James R; ‘Geographical patterning of interannual rainfall variability in the tropics and near tropics: An L-moments approach’; in ''[[Journal of Climate]]'', 12; pp. 3457-3466</ref> Averages high temperatures exceed {{convert|40|°C|°F}} in March, the hottest month of the year. Averages high temperatures remain above {{convert|33|°C|°F|1|disp=or}} during July and August, the least hot months of the year. Averages low temperatures are always above {{convert|20|°C|°F|disp=or}} throughout the whole year. Annual average rainfall is only {{convert|272|mm|in|2|disp=or}} and the city receives just too little annual rainfall to achieve a [[semi-arid climate|“semi-arid” climate]] classification. Luuq is one of the hottest places year-round on Earth as the annual daily mean temperature exceeds {{convert|30|°C|°F|disp=or}}. The sky is almost always clear year-round and fair weather is extremely reliable.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} |
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{{Weather box|location = Luuq |
{{Weather box|location = Luuq |
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==References== |
==References== |
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*[http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-4570300&fid=5775&c=somalia Luuq, Somalia] |
*[http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-4570300&fid=5775&c=somalia Luuq, Somalia] |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Populated places in Gedo]] |
[[Category:Populated places in Gedo]] |
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Revision as of 20:12, 25 August 2024
Luuq | |
|---|---|
City | |
 The town Luuq on a half island of Juba river | |
  Luuq Location within Somalia  Luuq Location within the Horn of Africa  Luuq Location within Africa | |
| Coordinates: 3°41′53″N 42°35′50″E / 3.69806°N 42.59722°E | |
| Country |  Somalia |
| State |  Jubaland |
| Region | Gedo |
| District | Luuq District |
| Population | |
| • Total | 134,000 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (EAT) |
Luuq (Template:Lang-so, Template:Lang-ar, Template:Lang-it) is a city in the southwestern Gedo province of Somalia. It is one of the older settlements in the area. It is the seat of the Luuq District. The town is located in a bend of the Juba River, where the watercourse flows down from north to south in a horseshoe shape. Luuq is also known as Luuq Gan naane.
Overview
The name Luuq in the Somali language means "alley" by virtue of the city's geographical setting. The river has great influence on the city and its surrounding areas. The entrance of the city gate is situated not more than 100 meters from the river banks on both the eastern and western sides of the town. About 4 km past the city center and main Luuq Market, the river encloses the city again completely.[1]
History
Medieval
With the expansion of coastal-interior trade in the south, both the coastal town of Benadir and its inland sister "town of Luuq" on upper Jubba had grown into an important emporium. The Bender-Luuq caravan trade used the southern region of Ethiopia as an economic catchment area to access new and valued commodities such as coffee, gold, and slaves. In the Shebelle and Jubba valleys, the emergence of the political power of the gasaargude saldante coincided with this period of southern expansion of the interior caravan trade which boosted urban centers across the inter-riverine regions. The Ajuran Somalis "established and maintained control over the coastal regions and built roads connecting the interior urban centers which further boosted prosperity in southern Somalia. As the political power grew, so the Ajuran extended their control of the coastal-interior caravan trade reaching Ethiopia."[2]
Among the most important inland market towns were Luuq and Bardera on the Jubba river. Then the goods from the interior were exported as far as Southeast Asia.[3]
Early Modern
Luuq was one of the most important cities in Geledi Sultanate led by the Gasaaragude dynasty part of the Geledi federation that governed the upper Jubba region. Luuq was the largest city in Jubba river and served as the military center for the kingdom. All prisoners were locked in the Luuq prison facility. Anyone who wanted to join the army were trained in Luuq. All the weapons were made in Luuq.[4] According to captain Thomas Smee in his 1811 report to the authorities of British India wrote the city was heavily fortified and had over 2 thousand stone houses with mosques, roads including palaces, and castles in the center.[5]
According to Scott Rees, the importance of the locally made cotton cloth Futa Benaadir "lay in its exchange". The inland commercial centers in Jubbaland "formerly a seat of flourishing and extensive trade, and a commercial and enterprising people" and the coastal commercial nodes of the Benadir, particularly Barawa, provided goods for the interior markets. The caravans from the Benadir stopped in Bale to attract trade goods from the surrounding regions. Cattle barter for "expensive beads, copper, and better quality goods" was popular. The traders of Luuq "reached such sophistication that [they had] a highly developed system of weights and measures, credit was available, and written contracts were signed between the merchants the caravans who carried their merchandise into the interior". The importance of Luuq was its proximity to the Arsi and Borana regions. Market transactions between Luuq-based Somali traders and the Oromo pastoralists were complex in terms of methods used to obtain ivory, the most valued trade item, from the interior: "Somali traders (Rahaween tribe) would first have to exchange cotton cloth for cattle from the Oromo herdsmen. The cattle were then traded to the hunters for ivory."[6]
Colonial Period
Luuq came under indirect Italian control by 1907, and Italian interest in the town was serious enough for them to demarcate the only segment of the Somali-Ethiopian boundary in order to include Luuq as part of Italian Somaliland.[7]
Modern
After independence in 1960, the city was made the center of the official Luuq District and served as the political center for Gedo region.
On March 7, 2011, Transitional Federal Government forces and allied militia captured Luuq from Al-Shabaab rebels, encountering little or no resistance.[8][9]
In 2013, Luuq and other settlements in the wider Gedo region were officially incorporated into the newly formed Jubaland autonomous state.[10]
Demographics
Luuq has a population of around 41,000 inhabitants.[11][better source needed] The broader Luuq District has a total population of 185,703 residents.[12]
Climate
Luuq has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh). It has two very short rainy seasons, in April/May and October/November, due to the passages of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. However, these two rainy seasons are extremely unreliable even vis-à-vis other similar hot and arid regions of the globe.[13] Averages high temperatures exceed 40 °C (104 °F) in March, the hottest month of the year. Averages high temperatures remain above 33 °C or 91.4 °F during July and August, the least hot months of the year. Averages low temperatures are always above 20 °C or 68 °F throughout the whole year. Annual average rainfall is only 272 millimetres or 10.71 inches and the city receives just too little annual rainfall to achieve a “semi-arid” climate classification. Luuq is one of the hottest places year-round on Earth as the annual daily mean temperature exceeds 30 °C or 86 °F. The sky is almost always clear year-round and fair weather is extremely reliable.[citation needed]
| Climate data for Luuq | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 38.6 (101.5) |
39.6 (103.3) |
40.5 (104.9) |
38.3 (100.9) |
36.0 (96.8) |
35.0 (95.0) |
33.5 (92.3) |
33.8 (92.8) |
36.0 (96.8) |
37.1 (98.8) |
37.5 (99.5) |
37.8 (100.0) |
37.0 (98.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 31.5 (88.7) |
32.3 (90.1) |
33.2 (91.8) |
31.8 (89.2) |
30.3 (86.5) |
29.5 (85.1) |
28.2 (82.8) |
28.2 (82.8) |
29.6 (85.3) |
30.5 (86.9) |
30.5 (86.9) |
30.5 (86.9) |
30.5 (86.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23.8 (74.8) |
24.5 (76.1) |
25.3 (77.5) |
25.0 (77.0) |
24.8 (76.6) |
23.8 (74.8) |
23.1 (73.6) |
22.6 (72.7) |
23.5 (74.3) |
23.7 (74.7) |
23.7 (74.7) |
23.0 (73.4) |
23.9 (75.0) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 1.0 (0.04) |
1.0 (0.04) |
18.0 (0.71) |
82.0 (3.23) |
52.0 (2.05) |
2.0 (0.08) |
2.0 (0.08) |
1.0 (0.04) |
3.0 (0.12) |
48.0 (1.89) |
50.0 (1.97) |
12.0 (0.47) |
272 (10.72) |
| Source: Luuq Climate[14] | |||||||||||||
Notes
- ^ Mohammed, Salah (2005). Huddur & the History of Southern Somalia. Nahda Bookshop Publisher. ISBN 9772004992.
- ^ Obba, Gufu (2014). Climate Change Adaptation in Africa. Routledge. p. 74. ISBN 9781317745914.
- ^ Obba, Gufu (2014). Climate Change Adaptation in Africa. Routledge. p. 74. ISBN 9781317745914.
- ^ Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji (25 February 2003). Historical Dictionary of Somalia. p. 116. ISBN 9780810866041. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
- ^ Edward A. Alpers, "Muqdisho in the Nineteenth Century: A Regional Perspective", Journal of African History, 24 (1983), p. 444
- ^ Obba, Gufu (2014). Climate Change Adaptation in Africa. Routledge. p. 75. ISBN 9781317745914.
- ^ Lewis, Modern History, pp. 88f
- ^ Guled, Abdi (7 March 2011). "Somali president claims victory in war with rebels". Seattle Times. Associated Press. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
- ^ "Somali troops, militia take two towns from rebels". Reuters. 7 March 2011. Archived from the original on 30 August 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
- ^ "Somalia: Jubaland gains recognition after intense bilateral talks in Ethiopia". Garowe Online. 28 August 2013. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
- ^ "Somalia City & Town Population". Tageo. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
- ^ "Regions, districts, and their populations: Somalia 2005 (draft)" (PDF). UNDP. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
- ^ Dewar, Robert E. and Wallis, James R; ‘Geographical patterning of interannual rainfall variability in the tropics and near tropics: An L-moments approach’; in Journal of Climate, 12; pp. 3457-3466
- ^ "Luuq Climate" (PDF). River Atlas Files. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
References
| Authority control databases: National |
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