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A panorama (formed from Greek πᾶν "all" + ὅραμα "view") is any wide-angle view or representation of a physical space, whether in painting, drawing, photography, film, seismic images, or 3D modeling. The word was coined in the 18th century^[1] by the English (Irish descent) painter Robert Barker to describe his panoramic paintings of Edinburgh and London. The motion-picture term panning is derived from panorama.^[2]

A panoramic view is also purposed for multimedia, cross-scale applications to an outline overview (from a distance) along and across repositories. This so-called "cognitive panorama" is a panoramic view over, and a combination of, cognitive spaces^[3] used to capture the larger scale.

History

The device of the panorama existed in painting, particularly in murals, as early as 20 A.D., in those found in Pompeii,^[4] as a means of generating an immersive "panoptic" experience of a vista.

Cartographic experiments during the Enlightenment era preceded European panorama painting and contributed^[5] to a formative impulse toward panoramic vision and depiction.

This novel perspective was quickly conveyed to America by Benjamin Franklin who was present for the first manned balloon flight by the Montgolfier brothers in 1783, and by the American-born physician, John Jeffries who had joined French aeronaut Jean Pierre Blanchard on flights over England and the first aerial crossing of the English Channel in 1785.^[6]

As popular spectacle

In the mid-19th century, panoramic paintings and models became a very popular way to represent landscapes, topographic views^[7] and historical events. Audiences of Europe in this period were thrilled by the aspect of illusion, immersed in a winding 360-degree panorama and given the impression of standing in a new environment. The panorama was a 360-degree visual medium patented under the title Apparatus for Exhibiting Pictures by the artist Robert Barker in 1787. The earliest that the word "panorama" appeared in print was on June 11, 1791, in the British newspaper The Morning Chronicle, referring to this visual spectacle.^[8] Barker created a painting, shown on a cylindrical surface and viewed from the inside, giving viewers a vantage point encompassing the entire circle of the horizon, rendering the original scene with high fidelity. The inaugural exhibition, a "View of Edinburgh" (specifically the view from the summit of Calton Hill), was first shown in that city in 1788, then transported to London in 1789. By 1793, Barker had built "The Panorama" rotunda at the center of London's entertainment district in Leicester Square, where it remained attracting visitors for 70 years, then closing in 1863,^[9] before being converted into the church of Notre Dame de France.

A panorama of London by Robert Barker, 1792

Inventor Sir Francis Ronalds developed a machine to remove errors in perspective that were created when a sequence of planar sketches was combined into a cylinder. It also projected the cylindrical drawing onto the wall of the rotunda at much larger scale to enable its accurate painting. The apparatus was exhibited at the Royal Polytechnic Institution in the early 1840s.^[10]

Large scale installations enhance the illusion for an audience of being surrounded with a real landscape. The Bourbaki Panorama in Lucerne, Switzerland was created by Edouard Castres in 1881.^[11] The painting measures about 10 metres in height with a circumference of 112 meters.^[12] In the same year of 1881, the Dutch marine painter Hendrik Willem Mesdag created and established the Panorama Mesdag of The Hague, Netherlands, a cylindrical painting more than 14 metres high and roughly 40 meters in diameter (120 meters in circumference). In the United States of America is the Atlanta Cyclorama, depicting the Civil War Battle of Atlanta. It was first displayed in 1887, and is 42 feet high by 358 feet circumference (13 × 109 metres).^[13] Also on a gigantic scale, and still extant, is the Racławice Panorama (1893) located in Wrocław, Poland, which measures 15 × 120 metres.^[14]

In addition to these historical examples, there have been panoramas painted and installed in modern times; prominent among these is the Velaslavasay Panorama in Los Angeles, California (2004).

Photographs

Panoramic photography soon came to displace painting as the most common method for creating wide views. Not long after the introduction of the Daguerreotype in 1839, photographers began assembling multiple images of a view into a single wide image.^[15] In the late 19th century, flexible film enabled the construction of panoramic cameras using curved film holders and clockwork drives to rotate the lens in an arc and thus scan an image encompassing almost 180 degrees.^{[citation needed]}

360-degree panorama picture of the center courtyard of the Sony Center at the Potsdamer Platz in Berlin. This picture was calculated from 126 individual photos using autostitch

Pinhole cameras of a variety of constructions can be used to make panoramic images. A popular design is the "oatmeal box", a vertical cylindrical container in which the pinhole is made in one side and the film or photographic paper is wrapped around the inside wall opposite, and extending almost right to the edge of, the pinhole. This generates an egg-shaped image with more than 180° view.^[16]

Popular in the 1970s and 1980s, but now superseded by digital presentation software, Multi-image^[17] (also known as multi-image slide presentations, slide shows or diaporamas) 35mm slide projections onto one or more screens characteristically lent themselves to the wide screen panorama. They could run autonomously with silent synchronization pulses to control projector advance and fades, recorded beside an audio voice-over or music track. Precisely overlapping slides placed in slide mounts with soft-edge density masks would merge seamlessly on the screen to create the panorama. Cutting and dissolving between sequential images generated animation effects in the panorama format.

A 270-degree panorama stitched "in-camera". Many modern digital cameras can automatically stitch a sequence of images shot while the camera is rotated.

A vertical panorama or vertorama is a panorama with an upright orientation instead of a horizontal. It is created using the same techniques as when making a horizontal panorama.^[18]

VR photographs

Digital photography of the late twentieth century greatly simplified this assembly process, which is now known as image stitching. Such stitched images may even be fashioned into forms of virtual reality movies, using technologies such as QuickTime VR, Flash, Java, or even JavaScript. A rotating line camera such as the Panoscan allows the capture of high resolution panoramic images and eliminates the need for image stitching, but immersive "spherical" panorama movies (that incorporate a full 180° vertical viewing angle as well as 360° around) must be made by stitching multiple images. Stitching images together can be used to create extremely high resolution gigapixel panoramic images.

Panoramic view of the antennas of the Atacama Large Millimeter Array under the clear sky over the Chajnantor Plateau, in the Chilean Andes.^[19]

Motion picture

On rare occasions, 360° panoramic movies have been constructed for specially designed display spaces—typically at theme parks, world's fairs, and museums. Starting in 1955, Disney has created 360° theaters for its parks^[20] and the Swiss Transport Museum in Lucerne, Switzerland, features a theatre that is a large cylindrical space with an arrangement of screens whose bottom is several metres above the floor. Panoramic systems that are less than 360° around also exist. For example, Cinerama used a very wide curved screen, with three synchronized projectors, and IMAX Dome / OMNIMAX movies are projected on a dome above the spectators.

Non-photographic representations

Panoramic representation can be generated from digital elevation models such as SRTM. In these diagrams, a panorama from any given point^[21] can be generated and imaged from the data.^[22]

References

^ A Review of ‘The Panoramic River,’ at the Hudson River Museum - NYTimes.com
^ "Motion picture - Expressive elements of motion pictures". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-06-13.
^ For more see the International Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics.
^ Grau, Oliver; Custance, Gloria (2003), Virtual art: from illusion to immersion (Rev. and expanded ed.), MIT Press, ISBN 978-0-262-07241-0
^ as argued in Oettermann, Stephan, The Panorama: History of a Mass Medium. trans. Deborah Lucas Schneider (New York: Zone Books, 1997)
^ John Jeffries. Two Voyages of Dr Jeffries with Mons. Blanchard (London. 1786: reprint, New York: Aeronautical Archive of the Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences and the Works Projects Administration. 1941), 17, 20.
^ The USA Library of Congress holds 1,172 images of panoramic maps of American towns and cities [1] and the British Library has panoramas of UK cities and towns, and of many in its colonies [2]
^ This reference, the earliest found so far, is suggested by Scott Wilcox in 'Erfindung und Entwicklung des Panoramas in Grossbritannien', Sehsucht. Das Panorama als Massenunterhaltung des 19 Jahrhunderts, edited by Marie-Louise von Plessen, Ulrich Giersch. Basel and Frankfurt am Main: Stroemfeld/Roter Stern, 1993, p. 35 (note 11)
^ Grovier, Kelly. "The surprising history of the word 'dude'". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
^ Ronalds, B.F. (2016). Sir Francis Ronalds: Father of the Electric Telegraph. London: Imperial College Press. ISBN 978-1-78326-917-4.
^ The Bourbaki Panorama, which shows the plight of the French Troops of General Bourbaki in 1871 during the Franco-Prussian War, is the subject of Jeff Wall's 1993 photograph Restoration. Wall constructed a fictitious scene in which actual conservators were posed as if they were in the process of restoring the painting which was not in fact undergoing restoration at the time. (Mieszkowski, Jan (22 August 2012), Watching war, Stanford, California Stanford University Press (published 2012), ISBN 978-0-8047-8240-1 p.91)
^ Bernard Comment (2004),Panorama, Reaktion Books, page 214
^ Marty Olmstead (2002), Hidden Georgia, Ulysses Press, page 204
^ Jan Stanisław Kopczewski (1976), Kosciuszko and Pulaski, Interpress, page 220
^ for example, the Cincinnati Panorama (1848), a daguerreotype by Charles Fontayne and William S. Porter. 6½ x 68 inches (15.24 by 21.59 cm). Held at the Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County. http://www.ohiomemory.org/cdm/ref/collection/p267401coll36/id/4168
^ Eric Renner (2008). Pinhole photography from historic technique to digital application (4th ed). Amsterdam Focal Press pps. 129-140
^ Kenny, Michael F.; Schmitt, Raymond F. (1983). Images, Images, Images: The Book of Programmed Multi-Image Production. New York: Eastman Kodak. ISBN 978-0-87985-327-3.
^ Wyden Kivowitz, Scott (5 May 2014). Go Wider with Panoramic Photography. Pearson Education. ISBN 9780133904383.
^ "ALMA Panoramic View with Carina Nebula". ESO Picture of the Week. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
^ Joshua C. Shaffer (2010), Discovering the Magic Kingdom: An Unofficial Disneyland Vacation Guide, AuthorHouse, page 200 ISBN 1452063125
^ McAdoo, B. G., Richardson, N., & Borrero, J. (2007). Inundation distances and run‐up measurements from ASTER, QuickBird and SRTM data, Aceh coast, Indonesia. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 28(13-14), 2961-2975.
^ Fedorov, R., Fraternali, P., & Tagliasacchi, M. (2014, November). Mountain peak identification in visual content based on coarse digital elevation models. In Proceedings of the 3rd ACM International Workshop on Multimedia Analysis for Ecological Data (pp. 7-11). ACM.

External links

"Panorama" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 681.
Peak finder

[1] A Review of ‘The Panoramic River,’ at the Hudson River Museum - NYTimes.com

[2] "Motion picture - Expressive elements of motion pictures". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-06-13.

[3] For more see the International Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics.

[4] Grau, Oliver; Custance, Gloria (2003), Virtual art: from illusion to immersion (Rev. and expanded ed.), MIT Press, ISBN 978-0-262-07241-0

[5] s argued in Oettermann, Stephan, The Panorama: History of a Mass Medium. trans. Deborah Lucas Schneider (New York: Zone Books, 1997)

[6] John Jeffries. Two Voyages of Dr Jeffries with Mons. Blanchard (London. 1786: reprint, New York: Aeronautical Archive of the Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences and the Works Projects Administration. 1941), 17, 20.

[7] The USA Library of Congress holds 1,172 images of panoramic maps of American towns and cities [1] and the British Library has panoramas of UK cities and towns, and of many in its colonies [2]

[8] This reference, the earliest found so far, is suggested by Scott Wilcox in 'Erfindung und Entwicklung des Panoramas in Grossbritannien', Sehsucht. Das Panorama als Massenunterhaltung des 19 Jahrhunderts, edited by Marie-Louise von Plessen, Ulrich Giersch. Basel and Frankfurt am Main: Stroemfeld/Roter Stern, 1993, p. 35 (note 11)

[9] Grovier, Kelly. "The surprising history of the word 'dude'". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2020-04-14.

[10] Ronalds, B.F. (2016). Sir Francis Ronalds: Father of the Electric Telegraph. London: Imperial College Press. ISBN 978-1-78326-917-4.

[11] The Bourbaki Panorama, which shows the plight of the French Troops of General Bourbaki in 1871 during the Franco-Prussian War, is the subject of Jeff Wall's 1993 photograph Restoration. Wall constructed a fictitious scene in which actual conservators were posed as if they were in the process of restoring the painting which was not in fact undergoing restoration at the time. (Mieszkowski, Jan (22 August 2012), Watching war, Stanford, California Stanford University Press (published 2012), ISBN 978-0-8047-8240-1 p.91)

[12] Bernard Comment (2004),Panorama, Reaktion Books, page 214

[13] Marty Olmstead (2002), Hidden Georgia, Ulysses Press, page 204

[14] Jan Stanisław Kopczewski (1976), Kosciuszko and Pulaski, Interpress, page 220

[15] r example, the Cincinnati Panorama (1848), a daguerreotype by Charles Fontayne and William S. Porter. 6½ x 68 inches (15.24 by 21.59 cm). Held at the Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County. http://www.ohiomemory.org/cdm/ref/collection/p267401coll36/id/4168

[16] Eric Renner (2008). Pinhole photography from historic technique to digital application (4th ed). Amsterdam Focal Press pps. 129-140

[17] Kenny, Michael F.; Schmitt, Raymond F. (1983). Images, Images, Images: The Book of Programmed Multi-Image Production. New York: Eastman Kodak. ISBN 978-0-87985-327-3.

[18] Wyden Kivowitz, Scott (5 May 2014). Go Wider with Panoramic Photography. Pearson Education. ISBN 9780133904383.

[19] "ALMA Panoramic View with Carina Nebula". ESO Picture of the Week. Retrieved 12 November 2013.

[20] Joshua C. Shaffer (2010), Discovering the Magic Kingdom: An Unofficial Disneyland Vacation Guide, AuthorHouse, page 200 ISBN 1452063125

[21] McAdoo, B. G., Richardson, N., & Borrero, J. (2007). Inundation distances and run‐up measurements from ASTER, QuickBird and SRTM data, Aceh coast, Indonesia. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 28(13-14), 2961-2975.

[22] Fedorov, R., Fraternali, P., & Tagliasacchi, M. (2014, November). Mountain peak identification in visual content based on coarse digital elevation models. In Proceedings of the 3rd ACM International Workshop on Multimedia Analysis for Ecological Data (pp. 7-11). ACM.

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{Other uses}}
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-[[File:Panorama of the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Kairouan.jpg|thumb|400px|Panorama of the inner courtyard of the [[Great Mosque of Kairouan]], in Tunisia]]
+[[File:Panorama of the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Kairouan.jpg|thumb|400px|Panorama of the inner courtyard of the [[Great Mosque of Kairouan]], in Tunisia]]
-A '''panorama''' (formed from [[Greek language|Greek]] [[Omnipresence|πᾶν "all" + ὅραμα "sight"]]) is any [[Obtuse angle|wide-angle]] view or representation of a physical space, whether in [[painting]], [[drawing]], [[photography]], [[film]], [[seismic images]] or a three-dimensional model.  The word was originally coined in the 18th century<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/17/nyregion/a-review-of-the-panoramic-river-at-the-hudson-river-museum.html A Review of ‘The Panoramic River,’ at the Hudson River Museum - NYTimes.com]</ref> by the English [[Irish people|(Irish descent)]] painter [[Robert Barker (painter)|Robert Barker]] to describe his [[panoramic painting]]s of [[Edinburgh]] and [[London]]. The motion-picture term [[Panning (camera)|''panning'']] is derived from ''panorama''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/motion-picture/Expressive-elements-of-motion-pictures|title=Motion picture - Expressive elements of motion pictures|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-06-13|language=en}}</ref>
+A '''panorama''' (formed from [[Greek language|Greek]] πᾶν "all" + ὅραμα "view") is any [[Obtuse angle|wide-angle]] view or representation of a physical space, whether in [[painting]], [[drawing]], [[photography]], [[film]], [[seismic images]], or [[3D modeling]]. The word was coined in the 18th century<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/17/nyregion/a-review-of-the-panoramic-river-at-the-hudson-river-museum.html A Review of ‘The Panoramic River,’ at the Hudson River Museum - NYTimes.com]</ref> by the English ([[Irish people|Irish descent]]) painter [[Robert Barker (painter)|Robert Barker]] to describe his [[panoramic painting]]s of [[Edinburgh]] and [[London]]. The motion-picture term [[Panning (camera)|''panning'']] is derived from ''panorama''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/motion-picture/Expressive-elements-of-motion-pictures|title=Motion picture - Expressive elements of motion pictures|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-06-13|language=en}}</ref>
 A panoramic view is also purposed for multimedia, cross-scale applications to an outline overview (from a distance) along and across repositories. This so-called "cognitive panorama" is a panoramic view over, and a combination of, [[cognitive space]]s<ref>For more see the [[International Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics]].</ref> used to capture the larger scale.
@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 [[File:Vue circulaire des montagnes qu ‘on decouvre du sommet du Glacier de Buet, from Horace-Benedict de Saussure, Voyage dans les Alpes, précédés d'un essai sur l'histoire naturelle des environs de Geneve. Neuchatel, l779-96, pl. 8.jpg|thumb|"Vue circulaire des montagnes qu‘on decouvre du sommet du Glacier de Buet", from Horace-Benedict de Saussure, ''Voyage dans les Alpes, précédés d'un essai sur l'histoire naturelle des environs de Geneve''. Neuchatel, 1779–96, pl. 8.]]
-The device of the panorama existed in painting, particularly in [[mural]]s, as early as 20 A.D., in those found in [[Pompeii]],<ref>{{Citation | author1=Grau, Oliver | author2=Custance, Gloria | title=Virtual art: from illusion to immersion | publication-date=2003 | publisher=MIT Press | edition=Rev. and expanded | isbn=978-0-262-07241-0 }}</ref> as a means of generating an immersive "[[Panopticism|panoptic]]" experience of a [[:wikt:vista|vista]].
+The device of the panorama existed in painting, particularly in [[mural]]s, as early as 20 A.D., in those found in [[Pompeii]],<ref>{{Citation | author1=Grau, Oliver | author2=Custance, Gloria | title=Virtual art: from illusion to immersion | year=2003 | publication-date=2003 | publisher=MIT Press | edition=Rev. and expanded | isbn=978-0-262-07241-0 }}</ref> as a means of generating an immersive "[[Panopticism|panoptic]]" experience of a [[:wikt:vista|vista]].
 [[Cartography|Cartographic]] experiments during the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] era preceded European [[Panoramic painting|panorama painting]] and contributed<ref>as argued in Oettermann, Stephan, The Panorama: History of a Mass Medium. trans.  Deborah Lucas Schneider (New York: Zone Books, 1997)</ref> to a formative impulse toward panoramic vision and depiction.
@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 == As popular spectacle ==
-In the mid-19th century, [[panoramic painting]]s and models became a very popular way to represent [[landscapes]], topographic views<ref>The USA Library of Congress holds 1,172 images of panoramic maps of American towns and cities [https://www.loc.gov/maps/?fa=subject%3Aunited+states%7Cpartof%3Apanoramic+maps%7Cpartof%3Acities+and+towns&dates=1800-1899&st=gallery] and the British Library has panoramas of UK cities and towns, and of many in its colonies [http://www.bl.uk/search/og/search?q=Panorama&Go.x=0&Go.y=0&Go=Submit&output=xml_no_dtd&filter=0&proxystylesheet=public_onlinegallery&client=public_onlinegallery&site=public_onlinegallery]</ref> and [[historical events]]. Audiences of Europe in this period were thrilled by the aspect of illusion, [[Immersion (virtual reality)|immersed]] in a winding 360-degree panorama and given the impression of standing in a new environment. The ''panorama'' was a [[360-degree view|360-degree]] visual medium patented under the title&nbsp;''Apparatus for Exhibiting Pictures'' by the artist [[Robert Barker (painter)|Robert Barker]] in 1787. The earliest that the word "panorama" appeared in print was on June 11, 1791 in the British newspaper ''[[The Morning Chronicle]]'', referring to this visual spectacle.<ref>This reference, the earliest found so far, is suggested by Scott Wilcox in 'Erfindung und Entwicklung des Panoramas in Grossbritannien', ''Sehsucht. Das Panorama als Massenunterhaltung des 19 Jahrhunderts'', edited by Marie-Louise von Plessen, Ulrich Giersch. Basel and Frankfurt am Main: Stroemfeld/Roter Stern, 1993, p. 35 (note 11)</ref> Barker created a painting, shown on a cylindrical surface and viewed from the inside, giving viewers a vantage point encompassing the entire circle of the horizon, rendering the original scene with high fidelity. The inaugural exhibition, a "View of Edinburgh" (specifically the view from the summit of [[Calton Hill]]), was first shown in that city in 1788, then transported to London in 1789. By 1793, Barker had built "The Panorama" [[Rotunda (architecture)|rotunda]] at the center of London's entertainment district in [[Leicester Square]], where it remained attracting visitors for 70 years, then closing in 1863,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20190508-the-surprising-history-of-the-word-dude|title=The surprising history of the word ‘dude’|last=Grovier|first=Kelly|website=www.bbc.com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-14}}</ref>  before being converted into the church of [[Notre Dame de France]].{{wide image|Panorama of London Barker.jpg|600px|A panorama of London by Robert Barker, 1792}}
+In the mid-19th century, [[panoramic painting]]s and models became a very popular way to represent [[landscapes]], topographic views<ref>The USA Library of Congress holds 1,172 images of panoramic maps of American towns and cities [https://www.loc.gov/maps/?fa=subject%3Aunited+states%7Cpartof%3Apanoramic+maps%7Cpartof%3Acities+and+towns&dates=1800-1899&st=gallery] and the British Library has panoramas of UK cities and towns, and of many in its colonies [http://www.bl.uk/search/og/search?q=Panorama&Go.x=0&Go.y=0&Go=Submit&output=xml_no_dtd&filter=0&proxystylesheet=public_onlinegallery&client=public_onlinegallery&site=public_onlinegallery]</ref> and [[historical events]]. Audiences of Europe in this period were thrilled by the aspect of illusion, [[Immersion (virtual reality)|immersed]] in a winding 360-degree panorama and given the impression of standing in a new environment. The ''panorama'' was a [[360-degree view|360-degree]] visual medium patented under the title&nbsp;''Apparatus for Exhibiting Pictures'' by the artist [[Robert Barker (painter)|Robert Barker]] in 1787. The earliest that the word "panorama" appeared in print was on June 11, 1791, in the British newspaper ''[[The Morning Chronicle]]'', referring to this visual spectacle.<ref>This reference, the earliest found so far, is suggested by Scott Wilcox in 'Erfindung und Entwicklung des Panoramas in Grossbritannien', ''Sehsucht. Das Panorama als Massenunterhaltung des 19 Jahrhunderts'', edited by Marie-Louise von Plessen, Ulrich Giersch. Basel and Frankfurt am Main: Stroemfeld/Roter Stern, 1993, p. 35 (note 11)</ref> Barker created a painting, shown on a cylindrical surface and viewed from the inside, giving viewers a vantage point encompassing the entire circle of the horizon, rendering the original scene with high fidelity. The inaugural exhibition, a "View of Edinburgh" (specifically the view from the summit of [[Calton Hill]]), was first shown in that city in 1788, then transported to London in 1789. By 1793, Barker had built "The Panorama" [[Rotunda (architecture)|rotunda]] at the center of London's entertainment district in [[Leicester Square]], where it remained attracting visitors for 70 years, then closing in 1863,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20190508-the-surprising-history-of-the-word-dude|title=The surprising history of the word 'dude'|last=Grovier|first=Kelly|website=www.bbc.com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-14}}</ref> before being converted into the church of [[Notre Dame de France]].
+{{wide image|Panorama of London Barker.jpg|600px|A panorama of London by Robert Barker, 1792}}
 Inventor Sir [[Francis Ronalds]] developed a machine to remove errors in [[Perspectivity|perspective]] that were created when a sequence of planar sketches was combined into a cylinder. It also projected the cylindrical drawing onto the wall of the rotunda at much larger scale to enable its accurate painting. The apparatus was exhibited at the [[University of Westminster#History|Royal Polytechnic Institution]] in the early 1840s.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sir Francis Ronalds: Father of the Electric Telegraph|last=Ronalds|first=B.F.|publisher=Imperial College Press|year=2016|isbn=978-1-78326-917-4|location=London}}</ref>
-Large scale installations enhance the illusion for an audience of being surrounded with a real landscape. The [[Charles Denis Bourbaki|Bourbaki]] Panorama in [[Lucerne]], [[Switzerland]] was created by [[Edouard Castres]] in 1881.<ref>The Bourbaki Panorama, which shows the plight of the French Troops of General Bourbaki in 1871 during the Franco-Prussian War, is the subject of [[Jeff Wall]]'s 1993 photograph Restoration. Wall constructed a fictitious scene in which actual conservators were posed as if they were in the process of restoring the painting which was not in fact undergoing restoration at the time. ({{Citation | author1=Mieszkowski, Jan | title=Watching war | publication-date=2012 | publisher=Stanford, California Stanford University Press | isbn=978-0-8047-8240-1 }} p.91)</ref> The painting measures about 10 metres in height with a [[circumference]] of 112 meters.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=evOke2eM_bYC&pg=PA214&dq=Bourbaki+Panorama+Lucerne&hl=fr&sa=X&ei=hYPWT8icN4qI4gSI7My6Aw&ved=0CEoQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Bourbaki%20Panorama%20Lucerne&f=false Bernard Comment (2004),''Panorama'', Reaktion Books, page 214]</ref> In the same year of 1881, the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[Seascape|marine]] painter [[Hendrik Willem Mesdag]] created and established the [[Panorama Mesdag]] of [[The Hague]], [[Netherlands]], a cylindrical painting more than 14 metres high and roughly 40 meters in diameter (120 meters in circumference). In the United States of America is the [[Atlanta Cyclorama]], depicting the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] [[Battle of Atlanta]]. It was first displayed in 1887, and is 42 feet high by 358 feet circumference (13 x 109 metres).<ref>Marty Olmstead (2002), ''Hidden Georgia'', Ulysses Press, page 204</ref> Also on a gigantic scale, and still extant, is the [[Racławice Panorama]] (1893) located in [[Wrocław]], [[Poland]], which measures 15 x 120 metres.<ref>Jan Stanisław Kopczewski (1976), ''Kosciuszko and Pulaski'', Interpress, page 220</ref>{{Clear}} In addition to these historical examples, there have been panoramas painted and installed in modern times; prominent among these is the [[Velaslavasay Panorama]] in Los Angeles, California (2004).
+Large scale installations enhance the illusion for an audience of being surrounded with a real landscape. The [[Bourbaki Panorama]] in [[Lucerne]], [[Switzerland]] was created by [[Edouard Castres]] in 1881.<ref>The Bourbaki Panorama, which shows the plight of the French Troops of General Bourbaki in 1871 during the Franco-Prussian War, is the subject of [[Jeff Wall]]'s 1993 photograph Restoration. Wall constructed a fictitious scene in which actual conservators were posed as if they were in the process of restoring the painting which was not in fact undergoing restoration at the time. ({{Citation | author1=Mieszkowski, Jan | title=Watching war | date=22 August 2012 | publication-date=2012 | publisher=Stanford, California Stanford University Press | isbn=978-0-8047-8240-1 }} p.91)</ref> The painting measures about 10 metres in height with a [[circumference]] of 112 meters.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=evOke2eM_bYC&dq=Bourbaki+Panorama+Lucerne&pg=PA214 Bernard Comment (2004),''Panorama'', Reaktion Books, page 214]</ref> In the same year of 1881, the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[Seascape|marine]] painter [[Hendrik Willem Mesdag]] created and established the [[Panorama Mesdag]] of [[The Hague]], [[Netherlands]], a cylindrical painting more than 14 metres high and roughly 40 meters in diameter (120 meters in circumference). In the United States of America is the [[Atlanta Cyclorama]], depicting the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] [[Battle of Atlanta]]. It was first displayed in 1887, and is 42 feet high by 358 feet circumference (13 × 109 metres).<ref>Marty Olmstead (2002), ''Hidden Georgia'', Ulysses Press, page 204</ref> Also on a gigantic scale, and still extant, is the [[Racławice Panorama]] (1893) located in [[Wrocław]], [[Poland]], which measures 15 × 120 metres.<ref>Jan Stanisław Kopczewski (1976), ''Kosciuszko and Pulaski'', Interpress, page 220</ref>{{Clear}} In addition to these historical examples, there have been panoramas painted and installed in modern times; prominent among these is the [[Velaslavasay Panorama]] in Los Angeles, California (2004).
 == Photographs ==
 {{Main|Panoramic photography}}
 Panoramic photography soon came to displace painting as the most common method for creating wide views. Not long after the introduction of the [[Daguerreotype]] in 1839, photographers began assembling multiple images of a view into a single wide image.<ref>for example, the Cincinnati Panorama (1848), a daguerreotype by Charles Fontayne and William S. Porter. 6½ x 68 inches (15.24 by 21.59 cm). Held at the Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County. http://www.ohiomemory.org/cdm/ref/collection/p267401coll36/id/4168</ref> In the late 19th century, flexible film enabled the construction of panoramic cameras using curved film holders and clockwork drives to rotate the lens in an arc and thus scan an image encompassing almost 180 degrees.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}
-{{wide image|SonyCenter 360panorama.jpg|600px|360 degree panorama picture of the center courtyard of the Sony Center at the Potsdamer Platz in Berlin. This picture was calculated from 126 individual photos using autostitch}}
+{{wide image|SonyCenter 360panorama.jpg|600px|360-degree panorama picture of the center courtyard of the Sony Center at the Potsdamer Platz in Berlin. This picture was calculated from 126 individual photos using autostitch}}
 Pinhole cameras of a variety of constructions can be used to make panoramic images. A popular design is the "oatmeal box", a vertical cylindrical container in which the pinhole is made in one side and the film or photographic paper is wrapped around the inside wall opposite, and extending almost right to the edge of, the pinhole. This generates an egg-shaped image with more than 180° view.<ref>Eric Renner (2008). Pinhole photography from historic technique to digital application (4th ed). Amsterdam Focal Press pps. 129-140</ref>
-Popular in the 1970s and 1980s, but now superseded by digital presentation software, [[Multi-image]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Images, Images, Images: The Book of Programmed Multi-Image Production|url=https://archive.org/details/imagesimagesimag0000kenn|url-access=registration|last1=Kenny|first1=Michael F.|last2=Schmitt|first2=Raymond F.|publisher=[[Eastman Kodak]]|location=New York|year=1983|ISBN=978-0-87985-327-3}}</ref> (also known as multi-image slide presentations, [[slide show]]s or diaporamas) [[reversal film|35mm slide]] projections onto one or more screens characteristically lent themselves to the wide screen panorama. They could run autonomously with silent synchronization pulses to control projector advance and fades, recorded beside an [[audio signal|audio]] [[voice-over]] or music [[audio track|track]]. Precisely overlapping slides placed in slide mounts with soft-edge density masks would merge seamlessly on the screen to create the panorama. Cutting and dissolving between sequential images generated animation effects in the panorama format.
+Popular in the 1970s and 1980s, but now superseded by digital presentation software, [[Multi-image]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Images, Images, Images: The Book of Programmed Multi-Image Production|url=https://archive.org/details/imagesimagesimag0000kenn|url-access=registration|last1=Kenny|first1=Michael F.|last2=Schmitt|first2=Raymond F.|publisher=[[Eastman Kodak]]|location=New York|year=1983|isbn=978-0-87985-327-3}}</ref> (also known as multi-image slide presentations, [[slide show]]s or diaporamas) [[reversal film|35mm slide]] projections onto one or more screens characteristically lent themselves to the wide screen panorama. They could run autonomously with silent synchronization pulses to control projector advance and fades, recorded beside an [[audio signal|audio]] [[voice-over]] or music [[Music track|track]]. Precisely overlapping slides placed in slide mounts with soft-edge density masks would merge seamlessly on the screen to create the panorama. Cutting and dissolving between sequential images generated animation effects in the panorama format.
+{{wide image|In-camera_panorama_stitch.jpg|600px|A 270-degree panorama stitched "in-camera". Many modern digital cameras can automatically stitch a sequence of images shot while the camera is rotated.}}
+[[File:Jebel Jais vertical panorama.jpg|thumb|120px|Vertical panorama of [[Jebel Jais]] on the border between Oman and United Arab Emirates]]
-{{wide image|In-camera_panorama_stitch.jpg|600px|A 270 degree panorama stitched "in-camera". Many modern digital cameras can automatically stitch a sequence of images shot while the camera is rotated.}}
+A vertical panorama or '''vertorama''' is a panorama with an upright orientation instead of a horizontal. It is created using the same techniques as when making a horizontal panorama.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wyden Kivowitz |first1=Scott |title=Go Wider with Panoramic Photography |date=5 May 2014 |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |isbn=9780133904383 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XOnxAwAAQBAJ}}</ref>
 === VR photographs ===
@@ Line 39: / Line 43: @@
 {{Further|Image stitching}}
-Digital photography of the late twentieth century greatly simplified this assembly process, which is now known as ''image stitching''. Such stitched images may even be fashioned into forms of [[virtual reality]] movies, using technologies such as [[Apple Inc.]]'s [[QuickTime VR]], [[Adobe Flash|Flash]], [[Java 3D|Java]], or even [[JavaScript]]. A [[rotating line camera]] such as the [[Panoscan]] allows the capture of high resolution panoramic images and eliminates the need for [[image stitching]], but immersive "spherical" panorama movies (that incorporate a full 180° vertical viewing angle as well as 360° around) must be made by stitching multiple images. Stitching images together can be used to create extremely high resolution [[gigapixel]] panoramic images.
+Digital photography of the late twentieth century greatly simplified this assembly process, which is now known as ''image stitching''. Such stitched images may even be fashioned into forms of [[virtual reality]] movies, using technologies such as [[QuickTime VR]], [[Adobe Flash|Flash]], [[Java 3D|Java]], or even [[JavaScript]]. A [[rotating line camera]] such as the [[Panoscan]] allows the capture of high resolution panoramic images and eliminates the need for [[image stitching]], but immersive "spherical" panorama movies (that incorporate a full 180° vertical viewing angle as well as 360° around) must be made by stitching multiple images. Stitching images together can be used to create extremely high resolution [[gigapixel]] panoramic images.
 {{wide image|ALMA_Panoramic_View_with_Carina_Nebula.jpg|600px|Panoramic view of the antennas of the [[Atacama Large Millimeter Array]] under the clear sky over the Chajnantor Plateau, in the Chilean Andes.<ref>{{cite news|title=ALMA Panoramic View with Carina Nebula|url=http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1345a/|access-date=12 November 2013|newspaper=ESO Picture of the Week}}</ref> }}
@@ Line 45: / Line 49: @@
 == Motion picture ==
 {{See also|Immersive video}}
-On rare occasions, 360° panoramic movies have been constructed for specially designed display spaces—typically at [[theme park]]s, [[world's fair]]s, and museums. Starting in 1955, [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] has created [[Circle-Vision 360°|360° theaters]] for its parks<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=cV50CpKZ4YEC&pg=PA200&dq=false#v=onepage&q=false&f=false Joshua C. Shaffer (2010), ''Discovering the Magic Kingdom: An Unofficial Disneyland Vacation Guide'', AuthorHouse, page 200] {{ISBN|1452063125}}</ref> and the [[Swiss Transport Museum]] in Lucerne, Switzerland, features a theatre that is a large cylindrical space with an arrangement of screens whose bottom is several metres above the floor. Panoramic systems that are less than 360° around also exist. For example, [[Cinerama]] used a very wide curved screen, with three synchronized projectors, and [[IMAX#IMAX Dome / OMNIMAX|IMAX Dome / OMNIMAX]] movies are projected on a dome above the spectators.
+On rare occasions, 360° panoramic movies have been constructed for specially designed display spaces—typically at [[theme park]]s, [[world's fair]]s, and museums. Starting in 1955, [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] has created [[Circle-Vision 360°|360° theaters]] for its parks<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=cV50CpKZ4YEC&dq=false&pg=PA200 Joshua C. Shaffer (2010), ''Discovering the Magic Kingdom: An Unofficial Disneyland Vacation Guide'', AuthorHouse, page 200] {{ISBN|1452063125}}</ref> and the [[Swiss Transport Museum]] in Lucerne, Switzerland, features a theatre that is a large cylindrical space with an arrangement of screens whose bottom is several metres above the floor. Panoramic systems that are less than 360° around also exist. For example, [[Cinerama]] used a very wide curved screen, with three synchronized projectors, and [[IMAX#IMAX Dome / OMNIMAX|IMAX Dome / OMNIMAX]] movies are projected on a dome above the spectators.
 == Non-photographic representations ==
@@ Line 53: / Line 57: @@
 == See also ==
 * [[Circle-Vision 360°|Circle-Vision]]
-* [[Comparison of photo stitching software]]
 * [[Cyclorama]]
 * [[Diorama]]
@@ Line 78: / Line 81: @@
 * Marsh, John L. "Drama and Spectacle by the Yard: The Panorama in America." ''Journal of Popular Culture'' 10, no. 3 (1976): 581–589.
 * Oettermann, Stephan (1997). ''The Panorama: History of a mass medium. ''MIT Press. {{ISBN|0942299833}}, 9780942299830
-* Oleksijczuk, Denise (2011). ''The First Panoramas: Visions of British Imperialism. ''University of Minnesota Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8166-4861-0}},  {{ISBN|978-0-8166-4860-3}}
+* Oleksijczuk, Denise (2011). ''The First Panoramas: Visions of British Imperialism. ''University of Minnesota Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8166-4861-0}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8166-4860-3}}
 ==External links==