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{{Short description|American businessman and convict}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2017}}


'''Leo Dennis Kozlowski'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Dennis Kozlowski.biography |url=http://www.biography.com/people/dennis-kozlowski-234610 |work=Biography.com |publisher=A+E Networks |accessdate=July 31, 2012}}</ref> (born November 16, 1946) is a former [[CEO]] of [[Tyco International]], convicted in 2005 of crimes related to his receipt of $81 million in unauthorized bonuses, the purchase of art for $14.725 million and the payment by Tyco of a $20 million investment banking fee to Frank Walsh, a former Tyco director. He served more than six years at the [[Mid-State Correctional Facility]] in [[Marcy, New York]] before being transferred to the Lincoln Correctional Facility in New York City, from which he was granted conditional release on January 17, 2014.<ref name="CEPRO">{{cite news |url=http://www.cepro.com/article/ex_tyco_ceo_dennis_kozlowski_released_from_prison/ |title= Ex-Tyco CEO Dennis Kozlowski Released from Prison |publisher=CEPRO |date=January 17, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Merced">{{cite web |last=Merced|first=Michael |url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/12/03/kozlowski-is-granted-parole/|publisher=The New York Times|title=Kozlowski Is Granted Parole |accessdate=December 4, 2013}}</ref><ref name="nysdoccslookup.doccs.ny.gov">[http://nysdoccslookup.doccs.ny.gov/GCA00P00/WIQ3/WINQ130 Inmate Information » NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision]. Nysdoccslookup.doccs.ny.gov. Retrieved January 25, 2013.</ref> Separately, Tyco filed against Kozlowski and prevailed, with th court finding that the $500 million in compensation and benefits he received during his time of disloyalty, between 1997 and 2002, were forfeit back to the company under New York’s "[[faithless servant]]" doctrine.
'''Leo Dennis Kozlowski'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Dennis Kozlowski.biography |url=http://www.biography.com/people/dennis-kozlowski-234610 |work=Biography.com |publisher=A+E Networks |access-date=July 31, 2012}}</ref> (born November 16, 1946) is a former [[CEO]] of [[Tyco International]], convicted in 2005 of crimes related to his receipt of $81 million in unauthorized bonuses, the purchase of art for $14.725 million and the payment by Tyco of a $20 million investment banking fee to Frank Walsh, a former Tyco director.

He served more than six and a half years in New York state prisons, and was released in 2014. Separately, Tyco filed suit against Kozlowski and prevailed, with the court finding that the $500 million in compensation and benefits he received during his time of disloyalty, between 1997 and 2002, were forfeited back to the company under New York's "[[faithless servant]]" doctrine.


==Early life==
==Early life==
Line 7: Line 10:


==Tyco International==
==Tyco International==
Kozlowski joined Tyco in 1975, becoming [[CEO]] in 1992. With Kozlowski at the helm, Tyco massively expanded during the late 1990s. The company consistently beat [[Wall Street]]'s expectations and through a series of strategic mergers and acquisitions, ushered in a new era of mega-conglomerates. Kozlowski left Tyco in 2002, amid a controversy in regard to his compensation package.
Kozlowski joined Tyco in 1975, becoming [[CEO]] in 1992. With Kozlowski at the helm, Tyco massively expanded during the late 1990s.


In 1999, Tyco began shifting the company's headquarters operations from [[Exeter, New Hampshire]], to [[Boca Raton, Florida]], where Kozlowski had a home. At one point, 1,650 Tyco employees were based in Boca Raton.<ref name=Clough>Alexandra Clough, [https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/business/2015/03/02/former-tyco-chief-boca-raton/7456708007/ Former Tyco chief, Boca Raton con says he’s changed], ''Palm Beach Post'' (March 2, 2015).</ref>
===Scandal, trial, and conviction===
⚫
Kozlowski has been tried twice. The first attempt was a ruled mistrial when one of the jurors was threatened by the public after being reported to have made an [[OK sign]] towards Kozlowski's lawyers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/2004/04/02/cx_da_0402tycomistrial.html|title=Dan Ackman, "Judge Declares Kozlowski Mistrial" |publisher=Forbes.com |date=April 2, 2004}}</ref> Kozlowski testified on his own behalf during the second trial, stating that his pay package was "confusing" and "almost embarrassingly big," but that he never committed a crime as the company's top executive.


Although Kozlowski was one of America's highest-paid executives, Tyco spent millions to benefit him, financing personal extravagances and secretly forgiving loans.<ref name=SpentMillions>Mark Maremont & Laurie P. Cohen, [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1028674808717845320 Tyco Spent Millions for Benefit of Kozlowski, Its Former CEO], ''Wall Street Journal'' (August 7, 2002).</ref>
⚫
Along with former Tyco chief financial officer Mark Swartz, Kozlowski was convicted on June 17, 2005 of crimes related to his receipt of $81 million in purportedly unauthorized bonuses, the purchase of art for $14.725 million and the payment by Tyco of a $20 million investment banking fee to Frank Walsh, a former Tyco director.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/2005/06/17/kozlowski-tyco-verdict-cx_da_0617tycoverdict.html |title=Dan Ackman, "Tyco Trial II: Verdict First, Law Second"|publisher=Forbes.com |date=June 17, 2005}}</ref> On September 19, 2005 he was sentenced by Judge Michael Obus of the [[Manhattan Supreme Court]] to serve from eight years and four months to twenty-five years in prison for his role in the scandal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/2005/09/19/news/newsmakers/kozlowski_sentence/|title=Kozlowski gets up to 25 years|author=Grace Wong |publisher=[[CNNMoney]]| date=September 19, 2005}}</ref> In addition, Kozlowski and Swartz were ordered to pay a total of $134 million in restitution. Koslowski was further fined $70 million, while Swartz was fined $35 million. Both were convicted on 22 counts of grand larceny, falsifying business records, securities fraud and conspiracy.<ref>[[Associated Press]], [http://www.denverpost.com/2005/09/19/kozlowski-sentenced-in-tyco-trial/ Kozlowski sentenced in Tyco trial]. ''[[Denver Post]]'', September 19, 2005. Retrieved October 7, 2016.</ref>


The company consistently beat [[Wall Street]]'s expectations and through a series of strategic mergers and acquisitions, ushered in a new era of mega-conglomerates. Kozlowski left Tyco in 2002, amid a controversy in regard to his compensation package.
His aggregate minimum sentence was set at 8 years and 4 months, and his aggregate maximum sentence was 25 years; his conditional release date was set for May 17, 2022, and his maximum expiration date was September 17, 2030. In April 2012, Kozlowski was denied parole.<ref>{{cite web|last=Riley|first=Charles|title=Ex-Tyco CEO Dennis Kozlowski denied parole|url=http://money.cnn.com/2012/04/05/news/companies/kozlowski-tyco-parole/index.htm|work=CNNMoney|publisher=CNN|accessdate=July 31, 2012}}</ref> His next parole eligibility date, and his parole hearing merit release appearance, were then set for January 17, 2014. On January 17, 2014 he was granted conditional release from the Lincoln Correctional Facility in New York City.<ref name="CEPRO"/><ref name="Merced"/><ref name="nysdoccslookup.doccs.ny.gov"/>


===Commenting on his trial===
===Scandal, trial, and conviction===
⚫
Kozlowski was tried twice. The first attempt was a ruled mistrial when one of the jurors was threatened by the public after being reported to have made an [[OK sign]] towards Kozlowski's lawyers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/2004/04/02/cx_da_0402tycomistrial.html|title= "Judge Declares Kozlowski Mistrial" |work=Forbes.com |date=April 2, 2004}}</ref> Kozlowski testified on his own behalf during the second trial, stating that his pay package was "confusing" and "almost embarrassingly big," but that he never committed a crime as the company's top executive.


⚫
Along with former Tyco chief financial officer Mark Swartz, Kozlowski was convicted on June 17, 2005 of crimes related to his receipt of $81 million in purportedly unauthorized bonuses, the purchase of art for $14.725 million and the payment by Tyco of a $20 million investment banking fee to Frank Walsh, a former Tyco director.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/2005/06/17/kozlowski-tyco-verdict-cx_da_0617tycoverdict.html |title="Tyco Trial II: Verdict First, Law Second"|work=Forbes.com |date=June 17, 2005}}</ref> On September 19, 2005 he was sentenced by Judge Michael Obus of the [[Manhattan Supreme Court]] to serve from eight years and four months to twenty-five years in prison for his role in the scandal.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2005/09/19/news/newsmakers/kozlowski_sentence/|title=Kozlowski gets up to 25 years|author=Grace Wong |publisher=[[CNNMoney]]| date=September 19, 2005}}</ref> In addition, Kozlowski and Swartz were ordered to pay a total of $134 million in restitution. Kozlowski was further fined $70 million, while Swartz was fined $35 million. Both were convicted on 22 counts of grand larceny, [[falsifying business records]], securities fraud and conspiracy.<ref>[[Associated Press]], [http://www.denverpost.com/2005/09/19/kozlowski-sentenced-in-tyco-trial/ Kozlowski sentenced in Tyco trial]. ''[[Denver Post]]'', September 19, 2005. Retrieved October 7, 2016.</ref> His aggregate minimum sentence was set at 8 years and 4 months, and his aggregate maximum sentence was 25 years.<ref name=Riley2012>{{cite web|last=Riley|first=Charles|title=Ex-Tyco CEO Dennis Kozlowski denied parole|url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/04/05/news/companies/kozlowski-tyco-parole/index.htm|work=CNNMoney|publisher=CNN|access-date=July 31, 2012}}</ref> In 2009, the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] declined to hear Kozlowski's appeal.<ref>[https://www.fosters.com/story/business/2009/06/08/ex-tyco-execs-lose-appeal/51969070007/ Ex-Tyco execs lose appeal at U.S. Supreme Court], Associated Press (June 8, 2009).</ref>
Kozlowski, prior to trial, asserted his innocence by stating, "I am absolutely not guilty of the charges. There was no criminal intent here. Nothing was hidden. There were no shredded documents. All the information the prosecutors got was directly off the books and records of the company."<ref name="60 Minutes" /> After his conviction, but before his appeal was complete, he again denied his guilt. "I was a guy sitting in a courtroom making $100 million a year [a]nd I think a juror sitting there just would have to say, 'All that money? He must have done something wrong.' I think it's as simple as that."<ref name="60 Minutes">{{cite web|last=Schorn|first=Daniel|title=Dennis Kozlowski: Prisoner 05A4820|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/03/22/60minutes/main2596123.shtml|work=60 Minutes|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=July 31, 2012|date=February 11, 2009}}</ref>


During his six and a half years in prison, Kozlowski served time at the [[Mid-State Correctional Facility]] in [[Marcy, New York]], and then the [[Lincoln Correctional Facility]] in New York City.<ref name=Riley2012/><ref name=Makarechi>Kia Makarechi, [https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2015/03/dennis-kozlowski-life-after-prison Dennis Kozlowski Reveals What Happens after You Serve Your White-Collar Prison Sentence], ''Vanity Fair'' (March 2015).</ref> While in prison, he met other high-profile convicts, including [[Ja Rule]] and [[Alan G. Hevesi]].<ref name=2015NYT/>
Nevertheless, Kozlowski admitted his culpability for the crimes at his parole hearing. “It was greed, pure and simple,” the 67-year-old former executive told a New York State parole panel at a December 3 video conference hearing. “I feel horrible ... I can’t say how sorry I am and how deeply I regret my actions.” <ref>https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tyco-kozlowski-release/ex-tyco-ceo-kozlowski-says-he-stole-out-of-pure-greed-idUSBRE9B417820131205</ref>


In April 2012, the parole board denied Kozlowski's request for discretionary release.<ref name=Riley2012/> He was granted work release in 2012,<ref name=2015NYT>[https://www.tampabay.com/news/nation/after-prison-167-million-in-restitution-and-fines-hes-free/2219791/ After prison, $167 million in restitution and fines, he's free], ''New York Times'' printed in ''Tampa Bay Times'' (March 3, 2015).</ref> and after a parole hearing, he was conditionally released on January 17, 2014.<ref name="CEPRO">{{cite news |url=http://www.cepro.com/article/ex_tyco_ceo_dennis_kozlowski_released_from_prison/ |title=Ex-Tyco CEO Dennis Kozlowski Released from Prison |publisher=CEPRO |date=January 17, 2014 |access-date=January 21, 2014 |archive-date=February 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223084344/http://www.cepro.com/article/ex_tyco_ceo_dennis_kozlowski_released_from_prison |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Merced">{{cite web |last=Merced|first=Michael |url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/12/03/kozlowski-is-granted-parole/|work=The New York Times|title=Kozlowski Is Granted Parole |date=December 3, 2013 |access-date=December 4, 2013}}</ref><ref name="nysdoccslookup.doccs.ny.gov">[http://nysdoccslookup.doccs.ny.gov/GCA00P00/WIQ3/WINQ130 Inmate Information » NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision]. Nysdoccslookup.doccs.ny.gov. Retrieved January 25, 2013.</ref> His parole ended in 2015.<ref name=2015NYT/>
Kozlowski's trial was criticized by civil rights lawyer [[Dan Ackman]], who said:<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.forbes.com/home/business/2005/06/17/kozlowski-tyco-verdict-cx_da_0617tycoverdict.html | work=Forbes | title=Tyco Trial II: Verdict First, Law Second | date=June 17, 2005}}</ref>
<blockquote>
It's fair to say that Kozlowski and Swartz abused many corporate prerogatives and that they invented new ones just so they could abuse them. They acted like pigs, as a lot of CEOs act like pigs. Still, the larceny charges at the heart of the case did not depend on whether the defendants took the money—they did—but whether they were authorized to take it. Questions of authority are, by nature, legal questions, not questions for jurors.
</blockquote>


⚫
Tyco sued Kozlowski, asserting that the $500 million in compensation and benefits he received during his time of disloyalty, between 1997 and 2002, were forfeit under New York's "[[faithless servant]]" doctrine.<ref name="dandodiary.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dandodiary.com/2010/12/articles/corporate-governance/the-essential-lessons-of-the-faithless-servant/|title=The Essential Lessons of the "Faithless Servant"|date=December 6, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=czcYAgAAQBAJ&q=Kozlowski+%22faithless+servant%22&pg=PA203|title = Taking Down the Lion: The Triumphant Rise and Tragic Fall of Tyco's Dennis Kozlowski|isbn = 9781137413574|last1 = Neal|first1 = Catherine S.|date = January 7, 2014| publisher=St. Martin's Publishing }}</ref><ref name="reuters.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tyco-kozlowski/ex-tyco-ceo-dennis-kozlowski-ordered-to-forfeit-pay-idUSTRE6B14IN20101202|title = Ex-Tyco CEO Dennis Kozlowski ordered to forfeit pay|newspaper = Reuters|date = December 2, 2010|last1 = Stempel|first1 = Jonathan}}</ref> In 2010, Judge [[Thomas Griesa]] concluded that under the faithless servant doctrine, Kozlowski must forfeit all compensation and benefits he earned during his period of disloyalty.<ref name="dandodiary.com"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/new-york/nysdce/1:2002cv07317/39605/79|title = OPINION: Tyco's motion for partial summary judgment is granted as to their first, second, third, eighth, ninth, and eleventh causes of action, and denied as to their fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, tenth, and twelfth causes of action for Tyco International, et al v. Kozlowski}}</ref><ref name="reuters.com"/>
===Faithless servant liability===


===Post-prison life===
⚫
Tyco filed against Kozlowski, asserting that the $500 million in compensation and benefits he received during his time of disloyalty, between 1997 and 2002, were forfeit under New York’s "[[faithless servant]]" doctrine.<ref>[https://www.dandodiary.com/2010/12/articles/corporate-governance/the-essential-lessons-of-the-faithless-servant/]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=czcYAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA203&lpg=PA203&dq=Kozlowski+%22faithless+servant%22&source=bl&ots=wlXgb2v6Yf&sig=ACfU3U0ib2vHeJA1Pud3hPU9MijeWOqXKw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwizsZe_5vPjAhUP2FkKHU01BSIQ6AEwCXoECCAQAQ#v=onepage&q=Kozlowski%20%22faithless%20servant%22&f=false]</ref><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tyco-kozlowski/ex-tyco-ceo-dennis-kozlowski-ordered-to-forfeit-pay-idUSTRE6B14IN20101202]</ref> Southern District of New York Judge [[Thomas Griesa]] concluded in 2010 that under the faithless servant doctrine, Kozlowski must forfeit all compensation and benefits he earned during his period of disloyalty.<ref>[https://www.dandodiary.com/2010/12/articles/corporate-governance/the-essential-lessons-of-the-faithless-servant/]</ref><ref>[https://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/new-york/nysdce/1:2002cv07317/39605/79]</ref><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tyco-kozlowski/ex-tyco-ceo-dennis-kozlowski-ordered-to-forfeit-pay-idUSTRE6B14IN20101202]</ref>
Kozlowski ultimately paid $167 million in restitution and fines, evaporating almost all of his wealth.<ref name=2015NYT/> In 2015, following his release, Kozlowski lived in a two-bedroom apartment in the [[East Side (Manhattan)|East Side]] of [[Manhattan]] with his third wife, Kimberly.<ref name=Makarechi/><ref name=2015NYT/> The couple had a passing acquaintance in the 1990s, and reconnected in prison after she wrote him.<ref name=2015NYT/> After exchanging letters, she visited him in prison; they married after his release.<ref name=Makarechi/><ref name=2015NYT/>


===Commenting on his trial===
==Lifestyle==
In 2009, before his trial, Kozlowski asserted his innocence by stating, saying "I am absolutely not guilty of the charges. There was no criminal intent here. Nothing was hidden."<ref name="60 Minutes" /> After his conviction, but before his appeal was complete, he again denied his guilt, saying that the jury had found him guilty simply on the basis of his huge salary.<ref name="60 Minutes">{{cite web|last=Schorn|first=Daniel|title=Dennis Kozlowski: Prisoner 05A4820|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/dennis-kozlowski-prisoner-05a4820/|work=60 Minutes|publisher=CBS News|access-date=July 31, 2012|date=February 11, 2009}}</ref> In a 2013 parole hearing, Kozlowski admitted his culpability, saying, "It was greed, pure and simple. ... I feel horrible ... I can't say how sorry I am and how deeply I regret my actions."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tyco-kozlowski-release/ex-tyco-ceo-kozlowski-says-he-stole-out-of-pure-greed-idUSBRE9B417820131205|title = Ex-Tyco CEO Kozlowski says he stole out of pure greed|newspaper = Reuters|date = December 5, 2013|last1 = Freifeld|first1 = Karen}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Kozlowski has been married three times, and has grandchildren.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/02/business/dealbook/dennis-kozlowskis-path-from-infamy-to-obscurity.html|title=Tyco's 'Piggy,' Out of Prison and Living Small|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 2015|last1=Kaplan|first1=David A.}}</ref>
Kozlowski became notorious for his extravagant lifestyle, supported by the booming [[stock market]] of the late 1990s and early 2000s; allegedly, he had Tyco pay for his $30 million [[New York City]] apartment which included $6,000 shower curtains and $15,000 "dog umbrella stands".
Kozlowski became notorious for his extravagant lifestyle, supported by the booming [[stock market]] of the late 1990s and early 2000s; allegedly, he had Tyco pay for his $30 million [[New York City]] apartment which included $6,000 shower curtains and $15,000 "dog umbrella stands".


⚫
Tyco paid $1 million (half of the $2 million bill) for the 40th birthday party of Kozlowski's second wife, Karen Mayo Kozlowski. The extravagant party, held on the [[Italy|Italian]] [[island]] of [[Sardinia]], featured an [[ice sculpture]] of [[Michelangelo|Michelangelo's]] ''[[David (Michelangelo)|David]]'' urinating [[Stolichnaya]] [[vodka]] and a private concert by [[Jimmy Buffett]]. In a camcorder video, Dennis Kozlowski states that this party will bring out a Tyco core competency – the ability to party hard. Subsequently, this shareholder meeting/birthday party became known as the Tyco Roman Orgy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Top 10 Crooked CEOs: Dennis Kozlowski |url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1903155_1903156_1903152,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612021231/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1903155_1903156_1903152,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 12, 2009 |access-date=July 29, 2010 |newspaper=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=June 9, 2009}}</ref>
According to ''[[Forbes (magazine)|Forbes]]'', Kozlowski also purchased several acres in the private gated community, "The Sanctuary", in [[Boca Raton, Florida]], while he was CEO at [[Tyco International]]. He also purchased a multimillion-dollar oceanfront estate on the island of [[Nantucket]].


Dennis married Karen Mayo in [[Antigua]] in May 2001; they maintained a mansion in [[Boca Raton, Florida|Boca Raton]].<ref name=Clough/><ref name=2006NBC>[https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna14375762 Ex-Tyco chief's wife files for divorce], NBC News (August 16, 2006).</ref><ref name=DivSett>[https://www.heraldtribune.com/story/news/2008/07/18/ex-tyco-chief-settles-divorce/28647207007/ Ex-Tyco chief settles divorce], Associated Press (July 17, 2008).</ref> She filed for divorce in [[Palm Beach County, Florida]], in July 2006, a few months after he was sentenced to prison.<ref name=2006NBC/><ref name=DivSett/> A divorce settlement was reached in 2008.<ref name=DivSett/>
⚫
Tyco paid $1 million (half of the $2 million bill) for the 40th birthday party of Kozlowski's second wife, Karen Mayo Kozlowski. The extravagant party, held on the [[Italy|Italian]] [[island]] of [[Sardinia]], featured an [[ice sculpture]] of [[Michelangelo|Michelangelo's]] ''[[David (Michelangelo)|David]]'' urinating [[Stolichnaya]] [[vodka]] and a private concert by [[Jimmy Buffett]]. In a camcorder video, Dennis Kozlowski states that this party will bring out a Tyco core competency – the ability to party hard. Subsequently, this shareholder meeting/birthday party became known as the Tyco Roman Orgy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Top 10 Crooked CEOs: Dennis Kozlowski |url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1903155_1903156_1903152,00.html |accessdate=July 29, 2010 |newspaper=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=June 9, 2009}}</ref>


In the 1990s, Kozlowski purchased an oceanfront estate in the Squam area of [[Nantucket]] island for $5 million. While in prison, he sold the mansion to pay fines and restitution, listing the property for $23 million in June 2006.<ref>[https://www.capecodtimes.com/story/news/local/2006/06/25/ex-tyco-boss-selling-island/50896865007/ Ex-Tyco boss selling island mansion], Associated Press (June 23, 2006).</ref><ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115103045020188431 Kozlowski Seeks $23 Million For Nantucket Estate], ''Wall Street Journal'' (June 23, 2006).</ref>
On July 31, 2006, Karen Kozlowski filed for divorce in [[Palm Beach County, Florida]]. No specific reasons were cited, but the motion asked the court to equitably distribute the couple's assets and liabilities and asked that gifts Karen received be declared marital property. She also sought a [[lien]] on the couple's [[Boca Raton]] mansion. The motion also requested [[alimony]].


Kozlowski was a donor to [[Middlebury College]], where his two daughters attended; he joined the college's [[board of trustees]] in 1999, and resigned from the board in 2002, after the scandal emerged.<ref>Nancy Dillon, [https://www.nydailynews.com/2002/09/25/kozlowski-quits-board-of-daughters-college/ Kozlowski Quits Board of Daughters' College], ''Daily News'' (September 25, 2002).</ref> He also was head of the board of trustees of [[Berwick Academy (Maine)|Berwick Academy]] in [[South Berwick, Maine]], after his daughters had graduated from the school.<ref name=SpentMillions/><!-- Dennis is the Chairman of the Board of the [[Fortune Society]] and Kimberly is the President of the [[Women's Prison Association]].-->
Kozlowski is a graduate of [[Seton Hall University]], served as Head of the Board at [[Berwick Academy]] in South Berwick, Maine for many years, and served on the [[Middlebury College]] Board of Trustees in the 1990s.


==References==
==References==
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==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.stockrants.com/2011/10/20/behind-bars-with-dennis-kozlowski.html Video: October 2011 Kozlowsi Applying for Release]
* [http://www.hossli.com/articles/2009/05/22/i-am-innocent/ Interview with Dennis Kozlowski from prison] by writer Peter Hossli
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051001082009/http://www.newsmeat.com/ceo_political_donations/Dennis_Kozlowski.php Dennis Kozlowski's Campaign Contributions]
* [http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/0617051tyco1.html The Infamous Party Invitation]
* [http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/0617051tyco1.html The Infamous Party Invitation]
* [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/03/22/60minutes/main2596123.shtml Partial transcript of the CBS 60 Minutes interview from cbsnews.com]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070328225305/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/03/22/60minutes/main2596123.shtml Partial transcript of the CBS 60 Minutes interview from cbsnews.com]

* [http://www.cbc.ca/national/blog/video/crimejustice/dennis_kozlowski_1.html CBC interview]
{{Authority control}}
* [http://i.cdn.turner.com/dr/teg/tsg/release/sites/default/files/imagecache/670xX/photos/kozlowskimug1.jpg Dennis Kozlowski's Mug Shot]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Kozlowski, Dennis}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kozlowski, Dennis}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:American chief executives]]
[[Category:American chief executives]]
[[Category:American fraudsters]]
[[Category:American people convicted of fraud]]
[[Category:American people convicted of fraud]]
[[Category:American people of Polish descent]]
[[Category:American people of Polish descent]]
[[Category:American prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:American prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:American white-collar criminals]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Boca Raton, Florida]]
[[Category:People from Boca Raton, Florida]]

Latest revision as of 18:19, 29 August 2024

Leo Dennis Kozlowski[1] (born November 16, 1946) is a former CEO of Tyco International, convicted in 2005 of crimes related to his receipt of $81 million in unauthorized bonuses, the purchase of art for $14.725 million and the payment by Tyco of a $20 million investment banking fee to Frank Walsh, a former Tyco director.

He served more than six and a half years in New York state prisons, and was released in 2014. Separately, Tyco filed suit against Kozlowski and prevailed, with the court finding that the $500 million in compensation and benefits he received during his time of disloyalty, between 1997 and 2002, were forfeited back to the company under New York's "faithless servant" doctrine.

Early life

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Kozlowski was born in Newark, New Jersey. His mother, Agnes (née Kozell), worked for the Newark Police Department and as a school crossing guard, and his father, Leo Kelly Kozlowski, worked for the Public Service Transport.[2][3] His parents were second-generation Polish-Americans.[4] Kozlowski attended Seton Hall University, a Catholic university.[5]

Tyco International

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Kozlowski joined Tyco in 1975, becoming CEO in 1992. With Kozlowski at the helm, Tyco massively expanded during the late 1990s.

In 1999, Tyco began shifting the company's headquarters operations from Exeter, New Hampshire, to Boca Raton, Florida, where Kozlowski had a home. At one point, 1,650 Tyco employees were based in Boca Raton.[6]

Although Kozlowski was one of America's highest-paid executives, Tyco spent millions to benefit him, financing personal extravagances and secretly forgiving loans.[7]

The company consistently beat Wall Street's expectations and through a series of strategic mergers and acquisitions, ushered in a new era of mega-conglomerates. Kozlowski left Tyco in 2002, amid a controversy in regard to his compensation package.

Scandal, trial, and conviction

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Kozlowski was tried twice. The first attempt was a ruled mistrial when one of the jurors was threatened by the public after being reported to have made an OK sign towards Kozlowski's lawyers.[8] Kozlowski testified on his own behalf during the second trial, stating that his pay package was "confusing" and "almost embarrassingly big," but that he never committed a crime as the company's top executive.

Along with former Tyco chief financial officer Mark Swartz, Kozlowski was convicted on June 17, 2005 of crimes related to his receipt of $81 million in purportedly unauthorized bonuses, the purchase of art for $14.725 million and the payment by Tyco of a $20 million investment banking fee to Frank Walsh, a former Tyco director.[9] On September 19, 2005 he was sentenced by Judge Michael Obus of the Manhattan Supreme Court to serve from eight years and four months to twenty-five years in prison for his role in the scandal.[10] In addition, Kozlowski and Swartz were ordered to pay a total of $134 million in restitution. Kozlowski was further fined $70 million, while Swartz was fined $35 million. Both were convicted on 22 counts of grand larceny, falsifying business records, securities fraud and conspiracy.[11] His aggregate minimum sentence was set at 8 years and 4 months, and his aggregate maximum sentence was 25 years.[12] In 2009, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear Kozlowski's appeal.[13]

During his six and a half years in prison, Kozlowski served time at the Mid-State Correctional Facility in Marcy, New York, and then the Lincoln Correctional Facility in New York City.[12][14] While in prison, he met other high-profile convicts, including Ja Rule and Alan G. Hevesi.[15]

In April 2012, the parole board denied Kozlowski's request for discretionary release.[12] He was granted work release in 2012,[15] and after a parole hearing, he was conditionally released on January 17, 2014.[16][17][18] His parole ended in 2015.[15]

Tyco sued Kozlowski, asserting that the $500 million in compensation and benefits he received during his time of disloyalty, between 1997 and 2002, were forfeit under New York's "faithless servant" doctrine.[19][20][21] In 2010, Judge Thomas Griesa concluded that under the faithless servant doctrine, Kozlowski must forfeit all compensation and benefits he earned during his period of disloyalty.[19][22][21]

Post-prison life

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Kozlowski ultimately paid $167 million in restitution and fines, evaporating almost all of his wealth.[15] In 2015, following his release, Kozlowski lived in a two-bedroom apartment in the East Side of Manhattan with his third wife, Kimberly.[14][15] The couple had a passing acquaintance in the 1990s, and reconnected in prison after she wrote him.[15] After exchanging letters, she visited him in prison; they married after his release.[14][15]

Commenting on his trial

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In 2009, before his trial, Kozlowski asserted his innocence by stating, saying "I am absolutely not guilty of the charges. There was no criminal intent here. Nothing was hidden."[23] After his conviction, but before his appeal was complete, he again denied his guilt, saying that the jury had found him guilty simply on the basis of his huge salary.[23] In a 2013 parole hearing, Kozlowski admitted his culpability, saying, "It was greed, pure and simple. ... I feel horrible ... I can't say how sorry I am and how deeply I regret my actions."[24]

Personal life

[edit]

Kozlowski has been married three times, and has grandchildren.[25] Kozlowski became notorious for his extravagant lifestyle, supported by the booming stock market of the late 1990s and early 2000s; allegedly, he had Tyco pay for his $30 million New York City apartment which included $6,000 shower curtains and $15,000 "dog umbrella stands".

Tyco paid $1 million (half of the $2 million bill) for the 40th birthday party of Kozlowski's second wife, Karen Mayo Kozlowski. The extravagant party, held on the Italian island of Sardinia, featured an ice sculpture of Michelangelo's David urinating Stolichnaya vodka and a private concert by Jimmy Buffett. In a camcorder video, Dennis Kozlowski states that this party will bring out a Tyco core competency – the ability to party hard. Subsequently, this shareholder meeting/birthday party became known as the Tyco Roman Orgy.[26]

Dennis married Karen Mayo in Antigua in May 2001; they maintained a mansion in Boca Raton.[6][27][28] She filed for divorce in Palm Beach County, Florida, in July 2006, a few months after he was sentenced to prison.[27][28] A divorce settlement was reached in 2008.[28]

In the 1990s, Kozlowski purchased an oceanfront estate in the Squam area of Nantucket island for $5 million. While in prison, he sold the mansion to pay fines and restitution, listing the property for $23 million in June 2006.[29][30]

Kozlowski was a donor to Middlebury College, where his two daughters attended; he joined the college's board of trustees in 1999, and resigned from the board in 2002, after the scandal emerged.[31] He also was head of the board of trustees of Berwick Academy in South Berwick, Maine, after his daughters had graduated from the school.[7]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Dennis Kozlowski.biography". Biography.com. A+E Networks. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
  2. ^ Business Week. McGraw-Hill. 2002.
  3. ^ Torrado-Caputo, Vanessa; Mazurkiewicz, Margaret (2005). International directory of business biographies. St. James Press. ISBN 978-1-55862-556-3.
  4. ^ Ferrell, O. C.; Fraedrich, John; Ferrell, Linda (2008). Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases. Cengage Learning. pp. 334–. ISBN 978-0-618-74934-8.
  5. ^ Hitt, Michael A.; Ireland, R. Duane; Hoskisson, Robert E. (2009). Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalization : Cases. Cengage Learning. pp. 323–. ISBN 978-0-324-58113-3.
  6. ^ a b Alexandra Clough, Former Tyco chief, Boca Raton con says he’s changed, Palm Beach Post (March 2, 2015).
  7. ^ a b Mark Maremont & Laurie P. Cohen, Tyco Spent Millions for Benefit of Kozlowski, Its Former CEO, Wall Street Journal (August 7, 2002).
  8. ^ ""Judge Declares Kozlowski Mistrial"". Forbes.com. April 2, 2004.
  9. ^ ""Tyco Trial II: Verdict First, Law Second"". Forbes.com. June 17, 2005.
  10. ^ Grace Wong (September 19, 2005). "Kozlowski gets up to 25 years". CNNMoney.
  11. ^ Associated Press, Kozlowski sentenced in Tyco trial. Denver Post, September 19, 2005. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
  12. ^ a b c Riley, Charles. "Ex-Tyco CEO Dennis Kozlowski denied parole". CNNMoney. CNN. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
  13. ^ Ex-Tyco execs lose appeal at U.S. Supreme Court, Associated Press (June 8, 2009).
  14. ^ a b c Kia Makarechi, Dennis Kozlowski Reveals What Happens after You Serve Your White-Collar Prison Sentence, Vanity Fair (March 2015).
  15. ^ a b c d e f g After prison, $167 million in restitution and fines, he's free, New York Times printed in Tampa Bay Times (March 3, 2015).
  16. ^ "Ex-Tyco CEO Dennis Kozlowski Released from Prison". CEPRO. January 17, 2014. Archived from the original on February 23, 2017. Retrieved January 21, 2014.
  17. ^ Merced, Michael (December 3, 2013). "Kozlowski Is Granted Parole". The New York Times. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
  18. ^ Inmate Information » NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision. Nysdoccslookup.doccs.ny.gov. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
  19. ^ a b "The Essential Lessons of the "Faithless Servant"". December 6, 2010.
  20. ^ Neal, Catherine S. (January 7, 2014). Taking Down the Lion: The Triumphant Rise and Tragic Fall of Tyco's Dennis Kozlowski. St. Martin's Publishing. ISBN 9781137413574.
  21. ^ a b Stempel, Jonathan (December 2, 2010). "Ex-Tyco CEO Dennis Kozlowski ordered to forfeit pay". Reuters.
  22. ^ "OPINION: Tyco's motion for partial summary judgment is granted as to their first, second, third, eighth, ninth, and eleventh causes of action, and denied as to their fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, tenth, and twelfth causes of action for Tyco International, et al v. Kozlowski".
  23. ^ a b Schorn, Daniel (February 11, 2009). "Dennis Kozlowski: Prisoner 05A4820". 60 Minutes. CBS News. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
  24. ^ Freifeld, Karen (December 5, 2013). "Ex-Tyco CEO Kozlowski says he stole out of pure greed". Reuters.
  25. ^ Kaplan, David A. (March 2015). "Tyco's 'Piggy,' Out of Prison and Living Small". The New York Times.
  26. ^ "Top 10 Crooked CEOs: Dennis Kozlowski". Time. June 9, 2009. Archived from the original on June 12, 2009. Retrieved July 29, 2010.
  27. ^ a b Ex-Tyco chief's wife files for divorce, NBC News (August 16, 2006).
  28. ^ a b c Ex-Tyco chief settles divorce, Associated Press (July 17, 2008).
  29. ^ Ex-Tyco boss selling island mansion, Associated Press (June 23, 2006).
  30. ^ Kozlowski Seeks $23 Million For Nantucket Estate, Wall Street Journal (June 23, 2006).
  31. ^ Nancy Dillon, Kozlowski Quits Board of Daughters' College, Daily News (September 25, 2002).

Further reading

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  • A Hill and A Michaels, 'Paw taste condemns Kozlowski: Report says Tyco bought $15,000 dog umbrella stand for chief's apartment' (September 18, 2002) Financial Times
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