Draft:Political party mascot: Difference between revisions
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File:NastRepublicanElephant.jpg|An 1874 cartoon by [[Thomas Nast]], featuring the first notable appearance of the Republican elephant<ref name=harpweek>{{cite web|title=The Third-Term Panic|work=Cartoon of the Day|date=November 7, 2003|url=http://www.harpweek.com/09Cartoon/BrowseByDateCartoon.asp?Year=2003&Month=November&Date=7|access-date=September 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921045800/http://www.harpweek.com/09Cartoon/BrowseByDateCartoon.asp?Year=2003&Month=November&Date=7|archive-date=September 21, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> |
File:NastRepublicanElephant.jpg|An 1874 cartoon by [[Thomas Nast]], featuring the first notable appearance of the Republican elephant<ref name=harpweek>{{cite web|title=The Third-Term Panic|work=Cartoon of the Day|date=November 7, 2003|url=http://www.harpweek.com/09Cartoon/BrowseByDateCartoon.asp?Year=2003&Month=November&Date=7|access-date=September 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921045800/http://www.harpweek.com/09Cartoon/BrowseByDateCartoon.asp?Year=2003&Month=November&Date=7|archive-date=September 21, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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File:Republicanlogo.svg|The red, white and blue elephant |
File:Republicanlogo.svg|The red, white and blue elephant |
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File:GOP Logo1.svg|The GOP banner logo, {{circa|2013}} |
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File:GOP logo.svg|A GOP banner logo, {{circa|2017}} |
File:GOP logo.svg|A GOP banner logo, {{circa|2017}} |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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=== Usage in other countries === |
=== Usage in other countries === |
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The [[Republican elephant|elephant mascot]] was adopted by the [[True Whig Party]] which like the GOP traces their history back to the [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig Party]].<ref>{{cite book|page=203|title=Area Handbook for Liberia|url=https://books.google. |
The [[Republican elephant|elephant mascot]] was adopted by the [[True Whig Party]] which like the GOP traces their history back to the [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig Party]].<ref>{{cite book|page=203|title=Area Handbook for Liberia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7R1BAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA203|year=1964|author=Foreign Areas Studies Division}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1985/liberia_1_truewhigascend.htm|title=The True Whig Ascendancy|work=[[GlobalSecurity.org]]}}</ref> |
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In the [[1999 European Parliament election in Italy]], two lists tried to imitate the American parties. The right-wing [[National Alliance – Segni Pact]] adopted the republican elephant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://peppeguarino.wordpress.com/2013/07/05/quando-fini-e-mariotto-lanciarono-lelefantino/|author=Giuseppe Guarino|title=Quando Fini e Mariotto lanciarono l'elefantino | Legno sopra un'onda |publisher=peppeguarino.wordpress.com |date= 5 July 2013|accessdate=2014-07-10}}</ref> |
In the [[1999 European Parliament election in Italy]], two lists tried to imitate the American parties. The right-wing [[National Alliance – Segni Pact]] adopted the republican elephant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://peppeguarino.wordpress.com/2013/07/05/quando-fini-e-mariotto-lanciarono-lelefantino/|author=Giuseppe Guarino|title=Quando Fini e Mariotto lanciarono l'elefantino | Legno sopra un'onda |publisher=peppeguarino.wordpress.com |date= 5 July 2013|accessdate=2014-07-10}}</ref> |
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!Date(s) |
!Date(s) |
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!Ref. |
!Ref. |
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|{{DOM}} |
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| style="background:{{party color|Blue Party (Dominican Republic)}}" | |
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|[[Blue Party (Dominican Republic)|Blue Party]] |
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|Chicken |
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|{{External media|title=Blue Party (Dominican Republic) logo|topic=Image restricted due to copyright|image1=[https://familiabateyera.com/wp-content/uploads/Boludo.jpg View electoral symbol]|width=220px|float=left}} |
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|1899–1930 |
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|<ref name=DR>https://familiabateyera.com/se-origina-pelea-de-hombres-en-la-gallera-de-duverge/</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://notialternativo.com/2023/06/10/en-1902-aparecen-los-bolos-y-los-coludos-como-grupos-politicos/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610134244/https://notialternativo.com/2023/06/10/en-1902-aparecen-los-bolos-y-los-coludos-como-grupos-politicos/ | archive-date=2023-06-10 | title=En 1902 aparecen los "Bolos" y los "Coludos" como grupos políticos - NOTIALTERNATIVO.·. }}</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=tFToAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Bolos%22+%22Coludos%22&pg=PA15 :15</ref> |
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|- |
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|{{DOM}} |
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| style="background:{{party color|Red Party (Dominican Republic)}}" | |
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|[[Red Party (Dominican Republic)|Red Party]],<br />later [[Social Christian Reformist Party]] |
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|Rooster |
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|{{External media|title=Red Party (Dominican Republic) logo|topic=Image restricted due to copyright|image1=[https://familiabateyera.com/wp-content/uploads/Coludos.jpg Red Party symbol]|image2=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Social_Christian_Reformist_Party.png PRSC logo]|width=220px|float=left}} |
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|1899– |
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|<ref name=DR/> |
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|- |
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|{{IDN}} |
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| style="background:{{party color|Indonesian National Party}}" | |
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|[[Indonesian National Party]]<br /><small>later [[Labour Party (Indonesia, 1949)|PB]], [[Party of the People of Free Indonesia|PRIM]], [[Indonesian Democratic Party|PDI]], [[Indonesian National Party – Marhaen Masses|PNI-MM]], [[Indonesian National Party – Marhaenist Front|PNI-FM]], [[Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle|PDI-P]],<br />[[Indonesian National Party Marhaenism|PNIM]], [[Indonesian Democratic Vanguard Party|PPDI]], [[Indonesian National Populist Fortress Party|PNBK]], [[Democratic Renewal Party (Indonesia)|PDP]], {{ill|People's Democratic Party of Indonesia|id|Partai Demokrasi Rakyat Indonesia|lt=PDRI}}</small> |
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|[[Banteng]] |
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|{{External media|title=[[Banteng]] logos|topic=[[File:Partai Nasional Indonesia.svg|120px]]<br/>Original design |
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|image2=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Partai_Buruh_logo_(1955).jpeg PB logo]|image3=[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Partai_Rakjat_Indonesia_Merdeka_list_logo_(1955).jpg PRIM logo]|image4=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_of_Indonesian_Democratic_Party.svg PDI logo]|image5=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_PNI_Massa_Marhaen,_surat_suara_pemilu_1999.png PNI-MM logo]|image6=[https://seasite.niu.edu/indonesian/Indonesian_Elections/Indo-pemilu99/27.jpg PNI-FM logo]|image7=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PDI_Perjuangan.svg PDI-P logo]|image8=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_Partai_Nasional_Indonesia_Marhaenisme.svg PNIM logo]|image9=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_Partai_Penegak_Demokrasi_Indonesia.svg PPDI logo]|image10=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_Partai_Nasional_Benteng_Kerakyatan.svg PNBK logo]|image11=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PDPLogo.png PDP logo]|image12=[https://rmol.id/politik/read/2022/08/06/542708/hari-ini-partai-pecahan-pdi-akan-daftar-peserta-pemilu-2024-ke-kpu PDRI logo]|width=220px|float=left}} |
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|1927– |
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|- |
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|{{DEN}} |
|{{DEN}} |
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|{{External media|title=Progress Party (Denmark) logo|topic=Image restricted due to copyright|image1=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Progress_Party_(Denmark)_logo.png View logo]|width=220px|float=left}} |
|{{External media|title=Progress Party (Denmark) logo|topic=Image restricted due to copyright|image1=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Progress_Party_(Denmark)_logo.png View logo]|width=220px|float=left}} |
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|1972– |
|1972– |
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| |
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|- |
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|{{MEX}} |
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| style="background:{{party color|Mexican Democratic Party}}" | |
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|[[Mexican Democratic Party]] |
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|Red rooster |
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|[[File:Partido Demócrata Mexicano (1975-1997).svg|150px]] |
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|1972–1997 |
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| |
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|- |
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| |
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| style="background:green" | |
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|[[Green party|Green parties]]<br /><small>([[Federation of Green Lists|LV]], [[Federation of the Greens|FdV]], [[Green Europe|EV]], [[Green Party Taiwan|GPT]], [[Democratic Alternative (Malta)|AD]], [[Green Alternative–Ecologist Movement of Catalonia|AV–MEC]], [[The Greens–Ecologist Confederation of Catalonia|EV–CEC]], [[The Greens–The Ecologist Alternative|EV–AE]],<br />[[United Left/The Greens–Assembly for Andalusia|IULV–CA]], [[Initiative for Catalonia Greens|ICV]], {{ill|Ökologische Linke|de|lt=ÖkoLinX}}, [[Alternative Ecologists|OE]], [[United Left–Greens of the Region of Murcia|IU–V–RM]], [[United Left of the Balearic Islands|EUIB]],<br />[[Valencian People's Initiative|IdPV]])</small> |
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|[[Smiling Sun]] |
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|{{External media|title=Smiling Sun logos|topic=[[File:Smiling Sun English Language.svg|120px]]<br/>Original design|image2=[https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lista_verde_(Italia,1986-1990).svg LV logo]|image3=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Federations_of_the_Greens_Logo.png FdV logo]|image4=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Europa_Verde_logo.svg Green Europe logo]|image5=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190725171841im_/http://www.greenparty.org.tw/sites/default/files/gplogo_2.png Green Party Taiwan logo]|image6=[https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/mt%7Dad.html Democratic Alternative logo]|image7=[https://eleccions.gencat.cat/web/.content/00_logos_candidatures/parlament/1988/av-mec.jpg AV–MEC logo]|image8=[https://eleccions.gencat.cat/web/.content/00_logos_candidatures/parlament/1999/ev_cec.png EV–CEC logo]|image9=[https://infoelectoral.interior.gob.es/estaticos/logos/20080302000067.gif EV–AE logo]|image10=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_United_Left-The_Greens-Assembly_for_Andalusia.png IULV–CA logo]|image11=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iniciativa_per_Catalunya_Verds_(logo).svg ICV logo]|image12=[https://www.oekologische-linke.de/image/Sonne_trans12.gif ÖkoLinX logo]|image13=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oikologoi-enallaktikoi-01.svg Alternative Ecologists logo]|image13=[https://iuverdes.es/wp-content/themes/yootheme/cache/a6/logoIUVRMblanco-a69a0e8f.webp IU–V–RM logo]|image14=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_Left_of_the_Balearic_Islands_logo.png EUIB logo]|image15=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iniciativa_2021_logo.svg IdPV logo]|width=220px|float=left}} |
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|1975– |
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| style="background:{{party color|Agricultural People's Front of Peru}}" | |
| style="background:{{party color|Agricultural People's Front of Peru}}" | |
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|[[Agricultural People's Front of Peru]] |
|[[Agricultural People's Front of Peru]] |
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|[[Ichthys]] |
|[[Fish]] ([[Ichthys]]) |
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|[[File:Logo of the Agricultural People's Front of Peru.png|200px]] |
|[[File:Logo of the Agricultural People's Front of Peru.png|200px]] |
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|1989– |
|1989– |
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|1993–1998 |
|1993–1998 |
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|- |
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|{{SWI}} |
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| style="background:{{party color|Swiss People's Party}}" | |
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|[[Swiss People's Party]] |
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|"Sünneli"<br />"Humanized" sun |
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|{{External media|title=Swiss People's Party logo|topic=Image restricted due to copyright|image1=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swiss_People%27s_Party_logo_(de).svg View logo]|width=220px|float=left}} |
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|at least 1998– |
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|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nzz.ch/schweiz/eidgenoessische-wahlen-2019/svp-ein-plakat-der-kategorie-bireweich-ld.1502750|title= Ein SVP-Plakat der Kategorie «bireweich»|author=Michael Surber |date=19 August 2019|access-date=2 August 2024|lang=de|work=[[Neue Zürcher Zeitung]]}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|{{RUS}} |
|{{RUS}} |
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| style="background:{{party color|United Russia}}" | |
| style="background:{{party color|United Russia}}" | |
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|[[Unity (Russian political party)|Interregional movement "Unity"]],<br>(abbreviated MeDvEd "Bear")<br>later [[United Russia]] |
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|[[United Russia]] |
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|[[Russian Bear]]:<br>{{small|[[Brown bear]] ( |
|[[Russian Bear]]:<br>{{small|[[Brown bear]] (1999–05)<br>[[White bear]] (2005–)}} |
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|{{External media|title= |
|{{External media|title=Unity andUnited Russia logos|topic=Image restricted due to copyright|image1=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_Unity_(Russian_political_party).svg View Unity logo]|image2=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_United_Russia_(2001-2005).png View United Russia logo (2001–2005)]|image3=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_Russia_Logos.svg View United Russia logo (since 2005)]|width=220px|float=left}} |
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|1999– |
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|2001– |
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| |
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|- |
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|{{RUS}} |
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| style="background:{{party color|Union of People for Education and Science}}" | |
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|[[Union of People for Education and Science]]<br>"SLON" (Elephant) Party |
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|[[Elephant]] |
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|{{External media|title=SLON Party mascot and logo|topic=Image restricted due to copyright|image1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20040801031506im_/http://slon-party.ru/pe/new_emblem-1.gif View mascot]|image2=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_SLON_Party_(Russia).png View logo]|width=220px|float=left}} |
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|2002– |
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| |
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|- |
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|{{HUN}} |
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| style="background:{{party color|Hungarian Two-Tailed Dog Party}}" | |
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|[[Hungarian Two-Tailed Dog Party]] |
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|Two-tailed dog |
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|[[File:ALAP Kutyi nyakkendos teljesalakos 01.png|200px]] |
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|2006– |
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| |
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|- |
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|{{RUS}} |
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| style="background:{{party color|Green Alternative (Russia)}}" | |
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|[[Green Alternative (Russia)|Green Alternative]] |
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|[[Cat]]<br>{{small|(designed by {{ill|Vasya Lozhkin|ru|Вася Ложкин}})}} |
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|{{External media|title=Green Alternative (Russia) logo and mascot|topic=Image restricted due to copyright|image1=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_Green_Alternative_(Russia).svg View logo]|width=220px|float=left}} |
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|2020– |
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| style="background:{{party color|Alliance for Thuringia}}" | |
| style="background:{{party color|Alliance for Thuringia}}" | |
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|[[Alliance for Thuringia]] |
|[[Alliance for Thuringia]] |
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|[[Lion]] |
|"BüFüThü"<br />[[Lion]] |
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|{{External media|title=Alliance for Thuringia mascot|topic=Image restricted due to copyright|image1=[https://www.buendnis-fuer-thueringen.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2023/10/Maskottchen_klein-1.png View mascot]|width=220px|float=left}} |
|{{External media|title=Alliance for Thuringia mascot|topic=Image restricted due to copyright|image1=[https://www.buendnis-fuer-thueringen.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2023/10/Maskottchen_klein-1.png View mascot]|width=220px|float=left}} |
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|2023–2024 |
|2023–2024 |
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|2024– |
|2024– |
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==References== |
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Some parties adopted the [[Smiling Sun]] in their logo and could be seen as a mascot. |
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{{draft categories| |
{{draft categories| |
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[[Category:Political symbols]] |
[[Category:Political symbols]] |
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[[Category:Lists of mascots]] |
[[Category:Lists of mascots]] |
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}} |
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Revision as of 14:35, 1 September 2024
A party mascot might be an electoral symbol. They often act as personifications of their respective parties.
United States
Democratic Party
Donkey
The most common mascot symbol for the party has been the donkey, or jackass.[1] Andrew Jackson's enemies twisted his name to "jackass" as a term of ridicule regarding a stupid and stubborn animal. However, the Democrats liked the common-man implications and picked it up too, therefore the image persisted and evolved.[2] Its most lasting impression came from the cartoons of Thomas Nast from 1870 in Harper's Weekly. Cartoonists followed Nast and used the donkey to represent the Democrats and the elephant to represent the Republicans.
-
"A Live Jackass Kicking a Dead Lion" by Thomas Nast, Harper's Weekly, January 19, 1870
-
The donkey party logo remains a well-known symbol for the Democratic Party despite not being the official logo of the party.
Other
In the early 20th century, the traditional symbol of the Democratic Party in Indiana, Kentucky, Oklahoma and Ohio was the rooster, as opposed to the Republican eagle.[5] The rooster was also adopted as an official symbol of the national Democratic Party.[6] In 1904, the Alabama Democratic Party chose, as the logo to put on its ballots, a rooster with the motto "White supremacy – For the right."[7] The words "White supremacy" were replaced with "Democrats" in 1966.[8][3] In 1996, the Alabama Democratic Party dropped the rooster, citing racist and white supremacist connotations linked with the symbol.[4] The rooster symbol still appears on Oklahoma, Kentucky, Indiana, and West Virginia ballots.[5] In New York, the Democratic ballot symbol is a five-pointed star.[9]
Republican Party
Elephant
The traditional mascot of the party is the elephant. A political cartoon by Thomas Nast, published in Harper's Weekly on November 7, 1874, is considered the first important use of the symbol.[10]
-
An 1874 cartoon by Thomas Nast, featuring the first notable appearance of the Republican elephant[11]
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The red, white and blue elephant
-
A GOP banner logo, c. 2017
Others
An alternate symbol of the Republican Party in states such as Indiana, New York and Ohio is the bald eagle as opposed to the Democratic rooster or the Democratic five-pointed star.[12][13] In Kentucky, the log cabin is a symbol of the Republican Party.[14]
Third Parties
In the 1990s, several state Libertarian parties adopted the Liberty Penguin ("LP") as their official mascot.[15] Another mascot is the Libertarian porcupine, an icon that was originally designed by Kevin Breen in March 2006 and inspired by the logo of the Free State Project (FSP).[16]
Alaskan Independence Party
-
Libertarian Party
Usage in other countries
The elephant mascot was adopted by the True Whig Party which like the GOP traces their history back to the Whig Party.[17][18]
In the 1999 European Parliament election in Italy, two lists tried to imitate the American parties. The right-wing National Alliance – Segni Pact adopted the republican elephant.[19] The alliance, known informally as "the Elephant", won 10.30% of the vote and 9 seats.[20]
-
National Alliance – Segni Pact symbol
-
The Democrats (Italy) symbol
List of party mascots
References
- ^ see "History of the Democratic Donkey"
- ^ John William Ward (1962). Andrew Jackson: Symbol for an Age. Oxford Up. pp. 87–88. ISBN 9780199923205.
- ^ a b Ingram, Bob (January 21, 1966). "Loyalist Faction Wins; 'White Supremacy' Goes". Birmingham News. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
- ^ a b "Bad symbol removed". Times Daily. March 14, 1996. p. 7B. Archived from the original on May 31, 2022. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
- ^ a b "Barbour County, West Virginia General Election Ballot" (PDF). November 4, 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 24, 2008.
- ^ Seidman, Steven (June 12, 2010). "The Rooster as the Symbol of the U.S. Democratic Party". Ithaca College. Archived from the original on October 24, 2017.
- ^ "FACT CHECK: Did a State Democratic Party Logo Once Feature the Slogan 'White Supremacy'?". Snopes.com. September 25, 2017. Retrieved December 9, 2017.
- ^ "Alabama Democratic Party Strikes 'White Supremacy' From Its Motto". Ocala Star-Banner. Associated Press. January 23, 1966. p. 1. Archived from the original on November 28, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
- ^ Lopez, Tomas (October 23, 2014). "Poor Ballot Design Hurts New York's Minor Parties ... Again". Brennan Center for Justice. Archived from the original on February 7, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2017.
- ^ "Cartoon of the Day". HarpWeek.com. Archived from the original on September 21, 2011. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
- ^ "The Third-Term Panic". Cartoon of the Day. November 7, 2003. Archived from the original on September 21, 2011. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
- ^ "Ballots of United States: Indiana". University of North Carolina. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2017.
- ^ Lopez, Tomas (October 23, 2014). "Poor Ballot Design Hurts New York's Minor Parties ... Again". Brennan Center for Justice. Archived from the original on February 7, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2017.
- ^ "See Sample Ballots for Today's Primary Elections". West Kentucky Star. May 19, 2015. Archived from the original on February 7, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2017.
- ^ Drake, Kerry (July 26, 1996). "Laramie Libertarians adopt 'Liberty Penguin'". Casper Star Tribune; "Libertarian picks penguin representation". Fort Myers News Press. November 11, 1997; "Pragmatic penguin just the ticket for Wyo. Libertarians". Denver Post. Associated Press. September 6, 1996; "Libertarians Adopt County Artist's Design". Grainger County News. Grainger County, TN. April 22, 1999.
- ^ "Libertarian Porcupine" Archived October 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 27, 2012.
- ^ Foreign Areas Studies Division (1964). Area Handbook for Liberia. p. 203.
- ^ "The True Whig Ascendancy". GlobalSecurity.org.
- ^ Giuseppe Guarino (5 July 2013). "Quando Fini e Mariotto lanciarono l'elefantino | Legno sopra un'onda". peppeguarino.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
- ^ Mark Gilbert; Gianfranco Pasquino (January 2000). Italian Politics: The Faltering Transition. Berghahn Books. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-57181-840-9.
- ^ a b https://familiabateyera.com/se-origina-pelea-de-hombres-en-la-gallera-de-duverge/
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