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{{Use British English|date=February 2021}}
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[[File:RobertThrockmortonD1581.png|thumb|''"Sr. Robert Throgmorton"'', Sir Robert Throckmorton (1513–1581). He holds a skull in his right hand. 16th century English. Throckmorton Collection, Coughton Court, Warwickshire. Property of the National Trust]]
[[File:RobertThrockmortonD1581.png|thumb|''"Sr. Robert Throgmorton"'', Sir Robert Throckmorton (1513–1581). He holds a skull in his right hand. 16th century English. Throckmorton Collection, Coughton Court, Warwickshire. Property of the National Trust]]
[[File:ThrockmortonArms.png|thumb|Arms of Throckmorton: ''Gules, on a chevron argent three bars gemelles sable'']]
[[File:ThrockmortonArms.png|thumb|Arms of Throckmorton: ''Gules, on a chevron argent three bars gemelles sable'']]
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==Origins==
==Origins==
{{Unsourced|section|date=January 2023}}
Born by 1513, Robert Throckmorton was the eldest son and heir of [[George Throckmorton|Sir George Throckmorton]] (died 1552) by Katherine Vaux, daughter of [[Nicholas Vaux, 1st Baron Vaux of Harrowden]] (died 1523). He had several notable brothers, in descending seniority: Sir Kenelm Throckmorton, Sir [[Clement Throckmorton (died 1573)|Clement Throckmorton]] MP, [[Nicholas Throckmorton|Sir Nicholas Throckmorton]] (1515–1571), Thomas, [[John Throckmorton|Sir John Throckmorton]] (1524–1580), Anthony, and George.
Born around 1513, Robert Throckmorton was the eldest son and heir of [[George Throckmorton|Sir George Throckmorton]] (died 1552) by Katherine Vaux, daughter of [[Nicholas Vaux, 1st Baron Vaux of Harrowden]] (died 1523). He had several notable brothers, in descending seniority: Sir Kenelm Throckmorton, Sir [[Clement Throckmorton (died 1573)|Clement Throckmorton]] MP, [[Nicholas Throckmorton|Sir Nicholas Throckmorton]] (1515–1571), Thomas, [[John Throckmorton (died 1580)|Sir John Throckmorton]] (1524–1580), Anthony, and George.


==Politics==
==Politics==
{{Unsourced|section|date=January 2023}}
Robert Throckmorton may have trained at the [[Middle Temple]], the inn attended by his father. At least three of his younger brothers and his own eldest son trained there, but as the heir to extensive estates, he had little need for a career in justice or government. He was joined with his father in several stewardships from 1527 and was perhaps the servant of Robert Tyrwhitt, a distant relative by marriage of the Throckmortons, who in 1540 took an inventory of [[Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex|Cromwell's]] goods at [[Mortlake]]. He attended the reception of [[Anne of Cleves]]. With several of his brothers he took part in the [[Sieges of Boulogne (1544–1546)|French war of 1544]]. Three years later he was placed on the Warwickshire bench, and in 1553 appointed [[High Sheriff of Warwickshire]]. He was also elected as a [[knight of the shire]] ([[Member of Parliament|MP]]) for [[Warwickshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Warwickshire]] in 1553 and 1555. Three of his brothers likewise sat for Parliament, Nicholas as [[knight of the shire]] for [[Northamptonshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Northamptonshire]].
Robert Throckmorton may have trained at the [[Middle Temple]], the inn attended by his father. At least three of his younger brothers and his own eldest son trained there, but as the heir to extensive estates, he had little need for a career in justice or government. He was joined with his father in several stewardships from 1527 and was perhaps the servant of Robert Tyrwhitt, a distant relative by marriage of the Throckmortons, who in 1540 took an inventory of [[Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex|Cromwell's]] goods at [[Mortlake]]. He attended the reception of [[Anne of Cleves]].

With several of his brothers, he took part in the [[Sieges of Boulogne (1544–1546)|French war of 1544]]. Three years later he was placed on the Warwickshire bench, and in 1553 he was appointed [[High Sheriff of Warwickshire]]. He was also elected as a [[knight of the shire]] ([[Member of Parliament|MP]]) for [[Warwickshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Warwickshire]] in 1553 and 1555. Three of his brothers likewise sat for Parliament, Nicholas as [[knight of the shire]] for [[Northamptonshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Northamptonshire]].


Throckmorton's role in the [[Mid-Tudor Crisis|succession crisis of 1553]] is unknown, but his standing with [[Mary I of England|Queen Mary]] is shown by her reputed answer to the news of [[Edward VI of England|Edward VI's]] death sent her by four of his brothers: "If Robert had been there she durst have gaged her life and hazarded the hap."
Throckmorton's role in the [[Mid-Tudor Crisis|succession crisis of 1553]] is unknown, but his standing with [[Mary I of England|Queen Mary]] is shown by her reputed answer to the news of [[Edward VI of England|Edward VI's]] death sent her by four of his brothers: "If Robert had been there she durst have gaged her life and hazarded the hap."
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==Religion==
==Religion==
{{Unsourced|section|date=January 2023}}
His [[Catholicism]] explains his disappearance from the [[Parliament of England|Commons]] in the new reign, although the most Catholic of his brothers, [[Anthony Throckmorton]], was to sit in the Parliament of 1563. Judged an "adversary of true religion" in 1564, Throckmorton remained active in [[Warwickshire]] until his refusal to subscribe to the [[Act of Uniformity 1558|Act of Uniformity]] led to his removal from the [[Justice of the peace|commission of the peace]].
His adherence to [[Roman Catholicism]] explains his disappearance from the [[House of Commons of England|House of Commons]] in the new reign, although the most Catholic of his brothers, [[Anthony Throckmorton]], was to sit in the Parliament of 1563. Judged an "adversary of true religion" in 1564, Throckmorton remained active in [[Warwickshire]] until his refusal to subscribe to the [[Act of Uniformity 1558|Act of Uniformity]] led to his removal from the [[Justice of the peace|commission of the peace]].


In 1577, the Bishop of Worcester, [[John Whitgift]], listed Throckmorton as a Catholic and reckoned him to be worth 1,000 marks a year in lands and £1,000 in goods.
In 1577, the Bishop of Worcester, [[John Whitgift]], listed Throckmorton as a Catholic and reckoned him to be worth 1,000 marks a year in lands and £1,000 in goods.


==Family==
==Family==
{{Unsourced|section|date=January 2023}}
Sir Robert Throckmorton's mother, Katherine Vaux, was the daughter of [[Elizabeth FitzHugh]] by her second marriage to [[Sir Nicholas Vaux]].
Throckmorton's mother, Katherine Vaux, was the daughter of [[Elizabeth FitzHugh]] by her second marriage to [[Sir Nicholas Vaux]].


Throckmorton continued the family's Catholic tradition. He married his children into leading Catholic families, in generations when increased persecution of the Catholics led to many of his relatives becoming involved in plots against the throne. The sons of his daughters Anne and Muriel, were [[Robert Catesby]] and [[Francis Tresham]] of [[Gunpowder Plot]] fame, while a third daughter, Mary, was married to Edward Arden, who was also convicted of treason and executed for his part in a plot to assassinate [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth]] in 1583.
Throckmorton continued the family's Catholic tradition. He married his children into leading Catholic families, in generations when increased persecution of the Catholics led to many of his relatives becoming involved in plots against the throne. The sons of his daughters Anne and Muriel, were [[Robert Catesby]] and [[Francis Tresham]] of [[Gunpowder Plot]] fame, while a third daughter, Mary, was married to Edward Arden, who was also convicted of treason and executed for his part in a plot to assassinate [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth]] in 1583.


Mary Arden kept an excellent record of a woman persecuted for recusancy, documenting the fines and searches made at Coughton Court, that is still in the family archives. A nephew, Francis Throckmorton, was executed in 1584 for acting as a go-between for [[Mary, Queen of Scots]] and the Spanish Ambassador in an attempt to invade England and place Mary on the throne. A niece [[Elizabeth Raleigh|Elizabeth]], also known as Bess, the daughter of Sir Nicholas, and a lady-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth, also offended by secretly marrying [[Sir Walter Raleigh]].
Mary Arden kept an excellent record of a woman persecuted for recusancy, documenting the fines and searches made at Coughton Court, that is still in the family archives. A nephew, Francis Throckmorton, was executed in 1584 for acting as a go-between for [[Mary, Queen of Scots]] and the Spanish Ambassador in an attempt to invade England and place Mary on the throne. A niece, [[Elizabeth Raleigh|Elizabeth]], also known as "Bess", the daughter of Sir Nicholas, and a lady-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth, also offended by secretly marrying [[Sir Walter Raleigh]].


==Death and burial==
==Death and burial==
Robert Throckmorton died on 12 February 1581, six days after making a will in which he styled himself as being of [[Weston Underwood, Buckinghamshire]], but asked to be buried at Coughton, where an alabaster and marble tomb was accordingly erected to his memory. There is a portrait of him at Coughton Court. He named as executors his eldest son Thomas, and his sons-in-law, [[Sir John Goodwin]] and Ralph Sheldon, and as overseers another son-in-law [[Thomas Tresham II|Sir Thomas Tresham]] and his "loving friend" [[Edmund Plowden]].<ref name="History of Parliament">[http://www.histparl.ac.uk/ History of Parliament]. The volumes either published or in preparation cover the House of Commons from 1386 to 1868 and the House of Lords from 1660 to 1832.</ref><ref name="Tudor Place" >[http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/Bios/RobertThrockmortonofCoughton.htm Tudor Place]{{Unreliable source?|certain=y|self-published website; and Jorge H. Castelli is not an expert|date=January 2015}}, biography of Sir Robert Throckmorton of Coughton</ref>
Robert Throckmorton died on 12 February 1581, six days after making a will in which he styled himself as being of [[Weston Underwood, Buckinghamshire]], but asked to be buried at Coughton, where an alabaster and marble tomb was accordingly erected to his memory. There is a portrait of him at Coughton Court. He named as executors his eldest son Thomas, and his sons-in-law, Sir John Goodwin and Ralph Sheldon, and as overseers another son-in-law [[Thomas Tresham II|Sir Thomas Tresham]] and his "loving friend" [[Edmund Plowden]].<ref name="History of Parliament">[http://www.histparl.ac.uk/ History of Parliament]. The volumes either published or in preparation cover the House of Commons from 1386 to 1868, and the House of Lords from 1660 to 1832.</ref><ref name="Tudor Place" >[http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/Bios/RobertThrockmortonofCoughton.htm Tudor Place]{{Unreliable source?|certain=y|self-published website; and Jorge H. Castelli is not an expert|date=January 2015}}, biography of Sir Robert Throckmorton of Coughton.</ref>


==Marriages and issue==
==Marriages and issue==
Throckmorton married firstly Muriel Berkeley (died 1542), the daughter of [[Thomas Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley]] (1472–1532), by his first wife, Eleanor Constable (c. 1485–1527), daughter of [[Marmaduke Constable|Sir Marmaduke Constable]] (c. 1456–1518), by whom he had a son and four daughters:<ref name="Cokayne"> Cokayne, G.E.; with Gibbs, Vicary, etc., eds, ''The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant, new ed.,'' 13 volumes in 14 (1910–1959; reprint in 6 volumes, Gloucester, U.K.: Alan Sutton Publishing, 2000), vol. III, p. 13. [http://thepeerage.com/p11645.htm#i116446 peerage.com]</ref><ref name="Townend, Peter">''Burke's Peerage and Baronetage'', 105th edition, London, U.K. Burke's Peerage Ltd, 1970, page 2643. [http://thepeerage.com/p11645.htm#i116446 peerage.com]</ref>
Throckmorton married first Muriel Berkeley (died 1542), the daughter of [[Thomas Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley]] (1472–1532), by his first wife, Eleanor Constable (c. 1485–1527), daughter of [[Marmaduke Constable|Sir Marmaduke Constable]] (c. 1456–1518), by whom he had a son and four daughters:<ref name="Cokayne"> Cokayne, G.E.; with Gibbs, Vicary, etc., eds, ''The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant, new ed.,'' 13 volumes in 14 (1910–1959; reprint in 6 volumes, Gloucester, U.K.: Alan Sutton Publishing, 2000), vol. III, p. 13.</ref><ref name="Townend, Peter">''Burke's Peerage and Baronetage'', 105th edition, London, U.K. Burke's Peerage Ltd, 1970, page 2643.</ref>


*[[Thomas Throckmorton (died 1615)|Thomas Throckmorton of Coughton]] (1534 – 13 March 1615), who married, about 1556, Mary Whorwood (c. 1535 – 28 April 1607), by whom he had two sons, including John Throckmorton (1580–1614/15), esquire, father of [[Robert Throckmorton, 1st Baronet]] (1599–1650), and five daughters.
*[[Thomas Throckmorton (died 1615)|Thomas Throckmorton of Coughton]] (1534 – 13 March 1615), who married, about 1556, Mary Whorwood (c. 1535 – 28 April 1607), by whom he had two sons, including John Throckmorton (1580–1614/15), esquire, father of [[Robert Throckmorton, 1st Baronet]] (1599–1650), and five daughters.
*Elizabeth Throckmorton (born c. 1535), who married Sir John Goodwin (died 1596/97) of Winchendon, [[Buckinghamshire]].<ref>Now [[Nether Winchendon]] and [[Upper Winchendon]].</ref>
*Elizabeth Throckmorton (born c. 1535), who married Sir John Goodwin (died 1596/97) of Winchendon, [[Buckinghamshire]].<ref>Now [[Nether Winchendon]] and [[Upper Winchendon]].</ref>
*Katherine Throckmorton (c. 1532 – 12 February 1580), who married firstly Henry Norwood (c. 1523 – 1556), son of Raffe/Ralph Norwood died (1560/1)[[Leckhampton]], [[Gloucestershire]] and Jane Knight and had issue, William Norwood (1548–1632) who married Elizabeth Lygon, and Katherine married secondly [[John Williams (MP for Bedford)|John Williams]]<!-- link is speculative -->.
*Katherine Throckmorton (c. 1532 – 12 February 1580), who married firstly Henry Norwood (c. 1523 – 1556), son of Raffe/Ralph Norwood, died (1560/61) at [[Leckhampton]], [[Gloucestershire]], and Jane Knight, and had issue, William Norwood (1548–1632) who married Elizabeth Lygon, and Katherine married secondly [[John Williams (MP for Bedford)|John Williams]].<!-- link is speculative -->
*Mary Throckmorton (died 1603), who married [[Edward Arden|Sir Edward Arden]] of Park Hall, executed at Smithfield 20 December 1583, by whom she had a son, Robert Arden, and two daughters: Margaret Arden, who married [[John Somerville (conspirator)|John Somerville]],{{sfn|Wizeman|2004}} and Catherine Arden, who married [[Sir Edward Devereux, 1st Baronet of Castle Bromwich]], son of [[Walter Devereux, 1st Viscount Hereford]].{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}
*Mary Throckmorton (died 1603), who married [[Edward Arden|Sir Edward Arden]] of Park Hall, executed at Smithfield 20 December 1583, by whom she had a son, Robert Arden, and two daughters: Margaret Arden, who married [[John Somerville (conspirator)|John Somerville]],{{sfn|Wizeman|2004}} and Catherine Arden, who married [[Sir Edward Devereux, 1st Baronet of Castle Bromwich]], son of [[Walter Devereux, 1st Viscount Hereford]].{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}
*Anne Throckmorton (1540–1603), who in 1557 married Ralph Sheldon (c. 1537–1613) of [[Beoley]].
*Anne Throckmorton (1540–1603), who in 1557 married Ralph Sheldon (c. 1537–1613) of [[Beoley]].
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Throckmorton, Robert}}
[[Category:1581 deaths]]
[[Category:1581 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Warwickshire]]
[[Category:Knights of the Garter]]
[[Category:Knights of the Garter]]
[[Category:Throckmorton family|Robert]]
[[Category:Throckmorton family|Robert]]
[[Category:High Sheriffs of Warwickshire]]
[[Category:High sheriffs of Warwickshire]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:English MPs 1553 (Edward VI)]]
[[Category:English MPs 1553 (Edward VI)]]

Latest revision as of 17:53, 2 September 2024

"Sr. Robert Throgmorton", Sir Robert Throckmorton (1513–1581). He holds a skull in his right hand. 16th century English. Throckmorton Collection, Coughton Court, Warwickshire. Property of the National Trust
Arms of Throckmorton: Gules, on a chevron argent three bars gemelles sable

Sir Robert Throckmorton (c. 1513 – 12 February 1581), KG, of Coughton Court in Warwickshire, was a Member of Parliament and a distinguished English courtier. His public career was impeded by remaining a Roman Catholic.

Origins

[edit]

Born around 1513, Robert Throckmorton was the eldest son and heir of Sir George Throckmorton (died 1552) by Katherine Vaux, daughter of Nicholas Vaux, 1st Baron Vaux of Harrowden (died 1523). He had several notable brothers, in descending seniority: Sir Kenelm Throckmorton, Sir Clement Throckmorton MP, Sir Nicholas Throckmorton (1515–1571), Thomas, Sir John Throckmorton (1524–1580), Anthony, and George.

Politics

[edit]

Robert Throckmorton may have trained at the Middle Temple, the inn attended by his father. At least three of his younger brothers and his own eldest son trained there, but as the heir to extensive estates, he had little need for a career in justice or government. He was joined with his father in several stewardships from 1527 and was perhaps the servant of Robert Tyrwhitt, a distant relative by marriage of the Throckmortons, who in 1540 took an inventory of Cromwell's goods at Mortlake. He attended the reception of Anne of Cleves.

With several of his brothers, he took part in the French war of 1544. Three years later he was placed on the Warwickshire bench, and in 1553 he was appointed High Sheriff of Warwickshire. He was also elected as a knight of the shire (MP) for Warwickshire in 1553 and 1555. Three of his brothers likewise sat for Parliament, Nicholas as knight of the shire for Northamptonshire.

Throckmorton's role in the succession crisis of 1553 is unknown, but his standing with Queen Mary is shown by her reputed answer to the news of Edward VI's death sent her by four of his brothers: "If Robert had been there she durst have gaged her life and hazarded the hap."

In the autumn of 1553, Throckmorton was knighted and appointed constable of Warwick Castle. He continued to sit as MP for the shire until 1558, when he resigned in favour of his eldest son, Thomas.

Religion

[edit]

His adherence to Roman Catholicism explains his disappearance from the House of Commons in the new reign, although the most Catholic of his brothers, Anthony Throckmorton, was to sit in the Parliament of 1563. Judged an "adversary of true religion" in 1564, Throckmorton remained active in Warwickshire until his refusal to subscribe to the Act of Uniformity led to his removal from the commission of the peace.

In 1577, the Bishop of Worcester, John Whitgift, listed Throckmorton as a Catholic and reckoned him to be worth 1,000 marks a year in lands and £1,000 in goods.

Family

[edit]

Throckmorton's mother, Katherine Vaux, was the daughter of Elizabeth FitzHugh by her second marriage to Sir Nicholas Vaux.

Throckmorton continued the family's Catholic tradition. He married his children into leading Catholic families, in generations when increased persecution of the Catholics led to many of his relatives becoming involved in plots against the throne. The sons of his daughters Anne and Muriel, were Robert Catesby and Francis Tresham of Gunpowder Plot fame, while a third daughter, Mary, was married to Edward Arden, who was also convicted of treason and executed for his part in a plot to assassinate Queen Elizabeth in 1583.

Mary Arden kept an excellent record of a woman persecuted for recusancy, documenting the fines and searches made at Coughton Court, that is still in the family archives. A nephew, Francis Throckmorton, was executed in 1584 for acting as a go-between for Mary, Queen of Scots and the Spanish Ambassador in an attempt to invade England and place Mary on the throne. A niece, Elizabeth, also known as "Bess", the daughter of Sir Nicholas, and a lady-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth, also offended by secretly marrying Sir Walter Raleigh.

Death and burial

[edit]

Robert Throckmorton died on 12 February 1581, six days after making a will in which he styled himself as being of Weston Underwood, Buckinghamshire, but asked to be buried at Coughton, where an alabaster and marble tomb was accordingly erected to his memory. There is a portrait of him at Coughton Court. He named as executors his eldest son Thomas, and his sons-in-law, Sir John Goodwin and Ralph Sheldon, and as overseers another son-in-law Sir Thomas Tresham and his "loving friend" Edmund Plowden.[1][2]

Marriages and issue

[edit]

Throckmorton married first Muriel Berkeley (died 1542), the daughter of Thomas Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley (1472–1532), by his first wife, Eleanor Constable (c. 1485–1527), daughter of Sir Marmaduke Constable (c. 1456–1518), by whom he had a son and four daughters:[3][4]

Throckmorton married, secondly in about 1542, Elizabeth Hussey (c. 1510 – 23 January 1554), widow of Walter Hungerford, 1st Baron Hungerford of Heytesbury (died 1540), by whom she had been notoriously ill-treated, and daughter of John Hussey, 1st Baron Hussey of Sleaford (1465–1537) by his second wife, Lady Anne Grey (c. 1490 – after 1537). By his second wife Throckmorton had four daughters:[3][4]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ History of Parliament. The volumes either published or in preparation cover the House of Commons from 1386 to 1868, and the House of Lords from 1660 to 1832.
  2. ^ Tudor Place[unreliable source], biography of Sir Robert Throckmorton of Coughton.
  3. ^ a b Cokayne, G.E.; with Gibbs, Vicary, etc., eds, The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant, new ed., 13 volumes in 14 (1910–1959; reprint in 6 volumes, Gloucester, U.K.: Alan Sutton Publishing, 2000), vol. III, p. 13.
  4. ^ a b Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 105th edition, London, U.K. Burke's Peerage Ltd, 1970, page 2643.
  5. ^ Now Nether Winchendon and Upper Winchendon.
  6. ^ Wizeman 2004.
  7. ^ Nicholls 2004.

References

[edit]
  • Nicholls, Mark (2004). "Tresham, Francis (1567?–1605)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/27708. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) The first edition of this text is available at Wikisource: "Tresham, Francis" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
  • Wizeman, William (2004). "Arden, Edward (1533–1583)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/633. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) The first edition of this text is available at Wikisource: "Arden, Edward" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
Parliament of England
Preceded by
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Member of Parliament of England
1553
Succeeded by
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