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{{Short description|Twin engine turboprop aircraft produced 1977-1986}}
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{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2021}}
⚫
{{Infobox aircraft
|name= Cessna 441 Conquest II
|name= Cessna 441 Conquest II
|image=File:N326RS 1983 Cessna 441Conquest II C-N 441-0326 - Ias Air (6832531090).jpg
|image= File:N326RS 1983 Cessna 441Conquest II C-N 441-0326 - Ias Air (6832531090).jpg
|caption=
|caption=
⚫
|type= [[Utility aircraft]]
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
⚫
|national_origin= United States
⚫
|type=Utility monoplane
⚫
|manufacturer= [[Cessna]]
⚫
|national origin=United States
⚫
|manufacturer=[[Cessna]]
|designer=
|designer=
|first flight=10 January 1977<ref name="Phillips"/>
|first_flight= January 10, 1977<ref name="Phillips"/>
|introduction=
|introduced=1977 Paris Air Show
|retired=
|retired=
|status=Production completed
|status=
|primary_user=
|primary user=corporate owners
|more_users=
|more users=charter flight operators
|produced=1977–1987<ref name="Simpson, 2005, p. 97">Simpson, 2005, p. 97</ref>
|produced= 1977–1986<ref name=BCA22may2019/>
|number_built= 362<ref name=BCA22may2019/>
|unit price=$864,756 in 1977
|developed_from= [[Cessna 404 Titan]]
|number built=362<ref name="Simpson, 2005, p. 97"/>
|variants with their own articles=
|variants=
|developed_into=
}}
}}
|}


The '''Cessna 441 Conquest II''' is the first [[turboprop]] powered aircraft designed by [[Cessna]] and was meant to fill the gap between their [[Jet engine|jets]] and [[piston]]-engined [[aircraft]]. It was developed in November 1974, with the first aircraft delivered in September 1977. It is a pressurized, 8–9 passenger turbine development of the [[Cessna 404 Titan]].
The '''Cessna 441 Conquest II''' is the first [[turboprop]] powered aircraft designed by [[Cessna]] and was meant to fill the gap between their [[Jet engine|jets]] and piston-engined aircraft. It was developed in November 1974, with the first aircraft delivered in September 1977. It is a pressurized, 8–9 passenger turbine development of the [[Cessna 404 Titan]]. The [[ICAO]] designator as used in [[flight plan]]s is C441.


==Development==
==Design and development==
⚫
[[File:Rossair Cessna 441 ADL Finney.jpg|thumb|Original three-blade propellers]]
[[File:Cessna 441 Conquest II loading for flight to Yakataga.jpg|thumb|Boarding on grass]]
[[File:Cessna 441 Conquest II loading for flight to Yakataga.jpg|thumb|Boarding on grass]]


The original design from 1972 for this aircraft was known as the Model 435 and was to be powered by Continental GTSIO-520X engines with three bladed propellers. By 1975 the designed evolved into the turboprop powered Model 441.<ref name="Phillips">[[Edward H. Phillips|Phillips, Edward H.]]: ''Wings of Cessna, Model 120 to the Citation III'', Flying Books, 1986. {{ISBN|0-911139-05-2}}</ref> The aircraft has retractable [[tricycle]] [[landing gear]] and on [[takeoff]] has a ground roll of 1,785&nbsp;ft (544 m). The high [[Aspect ratio (wing)|aspect ratio]] wings use bonded construction techniques.<ref>{{cite journal|magazine=Air Progress|date=October 1977|title=The New Cessna Conquest|author=Alan Healy}}</ref> Cessna renamed the model 441 the Conquest II in 1983.<ref name=Phillips/>
The original design from 1972 for this aircraft was known as the Model 435 and was to be powered by [[Continental O-520|Continental GTSIO-520X]] engines with three-bladed propellers. By 1975, the designed evolved into the turboprop-powered Model 441.<ref name="Phillips"/> It was certified by the FAA on August 19, 1977.<ref name=FAA-TCDS>{{cite web |url= http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/521560cf1070e2f286257ed7005deb79/$FILE/A28CE_Rev_13.pdf |title= Type Certificate data sheet No. A28CE |date= July 29, 2015 |publisher= FAA |access-date= July 17, 2019 |archive-date= June 28, 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210628054211/https://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/521560cf1070e2f286257ed7005deb79/$FILE/A28CE_Rev_13.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> The high [[Aspect ratio (wing)|aspect ratio]] wings use bonded construction techniques.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Air Progress|date=October 1977|title=The New Cessna Conquest|author=Alan Healy}}</ref>
Cessna renamed the Model 441 the Conquest II in 1983.<!--ref name="Phillips"-->
1984 models starting with constructor number 195 used lighter-weight, four-bladed McCauley [[propeller (aircraft)|propeller]]s.<ref name="Phillips">[[Edward H. Phillips|Phillips, Edward H.]]: ''Wings of Cessna, Model 120 to the Citation III'', Flying Books, 1986. {{ISBN|0-911139-05-2}}</ref>
A 441 with [[Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A]]-112 turboprops was flown in 1986, but did not enter production. Cessna built 362 of the aircraft between 1977 and 1986.<ref name=BCA22may2019>{{cite news |url= https://aviationweek.com/business-aviation/cessna-conquest-ii-undervalued-speedy-fuel-efficient-turboprop |title= Cessna Conquest II: Undervalued, Speedy, Fuel Efficient Turboprop |date= May 22, 2019 |author= Fred George |work= Business & Commercial Aviation}}</ref>
⚫
A smaller aircraft was marketed as the [[Cessna 425|Cessna 425 Conquest I]], itself a turbine development of the [[Cessna 421]].


⚫
In September 2007, Cessna limited the Conquest II to 22,500 hours of air time through a Supplemental Inspection Document. This makes it effectively mandatory for US air carriers but only advisory for private operators.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/FAAClarifiesLifeLimitForThe441ConquestII_196092-1.html |work= AVweb |title= FAA Clarifies Cessna's Life Limit For The 441 Conquest II |date= September 7, 2007|archive-url= https://archive.today/20230528125502/https://www.avweb.com/news/faa-clarifies-cessnas-life-limit-for-the-441-conquest-ii/|archive-date= May 28, 2023|url-status= live}}</ref>
The Conquest is powered by two [[Garrett TPE331]] turboprops powering two Hartzell three bladed propellers. 1984 models starting with constructor number 195 used lighter weight four-bladed McCauley [[propeller (aircraft)|propeller]]s.<ref name="Phillips"/> A 441 with [[Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A]]-112 turboprops was flown in 1986 but did not enter production.


==Performance==
⚫
The Cessna 441 is limited to 22,500 hours of air time by a Cessna Supplementary Inspection Document (SID). This life-limit SID is mandatory in the US for air carriers operating the aircraft but is advisory only for private operators.<ref>[http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/FAAClarifiesLifeLimitForThe441ConquestII_196092-1.html AVweb.com - FAA Clarifies Cessna's Life Limit For The 441 Conquest II accessed 24 February 2016]</ref>
The Cessna 441 cruises at {{cvt|316|kn|km/h}} [[true airspeed]] while burning {{cvt|480|lb}} of fuel per hour at flight level 290. The aircraft's maximum range is {{cvt|2,000|nmi|km}} at {{cvt|260|kn|km/h}} TAS and {{cvt|310|lb}}/h at FL350.<!--ref name=BCA22may2019/-->

<!--weights-->
The [[ICAO]] designator for the Cessna Conquest as used in [[flight plan]]s is C441.
With six to nine seats, its {{cvt|6400-6500|lb}} [[basic operating weight]] (BOW) allows a {{cvt|200-300|lb}} payload at full fuel, but MTOW can be increased by {{cvt|490|lb}} with aftermarket modifications.<!--ref name=BCA22may2019/-->

⚫
A smaller aircraft was marketed as the [[Cessna 425|Cessna 425 Conquest I]], itself a turbine development of the [[Cessna 421]].

===Modifications===
⚫
[[File:Rossair Cessna 441 ADL Finney.jpg|thumb|Original three-blade propellers]]


==Upgrades==
The majority of Cessna 441s have been modified by installing [[Garrett TPE331]]-10 engines in place of the earlier versions of this same engine that it was delivered with. This modification reduces maintenance costs while increasing horsepower, service ceiling, fuel efficiency and range. Cessna 441s with this conversion tend to have higher resale values than aircraft that have not been converted.<ref name="Honeywell">{{cite web|url = http://www.honeywell.com/sites/portal?smap=aerospace&page=TPE331_Engine_Conversion_TPE&theme=T6|title = TPE 331 Engine Conversions|accessdate = 2009-03-21|last = [[Honeywell International]]|authorlink = |year = 2009|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://archive.is/20130103112051/http://www.honeywell.com/sites/portal?smap=aerospace&page=TPE331_Engine_Conversion_TPE&theme=T6|archivedate = 2013-01-03|df = }}</ref><ref name="Hubber01Oct08">{{cite web|url = http://www.bjtonline.com/business-jet-news/cessna-441-conquest-ii|title = Business Jet Traveler - Cessna 441 Conquest II|accessdate = 2016-02-24|last = Hubber|first = Mark|authorlink = |date=October 2008}}</ref>
Most 441s currently in service have been upgraded to TPE331-10 engines and four-bladed propellers (if not originally equipped). The -10 engine increases climb performance, service ceiling, and TBO, while four-blade propellers increase climb rate, cruise speed, and ground clearance, while reducing cabin noise.<ref name="Hubber01Oct08">{{cite news |url= http://www.bjtonline.com/business-jet-news/cessna-441-conquest-ii |work= Business Jet Traveler |title= Cessna 441 Conquest II |last= Huber |first= Mark |date= October 2008}}</ref>


==Operators==
Converting from the standard three blade propellers to smaller diameter [[Hartzell Propeller|Hartzell]] four blade propellers results in a climb rate improved by 200 fpm (1.01&nbsp;m/s) and a {{convert|5|kn|km/h|0|abbr=on}} increase in cruise speed as well as reducing cabin noise and improving ground clearance.<ref name="Hubber01Oct08" />
⚫
[[File:Skippers Aviation Cessnas PER Wheatley.jpg|thumb|A row of Cessna 441 from [[Skippers Aviation]] in Perth, Australia]]
⚫
The Conquest II is operated by corporate owners, air charter operators and previously by the [[Royal Flying Doctor Service]] in Australia. Examples of the type have been exported to many countries including Austria, Australia, Canada, Ecuador, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Mexico, Norway, Peru, South Africa, Sweden and the United Kingdom.


By May 2019, 290 aircraft remained in service, at a $.75-.9M value down from $1-1.9M in 2011.<!--ref name=BCA22may2019/-->
==Operational use==
⚫
[[File:Skippers Aviation Cessnas PER Wheatley.jpg|thumb|A row of Cessna 441 from [[Skippers Aviation]] in Perth]]
⚫
The Conquest is operated by corporate owners, air charter operators and previously by the [[Royal Flying Doctor Service]] in Australia. Examples of the type have been exported to many countries including Austria, Australia, Canada, Ecuador, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Mexico, Norway, Peru, South Africa, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Many remain in service.


==Specifications (Conquest II)==
==Specifications (Conquest II)==
{{Aircraft specs
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83<ref name="JAWA82 p353-4">Taylor 1982, pp. 353–354.</ref>
|ref=Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83<ref name="JAWA82 p353-4">{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=John W. R.|title=Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83|year=1982|publisher=Jane's Yearbooks|location=London|isbn=0-7106-0748-2|authorlink=John W. R. Taylor|pages=353–354}}</ref>
|prime units?=imp<!-- imp or kts first for US aircraft, and UK aircraft pre-metrification, met(ric) first for all others. You MUST choose a format, or no specifications will show -->
|prime units?=imp<!-- imp or kts first for US aircraft, and UK aircraft pre-metrification, met(ric) first for all others. You MUST choose a format, or no specifications will show -->
<!--
<!--
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|related=
|related=
|similar aircraft=
|similar aircraft=
*[[Beechcraft King Air]]
* [[Beechcraft King Air]]
*[[Rockwell Aero Commander]]
* [[Mitsubishi Mu-2]]
*[[Mitsubishi Mu-2]]
* [[Piper PA-42 Cheyenne]]
* [[Swearingen Merlin]]
|lists=
|lists=
|see also=
|see also=
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==References==
==References==

===Citations===
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book|last=Simpson|first=Rod|title=The General Aviation Handbook|year=2005|publisher=Midland Publishing|location= Hinckley, England|isbn=978-1-85780-222-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=John W. R.|title=Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83|year=1982|publisher=Jane's Yearbooks|location=London|isbn=0-7106-0748-2|authorlink=John W. R. Taylor}}


==External links==
==External links==
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* [http://www.airliners.net/info/stats.main?id=156 Airliners.net - Cessna Conquest]
* [http://www.airliners.net/info/stats.main?id=156 Airliners.net - Cessna Conquest]


{{Cessna 310 family}}
{{Cessna}}
{{Cessna}}


Latest revision as of 19:38, 9 September 2024

Cessna 441 Conquest II
General information
TypeUtility aircraft
National originUnited States
ManufacturerCessna
Number built362[1]
History
Manufactured1977–1986[1]
First flightJanuary 10, 1977[2]
Developed fromCessna 404 Titan

The Cessna 441 Conquest II is the first turboprop powered aircraft designed by Cessna and was meant to fill the gap between their jets and piston-engined aircraft. It was developed in November 1974, with the first aircraft delivered in September 1977. It is a pressurized, 8–9 passenger turbine development of the Cessna 404 Titan. The ICAO designator as used in flight plans is C441.

Development

[edit]
Original three-blade propellers
Boarding on grass

The original design from 1972 for this aircraft was known as the Model 435 and was to be powered by Continental GTSIO-520X engines with three-bladed propellers. By 1975, the designed evolved into the turboprop-powered Model 441.[2] It was certified by the FAA on August 19, 1977.[3] The high aspect ratio wings use bonded construction techniques.[4] Cessna renamed the Model 441 the Conquest II in 1983. 1984 models starting with constructor number 195 used lighter-weight, four-bladed McCauley propellers.[2] A 441 with Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-112 turboprops was flown in 1986, but did not enter production. Cessna built 362 of the aircraft between 1977 and 1986.[1] A smaller aircraft was marketed as the Cessna 425 Conquest I, itself a turbine development of the Cessna 421.

In September 2007, Cessna limited the Conquest II to 22,500 hours of air time through a Supplemental Inspection Document. This makes it effectively mandatory for US air carriers but only advisory for private operators.[5]

Performance

[edit]

The Cessna 441 cruises at 316 kn (585 km/h) true airspeed while burning 480 lb (220 kg) of fuel per hour at flight level 290. The aircraft's maximum range is 2,000 nmi (3,700 km) at 260 kn (480 km/h) TAS and 310 lb (140 kg)/h at FL350. With six to nine seats, its 6,400–6,500 lb (2,900–2,900 kg) basic operating weight (BOW) allows a 200–300 lb (91–136 kg) payload at full fuel, but MTOW can be increased by 490 lb (220 kg) with aftermarket modifications.

Upgrades

[edit]

Most 441s currently in service have been upgraded to TPE331-10 engines and four-bladed propellers (if not originally equipped). The -10 engine increases climb performance, service ceiling, and TBO, while four-blade propellers increase climb rate, cruise speed, and ground clearance, while reducing cabin noise.[6]

Operators

[edit]
A row of Cessna 441 from Skippers Aviation in Perth, Australia

The Conquest II is operated by corporate owners, air charter operators and previously by the Royal Flying Doctor Service in Australia. Examples of the type have been exported to many countries including Austria, Australia, Canada, Ecuador, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Mexico, Norway, Peru, South Africa, Sweden and the United Kingdom.

By May 2019, 290 aircraft remained in service, at a $.75-.9M value down from $1-1.9M in 2011.

Specifications (Conquest II)

[edit]

Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83[7]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1 or 2 pilots
  • Capacity: 8–10 passengers
  • Length: 39 ft 0 in (11.89 m)
  • Wingspan: 49 ft 4 in (15.04 m)
  • Height: 13 ft 2 in (4.01 m)
  • Wing area: 253.6 sq ft (23.56 m2)
  • Aspect ratio: 9.6:1
  • Airfoil: NACA 23018 at root, NACA 23019 at tip
  • Empty weight: 5,682 lb (2,577 kg)
  • Gross weight: 9,850 lb (4,468 kg)
  • Powerplant: 2 × Garrett TPE331-8-403S turboprops, 636 shp (474 kW) each
  • Propellers: 4-bladed McCauley

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 340 mph (550 km/h, 300 kn) at 16,000 ft (4,875 m)
  • Cruise speed: 298 mph (480 km/h, 259 kn) at 35,000 ft (10,700 m)
  • Stall speed: 86 mph (139 km/h, 75 kn) flaps and gear down
  • Range: 2,525 mi (4,064 km, 2,194 nmi) at 35,000 ft (10,700 m)
  • Service ceiling: 35,000 ft (11,000 m)
  • Rate of climb: 2,435 ft/min (12.37 m/s)

Avionics

  • Cessna 1000A Integrated Flight Control System

See also

[edit]

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Fred George (May 22, 2019). "Cessna Conquest II: Undervalued, Speedy, Fuel Efficient Turboprop". Business & Commercial Aviation.
  2. ^ a b c Phillips, Edward H.: Wings of Cessna, Model 120 to the Citation III, Flying Books, 1986. ISBN 0-911139-05-2
  3. ^ "Type Certificate data sheet No. A28CE" (PDF). FAA. July 29, 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 28, 2021. Retrieved July 17, 2019.
  4. ^ Alan Healy (October 1977). "The New Cessna Conquest". Air Progress.
  5. ^ "FAA Clarifies Cessna's Life Limit For The 441 Conquest II". AVweb. September 7, 2007. Archived from the original on May 28, 2023.
  6. ^ Huber, Mark (October 2008). "Cessna 441 Conquest II". Business Jet Traveler.
  7. ^ Taylor, John W. R. (1982). Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83. London: Jane's Yearbooks. pp. 353–354. ISBN 0-7106-0748-2.
[edit]
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