Welwitschiaceae: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Family of plants}} |
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{{Automatic taxobox |
{{Automatic taxobox |
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| image = Welwitschia at Ugab River basin.jpg |
| image = Welwitschia at Ugab River basin.jpg |
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| image_caption = ''[[Welwitschia mirabilis]]'' |
| image_caption = ''[[Welwitschia mirabilis]]'' |
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| fossil_range = [[Aptian|Late Aptian]]-recent {{fossilrange|115|0}} |
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| taxon = Welwitschiaceae |
| taxon = Welwitschiaceae |
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| authority = [[ |
| authority = [[Teodoro Caruel| Caruel]] |
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| type_genus = [[Welwitschia]] |
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| subdivision_ranks = |
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| subdivision = |
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'''Welwitschiaceae''' is a family of plants of the order [[Gnetales]] with one living species, ''[[Welwitschia|Welwitschia mirabilis]]'', found in southwestern Africa. Three fossil |
'''Welwitschiaceae''' is a family of plants of the order [[Gnetales]] with one living species, ''[[Welwitschia|Welwitschia mirabilis]]'', found in southwestern Africa. Three fossil genera have been recovered from the [[Crato Formation]] – late Aptian ([[Lower Cretaceous]]) strata located in the [[Araripe Basin]] in northeastern Brazil,<ref name=dilcher05>{{cite journal|author1=Dilcher, David L. |author2=Bernardes-De-Oliveira, Mary E. |author3=Pons, Denise |author4=Lott, Terry A. | doi= 10.3732/ajb.92.8.1294 | date=2005|title=Welwitschiaceae from the Lower Cretaceous of northeastern Brazil|journal=American Journal of Botany|volume=92|issue=8|pages= 1294–1310 |pmid=21646150|doi-access=free}}</ref> with one of these also being known from the early Late Cretaceous ([[Cenomanian]]-[[Turonian]]) [[Akrabou Formation]] of Morocco.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roberts|first=Emily A.|last2=Martill|first2=David M.|last3=Loveridge|first3=Robert F.|date=February 2020|title=Phytogeographical implications of the probable occurrence of the gnetalean plant Welwitschiophyllum in the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Africa|journal=Proceedings of the Geologists' Association|language=en|volume=131|issue=1|pages=1–7|doi=10.1016/j.pgeola.2019.10.002|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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==Taxonomy== |
==Taxonomy== |
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German naturalist [[Friedrich Markgraf]] coined the name Welwitschiaceae in 1926, which appeared in ''[[Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien]]''.{{citation needed|reason=Tropicos and AP Web give authority as Caruel|date=May 2016}} |
German naturalist [[Friedrich Markgraf]] coined the name Welwitschiaceae in 1926, which appeared in ''[[Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien]]''.{{citation needed|reason=Tropicos and AP Web give authority as Caruel|date=May 2016}} |
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Most recent systems place the Welwitschiaceae in the [[gymnosperm]] order [[Gnetales]].<ref>Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 9, June 2008 http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APWeb/</ref> This order is most closely related to the order [[Pinales]], which includes |
Most recent systems place the Welwitschiaceae in the [[gymnosperm]] order [[Gnetales]].<ref>Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 9, June 2008 http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APWeb/</ref> This order is most closely related to the order [[Pinales]], which includes [[Araucariaceae]] - Araucarians, [[Cupressaceae]] - Cypress Family, [[Pinaceae]] - Pine Family, [[Podocarpaceae]] - Podocarps, [[Sciadopityaceae]] - Koyamaki Family (the sole member [https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/129057-Sciadopitys-verticillata Sciadopitys verticillata - Koyamaki]), [[Taxaceae]] - Yew Family. Genetic analyses indicate that the Gnetales arose from within the conifer group, and any morphological similarities between angiosperms and Gnetales have evolved separately.<ref>Chaw S-M., C.L. Parkinson, Y. Cheng, T.M. Vincent and J. D. Palmer (2000) Seed plant phylogeny inferred from all three plant genomes: Monophyly of extant gymnosperms and origin of Gnetales from conifers ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97:4086–4091</ref> The ancestors of the extant gymnosperm orders—Gnetales, Coniferales, Cycadales and Ginkgoales—arose during the Late Paleozoic, and became the dominant component of the [[Lopingian|Late Permian]] and Mesozoic flora.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Wang | first1 = Z-Q | year = 2004 | title = A new Permian Gnetalean cone fossil as evidence for supporting molecular phylogeny | journal = Annals of Botany | volume = 94 | issue = 2| pages = 281–288 | doi=10.1093/aob/mch138 | pmid=15229124| pmc = 4242163}}</ref> |
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==Living species== |
==Living species== |
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The family contains a single genus and single extant species, ''[[Welwitschia|Welwitschia mirabilis]]'', which lives in the [[Kaokoveld]] Desert of Angola and Namibia in southwestern Africa.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com |
The family contains a single genus and single extant species, ''[[Welwitschia|Welwitschia mirabilis]]'', which lives in the [[Kaokoveld]] Desert of Angola and Namibia in southwestern Africa.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dvyNckni8wC&pg=PA373 | title=Gymnosperms |author1=Bhatnagar, S. P. |author2=Moitra, Alok | page=373| isbn=9788122407921 | year=1996 }}</ref> |
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==Fossil species== |
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Fossil evidence indicates that members of the Welwitschiaceae were present in South America during the [[Early Cretaceous]] (Mesozoic era).<ref name=dilcher05/> ''[[Priscowelwitschia|Priscowelwitschia austroamericana]]'' (initially named ''Welwitschiella'' but illegitimate due to the daisy genus ''[[Welwitschiella]]'')<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Dilcher, David L. |author2=Bernardes-De-Oliveira, Mary E. |author3=Pons, Denise |author4=Lott, Terry A. | url=http://www.amjbot.org/content/92/12/1957.short | date=2005|title=Welwitschiaceae from the Lower Cretaceous of northeastern Brazil|journal=American Journal of Botany – Erratum|volume=92|issue=12|pages= 1957 }}</ref> is a fossil taxon referring to some seedlings with [[cotyledon]] leaves. These have many features in common with ''Welwitschia'' seedlings.<ref name=dilcher05/> ''[[Welwitschiophyllum|Welwitschiophyllum brasiliense]]'' is a taxon known from thick triangular to linear leaves that range from 8.9 to 70 cm long and 2.8–5 cm wide.<ref name=dilcher05/> ''[[Welwitschiostrobus|Welwitschiostrobus murili]]'' is a fossil taxon known from some cones that resemble the living ''Welwitschia'', but are longer and thinner.<ref name=dilcher05/> |
Fossil evidence indicates that members of the Welwitschiaceae were present in South America during the [[Early Cretaceous]] (Mesozoic era).<ref name=dilcher05/> ''[[Priscowelwitschia|Priscowelwitschia austroamericana]]'' (initially named ''Welwitschiella'' but illegitimate due to the daisy genus ''[[Welwitschiella]]'')<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Dilcher, David L. |author2=Bernardes-De-Oliveira, Mary E. |author3=Pons, Denise |author4=Lott, Terry A. | url=http://www.amjbot.org/content/92/12/1957.short | date=2005|title=Welwitschiaceae from the Lower Cretaceous of northeastern Brazil|journal=American Journal of Botany – Erratum|volume=92|issue=12|pages= 1957 }}{{dead link|date=January 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> is a fossil taxon referring to some seedlings with [[cotyledon]] leaves. These have many features in common with ''Welwitschia'' seedlings.<ref name=dilcher05/> ''[[Welwitschiophyllum|Welwitschiophyllum brasiliense]]'' is a taxon known from thick triangular to linear leaves that range from 8.9 to 70 cm long and 2.8–5 cm wide.<ref name=dilcher05/> ''[[Welwitschiostrobus|Welwitschiostrobus murili]]'' is a fossil taxon known from some cones that resemble the living ''Welwitschia'', but are longer and thinner.<ref name=dilcher05/> |
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Jacobson and Lester<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Jacobson | first1 = K.M. | last2 = Lester | first2 = E. | year = 2003 | title = A first assessment of genetic variation in ''Welwitschia mirabilis'' Hook |
Jacobson and Lester<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Jacobson | first1 = K.M. | last2 = Lester | first2 = E. | year = 2003 | title = A first assessment of genetic variation in ''Welwitschia mirabilis'' Hook | journal = Journal of Heredity | volume = 94 | issue = 3| pages = 212–217 | doi=10.1093/jhered/esg051| pmid = 12816961 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.495.1358 }}</ref> suggest that these early habitats were more [[Mesic habitat|mesic]] than the current desert conditions, and that the present fragmented and isolated population distribution could be attributed to [[aridification]] during the [[Paleogene]], [[Neogene]], and [[Quaternary]], which restricted the plants to locales providing sufficient water for their needs. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist|30em}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q10780833}} |
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[[Category:Welwitschiaceae| ]] |
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[[Category:Plant families]] |
[[Category:Plant families]] |
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[[Category:Extant |
[[Category:Extant Aptian first appearances]] |
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Latest revision as of 23:06, 11 September 2024
| Welwitschiaceae Temporal range: Late Aptian-recent
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| Welwitschia mirabilis | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Gymnospermae |
| Division: | Gnetophyta |
| Class: | Gnetopsida |
| Order: | Welwitschiales |
| Family: | Welwitschiaceae Caruel |
| Type genus | |
| Welwitschia | |
Welwitschiaceae is a family of plants of the order Gnetales with one living species, Welwitschia mirabilis, found in southwestern Africa. Three fossil genera have been recovered from the Crato Formation – late Aptian (Lower Cretaceous) strata located in the Araripe Basin in northeastern Brazil,[1] with one of these also being known from the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) Akrabou Formation of Morocco.[2]
Taxonomy
[edit]German naturalist Friedrich Markgraf coined the name Welwitschiaceae in 1926, which appeared in Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien.[citation needed]
Most recent systems place the Welwitschiaceae in the gymnosperm order Gnetales.[3] This order is most closely related to the order Pinales, which includes Araucariaceae - Araucarians, Cupressaceae - Cypress Family, Pinaceae - Pine Family, Podocarpaceae - Podocarps, Sciadopityaceae - Koyamaki Family (the sole member Sciadopitys verticillata - Koyamaki), Taxaceae - Yew Family. Genetic analyses indicate that the Gnetales arose from within the conifer group, and any morphological similarities between angiosperms and Gnetales have evolved separately.[4] The ancestors of the extant gymnosperm orders—Gnetales, Coniferales, Cycadales and Ginkgoales—arose during the Late Paleozoic, and became the dominant component of the Late Permian and Mesozoic flora.[5]
Living species
[edit]The family contains a single genus and single extant species, Welwitschia mirabilis, which lives in the Kaokoveld Desert of Angola and Namibia in southwestern Africa.[6]
Fossil species
[edit]Fossil evidence indicates that members of the Welwitschiaceae were present in South America during the Early Cretaceous (Mesozoic era).[1] Priscowelwitschia austroamericana (initially named Welwitschiella but illegitimate due to the daisy genus Welwitschiella)[7] is a fossil taxon referring to some seedlings with cotyledon leaves. These have many features in common with Welwitschia seedlings.[1] Welwitschiophyllum brasiliense is a taxon known from thick triangular to linear leaves that range from 8.9 to 70 cm long and 2.8–5 cm wide.[1] Welwitschiostrobus murili is a fossil taxon known from some cones that resemble the living Welwitschia, but are longer and thinner.[1]
Jacobson and Lester[8] suggest that these early habitats were more mesic than the current desert conditions, and that the present fragmented and isolated population distribution could be attributed to aridification during the Paleogene, Neogene, and Quaternary, which restricted the plants to locales providing sufficient water for their needs.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e Dilcher, David L.; Bernardes-De-Oliveira, Mary E.; Pons, Denise; Lott, Terry A. (2005). "Welwitschiaceae from the Lower Cretaceous of northeastern Brazil". American Journal of Botany. 92 (8): 1294–1310. doi:10.3732/ajb.92.8.1294. PMID 21646150.
- ^ Roberts, Emily A.; Martill, David M.; Loveridge, Robert F. (February 2020). "Phytogeographical implications of the probable occurrence of the gnetalean plant Welwitschiophyllum in the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Africa". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 131 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2019.10.002.
- ^ Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 9, June 2008 http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APWeb/
- ^ Chaw S-M., C.L. Parkinson, Y. Cheng, T.M. Vincent and J. D. Palmer (2000) Seed plant phylogeny inferred from all three plant genomes: Monophyly of extant gymnosperms and origin of Gnetales from conifers Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97:4086–4091
- ^ Wang, Z-Q (2004). "A new Permian Gnetalean cone fossil as evidence for supporting molecular phylogeny". Annals of Botany. 94 (2): 281–288. doi:10.1093/aob/mch138. PMC 4242163. PMID 15229124.
- ^ Bhatnagar, S. P.; Moitra, Alok (1996). Gymnosperms. p. 373. ISBN 9788122407921.
- ^ Dilcher, David L.; Bernardes-De-Oliveira, Mary E.; Pons, Denise; Lott, Terry A. (2005). "Welwitschiaceae from the Lower Cretaceous of northeastern Brazil". American Journal of Botany – Erratum. 92 (12): 1957.[dead link]
- ^ Jacobson, K.M.; Lester, E. (2003). "A first assessment of genetic variation in Welwitschia mirabilis Hook". Journal of Heredity. 94 (3): 212–217. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.495.1358. doi:10.1093/jhered/esg051. PMID 12816961.