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{{Short description|International authority file}}
{{Short description|International authority file}}
{{Self reference |For use of VIAF with Wikipedia, see [[Wikipedia:Authority control]] and [[Wikipedia:VIAF/errors]].}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}{{Infobox identifier
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}{{Infobox identifier
| name = Virtual International Authority File
| name = Virtual International Authority File
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== History ==
== History ==
Discussion about having a common international authority started in the late 1990s. After a series of failed attempts to come up with a unique common authority file, the new idea was to link existing national authorities. This would present all the benefits of a common file without requiring a large investment of time and expense in the process.<ref name="IFLA-VIAF-Origins-2016">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VC4Gt5xXLzo | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713143859/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VC4Gt5xXLzo| archive-date=2018-07-13|title=VIAF: Origins |last=O'Neill |first=Edward T. |date=12 August 2016 |website=Authority Data on the Web, a Satellite Meeting of the 2016 [[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions|IFLA]] World Library and Information Congress |publisher=[[OCLC]] |format=Video presentation}}</ref>
Discussions about having a joint international authority started in the late 1990s. After several failed attempts to develop a unique joint authority file, the new idea was to link existing national authorities. This would present all the benefits of a standard file without requiring a significant investment of time and expense in the process.<ref name="IFLA-VIAF-Origins-2016">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VC4Gt5xXLzo | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713143859/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VC4Gt5xXLzo| archive-date=2018-07-13|title=VIAF: Origins |last=O'Neill |first=Edward T. |date=12 August 2016 |website=Authority Data on the Web, a Satellite Meeting of the 2016 [[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions|IFLA]] World Library and Information Congress |publisher=[[OCLC]] |format=Video presentation}}</ref>


The VIAF concept was introduced at the 2003 World Library and Information Congress, hosted by the [[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions|International Federation of Library Associations]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Loesch|first=Martha Fallahay|date=2011-02-28|title=The Virtual International Authority File|journal=Technical Services Quarterly|language=en|volume=28|issue=2|pages=255–256|doi=10.1080/07317131.2011.546304|s2cid=62694070|issn=0731-7131}}</ref> The project was initiated by the US [[Library of Congress]] (LC), the [[German National Library]] (DNB) and the OCLC on 6 August 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Morris|first=Susan R.|date=September 2003|title=Virtual International Authority|url=https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0309/authority.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-05|website=Library of Congress Information Bulletin|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Agnew|first=Grace|title=Digital Rights Management: A Librarian's Guide to Technology and Practise|publisher=[[Woodhead Publishing|Chandos Publishing]]|year=2008|isbn=978-1-84334-125-3|page=[[iarchive:digitalrightsman0000agne o4q5/page/180/mode/1up|180]]|oclc=62715356}}</ref> The [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] (BnF) joined the project on 5 October 2007.
The project was initiated by the American [[Library of Congress]] (LOC), the [[German National Library]] (DNB), and the OCLC in April 1998 as a proof-of-concept that authority records can be linked.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oclc.org/en/viaf.html|title=VIAF: Convenient access to name authority files|date=20 December 2019|website=OCLC}}</ref> After extensive testing, the VIAF consortium was formed at the 2003 World Library and Information Congress, hosted by the [[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions|International Federation of Library Associations]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Loesch|first=Martha Fallahay|date=2011-02-28|title=The Virtual International Authority File|journal=Technical Services Quarterly|language=en|volume=28|issue=2|pages=255–256|doi=10.1080/07317131.2011.546304|s2cid=62694070|issn=0731-7131}}</ref> on 6 August 2003,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Morris|first=Susan R.|date=September 2003|title=Virtual International Authority|url=https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0309/authority.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-05|website=Library of Congress Information Bulletin|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Agnew|first=Grace|title=Digital Rights Management: A Librarian's Guide to Technology and Practise|publisher=[[Woodhead Publishing|Chandos Publishing]]|year=2008|isbn=978-1-84334-125-3|page=[[iarchive:digitalrightsman0000agne o4q5/page/180/mode/1up|180]]|oclc=62715356}}</ref> and by September it had its own page at the OCLC website.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oclc.org/research/projects/viaf/default.htm|title=Virtual international authority file [OCLC - Projects]|date=21 September 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030921104347/http://www.oclc.org/research/projects/viaf/default.htm |archive-date=21 September 2003 }}</ref> The {{lang|fr|[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]]|italic=no}} (BnF) joined the project on 5 October 2007.


The project transitioned to being a service of the OCLC on 4 April 2012.<ref name="OCLC-VIAF-Service-2012">{{Cite web |url=http://www.oclc.org/en/news/releases/2012/201224.html |title=Virtual International Authority File service transitions to OCLC; contributing institutions continue to shape direction through VIAF Council |last=Murphy |first=Bob |date=4 April 2012 |website=[[OCLC]] |location=[[Dublin, Ohio|Dublin, OH]] |language=en |format=Press release}}</ref>
The project transitioned to being a service of the OCLC on 4 April 2012.<ref name="OCLC-VIAF-Service-2012">{{Cite web |url=http://www.oclc.org/en/news/releases/2012/201224.html |title=Virtual International Authority File service transitions to OCLC; contributing institutions continue to shape direction through VIAF Council |last=Murphy |first=Bob |date=4 April 2012 |website=[[OCLC]] |location=[[Dublin, Ohio|Dublin, OH]] |language=en |format=Press release}}</ref>


The aim is to link the national authority files (such as the German [[Name Authority File]]) to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together. A VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary "see" and "see also" records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data is made available online and are available for research and data exchange and sharing. Reciprocal updating uses the [[Open Archives Initiative]] [[Protocol for Metadata Harvesting]] (OAI-PMH) protocol.
The aim is to link the national authority files (such as the German [[Personennamendatei|Name Authority File]]) to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together. A VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary "see" and "see also" records from the original documents, and refers to the original authority records. The data is made available online and is available for research and, data exchange and sharing. Reciprocal updating uses the [[Open Archives Initiative]] [[Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting|Protocol for Metadata Harvesting]] (OAI-PMH) protocol.


The file numbers are also being added to [[Wikipedia]] biographical articles and are incorporated into [[Wikidata]].<ref name="OCLC-VIAFbot-2012">{{Cite news |last1=Klein |first1=Max |url=http://www.oclc.org/research/news/2012/12-07a.html |title=VIAFbot Edits 250,000 Wikipedia Articles to Reciprocate All Links from VIAF into Wikipedia |date=7 December 2012 |work=[[OCLC]] |last2=Renspie |first2=Melissa}}</ref><ref name="Code4Lib-VIAFbot-2013">{{Cite journal |last1=Klein |first1=Maximilian |last2=Kyrios |first2=Alex |date=14 October 2013 |title=VIAFbot and the Integration of Library Data on Wikipedia |url=http://journal.code4lib.org/articles/8964 |journal=The Code4Lib Journal |issue=22 |issn=1940-5758}}</ref>
The file numbers are also being added to [[Wikipedia]] biographical articles and are incorporated into [[Wikidata]].<ref name="OCLC-VIAFbot-2012">{{Cite news |last1=Klein |first1=Max |url=http://www.oclc.org/research/news/2012/12-07a.html |title=VIAFbot Edits 250,000 Wikipedia Articles to Reciprocate All Links from VIAF into Wikipedia |date=7 December 2012 |work=[[OCLC]] |last2=Renspie |first2=Melissa}}</ref><ref name="Code4Lib-VIAFbot-2013">{{Cite journal |last1=Klein |first1=Maximilian |last2=Kyrios |first2=Alex |date=14 October 2013 |title=VIAFbot and the Integration of Library Data on Wikipedia |url=http://journal.code4lib.org/articles/8964 |journal=The Code4Lib Journal |issue=22 |issn=1940-5758}}</ref>
Line 33: Line 32:


== VIAF clusters ==
== VIAF clusters ==

VIAF's clustering algorithm is run every month. As more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records.<ref name="DLib-VIAF-Ambiguity-2014">{{Cite journal |last1=Hickey |first1=Thomas B. |last2=Toves |first2=Jenny A. |date=July 2014 |title=Managing Ambiguity In VIAF |url=http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july14/hickey/07hickey.html |journal=[[D-Lib Magazine]] |publisher=[[Corporation for National Research Initiatives]] |volume=20 |issue=7/8 |doi=10.1045/july2014-hickey|doi-access=free }}</ref>
VIAF's clustering algorithm is run every month. As more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records.<ref name="DLib-VIAF-Ambiguity-2014">{{Cite journal |last1=Hickey |first1=Thomas B. |last2=Toves |first2=Jenny A. |date=July 2014 |title=Managing Ambiguity In VIAF |url=http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july14/hickey/07hickey.html |journal=[[D-Lib Magazine]] |publisher=[[Corporation for National Research Initiatives]] |volume=20 |issue=7/8 |doi=10.1045/july2014-hickey|doi-access=free }}</ref>


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!Location
!Location
!Country
!Country
|-
|[[National Library of Argentina]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=ARABN - National Library of Argentina - VIAF Profile |url=https://viaf.org/viaf/partnerpages/ARBABN.html |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=viaf.org}}</ref>
| ARBABN
|{{lang-es|Biblioteca Nacional Mariano Moreno}}
|[[Buenos Aires]] ||[[Argentina]]
|-
|-
|[[Bibliotheca Alexandrina]]
|[[Bibliotheca Alexandrina]]
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|[[Bern]] ||[[Switzerland]]
|[[Bern]] ||[[Switzerland]]
|-
|-
|{{Interlanguage link multi|Narodowy Uniwersalny Katalog Centralny, NUKAT|pl|3=NUKAT}}
|{{Interlanguage link|Narodowy Uniwersalny Katalog Centralny, NUKAT|pl|3=NUKAT}}
| NUKAT
| NUKAT
|{{lang-pl|Narodowy Uniwersalny Katalog Centralny}}
|{{lang-pl|Narodowy Uniwersalny Katalog Centralny}}
Line 335: Line 338:
| – ||[[Vatican City]]
| – ||[[Vatican City]]
|-
|-
|[[Cultuurconnect]] ({{Interlanguage link multi|Bibnet|nl}} and LOCUS)
|[[Cultuurconnect]] ({{Interlanguage link|Bibnet|nl}} and LOCUS)
|
|
|{{Ill|Digitale Bibliotheek Vlaanderen|nl}}
|{{lang-nl|Vlaamse Centrale Catalogus}}
|[[Brussels]] ||[[Belgium]]
|[[Brussels]] ||[[Belgium]]
|-
|-
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|}
|}


==See also==
== See also ==
* [[Authority control]]
* [[Authority control]]
* [[Faceted Application of Subject Terminology]] (FAST)
* [[Faceted Application of Subject Terminology]] (FAST)

Revision as of 15:01, 13 September 2024

Virtual International Authority File
VIAF Screenshot 2012
Screenshot 2012
AcronymVIAF
OrganisationOCLC
Introduced6 August 2003 (2003-08-06)
Example106965171
Websiteviaf.org Edit this at Wikidata

The Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) is an international authority file. It is a joint project of several national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC).[1]

History

Discussions about having a joint international authority started in the late 1990s. After several failed attempts to develop a unique joint authority file, the new idea was to link existing national authorities. This would present all the benefits of a standard file without requiring a significant investment of time and expense in the process.[2]

The project was initiated by the American Library of Congress (LOC), the German National Library (DNB), and the OCLC in April 1998 as a proof-of-concept that authority records can be linked.[3] After extensive testing, the VIAF consortium was formed at the 2003 World Library and Information Congress, hosted by the International Federation of Library Associations.[4] on 6 August 2003,[5][6] and by September it had its own page at the OCLC website.[7] The Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) joined the project on 5 October 2007.

The project transitioned to being a service of the OCLC on 4 April 2012.[8]

The aim is to link the national authority files (such as the German Name Authority File) to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together. A VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary "see" and "see also" records from the original documents, and refers to the original authority records. The data is made available online and is available for research and, data exchange and sharing. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) protocol.

The file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata.[9][10]

Christine L. Borgman groups VIAF with the International Standard Name Identifier and ORCID systems, describing all three as "loosely coordinated efforts to standardize name forms".[11] Borgman characterizes all three systems as attempts to solve the problem of author name disambiguation, which has grown in scale as the quantity of data multiplies.[11] She notes that VIAF, unlike the other two systems, is led by libraries, as opposed to individual authors or creators.[11]

VIAF clusters

VIAF's clustering algorithm is run every month. As more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records.[12]

Participating libraries and organizations

English Wikipedia entry name Identifier Native-language name Location Country
National Library of Argentina[13] ARBABN Spanish: Biblioteca Nacional Mariano Moreno Buenos Aires Argentina
Bibliotheca Alexandrina EGAXA Arabic: مكتبة الإسكندرية Alexandria Egypt
Biblioteca Nacional de Chile BNCHL Spanish: Biblioteca Nacional de Chile Santiago Chile
Biblioteca Nacional de España BNE Spanish: Biblioteca Nacional de España Madrid Spain
Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal PTBNP Portuguese: Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal Lisbon Portugal
Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec B2Q French: Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec Quebec Canada
Bibliothèque nationale de France BnF French: Bibliothèque nationale de France Paris France
National Library of Greece ΕΒΕ Greek: Εθνική Βιβλιοθήκη της Ελλάδος Athens Greece
Bibliothèque Nationale du Royaume du Maroc (BNRM) MRBNR Arabic: المكتبة الوطنية للمملكة المغربية
French: Bibliothèque nationale du Royaume du Maroc 		Rabat Morocco
Biografisch Portaal BPN Dutch: Biografisch Portaal The Hague Netherlands
British Library – London England
Danish Agency for Culture and Palaces Template:Lang-da Copenhagen Denmark
Danish Bibliographic Centre DBC Template:Lang-da Ballerup Denmark
German National Library (DNB) GND German: Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Frankfurt Germany
International Standard Name Identifier ISNI – London United Kingdom
Israel Museum Hebrew: מוזיאון ישראל Jerusalem Israel
Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo Unico ICCU
SBN 		Italian: Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo Unico Rome Italy
Lebanese National Library LNL Arabic: المكتبة الوطنية Beirut Lebanon
Library and Archives Canada LAC French: Bibliothèque et Archives Canada Ottawa, Ontario Canada
Library of Congress
NACO consortium (Name Authority Cooperative Program) 		LCCN – Washington, D.C. United States
National and University Library in Zagreb NSK Croatian: Nacionalna i sveučilišna knjižnica u Zagrebu Zagreb Croatia
National and University Library of Slovenia Template:Lang-sl Ljubljana Slovenia
National Central Library NCL
CYT 		Chinese: 國家圖書館 Taipei Taiwan
National Diet Library NDL Japanese: 国立国会図書館 Tokyo
Kyoto		 Japan
National Institute of Informatics NII
CiNii 		Japanese: 国立情報学研究所 Tokyo Japan
National Library Board NLB – – Singapore
National Library of Australia NLA – Canberra Australia
National Library of Brazil BLBNB Portuguese: Biblioteca Nacional do Brasil Rio de Janeiro Brazil
National Library of Catalonia BNC Catalan: Biblioteca de Catalunya Barcelona Spain
National Library of Estonia ERRR Estonian: Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu Tallinn Estonia
National and University Library of Iceland (NULI) UIY Icelandic: Háskólabókasafn Reykjavík Iceland
National Library of Ireland N6I Template:Lang-ga Dublin Ireland
National Library of Israel NLI Hebrew: הספרייה הלאומית Jerusalem Israel
National Library of Korea KRNLK Korean: 국립중앙도서관 Seoul Korea
National Library of Latvia LNB Template:Lang-lv Riga Latvia
National Library of Luxembourg BNL Luxembourgish: Nationalbibliothéik Lëtzebuerg
French: Bibliothèque nationale de Luxembourg 		Luxembourg City Luxembourg
National Library of Mexico BNM Spanish: Biblioteca Nacional de México Mexico City Mexico
National Library of the Netherlands NTA Dutch: Koninklijke Bibliotheek The Hague Netherlands
National Library of New Zealand – Wellington New Zealand
National Library of Norway BIBSYS
W2Z 		Norwegian: Nasjonalbiblioteket Trondheim Norway
National Library of Poland NLP Template:Lang-pl Warsaw Poland
National Library of Russia NLR Russian: Российская национальная библиотека Saint Petersburg Russia
National Library of Scotland Scottish Gaelic: Leabharlann Nàiseanta na h-Alba
Scots: Naitional Leebrar o Scotland 		Edinburgh Scotland
National Library of South Africa Afrikaans: Staats-Bibliotheek der Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek Cape Town
Pretoria		 South Africa
National Library of Sweden SELIBR Swedish: Kungliga biblioteket - Sveriges nationalbibliotek Stockholm Sweden
National Library of Wales Welsh: Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru Aberystwyth Wales
National Library of the Czech Republic NKC Czech: Národní knihovna České republiky Prague Czech Republic
National Széchényi Library NSZL Template:Lang-hu Budapest Hungary
Perseus Project PERSEUS – Medford, Massachusetts United States
RERO (Library Network of Western Switzerland) RERO German: Westschweizer Bibliothekverbund
French: Réseau des bibliothèques de Suisse occidentale
Italian: Rete delle bibliotheche della Svizzera occidentale 		Martigny Switzerland
Répertoire International des Sources Musicales RISM – Frankfurt Germany
Système universitaire de documentation SUDOC French: Système universitaire de documentation – France
Syriac Reference Portal SRP – Nashville, Tennessee United States
Swiss National Library SWNL German: Schweizerische Nationalbibliothek
French: Bibliothèque nationale suisse
Italian: Biblioteca nazionale svizzera
Template:Lang-rm 		Bern Switzerland
Narodowy Uniwersalny Katalog Centralny, NUKAT [pl] NUKAT Template:Lang-pl – Poland
Union List of Artist Names – Getty Research Institute ULAN
JPG 		– Los Angeles, California United States
United States National Agricultural Library NALT – Beltsville, Maryland United States
United States National Library of Medicine – Bethesda, Maryland United States
Vatican Library BAV Template:Lang-la – Vatican City
Cultuurconnect (Bibnet [nl] and LOCUS) Digitale Bibliotheek Vlaanderen [nl] Brussels Belgium
Wikidata WKP – Berlin, Germany International

Libraries added for testing purposes

English Wikipedia entry name Identifier Native-language name Location Country
Lithuanian National Library LIH Lithuanian: Lietuvos nacionalinė Martyno Mažvydo biblioteka Vilnius Lithuania
National and University Library of Slovenia / COBISS SIMACOB Template:Lang-sl Ljubljana Slovenia

See also

References

  1. ^ Kelley, Michael; Schwartz, Meredith (2012). "VIAF service transitions to OCLC". Library Journal. 137 (8). Media Source Inc.: 16. Closed access icon
  2. ^ O'Neill, Edward T. (12 August 2016). "VIAF: Origins". Authority Data on the Web, a Satellite Meeting of the 2016 IFLA World Library and Information Congress. OCLC. Archived from the original (Video presentation) on 13 July 2018.
  3. ^ "VIAF: Convenient access to name authority files". OCLC. 20 December 2019.
  4. ^ Loesch, Martha Fallahay (28 February 2011). "The Virtual International Authority File". Technical Services Quarterly. 28 (2): 255–256. doi:10.1080/07317131.2011.546304. ISSN 0731-7131. S2CID 62694070.
  5. ^ Morris, Susan R. (September 2003). "Virtual International Authority". Library of Congress Information Bulletin. Library of Congress. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
  6. ^ Agnew, Grace (2008). Digital Rights Management: A Librarian's Guide to Technology and Practise. Chandos Publishing. p. 180. ISBN 978-1-84334-125-3. OCLC 62715356.
  7. ^ "Virtual international authority file [OCLC - Projects]". 21 September 2003. Archived from the original on 21 September 2003.
  8. ^ Murphy, Bob (4 April 2012). "Virtual International Authority File service transitions to OCLC; contributing institutions continue to shape direction through VIAF Council" (Press release). OCLC. Dublin, OH.
  9. ^ Klein, Max; Renspie, Melissa (7 December 2012). "VIAFbot Edits 250,000 Wikipedia Articles to Reciprocate All Links from VIAF into Wikipedia". OCLC.
  10. ^ Klein, Maximilian; Kyrios, Alex (14 October 2013). "VIAFbot and the Integration of Library Data on Wikipedia". The Code4Lib Journal (22). ISSN 1940-5758.
  11. ^ a b c Borgman 2015, p. 260.
  12. ^ Hickey, Thomas B.; Toves, Jenny A. (July 2014). "Managing Ambiguity In VIAF". D-Lib Magazine. 20 (7/8). Corporation for National Research Initiatives. doi:10.1045/july2014-hickey.
  13. ^ "ARABN - National Library of Argentina - VIAF Profile". viaf.org. Retrieved 30 September 2023.

Sources

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