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{{short description|Submarine communications cable system}}
{{Infobox cable
{{Infobox cable
| cable_name = SEA-ME-WE 4
| cable_name = SEA-ME-WE 4
Line 9: Line 10:
| construction_finished = 2005
| construction_finished = 2005
| first_traffic =
| first_traffic =
| design_capacity = 1.28 Tbps (2005)<br/>2.8 Tbps (2010)<br/>4.6 Tbps (2015)
| design_capacity = 1.28&nbsp;Tbit/s (2005)<br />2.8&nbsp;Tbit/s (2010)<br />4.6&nbsp;Tbit/s (2015)
| lit_capacity = 2.3 Tbits/s/pair (two fibre pairs)
| lit_capacity = 2.3&nbsp;Tbits/s/pair (two fibre pairs)
| built_by =
| built_by =
| defunct =
| defunct =
Line 19: Line 20:
| footnotes =
| footnotes =
}}
}}
[[File:SEA-ME-WE-4-Route.png|right|thumb|425px|The route of the submarine cable (red); the blue segment is terrestrial]]
[[File:SEA-ME-WE-4-Route.png|right|thumb|425px|The route of the submarine cable (red); the blue segment is dy 1 6
]]
'''South East Asia–Middle East–Western Europe 4''' ('''SEA-ME-WE 4''') is an [[optical fibre]] [[submarine communications cable]] system that carries telecommunications between [[Singapore]], [[Malaysia]], [[Thailand]], [[Bangladesh]], [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Pakistan]], [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Sudan]], [[Egypt]], [[Italy]], [[Tunisia]], [[Algeria]] and [[France]].<ref name="NAS_about">{{cite web | url=http://www.seamewe4.net/commonhtm.jsp?htm=htm/about_us.htm | title=About Us | accessdate=2008-01-31 | year=2004 | work=SEA-ME-WE4 Network Administration System | publisher=Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706041700/http://www.seamewe4.net/commonhtm.jsp?htm=htm/about_us.htm | archivedate=2007-07-06 }}</ref> It is intended to be a complement to, rather than a replacement for, the [[SEA-ME-WE 3]] cable.
'''South East Asia–Middle East–Western Europe 4''' ('''SEA-ME-WE 4''') is an [[optical fibre]] [[submarine communications cable]] system that carries telecommunications between [[Singapore]], [[Malaysia]], [[Thailand]], [[Bangladesh]], [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Pakistan]], [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Egypt]], [[Italy]], [[Tunisia]], [[Algeria]] and [[France]].<ref name="NAS_about">{{cite web | url=http://www.seamewe4.net/commonhtm.jsp?htm=htm/about_us.htm | title=About Us | access-date=2008-01-31 | year=2004 | work=SEA-ME-WE4 Network Administration System | publisher=Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706041700/http://www.seamewe4.net/commonhtm.jsp?htm=htm%2Fabout_us.htm | archive-date=2007-07-06 | url-status=dead }}</ref>


The cable is approximately 18,800 kilometres long, and provides the primary [[Internet backbone]] between [[South East Asia]], the [[Indian subcontinent]], the [[Middle East]] and [[Europe]].<ref name="NAS_about" /><ref name="project_about">{{cite web | url=http://www.seamewe4.com/inpages/about_sea_me_we_4.asp| title=About SEA-WE-ME 4 | accessdate=2008-01-31| work=South East Asia-Middle East-Western Europe 4| publisher=Sri Lanka Telecom | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705145021/http://www.seamewe4.com/inpages/about_sea_me_we_4.asp|archivedate=2007-07-05}}</ref>
The cable is approximately 18,800 kilometres long, and provides the primary [[Internet backbone]] between [[South East Asia]], the [[Indian subcontinent]], the [[Middle East]] and [[Europe]].<ref name="NAS_about" /><ref name="project_about">{{cite web | url=http://www.seamewe4.com/inpages/about_sea_me_we_4.asp| title=About SEA-WE-ME 4 | access-date=2008-01-31| work=South East Asia-Middle East-Western Europe 4| publisher=Sri Lanka Telecom | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705145021/http://www.seamewe4.com/inpages/about_sea_me_we_4.asp|archive-date=2007-07-05}}</ref>


==Network topology==
==Network topology==
The SEA-ME-WE 4 system is divided into four segments with seventeen [[cable landing point|landing points]]:<ref name="project_config">{{cite web | url=http://www.seamewe4.com/inpages/cable_system.asp | title=Cable System Configuration | accessdate=2008-01-31 | work=South East Asia-Middle East-Western Europe 4 | publisher=Sri Lanka Telecom | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804064353/http://www.seamewe4.com/inpages/cable_system.asp | archivedate=2007-08-04}}</ref>
The SEA-ME-WE 4 system is divided into four segments with sixteen [[cable landing point|landing points]]:<ref name="project_config">{{cite web | url=http://www.seamewe4.com/inpages/cable_system.asp | title=Cable System Configuration | access-date=2008-01-31 | work=South East Asia-Middle East-Western Europe 4 | publisher=Sri Lanka Telecom | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804064353/http://www.seamewe4.com/inpages/cable_system.asp | archive-date=2007-08-04}}</ref>


===Segments===
===Segments===
Line 40: Line 42:


;Landing points
;Landing points
{| class="wikitable"
{{col-begin}}
|+SEA-ME-WE 4 Landing Points
{{col-2}}
!<blockquote>Location</blockquote>
# [[Marseille]], [[France]]
!Operator & Technical Partner
⚫
# [[Annaba]], [[Algeria]]
|-
⚫
# [[Bizerte]], [[Tunisia]]
# [[Palermo]], [[Italy]]
|[[Marseille]], France
|[[Orange S.A.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Marseille hub: A strong digital gateway |url=https://wholesale.orange.com/international/en/news/the-marseille-hub-a-strong-digital-gateway.html |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=Orange Wholesale International |language=en-EN}}</ref>
⚫
# [[Alexandria]], [[Egypt]]
|-
# [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]] (overland)
⚫
|[[Annaba]], Algeria
# [[Suez]], [[Egypt]] (overland/return)
|[[Algérie Télécom]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=kcl@rk |date=2015-10-28 |title=Algerie Telecom Restores Submarine Cable |url=https://subtelforum.com/92algerie-telecom-restores-submarine-cable/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=SubTel Forum |language=en-US}}</ref>
⚫
# [[Jeddah]], [[Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]]
|-
# [[Fujairah]], [[United Arab Emirates]]
⚫
|[[Bizerte]], Tunisia
{{col-2}}<!-- alas, resets item numbering? -->
|[[Tunisie Telecom]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dux |first=Simon |date=2024-03-11 |title=Tunisia wants six to seven submarine cables |url=https://www.mobileeurope.co.uk/tunisia-wants-six-to-seven-submarine-cables/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=Mobile Europe |language=en-GB}}</ref>
⚫
:10. [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]]
|-
⚫
:11. [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
|[[Palermo]], Italy
⚫
:12. [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]]
|[[Telecom Italia Sparkle]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-01 |title=Corporate Presentation |url=https://www.tisparkle.com/sites/en/files/2020-06/Sparkle%20Corporate%20Presentation%20June%202020_1.pdf |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=[[Telecom Italia Sparkle]]}}</ref>
⚫
:13. [[Chennai]], [[India]]
|-
⚫
:14. [[Cox's Bazar]], [[Bangladesh]]
⚫
|[[Alexandria]], Egypt
⚫
:15. [[Satun]], [[Thailand]]
|[[Telecom Egypt]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-01 |title=The Digital Hub - Telecom Egypt |url=https://www.te.eg/interactivemap/assets/downloads/Telecom_Egypt_The_Digital_Hub.pdf |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=Telecom Egypt}}</ref>
⚫
:16. [[Melaka]]/[[Malacca]], [[Malaysia]]
|-
⚫
:17. [[Tuas]], [[Singapore]]
|[[Suez]], Egypt
{{col-end}}
|[[Telecom Egypt]]<ref name=":0" />
|-
⚫
|[[Jeddah]], Saudi Arabia
|[[Saudi Telecom Company]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Reach Map STC |url=https://www.stc.com.sa/content/dam/corporatesite/en/individual/pdf/WBU_international_reach_map.pdf |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=Saudi Telecom Company}}</ref>
|-
|[[Fujairah]], UAE
|[[Etisalat by e&]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-03-28 |title=Etisalat to develop advanced underwater cabling system |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/etisalat-to-develop-advanced-underwater-cabling-system-1.317721 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
⚫
|[[Karachi]], Pakistan
|[[PTCL|Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transmission Network |url=https://ptcl.com.pk/home/pagedetail?itemid=230&linkid=375 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=ptcl.com.pk}}</ref>
|-
⚫
|[[Mumbai]], India
|[[Bharti Airtel]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2005-12-14 |title=Bharti starts undersea cable |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/bharti-starts-undersea-cable/articleshow/1331119.cms |access-date=2024-03-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> / [[Tata Communications]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2002-09-05 |title=VSNL, Bharti in cable deal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/vsnl-bharti-in-cable-deal/articleshow/21210499.cms |access-date=2024-03-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
⚫
|[[Colombo]], Sri Lanka
|[[SLTMobitel|Sri Lanka Telecom]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-02-02 |title=SLT inaugurates SEA-ME-WE-4 Submarine Cable System |url=https://businesstoday.lk/slt-inaugurates-sea-me-we-4-submarine-cable-system/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=Business Today |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
⚫
|[[Chennai]], India
|[[Bharti Airtel]]<ref name=":1" /> / [[Tata Communications]]<ref name=":2" />
|-
⚫
|[[Cox's Bazar]], Bangladesh
|[[Bangladesh Submarine Cable Company Limited]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=kcl@rk |date=2024-02-28 |title=Bangladesh Braces for Internet Disruption |url=https://subtelforum.com/bangladesh-braces-for-internet-disruption/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=SubTel Forum |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
⚫
|[[Satun]], Thailand
|[[National Telecom Public Company Limited]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Company Index |url=https://www.cattelecom.com/cat/annual-report?lang=en_EN |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=National Telecom Public Company Limited}}</ref>
|-
⚫
|[[Malacca]], Malaysia
|[[Telekom Malaysia]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-05-14 |title=NEC submarine cable system to link Indonesia and Malaysia |url=https://www.lightwaveonline.com/business/article/16674895/nec-submarine-cable-system-to-link-indonesia-and-malaysia |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=Lightwave}}</ref>
|-
⚫
|[[Tuas]], Singapore
|[[Singtel]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tuas Cable Landing Station - Submarine Networks |url=https://www.submarinenetworks.com/en/stations/asia/singapore/tuas |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=www.submarinenetworks.com}}</ref>
|}


==History==
==History==
The SEA-ME-WE 4 cable system was developed by a consortium of 16 telecommunications companies which agreed to construct the project on 27 March 2004.<ref name="project_about" /> Construction of the system was carried out by Alcatel Submarine Networks (now a division of [[Alcatel-Lucent]]) and [[Fujitsu]].<ref name="project_about" /> The eighteen month construction project was completed on 13 December 2005 with a cost estimate of US$500 million.<ref name="project_about" /><ref name="Fujitsu">{{cite web | url=http://www.fujitsu.com/global/news/pr/archives/month/2005/20051213-01.html | title=Fujitsu Completes Construction of SEA-ME-WE 4 Submarine Cable Network | accessdate=2008-01-31 | date=2005-12-13 | work=Fujitsu Press Release | publisher=Fujitsu | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317223056/http://www.fujitsu.com/global/news/pr/archives/month/2005/20051213-01.html | archivedate=2007-03-17}}</ref> Segment 1 construction, running 8,000 kilometres from Singapore to India, was done by Fujitsu, which also provided the [[submarine repeater]] equipment for Segment 4.<ref name="Fujitsu" />
The SEA-ME-WE 4 cable system was developed by a consortium of 16 telecommunications companies which agreed to construct the project on 27 March 2004.<ref name="project_about" /> Construction of the system was carried out by [[Alcatel Submarine Networks]] (now a division of [[Alcatel-Lucent]]) and [[Fujitsu]].<ref name="project_about" /> The eighteen month construction project was completed on 13 December 2005 with a cost estimate of US$500 million.<ref name="project_about" /><ref name="Fujitsu">{{cite web | url=http://www.fujitsu.com/global/news/pr/archives/month/2005/20051213-01.html | title=Fujitsu Completes Construction of SEA-ME-WE 4 Submarine Cable Network | access-date=2008-01-31 | date=2005-12-13 | work=Fujitsu Press Release | publisher=Fujitsu | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317223056/http://www.fujitsu.com/global/news/pr/archives/month/2005/20051213-01.html | archive-date=2007-03-17}}</ref> Segment 1 construction, running 8,000 kilometres from Singapore to India, was done by Fujitsu, which also provided the [[submarine repeater]] equipment for Segment 4.<ref name="Fujitsu" />


==Outages==
==Outages==
Line 70: Line 104:
{{main|2008 submarine cable disruption}}
{{main|2008 submarine cable disruption}}


On 30 January 2008, Internet services were widely disrupted in the Middle East and in the Indian subcontinent following damage to the SEA-ME-WE 4 and FLAG Telecom cables in the Mediterranean Sea. Disruptions of 70 percent in Egypt, and 60 percent in India were reported along with problems in Bahrain, Bangladesh, Kuwait, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates.<ref name="BBC_News">{{cite news | title=Severed cables disrupt Internet | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7218008.stm | work=BBC News | date=2008-01-31 | accessdate=2008-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Cable Break Causes Wide Internet Outage | url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/technology/AP-Internet-Outages.html | date=2008-02-01 | author=The Associated Press | work=The New York Times | accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref> In India, small users felt the impact while ISPs could service large users who have more lucrative contracts.<ref name=Brauer />
On 30 January 2008, Internet services were widely disrupted in the Middle East and in the Indian subcontinent following damage to the SEA-ME-WE 4 and [[Fibre-optic Link Around the Globe|FLAG]] Telecom cables in the Mediterranean Sea. Disruptions of 70 percent in Egypt, and 60 percent in India were reported along with problems in Bahrain, Bangladesh, Kuwait, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates.<ref name="BBC_News">{{cite news | title=Severed cables disrupt Internet | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7218008.stm | work=BBC News | date=2008-01-31 | access-date=2008-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Cable Break Causes Wide Internet Outage | url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/technology/AP-Internet-Outages.html | date=2008-02-01 | author=The Associated Press | work=The New York Times | access-date=2008-02-01}}</ref> In India, small users felt the impact while ISPs could service large users who have more lucrative contracts.<ref name=Brauer />


While the respective contributions of the two cable systems to this blackout is unclear, network outage graphs show anomalies at 0430 [[UTC]] and again at 0800 UTC.<ref name="Renesys">{{cite web | url=http://www.renesys.com/blog/2008/01/mediterranean_cable_break_1.shtml#more | title=Mediterranean Cable Break | accessdate=2008-01-31 | last=Zmijewski | first=Earl | date=2008-01-30 | work=Renesys Blog | publisher=Renesys |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080203133228/http://www.renesys.com/blog/2008/01/mediterranean_cable_break_1.shtml#more <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2008-02-03}}</ref> The [[FALCON (cable system)|FALCON]] submarine communications cable was reported severed off the coast of Dubai in the [[Persian Gulf]] on 1 February 2008, making it the third over a two-day period.<ref name="BBC_News2">{{cite news | title=New cable cut compounds net woes | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7222536.stm | work=BBC News Online | publisher=BBC | date=2008-02-01 | accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref>
While the respective contributions of the two cable systems to this blackout is unclear, network outage graphs show anomalies at 04:30 [[UTC]] and again at 08:00 UTC.<ref name="Renesys">{{cite web | url=http://www.renesys.com/blog/2008/01/mediterranean_cable_break_1.shtml#more | title=Mediterranean Cable Break | access-date=2008-01-31 | last=Zmijewski | first=Earl | date=2008-01-30 | work=Renesys Blog | publisher=Renesys |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080203133228/http://www.renesys.com/blog/2008/01/mediterranean_cable_break_1.shtml#more <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2008-02-03}}</ref> The [[FALCON (cable system)|FALCON]] submarine communications cable was reported severed off the coast of Dubai in the [[Persian Gulf]] on 1 February 2008, making it the third over a two-day period.<ref name="BBC_News2">{{cite news | title=New cable cut compounds net woes | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7222536.stm | work=BBC News Online | publisher=BBC | date=2008-02-01 | access-date=2008-02-01}}</ref>


Though the cause of the damage to SEA-ME-WE 4 or FLAG has not been declared by either cable operator and 12 hours of video before and after the incident show no ships being in the area,<ref name="TOI">{{cite news
Though the cause of the damage to SEA-ME-WE 4 or FLAG has not been declared by either cable operator and 12 hours of video before and after the incident show no ships being in the area,<ref name="TOI">{{cite news | title=Ships did not cause Internet cable damage | work=Khaleej Times Online | access-date=2008-02-03 | date=2008-02-03 | url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?xfile=data/theworld/2008/February/theworld_February77.xml&section=theworld&col | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206083906/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?xfile=data%2Ftheworld%2F2008%2FFebruary%2Ftheworld_February77.xml&section=theworld&col | archive-date=2008-02-06 }}</ref> a number of sources speculate these were caused by a ship's anchor near Alexandria,<ref name="BBC_News" /><ref name="TOI3">{{cite news
⚫
| title=Cable damage hits Internet connectivity | work=The Times of India | access-date=2008-01-31 | date=2008-01-31 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cable_damage_hits_Internet_connectivity/articleshow/2745082.cms }}</ref> while the Kuwait government attributes the breaks to "weather conditions and maritime traffic".<ref name="AFP">{{cite news |author=Agence France Press | title=Indian outsourcing sector hit by Internet disruption | url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gadarOY4frbM-XSyXS0_wMfxpHig | date=2008-01-31| access-date=2008-01-31 }}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that the damage occurred to the two systems separately near Alexandria and Marseilles.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news | issn=0362-4331 | last=Timmons | first=Heather | title=2 Communication Cables in the Mediterranean Are Cut | work=The New York Times | access-date=2008-01-31 | date=2008-01-31 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/31/business/worldbusiness/31cable.html?ref=business }}</ref> The water near Alexandria is restricted and Egypt knew of "no passing ships" at the time.<ref name=Brauer>{{cite news|author=Brauer, David|title=High-tech mystery: Are terrorists behind recent Internet disruptions?|url=http://www.minnpost.com/stories/2008/02/04/771/high-tech_mystery_are_terrorists_behind_recent_internet_disruptions|work=MinnPost.com|publisher=MinnPost|date=2008-02-04|access-date=2008-02-04}}</ref>
| title=Ships did not cause Internet cable damage | work=Khaleej Times Online | accessdate=2008-02-03 | date=2008-02-03 | url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?xfile=data/theworld/2008/February/theworld_February77.xml&section=theworld&col}}</ref> a number of sources speculate these were caused by a ship's anchor near Alexandria,<ref name="BBC_News" /><ref name="TOI3">{{cite news
⚫
| title=Cable damage hits Internet connectivity | work=The Times of India | accessdate=2008-01-31 | date=2008-01-31 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cable_damage_hits_Internet_connectivity/articleshow/2745082.cms }}</ref> while the Kuwait government attributes the breaks to "weather conditions and maritime traffic".<ref name="AFP">{{cite news |author=Agence France Press | title=Indian outsourcing sector hit by Internet disruption | url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gadarOY4frbM-XSyXS0_wMfxpHig | publisher=Google News | date=2008-01-31| accessdate=2008-01-31 }}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that the damage occurred to the two systems separately near Alexandria and Marseilles.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news | issn=0362-4331 | last=Timmons | first=Heather | title=2 Communication Cables in the Mediterranean Are Cut | work=The New York Times | accessdate=2008-01-31 | date=2008-01-31 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/31/business/worldbusiness/31cable.html?ref=business }}</ref> The water near Alexandria is restricted and Egypt knew of "no passing ships" at the time.<ref name=Brauer>{{cite news|author=Brauer, David|title=High-tech mystery: Are terrorists behind recent Internet disruptions?|url=http://www.minnpost.com/stories/2008/02/04/771/high-tech_mystery_are_terrorists_behind_recent_internet_disruptions|work=MinnPost.com|publisher=MinnPost|date=2008-02-04|accessdate=2008-02-04}}</ref>


For a number of days, SEA-ME-WE 3 was the only remaining cable connecting Europe to the Middle East via Egypt. Data transmission capacity between India and Europe was reduced by 75 percent, causing much of the traffic between these sites to be rerouted through the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.<ref name="BBC_News2" />
For a number of days, SEA-ME-WE 3 was the only remaining cable connecting Europe to the Middle East via Egypt. Data transmission capacity between India and Europe was reduced by 75 percent, causing much of the traffic between these sites to be rerouted through the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.<ref name="BBC_News2" />


===19 December 2008===
===19 December 2008===
On 19 December 2008, the cable was again severed, simultaneously with [[SEA-ME-WE 3]], the FLAG [[FEA (cable system)|FEA]] cable, and the [[GO-1]] cable.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&sid=aBa0lTN.dcoQ | title = Severed Cables in Mediterranean Disrupt Communication | publisher = Bloomberg | date = 2008-12-19 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20081219/local/go-submarine-cable-fault-part-of-wider-number-between-italy-and-egypt | title = GO submarine cable fault part of wider disruption between Italy and Egypt | publisher = Times of Malta | date = 2008-12-19 }}</ref> It was expected to be operating again by December 25.<ref>[http://www.orange.com/en_EN/press/press_releases/cp081219en.html Orange.com : Corporate Website of France Telecom-Orange<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
On 19 December 2008, the cable was again severed, simultaneously with [[SEA-ME-WE 3]], the FLAG [[FEA (cable system)|FEA]] cable, and the [[GO-1]] cable.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&sid=aBa0lTN.dcoQ | title = Severed Cables in Mediterranean Disrupt Communication | publisher = Bloomberg | date = 2008-12-19 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20081219/local/go-submarine-cable-fault-part-of-wider-number-between-italy-and-egypt | title = GO submarine cable fault part of wider disruption between Italy and Egypt | publisher = Times of Malta | date = 2008-12-19 }}</ref> It was expected to be operating again by 25 December.<ref>[http://www.orange.com/en_EN/press/press_releases/cp081219en.html Orange.com : Corporate Website of France Telecom-Orange<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


===14 April 2010 shunt fault===
===14 April 2010 shunt fault===
On April 14 the cable had a [[shunt fault]] approximately 1,886 kilometers from Alexandria towards Palermo, Italy, on the segment between Alexandria and Marseille.<ref>[http://gulfnews.com/business/technology/etisalat-warns-of-internet-disruptions-in-uae-1.612804 Etisalat warns of internet disruptions in UAE | GulfNews.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.thenational.ae/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20100416/NATIONAL/704159859/1138 Web at a crawl as internet cable fails in Mediterranean]</ref>
On 14 April 2010 the cable had a [[shunt fault]] approximately 1,886 kilometers from Alexandria towards Palermo, Italy, on the segment between Alexandria and Marseille.<ref>[http://gulfnews.com/business/technology/etisalat-warns-of-internet-disruptions-in-uae-1.612804 Etisalat warns of internet disruptions in UAE {{!}} GulfNews.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.thenational.ae/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20100416/NATIONAL/704159859/1138 Web at a crawl as internet cable fails in Mediterranean]</ref>


===May 2010 fault===
===May 2010 fault===
Another cable fault, disrupting the connection between Malaysia, Mumbai and Europe.<ref>http://www.tm.com.my/about-tm/media-centre/announcements/Pages/INTERNETSERVICESDISRUPTIONDUETOCABLEFAULTONSMW4.aspx</ref>
Another cable fault, disrupting the connection between Malaysia, Mumbai and Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tm.com.my/about-tm/media-centre/announcements/Pages/INTERNETSERVICESDISRUPTIONDUETOCABLEFAULTONSMW4.aspx|title = TM - Newsroom}}</ref>


===5 July 2010===
===5 July 2010===
Services between Mumbai and Mombasa were down from 9:19 GMT/5 July 2010.<ref>[http://www.seacom.mu/news/news_details.asp?iID=142]</ref>
Services between Mumbai and Mombasa were down from 9:19 GMT/5 July 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seacom.mu/news/news_details.asp?iID=142 |title=Cable outage – 5th July 2010 - South Africa - East Africa - Fiber Optic Cable |website=www.seacom.mu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710152333/http://www.seacom.mu/news/news_details.asp?iID=142 |archive-date=2010-07-10}} </ref>
Services in South Africa, all regions was also experienced and rerouting was experienced. On Mweb's website it was listed as ADSL Outage number 8084.<ref>[http://www.mweb.co.za/helpcentre/NetworkStatusNotices/tabid/1765/Default.aspx Network Status Notices<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Services in South Africa, all regions was also experienced and rerouting was experienced. On Mweb's website it was listed as ADSL Outage number 8084.<ref>[http://www.mweb.co.za/helpcentre/NetworkStatusNotices/tabid/1765/Default.aspx Network Status Notices<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


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===6 June 2012 fault===
===6 June 2012 fault===
On this day, at around 6.30pm (GMT+8), Sea-Me-We 4 had a cut near Singapore causing disruption to voice and internet services from Singapore and Malaysia to Bangladesh. Service disruption affected the eastern route into Bangladesh while western one is not affected.
On this day, at around 18:30 (GMT+8), Sea-Me-We 4 had a cut near Singapore causing disruption to voice and internet services from Singapore and Malaysia to Bangladesh. Service disruption affected the eastern route into Bangladesh while western one is not affected.
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=225954&cid=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608081234/http://www.bdnews24.com/details.php?id=225954&cid=2 |archive-date=2012-06-08 |title=Submarine cable cut disrupts internet {{!}} Bangladesh {{!}} bdnews24.com}}</ref>
<ref>http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=225954&cid=2</ref>


===27 March 2013 fault===
===27 March 2013 fault===
A cut in the segment 4 of South East Asia-Middle East-Western Europe 4 (SEA-ME-WE 4) submarine optical fiber cable on Wednesday morning (27 March 2013) has been reported leading to a degradation of internet speed by 60% in several countries including Pakistan<ref>[http://propakistani.pk/2013/03/27/under-sea-cable-cut-slows-down-internet-across-pakistan/ Under Sea Cable Cut Slows Down Internet Across Pakistan<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and Egypt.<ref>[http://gigaom.com/2013/03/27/undersea-cable-cut-near-egypt-slows-down-internet-in-africa-middle-east-south-asia/ Undersea cable cut near Egypt slows down Internet in Africa, Middle East, South Asia — Tech News and Analysis<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> A consortium of SEA-ME-WE-4 Cable System is working on the fault but they have not come up with a resolution time for this problem and confirmed nature of fault is yet to be determined<ref>[http://mybroadband.co.za/news/telecoms/74231-seacom-services-restored-but-problems-remain.html loss of signal on the SMW4 capacity]</ref>
A cut in the segment 4 of South East Asia-Middle East-Western Europe 4 (SEA-ME-WE 4) submarine optical fiber cable on Wednesday morning (27 March 2013) has been reported leading to a degradation of internet speed by 60% in several countries including Pakistan<ref>[http://propakistani.pk/2013/03/27/under-sea-cable-cut-slows-down-internet-across-pakistan/ Under Sea Cable Cut Slows Down Internet Across Pakistan<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and Egypt.<ref>[http://gigaom.com/2013/03/27/undersea-cable-cut-near-egypt-slows-down-internet-in-africa-middle-east-south-asia/ Undersea cable cut near Egypt slows down Internet in Africa, Middle East, South Asia — Tech News and Analysis<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> A consortium of SEA-ME-WE-4 Cable System is working on the fault but they have not come up with a resolution time for this problem and confirmed nature of fault is yet to be determined<ref>[http://mybroadband.co.za/news/telecoms/74231-seacom-services-restored-but-problems-remain.html loss of signal on the SMW4 capacity]</ref>


Three men were arrested for trying to cut the cable near Alexandria.<ref>[http://www.slashgear.com/three-arrested-for-trying-to-cut-undersea-internet-cable-27275579/ Three arrested for trying to cut undersea Internet cable - SlashGear<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Three men were arrested for trying to cut the cable near Alexandria.<ref>[http://www.slashgear.com/three-arrested-for-trying-to-cut-undersea-internet-cable-27275579/ Three arrested for trying to cut undersea Internet cable – SlashGear<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


The issue was resolved on the 8 April 2013.
The issue was resolved on the 8 April 2013.
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===20 November - 18 December 2014 fault===
===20 November - 18 December 2014 fault===
Fiber has a fault, according to a news article.<ref>[http://www.malaysiandigest.com/technology/529632-tm-warns-of-slow-internet-speeds-due-to-fault-in-submarine-cable.html TM Warns Of Slow Internet Speeds Due To Fault In Submarine Cable]</ref> Unconfirmed reports claim that it was repaired on the 18th of December, although its effects were still being observed for at least several days more.
Fiber had a fault, according to a news article.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20141129063911/http://www.malaysiandigest.com/technology/529632-tm-warns-of-slow-internet-speeds-due-to-fault-in-submarine-cable.html TM Warns Of Slow Internet Speeds Due To Fault In Submarine Cable]}}</ref> Unconfirmed reports claim that it was repaired on 18 December, although its effects were still being observed for at least several days more.


===19 January 2015 fault===
===19 January 2015 fault===
According to news articles,<ref>[http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2015/01/19/glitch-in-submarine-cable-slows-bangladesh-internet-speed Glitch in submarine cable slows Bangladesh]</ref><ref>[http://www.thedailystar.net/internet-disrupted-60654 Internet disrupted]</ref> this fiber had a technical issue. These reports claimed that this would be repaired within a week.
According to news articles,<ref>[http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2015/01/19/glitch-in-submarine-cable-slows-bangladesh-internet-speed Glitch in submarine cable slows Bangladesh]</ref><ref>[http://www.thedailystar.net/internet-disrupted-60654 Internet disrupted]</ref> this fiber had a technical issue. These reports claimed that this would be repaired within a week.


===22 October 2015 fault===
===22 October 2015 fault===
Fiber cut in SMW4 (Algeria Path), according to a news article.<ref>[http://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2015/10/23/algerie-teleocm-perturbat_n_8366000.html]</ref> "The internet access will be disrupted for several days in Algeria following a cut on a submarine cable linking Annaba (600 km east of Algiers) to Marseille ( south -eastern France), announced Thursday, October 22 Algeria Telecom in a statement". Unconfirmed reports on when it was due to be repaired, its effects were still being observed until 26 October.
Fiber cut in SMW4 (Algeria Path), according to a news article.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2015/10/23/algerie-teleocm-perturbat_n_8366000.html |title=Internet: perturbations importantes durant plusieurs jours, les internautes se lâchent contre Algérie Télécom |website=www.huffpostmaghreb.com |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104000244/http://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2015/10/23/algerie-teleocm-perturbat_n_8366000.html |archive-date=2017-01-04}} </ref> "The internet access will be disrupted for several days in Algeria following a cut on a submarine cable linking Annaba (600 km east of Algiers) to Marseille ( south -eastern France), announced Thursday, October 22 Algeria Telecom in a statement". Unconfirmed reports on when it was due to be repaired, its effects were still being observed until 26 October.


===13-15 April 2017 fault===
===13-15 April 2017 fault===
Fiber damaged in SMW4 (Algeria Path), according to a news article.<ref>[https://www.tsa-algerie.com/le-trafic-internet-sera-interrompu-vendredi/ Cable Relocation in Annaba]</ref> "The internet access will be disrupted for several hours from Friday at 01:00 Am to 06:00 PM in Algeria following a cut on a submarine cable linking Annaba (600 km east of Algiers) to Marseille ( south -eastern France). The damage caused to the landing chamber caused by the bad weather recorded on the coast of Annaba on 6 March 2016, Algeria Telecom Initiated several actions aimed at securing and protecting these installations ... ", explains the same source announced 3 days before, April 12 Algeria Telecom in a statement". These reports claimed that this would be repaired within two days. However, another report explains that the cable was still being in a repair phase on April 14<ref>Algérie Presse Service. [http://www.aps.dz/sante-sciences-tech/56140-internet-la-partie-submerg%C3%A9e-du-c%C3%A2ble-smw4-localis%C3%A9e-par-les-ing%C3%A9nieurs-d-alg%C3%A9rie-t%C3%A9l%C3%A9com Internet: la partie submergée du câble SMW4 localisée par les ingénieurs d'Algérie Télécom].</ref>.
Fiber damaged in SMW4 (Algeria Path), according to a news article.<ref>[https://www.tsa-algerie.com/le-trafic-internet-sera-interrompu-vendredi/ Cable Relocation in Annaba]</ref> "The internet access will be disrupted for several hours from Friday at 01:00 to 18:00 in Algeria following a cut on a submarine cable linking Annaba (600 km east of Algiers) to Marseille (south -eastern France). The damage caused to the landing chamber caused by the bad weather recorded on the coast of Annaba on 6 March 2016, Algeria Telecom Initiated several actions aimed at securing and protecting these installations ... ", explained the same source announced 3 days before, 12 April Algeria Telecom in a statement. These reports claimed that this would be repaired within two days. However, another report explained that the cable was still being repaired on 15 April due to some technical complications.<ref>Algérie Presse Service. [http://www.aps.dz/sante-sciences-tech/56140-internet-la-partie-submerg%C3%A9e-du-c%C3%A2ble-smw4-localis%C3%A9e-par-les-ing%C3%A9nieurs-d-alg%C3%A9rie-t%C3%A9l%C3%A9com Internet: la partie submergée du câble SMW4 localisée par les ingénieurs d'Algérie Télécom].</ref>


==Management and administration==
==Management and administration==
The SEA-ME-WE 4 cable system was proposed and developed by the SEA-ME-WE 4 Consortium. The Consortium continues to maintain and operate the system. It comprises 16 telecommunications companies:<ref name="Fujitsu" /><ref name="project_MC">{{cite web | url=http://www.seamewe4.com/mc_index.asp?subComID=6 | title=The Management Committee (MC) | accessdate=2008-01-31 | work=South East Asia-Middle East-Western Europe 4 | publisher=Sri Lanka Telecom | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210043127/http://www.seamewe4.com/mc_index.asp?subComID=6|archivedate=2007-02-10 }}</ref>
The SEA-ME-WE 4 cable system was proposed and developed by the SEA-ME-WE 4 Consortium. The Consortium continues to maintain and operate the system. It comprises 16 telecommunications companies:<ref name="Fujitsu" /><ref name="project_MC">{{cite web | url=http://www.seamewe4.com/mc_index.asp?subComID=6 | title=The Management Committee (MC) | access-date=2008-01-31 | work=South East Asia-Middle East-Western Europe 4 | publisher=Sri Lanka Telecom | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210043127/http://www.seamewe4.com/mc_index.asp?subComID=6|archive-date=2007-02-10 }}</ref>


*[[Algérie Télécom]], [[Algeria]]
*[[Algérie Télécom]], [[Algeria]]
Line 131: Line 164:
*[[Emirates Telecommunication Corporation]] (ETISALAT), [[UAE]]
*[[Emirates Telecommunication Corporation]] (ETISALAT), [[UAE]]
*[[France Telecom]] - Long Distance Networks, [[France]]
*[[France Telecom]] - Long Distance Networks, [[France]]
*[[MCI Inc.|MCI]], [[UK]]
*[[MCI Inc.|MCI]], [[United States]]
*[[Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited]], [[Pakistan]]
*[[Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited]], [[Pakistan]]
*[[Singapore Telecommunications Limited]] (SingTel), [[Singapore]]
*[[Singapore Telecommunications Limited]] (SingTel), [[Singapore]]
Line 142: Line 175:
*[[Tata Communications]] previously [[Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited]] (VSNL), [[India]]
*[[Tata Communications]] previously [[Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited]] (VSNL), [[India]]


The consortium is a [[hierarchical organisation]] which operates, manages and administers the cable system. At the top of the hierarchy is the Management Committee,<ref name="project_organization">{{cite web | url=http://www.seamewe4.com/inpages/organization_structure.asp | title=Organization Structure | accessdate=2008-01-31 | work=South East Asia-Middle East-Western Europe 4 | publisher=Sri Lanka Telecom | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804064343/http://www.seamewe4.com/inpages/organization_structure.asp | archivedate=2007-08-04 }}</ref> which steers the project.<ref name="project_MC" /> Bodies subordinate to the Management Committee include the Procurement Group; Operation and Maintenance; the Financial & Administrative Subcommittee; Assignment, Routing and Restoration; and Investment and Agreement. Other bodies in the organisation are the Central Billing Party which is subordinate to the Financial & Administrative Subcommittee, and the Network Administrator which is subordinate to Assignment, Routing and Restoration.<ref name="project_organization" />
The consortium is a [[hierarchical organisation]] which operates, manages and administers the cable system. At the top of the hierarchy is the Management Committee,<ref name="project_organization">{{cite web | url=http://www.seamewe4.com/inpages/organization_structure.asp | title=Organization Structure | access-date=2008-01-31 | work=South East Asia-Middle East-Western Europe 4 | publisher=Sri Lanka Telecom | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804064343/http://www.seamewe4.com/inpages/organization_structure.asp | archive-date=2007-08-04 }}</ref> which steers the project.<ref name="project_MC" /> Bodies subordinate to the Management Committee include the Procurement Group; Operation and Maintenance; the Financial & Administrative Subcommittee; Assignment, Routing and Restoration; and Investment and Agreement. Other bodies in the organisation are the Central Billing Party which is subordinate to the Financial & Administrative Subcommittee, and the Network Administrator which is subordinate to Assignment, Routing and Restoration.<ref name="project_organization" />


[[Tata Communications]] previously [[Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited]] (VSNL), [[India]] is the Network Administrator. For this purpose, Tata Comm has developed a state of the art Network Administration Software system which enables online request processing, job scheduling and report generation etc. This system will make the capacity management very efficient for bandwidth owners. This system is accessible online at http://www.seamewe4.net. [[Telekom Malaysia Berhad]] is the Central Billing Party.<ref name="NAS_about" /><ref name="CBP">{{cite web | url=http://www.cbpsmw4.com/ | title=Home page | accessdate=2008-01-31 | work=SMW 4 Central Billing Party (CBP) | publisher=Telekom Malaysia Berhad | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607210553/http://www.cbpsmw4.com/ | archivedate=2007-06-07}}</ref>
[[Tata Communications]] previously [[Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited]] (VSNL), [[India]] is the Network Administrator. For this purpose, Tata Comm has developed a state of the art Network Administration Software system which enables online request processing, job scheduling and report generation etc. This system will make the capacity management very efficient for bandwidth owners. This system is accessible online at http://www.seamewe4.net. [[Telekom Malaysia Berhad]] is the Central Billing Party.<ref name="NAS_about" /><ref name="CBP">{{cite web | url=http://www.cbpsmw4.com/ | title=Home page | access-date=2008-01-31 | work=SMW 4 Central Billing Party (CBP) | publisher=Telekom Malaysia Berhad | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607210553/http://www.cbpsmw4.com/ | archive-date=2007-06-07}}</ref>


==Applications==
==Applications==
SEA-ME-WE 4 is used to carry "telephone, internet, multimedia and various broadband data applications".<ref name="project_about" /> The SEA-ME-WE 3 and the SEA-ME-WE 4 cable systems are intended to provide redundancy for each other.<ref name="project_about" /> The two cable systems are complementary, but separate, and 4 is not intended to replace 3.<ref name="project_about" /> Both derive from the same series of projects ([[SEA-ME-WE]]), but have different emphases. SEA-ME-WE 3 is far longer at 39,000 kilometres<ref name="REACH">{{cite web | title=Mediterranean Cable Break | url=http://www.reach.com/network/overview.php | accessdate=2008-02-01 | work=REACH : Network | publisher=Reach Global Services Limited | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621165753/http://reach.com/network/overview.php | archivedate=2007-06-21 }}</ref> (compare to SEA-ME-WE 4's 18,800 kilometres) and extends from Japan and Australia along the bottom of the [[Eurasian Plate|Eurasian landmass]] to Ireland and Germany.<ref name="SEA-ME-WE3_config">{{cite web | url=http://www.seamewe3.com/inpages/cable_system.asp | title=Cable System Configuration | accessdate=2008-02-01 | work=South East Asia-Middle East-Western Europe 3 | publisher=Sri Lanka Telecom | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714175845/http://www.seamewe3.com/inpages/cable_system.asp | archivedate=2007-07-14 }}</ref> SEA-ME-WE 4 has a faster rate of data transmission at 1.28&nbsp;Tbit/s against SEA-ME-WE 3's 0.96&nbsp;Tbit/s.<ref name="REACH" /> SEA-ME-WE 3 provides connectivity to a greater number of countries over a greater distance, but SEA-ME-WE 4 provides far higher data transmission speeds intended to accommodate increasing demand for high-speed internet access in developing countries.<ref name="project_about" />
SEA-ME-WE 4 is used to carry "telephone, internet, multimedia and various broadband data applications".<ref name="project_about" /> The SEA-ME-WE 3 and the SEA-ME-WE 4 cable systems are intended to provide redundancy for each other.<ref name="project_about" /> The two cable systems are complementary, but separate, and 4 is not intended to replace 3.<ref name="project_about" /> Both derive from the same series of projects ([[SEA-ME-WE]]), but have different emphases. SEA-ME-WE 3 is far longer at 39,000 kilometres<ref name="REACH">{{cite web | title=Mediterranean Cable Break | url=http://www.reach.com/network/overview.php | access-date=2008-02-01 | work=REACH : Network | publisher=Reach Global Services Limited | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621165753/http://reach.com/network/overview.php | archive-date=2007-06-21 }}</ref> (compare to SEA-ME-WE 4's 18,800 kilometres) and extends from Japan and Australia along the bottom of the [[Eurasian Plate|Eurasian landmass]] to Ireland and Germany.<ref name="SEA-ME-WE3_config">{{cite web | url=http://www.seamewe3.com/inpages/cable_system.asp | title=Cable System Configuration | access-date=2008-02-01 | work=South East Asia-Middle East-Western Europe 3 | publisher=Sri Lanka Telecom | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714175845/http://www.seamewe3.com/inpages/cable_system.asp | archive-date=2007-07-14 }}</ref> SEA-ME-WE 4 has a faster rate of data transmission at 1.28&nbsp;Tbit/s against SEA-ME-WE 3's 0.96&nbsp;Tbit/s.<ref name="REACH" /> SEA-ME-WE 3 provides connectivity to a greater number of countries over a greater distance, but SEA-ME-WE 4 provides far higher data transmission speeds intended to accommodate increasing demand for high-speed internet access in developing countries.<ref name="project_about" />


==Technologies==
==Technologies==
The cable uses [[wavelength-division multiplexing#Dense WDM|dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM)]],<ref name="NAS_about" /> allowing for increased communications capacity per fibre compared to fibres carrying non-multiplexed signals and also facilitates bidirectional communication within a single fibre. DWDM does this by [[multiplexing]] different [[wavelength]]s of [[laser light]] on a single optical fibre so that multiple [[Optical Carrier|optical carrier]] signals can be concurrently transmitted along that fibre. Two fibre pairs are used with each pair able to carry 64 carriers at 10&nbsp;Gbit/s each.<ref name="Fujitsu" /> This enables [[terabit per second]] speeds along the SEA-WE-ME 4 cable,<ref name="project_about" /> with a total capacity of 1.28&nbsp;Tbit/s.<ref name="Fujitsu" /> In Feb 2011 the consortium awarded contracts to upgrade submarine segments capacity to 40&nbsp;Gbit/s per link, along with landing sites equipment capable of 100&nbsp;Gbit/s for future needs.<ref>[http://www.fiercetelecom.com/story/alcatel-lucent-ciena-conduct-upgrades-sea-me-we-4-cable-system/2011-02-01?utm_medium=rss&utm_source=rss Alcatel-Lucent, Ciena to conduct upgrades for SEA-ME-WE 4 cable system - FierceTelecom<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
The cable uses [[wavelength-division multiplexing#Dense WDM|dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM)]],<ref name="NAS_about" /> allowing for increased communications capacity per fibre compared to fibres carrying non-multiplexed signals and also facilitates bidirectional communication within a single fibre. DWDM does this by [[multiplexing]] different [[wavelength]]s of [[laser light]] on a single optical fibre so that multiple [[Optical Carrier|optical carrier]] signals can be concurrently transmitted along that fibre. Two fibre pairs are used with each pair able to carry 64 carriers at 10&nbsp;Gbit/s each.<ref name="Fujitsu" /> This enables [[terabit per second]] speeds along the SEA-WE-ME 4 cable,<ref name="project_about" /> with a total capacity of 1,280&nbsp;Gbit/s.<ref name="Fujitsu" /> In February 2011 the consortium awarded contracts to upgrade submarine segments capacity to 40&nbsp;Gbit/s per link, along with landing sites equipment capable of 100&nbsp;Gbit/s for future needs.<ref>[http://www.fiercetelecom.com/story/alcatel-lucent-ciena-conduct-upgrades-sea-me-we-4-cable-system/2011-02-01 Alcatel-Lucent, Ciena to conduct upgrades for SEA-ME-WE 4 cable system - FierceTelecom<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


On February 3, 2015 Mitsubishi Electric announced that it has completed the upgrade and the expansion of the South East Asia ─ Middle East ─ Western Europe 4 (SEA-ME-WE 4) Cable System.
On February 3, 2015 Mitsubishi Electric announced that it has completed the upgrade and the expansion of the South East Asia ─ Middle East ─ Western Europe 4 (SEA-ME-WE 4) Cable System.
Mitsubishi Electric supplied its 100G MF-6900GWS Submarine Line Terminal Equipment (SLTE) with incorporated superior coherent technology for all 16 landing stations to upgrade the current 40 gigabit per second (Gbps) cable system to 100Gbit/s and expand the ultimate design capacity from 2,800Gbit/s to 4,600Gbit/s. The new SLTE doubled the data capacity per rack and reduce power consumption per unit of data volume by 47% for each station.<ref>[http://www.mitsubishielectric.com/news/2015/pdf/0318.pdf Mitsubishi Electric Completes Upgrade of SEA-ME-WE 4 Network - Data capacity of the submarine network is increased significantly with 100G technologies ]</ref>
Mitsubishi Electric supplied its 100G MF-6900GWS Submarine Line Terminal Equipment (SLTE) with incorporated superior coherent technology for all 16 landing stations to upgrade the current 40&nbsp;Gbit/s cable system to 100&nbsp;Gbit/s and expand the ultimate design capacity from 2,800&nbsp;Gbit/s to 4,600&nbsp;Gbit/s. The new SLTE doubled the data capacity per rack and reduce power consumption per unit of data volume by 47% for each station.<ref>[http://www.mitsubishielectric.com/news/2015/pdf/0318.pdf Mitsubishi Electric Completes Upgrade of SEA-ME-WE 4 Network - Data capacity of the submarine network is increased significantly with 100G technologies ]</ref>


==Interception==
==Interception==
Line 166: Line 199:
* [[Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe#Segment FLAG Europe Asia (FEA)|FLAG Europe Asia]]
* [[Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe#Segment FLAG Europe Asia (FEA)|FLAG Europe Asia]]
* [[I-ME-WE]]
* [[I-ME-WE]]
⚫
* [[SEA-ME-WE 3]]
* [[SEA-ME-WE 5]]
* [[SEA-ME-WE 5]]
⚫
* [[SEA-ME-WE 6]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.seamewe4.com/ South East Asia Middle East Western Europe 4 project website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100413165434/http://www.seamewe4.com/ South East Asia Middle East Western Europe 4 project website]
*[http://www.seamewe4.net/ SEA-ME-WE4 Network Administration System]
*[http://www.seamewe4.net/ SEA-ME-WE4 Network Administration System]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7228315.stm Work begins to repair severed net](5 February 2008)
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7228315.stm Work begins to repair severed net](5 February 2008)

{{Submarine communications cables in the Indian Ocean}}
{{Submarine communications cables in the Mediterranean Sea}}
{{Submarine communications cables in the Pacific Ocean}}


[[Category:Submarine communications cables in the Arabian Sea]]
[[Category:Submarine communications cables in the Arabian Sea]]
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[[Category:Submarine communications cables in the Pacific Ocean]]
[[Category:Submarine communications cables in the Pacific Ocean]]
[[Category:Submarine communications cables in the Red Sea]]
[[Category:Submarine communications cables in the Red Sea]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Africa]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Telecommunications in India]]

Latest revision as of 01:39, 18 September 2024

SEA-ME-WE 4
Cable typeFibre-optic
Construction beginning2004
Construction finished2005
Design capacity1.28 Tbit/s (2005)
2.8 Tbit/s (2010)
4.6 Tbit/s (2015)
Lit capacity2.3 Tbits/s/pair (two fibre pairs)
Owner(s)Consortium
Websitewww.seamewe4.net
The route of the submarine cable (red); the blue segment is dy 1 6

South East Asia–Middle East–Western Europe 4 (SEA-ME-WE 4) is an optical fibre submarine communications cable system that carries telecommunications between Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Italy, Tunisia, Algeria and France.[1]

The cable is approximately 18,800 kilometres long, and provides the primary Internet backbone between South East Asia, the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East and Europe.[1][2]

Network topology

[edit]

The SEA-ME-WE 4 system is divided into four segments with sixteen landing points:[3]

Segments

[edit]
Landing points
SEA-ME-WE 4 Landing Points

Location

 Operator & Technical Partner
Marseille, France Orange S.A.[4]
Annaba, Algeria Algérie Télécom[5]
Bizerte, Tunisia Tunisie Telecom[6]
Palermo, Italy Telecom Italia Sparkle[7]
Alexandria, Egypt Telecom Egypt[8]
Suez, Egypt Telecom Egypt[8]
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Saudi Telecom Company[9]
Fujairah, UAE Etisalat by e&[10]
Karachi, Pakistan Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited[11]
Mumbai, India Bharti Airtel[12] / Tata Communications[13]
Colombo, Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Telecom[14]
Chennai, India Bharti Airtel[12] / Tata Communications[13]
Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh Bangladesh Submarine Cable Company Limited[15]
Satun, Thailand National Telecom Public Company Limited[16]
Malacca, Malaysia Telekom Malaysia[17]
Tuas, Singapore Singtel[18]

History

[edit]

The SEA-ME-WE 4 cable system was developed by a consortium of 16 telecommunications companies which agreed to construct the project on 27 March 2004.[2] Construction of the system was carried out by Alcatel Submarine Networks (now a division of Alcatel-Lucent) and Fujitsu.[2] The eighteen month construction project was completed on 13 December 2005 with a cost estimate of US$500 million.[2][19] Segment 1 construction, running 8,000 kilometres from Singapore to India, was done by Fujitsu, which also provided the submarine repeater equipment for Segment 4.[19]

Outages

[edit]

30 January 2008

[edit]
Main article: 2008 submarine cable disruption

On 30 January 2008, Internet services were widely disrupted in the Middle East and in the Indian subcontinent following damage to the SEA-ME-WE 4 and FLAG Telecom cables in the Mediterranean Sea. Disruptions of 70 percent in Egypt, and 60 percent in India were reported along with problems in Bahrain, Bangladesh, Kuwait, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates.[20][21] In India, small users felt the impact while ISPs could service large users who have more lucrative contracts.[22]

While the respective contributions of the two cable systems to this blackout is unclear, network outage graphs show anomalies at 04:30 UTC and again at 08:00 UTC.[23] The FALCON submarine communications cable was reported severed off the coast of Dubai in the Persian Gulf on 1 February 2008, making it the third over a two-day period.[24]

Though the cause of the damage to SEA-ME-WE 4 or FLAG has not been declared by either cable operator and 12 hours of video before and after the incident show no ships being in the area,[25] a number of sources speculate these were caused by a ship's anchor near Alexandria,[20][26] while the Kuwait government attributes the breaks to "weather conditions and maritime traffic".[27] The New York Times reported that the damage occurred to the two systems separately near Alexandria and Marseilles.[28] The water near Alexandria is restricted and Egypt knew of "no passing ships" at the time.[22]

For a number of days, SEA-ME-WE 3 was the only remaining cable connecting Europe to the Middle East via Egypt. Data transmission capacity between India and Europe was reduced by 75 percent, causing much of the traffic between these sites to be rerouted through the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.[24]

19 December 2008

[edit]

On 19 December 2008, the cable was again severed, simultaneously with SEA-ME-WE 3, the FLAG FEA cable, and the GO-1 cable.[29][30] It was expected to be operating again by 25 December.[31]

14 April 2010 shunt fault

[edit]

On 14 April 2010 the cable had a shunt fault approximately 1,886 kilometers from Alexandria towards Palermo, Italy, on the segment between Alexandria and Marseille.[32][33]

May 2010 fault

[edit]

Another cable fault, disrupting the connection between Malaysia, Mumbai and Europe.[34]

5 July 2010

[edit]

Services between Mumbai and Mombasa were down from 9:19 GMT/5 July 2010.[35] Services in South Africa, all regions was also experienced and rerouting was experienced. On Mweb's website it was listed as ADSL Outage number 8084.[36]

11 May 2012 fault

[edit]

The submarine cable South East Asia-Middle East-Western Europe 4 (SeaMeWe-4) was reportedly cut near Alexandria, disrupting internet services in Pakistan. Reportedly SMW4 was cut in April 2012 too, but was restored on the same day.[37][38]

6 June 2012 fault

[edit]

On this day, at around 18:30 (GMT+8), Sea-Me-We 4 had a cut near Singapore causing disruption to voice and internet services from Singapore and Malaysia to Bangladesh. Service disruption affected the eastern route into Bangladesh while western one is not affected. [39]

27 March 2013 fault

[edit]

A cut in the segment 4 of South East Asia-Middle East-Western Europe 4 (SEA-ME-WE 4) submarine optical fiber cable on Wednesday morning (27 March 2013) has been reported leading to a degradation of internet speed by 60% in several countries including Pakistan[40] and Egypt.[41] A consortium of SEA-ME-WE-4 Cable System is working on the fault but they have not come up with a resolution time for this problem and confirmed nature of fault is yet to be determined[42]

Three men were arrested for trying to cut the cable near Alexandria.[43]

The issue was resolved on the 8 April 2013.

25–28 December 2013 fault

[edit]

Fiber cut in SMW4 segment 3 (Egypt terrestrial path). Slow internet speeds throughout Pakistan according to a tweet[44] from a Pakistan telecom engineer.

20 November - 18 December 2014 fault

[edit]

Fiber had a fault, according to a news article.[45] Unconfirmed reports claim that it was repaired on 18 December, although its effects were still being observed for at least several days more.

19 January 2015 fault

[edit]

According to news articles,[46][47] this fiber had a technical issue. These reports claimed that this would be repaired within a week.

22 October 2015 fault

[edit]

Fiber cut in SMW4 (Algeria Path), according to a news article.[48] "The internet access will be disrupted for several days in Algeria following a cut on a submarine cable linking Annaba (600 km east of Algiers) to Marseille ( south -eastern France), announced Thursday, October 22 Algeria Telecom in a statement". Unconfirmed reports on when it was due to be repaired, its effects were still being observed until 26 October.

13-15 April 2017 fault

[edit]

Fiber damaged in SMW4 (Algeria Path), according to a news article.[49] "The internet access will be disrupted for several hours from Friday at 01:00 to 18:00 in Algeria following a cut on a submarine cable linking Annaba (600 km east of Algiers) to Marseille (south -eastern France). The damage caused to the landing chamber caused by the bad weather recorded on the coast of Annaba on 6 March 2016, Algeria Telecom Initiated several actions aimed at securing and protecting these installations ... ", explained the same source announced 3 days before, 12 April Algeria Telecom in a statement. These reports claimed that this would be repaired within two days. However, another report explained that the cable was still being repaired on 15 April due to some technical complications.[50]

Management and administration

[edit]

The SEA-ME-WE 4 cable system was proposed and developed by the SEA-ME-WE 4 Consortium. The Consortium continues to maintain and operate the system. It comprises 16 telecommunications companies:[19][51]

The consortium is a hierarchical organisation which operates, manages and administers the cable system. At the top of the hierarchy is the Management Committee,[52] which steers the project.[51] Bodies subordinate to the Management Committee include the Procurement Group; Operation and Maintenance; the Financial & Administrative Subcommittee; Assignment, Routing and Restoration; and Investment and Agreement. Other bodies in the organisation are the Central Billing Party which is subordinate to the Financial & Administrative Subcommittee, and the Network Administrator which is subordinate to Assignment, Routing and Restoration.[52]

Tata Communications previously Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL), India is the Network Administrator. For this purpose, Tata Comm has developed a state of the art Network Administration Software system which enables online request processing, job scheduling and report generation etc. This system will make the capacity management very efficient for bandwidth owners. This system is accessible online at http://www.seamewe4.net. Telekom Malaysia Berhad is the Central Billing Party.[1][53]

Applications

[edit]

SEA-ME-WE 4 is used to carry "telephone, internet, multimedia and various broadband data applications".[2] The SEA-ME-WE 3 and the SEA-ME-WE 4 cable systems are intended to provide redundancy for each other.[2] The two cable systems are complementary, but separate, and 4 is not intended to replace 3.[2] Both derive from the same series of projects (SEA-ME-WE), but have different emphases. SEA-ME-WE 3 is far longer at 39,000 kilometres[54] (compare to SEA-ME-WE 4's 18,800 kilometres) and extends from Japan and Australia along the bottom of the Eurasian landmass to Ireland and Germany.[55] SEA-ME-WE 4 has a faster rate of data transmission at 1.28 Tbit/s against SEA-ME-WE 3's 0.96 Tbit/s.[54] SEA-ME-WE 3 provides connectivity to a greater number of countries over a greater distance, but SEA-ME-WE 4 provides far higher data transmission speeds intended to accommodate increasing demand for high-speed internet access in developing countries.[2]

Technologies

[edit]

The cable uses dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM),[1] allowing for increased communications capacity per fibre compared to fibres carrying non-multiplexed signals and also facilitates bidirectional communication within a single fibre. DWDM does this by multiplexing different wavelengths of laser light on a single optical fibre so that multiple optical carrier signals can be concurrently transmitted along that fibre. Two fibre pairs are used with each pair able to carry 64 carriers at 10 Gbit/s each.[19] This enables terabit per second speeds along the SEA-WE-ME 4 cable,[2] with a total capacity of 1,280 Gbit/s.[19] In February 2011 the consortium awarded contracts to upgrade submarine segments capacity to 40 Gbit/s per link, along with landing sites equipment capable of 100 Gbit/s for future needs.[56]

On February 3, 2015 Mitsubishi Electric announced that it has completed the upgrade and the expansion of the South East Asia ─ Middle East ─ Western Europe 4 (SEA-ME-WE 4) Cable System. Mitsubishi Electric supplied its 100G MF-6900GWS Submarine Line Terminal Equipment (SLTE) with incorporated superior coherent technology for all 16 landing stations to upgrade the current 40 Gbit/s cable system to 100 Gbit/s and expand the ultimate design capacity from 2,800 Gbit/s to 4,600 Gbit/s. The new SLTE doubled the data capacity per rack and reduce power consumption per unit of data volume by 47% for each station.[57]

Interception

[edit]

In August 2013 a major German newspaper claimed that an alliance of Western and Asian intelligence agencies has managed to tap into the cable. The Süddeutsche Zeitung, Germany’s largest broadsheet newspaper, wrote that GCHQ has been leading the interception effort, supported by the National Security Agency, which is GCHQ’s American equivalent. The paper cited Edward Snowden as the source of the information.[58][59]

See also

[edit]

Several other cable systems following a substantially similar route:

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "About Us". SEA-ME-WE4 Network Administration System. Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited. 2004. Archived from the original on 2007-07-06. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i "About SEA-WE-ME 4". South East Asia-Middle East-Western Europe 4. Sri Lanka Telecom. Archived from the original on 2007-07-05. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  3. ^ "Cable System Configuration". South East Asia-Middle East-Western Europe 4. Sri Lanka Telecom. Archived from the original on 2007-08-04. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  4. ^ "The Marseille hub: A strong digital gateway". Orange Wholesale International. Retrieved 2024-03-23.
  5. ^ kcl@rk (2015-10-28). "Algerie Telecom Restores Submarine Cable". SubTel Forum. Retrieved 2024-03-23.
  6. ^ Dux, Simon (2024-03-11). "Tunisia wants six to seven submarine cables". Mobile Europe. Retrieved 2024-03-23.
  7. ^ "Corporate Presentation" (PDF). Telecom Italia Sparkle. 2020-06-01. Retrieved 2024-03-23.
  8. ^ a b "The Digital Hub - Telecom Egypt" (PDF). Telecom Egypt. 2021-01-01. Retrieved 2024-03-23.
  9. ^ "International Reach Map STC" (PDF). Saudi Telecom Company. Retrieved 2024-03-23.
  10. ^ "Etisalat to develop advanced underwater cabling system". gulfnews.com. 2004-03-28. Retrieved 2024-03-23.
  11. ^ "Transmission Network". ptcl.com.pk. Retrieved 2024-03-23.
  12. ^ a b "Bharti starts undersea cable". The Times of India. 2005-12-14. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2024-03-23.
  13. ^ a b "VSNL, Bharti in cable deal". The Times of India. 2002-09-05. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2024-03-23.
  14. ^ "SLT inaugurates SEA-ME-WE-4 Submarine Cable System". Business Today. 2006-02-02. Retrieved 2024-03-23.
  15. ^ kcl@rk (2024-02-28). "Bangladesh Braces for Internet Disruption". SubTel Forum. Retrieved 2024-03-23.
  16. ^ "Company Index". National Telecom Public Company Limited. Retrieved 2024-03-23.
  17. ^ "NEC submarine cable system to link Indonesia and Malaysia". Lightwave. 2004-05-14. Retrieved 2024-03-23.
  18. ^ "Tuas Cable Landing Station - Submarine Networks". www.submarinenetworks.com. Retrieved 2024-03-23.
  19. ^ a b c d e "Fujitsu Completes Construction of SEA-ME-WE 4 Submarine Cable Network". Fujitsu Press Release. Fujitsu. 2005-12-13. Archived from the original on 2007-03-17. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  20. ^ a b "Severed cables disrupt Internet". BBC News. 2008-01-31. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  21. ^ The Associated Press (2008-02-01). "Cable Break Causes Wide Internet Outage". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
  22. ^ a b Brauer, David (2008-02-04). "High-tech mystery: Are terrorists behind recent Internet disruptions?". MinnPost.com. MinnPost. Retrieved 2008-02-04.
  23. ^ Zmijewski, Earl (2008-01-30). "Mediterranean Cable Break". Renesys Blog. Renesys. Archived from the original on 2008-02-03. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  24. ^ a b "New cable cut compounds net woes". BBC News Online. BBC. 2008-02-01. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
  25. ^ "Ships did not cause Internet cable damage". Khaleej Times Online. 2008-02-03. Archived from the original on 2008-02-06. Retrieved 2008-02-03.
  26. ^ "Cable damage hits Internet connectivity". The Times of India. 2008-01-31. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  27. ^ Agence France Press (2008-01-31). "Indian outsourcing sector hit by Internet disruption". Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  28. ^ Timmons, Heather (2008-01-31). "2 Communication Cables in the Mediterranean Are Cut". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  29. ^ "Severed Cables in Mediterranean Disrupt Communication". Bloomberg. 2008-12-19.
  30. ^ "GO submarine cable fault part of wider disruption between Italy and Egypt". Times of Malta. 2008-12-19.
  31. ^ Orange.com : Corporate Website of France Telecom-Orange
  32. ^ Etisalat warns of internet disruptions in UAE | GulfNews.com
  33. ^ Web at a crawl as internet cable fails in Mediterranean
  34. ^ "TM - Newsroom".
  35. ^ "Cable outage – 5th July 2010 - South Africa - East Africa - Fiber Optic Cable". www.seacom.mu. Archived from the original on 2010-07-10.
  36. ^ Network Status Notices
  37. ^ SeaMeWe-4 damage disrupts Pakistan’s internet access
  38. ^ SMW4 Cut Causing Internet Disruption in Pakistan
  39. ^ "Submarine cable cut disrupts internet | Bangladesh | bdnews24.com". Archived from the original on 2012-06-08.
  40. ^ Under Sea Cable Cut Slows Down Internet Across Pakistan
  41. ^ Undersea cable cut near Egypt slows down Internet in Africa, Middle East, South Asia — Tech News and Analysis
  42. ^ loss of signal on the SMW4 capacity
  43. ^ Three arrested for trying to cut undersea Internet cable – SlashGear
  44. ^ Fiber cut in Egypt
  45. ^ TM Warns Of Slow Internet Speeds Due To Fault In Submarine Cable[usurped]
  46. ^ Glitch in submarine cable slows Bangladesh
  47. ^ Internet disrupted
  48. ^ "Internet: perturbations importantes durant plusieurs jours, les internautes se lâchent contre Algérie Télécom". www.huffpostmaghreb.com. Archived from the original on 2017-01-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  49. ^ Cable Relocation in Annaba
  50. ^ Algérie Presse Service. Internet: la partie submergée du câble SMW4 localisée par les ingénieurs d'Algérie Télécom.
  51. ^ a b "The Management Committee (MC)". South East Asia-Middle East-Western Europe 4. Sri Lanka Telecom. Archived from the original on 2007-02-10. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  52. ^ a b "Organization Structure". South East Asia-Middle East-Western Europe 4. Sri Lanka Telecom. Archived from the original on 2007-08-04. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  53. ^ "Home page". SMW 4 Central Billing Party (CBP). Telekom Malaysia Berhad. Archived from the original on 2007-06-07. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  54. ^ a b "Mediterranean Cable Break". REACH : Network. Reach Global Services Limited. Archived from the original on 2007-06-21. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
  55. ^ "Cable System Configuration". South East Asia-Middle East-Western Europe 3. Sri Lanka Telecom. Archived from the original on 2007-07-14. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
  56. ^ Alcatel-Lucent, Ciena to conduct upgrades for SEA-ME-WE 4 cable system - FierceTelecom
  57. ^ Mitsubishi Electric Completes Upgrade of SEA-ME-WE 4 Network - Data capacity of the submarine network is increased significantly with 100G technologies
  58. ^ Süddeutsche Zeitung, 28 August 2013 (accessed 30.8.2013)
  59. ^ John Goetz, Hans Leyendecker and Frederik Obermaier (28 August 2013). "British Officials Have Far-Reaching Access To Internet And Telephone Communications" (accessed 30.8.2013)
[edit]
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