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| pronunciation = {{plainlist|
| pronunciation = {{plainlist|
* {{IPAc-en|lang|ˈ|ɑː|m|æ|d|,_|ˈ|ɑː|m|ɛ|d}} {{respell|AH|mad|,_|AH|med}}
* {{IPAc-en|lang|ˈ|ɑː|m|æ|d|,_|ˈ|ɑː|m|ɛ|d}} {{respell|AH|mad|,_|AH|med}}
* {{IPA-ar|ˈ(ʔ)aħmad|lang}}
* {{IPA|ar|ˈ(ʔ)aħmad|lang}}
* {{IPA-arz|ˈæħmæd|lang}}
* {{IPA|arz|ˈæħmæd|lang}}
* {{IPA-tr|ˈahmet|lang}}
* {{IPA|tr|ˈahmet|lang}}
* {{IPA-fa|ˈ(ʔ)æhmæd|lang}}
* {{IPA|fa|ˈ(ʔ)æhmæd|lang}}
* {{IPA-ur|ˈɛɦməd|lang}}
* {{IPA-ur|ˈɛɦməd|lang}}
}}
}}
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''Ahmet'' is the modern [[Turkish language|Turkish]] transliteration. Modern Turkish uses a Latin-based alphabet, and most Arabic-derived names have standardized Turkish spellings.
''Ahmet'' is the modern [[Turkish language|Turkish]] transliteration. Modern Turkish uses a Latin-based alphabet, and most Arabic-derived names have standardized Turkish spellings.


The less common transliterations of ''Ahmad'' are used by Muslims outside the Middle East proper, such as in Indonesia and Russia. For [[Volga Tatars|Tatars]], the name is Әхмәт (Äxmät / Əxmət).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tatar male names |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027192517/https://magarif-uku.ru/tatar-isemnere/ir-at/ |language=tt, ru}}</ref>
The less common transliterations of ''Ahmad'' are used by Muslims outside the Middle East proper, such as in Indonesia and Russia. For [[Bashkirs]] and [[Volga Tatars|Tatars]], the name is Әхмәт (Äxmät / Əxmət).<ref>{{cite book |last1= Күсимова|first1= Таңһылыу|last2= Бикҡолова|first2= Cветлана|date= 2005|title= Башҡорт исемдәре / Башкирские имена|trans-title= Bashkir names|url= https://vk.com/wall-41267414_178|url-status= live|url-access= registration|format= pdf|language= ba, ru|location= [[Ufa]]|publisher= Башҡортостан «Китап» нәшриәте|page= 126|isbn= 5-295-03669-3|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240608083442/https://vk.com/wall-41267414_178|archive-date= 2024-06-08|via= [[VK_(company)|VK]]|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tatar male names |url=https://magarif-uku.ru/tatar-isemnere/ir-at/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027192517/https://magarif-uku.ru/tatar-isemnere/ir-at/ |archive-date=2022-10-27 |language=tt, ru}}</ref>


''Achmat'' is the fairly standard transliteration used by South Africa's Muslim community, and its pronunciation shows evidence of the influence of Afrikaans: the <ch> which represents ح [ħ] is pronounced as an Afrikaans <g> [x] (i.e. closer to the Arabic خ); and the د [d] is realised as a [t] (closer to the Arabic ت) which follows Afrikaans [[Final-obstruent devoicing]] principles.
''Achmat'' is the fairly standard transliteration used by South Africa's Muslim community, and its pronunciation shows evidence of the influence of Afrikaans: the <ch> which represents ح [ħ] is pronounced as an Afrikaans <g> [x] (i.e. closer to the Arabic خ); and the د [d] is realised as a [t] (closer to the Arabic ت) which follows Afrikaans [[Final-obstruent devoicing]] principles.
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*Ahmad Balshe, Palestinian-Canadian rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer known professionally as [[Belly (rapper)|Belly]]
*Ahmad Balshe, Palestinian-Canadian rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer known professionally as [[Belly (rapper)|Belly]]
*[[Ahmad Belal]], Egyptian former football player
*[[Ahmad Belal]], Egyptian former football player
*[[Ahmad bey Javanshir]], Azerbaijani historian
*[[Ahmad Black]], American football safety for the Florida Gators
*[[Ahmad Black]], American football safety for the Florida Gators
*[[Ahmad Bradshaw]], American former football running back for the Indianapolis Colts
*[[Ahmad Bradshaw]], American former football running back for the Indianapolis Colts
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*[[Ahmad Jalloul]] (born 1992), Lebanese footballer
*[[Ahmad Jalloul]] (born 1992), Lebanese footballer
*[[Ahmad Jamal]], American jazz pianist
*[[Ahmad Jamal]], American jazz pianist
*[[Ahmad Javad]] (1892–1937), Azerbaijani poet
*[[Ahmad Sayyed Javadi]], Iranian lawyer and politician
*[[Ahmad Sayyed Javadi]], Iranian lawyer and politician
*[[Ahmad Karami]] (1944–2020), Lebanese politician
*[[Ahmad Karami]] (1944–2020), Lebanese politician
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* [[Ahmed Hussen]], Somali-Canadian lawyer
* [[Ahmed Hussen]], Somali-Canadian lawyer
* [[Ahmed Imamovic]], Bosnian film director
* [[Ahmed Imamovic]], Bosnian film director
* {{anbl|Ahmed Jaziri}}
* [[Ahmed Abu Ismail]], Egyptian economist and politician
* [[Ahmed Abu Ismail]], Egyptian economist and politician
* [[Ahmed Mohamed Kathrada]] (1929–2017), South African politician, political prisoner and anti-apartheid activist.
* [[Ahmed Mohamed Kathrada]] (1929–2017), South African politician, political prisoner and anti-apartheid activist.
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* [[Ahmed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]], United Arab Emirati politician
* [[Ahmed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]], United Arab Emirati politician
* [[Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum]], United Arab Emirati businessman
* [[Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum]], United Arab Emirati businessman
* [[Ahmed M. Hassan]] Somali politician
* [[Ahmed M. Hassan]], Somali politician
* [[Ahmed Marei]], Egyptian basketball coach and former player
* [[Ahmed Marei]], Egyptian basketball coach and former player
* [[Ahmed Mohiuddin]], [[Pakistani people|Pakistani]] [[biologist]]
* [[Ahmed Mohiuddin]], [[Pakistani people|Pakistani]] [[biologist]]
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* [[Ahmet Mete Işıkara]] (1941–2013), Turkish seismologist
* [[Ahmet Mete Işıkara]] (1941–2013), Turkish seismologist
* [[Ahmet İzzet Pasha]] (1864–1937), Ottoman general
* [[Ahmet İzzet Pasha]] (1864–1937), Ottoman general
* [[Ahmet Kaplan]] (born 2002), Turkish wheelchair tennis player
* [[Ahmet Kireççi]] (1914–1979), Turkish sports wrestler
* [[Ahmet Kireççi]] (1914–1979), Turkish sports wrestler
* [[Ahmet Koç]], Turkish musician
* [[Ahmet Koç]], Turkish musician
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* [[Anis Ahmed (disambiguation)]], multiple people
* [[Anis Ahmed (disambiguation)]], multiple people
* [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]] (1905–1977), 5th President of India
* [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]] (1905–1977), 5th President of India
* [[Ferdous Ahmed]], Actor
* [[Hafsa Ahmed]], lecturer and community worker in New Zealand
* [[Hajiya Haidzatu Ahmed]], Queen of [[Kumbwada]]
* [[Nick Ahmed]] (born 1990), American baseball player
* [[Nick Ahmed]] (born 1990), American baseball player
* [[Riz Ahmed]] (born 1982), British actor and rapper
* [[Riz Ahmed]] (born 1982), British actor and rapper
* [[Rafiuddin Ahmed (dentist)]], Indian Bengali Dentist.
* [[Rafiuddin Ahmed (dentist)]], Indian Bengali Dentist.
* [[Mohammed Ahmed (businessperson)]], Ethiopian businessman

===Other variants===
* [[Claire Achmad]], Chief Children's Commissioner in New Zealand
⚫
* [[Rosli Ahmat]] (1970–2002), [[Singaporeans|Singaporean]] armed robber and murderer


===Fictional characters===
===Fictional characters===
* Aĥmad, from ''[[Malatily Bathhouse]]''; Surname
* Aĥmad, from ''[[Malatily Bathhouse]]''; Surname
⚫
* [[Rosli Ahmat]] (1970–2002), [[Singaporeans|Singaporean]] armed robber and murderer


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 02:33, 18 September 2024

For other uses, see Ahmad (disambiguation).
Ahmad
Pronunciation
GenderMale
Language(s)Arabic
Origin
Meaning"Highly Praised”
Other names
Alternative spellingAhmed
Variant form(s)Ahmed

Ahmad (Arabic: أحمد, romanized: ʾAḥmad) is an Arabic male given name common in most parts of the Muslim world. Other English spellings of the name include Ahmed and Ahmet. It is also used as a surname.

Etymology

The word derives from the root ح م د (ḥ-m-d), from the Arabic أَحْمَدَ (ʾaḥmad), from the verb حَمِدَ (ḥameda, "to thank or to praise"), non-past participle يَحْمَدُ (yaḥmadu).

Lexicology

As an Arabic name, it has its origins in a Quranic prophecy attributed to Jesus in the Quran 61:6 which most Islamic scholars concede is about Muhammad.[1] It also shares the same roots as Mahmud, Muhammad and Hamed. In its transliteration, the name has one of the highest number of spelling variations in the world.[2]

Some Islamic traditions view the name Ahmad as another given name of Muhammad at birth by his mother, considered by Muslims to be the more esoteric name of Muhammad and central to understanding his nature.[1][3] Over the centuries, some Islamic scholars have suggested the name's parallel is in the word 'Paraclete' from the Biblical text,[4][5][6] although this view is not universal considering translations, meanings and etymology.[7][8]

Traditional Islamic sources, such as Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, and others contain hadith in which Muhammad personally refers to himself as Ahmad.[9] Christian orientalists such as William Montgomery Watt, however, were able to show that the use of Ahmad as a proper name for "Muhammad" did not exist until well into the second Islamic century, previously being used only in an adjectival sense. Watt concludes that the development of the term being used as a name in reference to Muhammad came later in the context of Christian-Muslim polemics, particularly with Muslim attempts to equate Muhammad with the Biblical 'Paraclete', owing to a prophecy attributed to Jesus in the Quranic verse 61:6.[10]

Interpretations and meanings of Ahmad

Development

Regarding Ibn Ishaq's biography of Muhammad, the Sirat Rasul Allah, Islamic scholar Alfred Guillaume wrote:

"Coming back to the term "Ahmad," Muslims have suggested that Ahmad is the translation of periklutos, celebrated or the Praised One, which is a corruption of parakletos, the Paraclete of John XIV, XV and XVI."[11]

Ahmad passage

Here are two translations of the passage in question in Surat 61 verse 6:

"And [mention] when Jesus, the son of Mary, said, "O children of Israel, indeed I am the messenger of Allah to you confirming what came before me of the Torah and bringing good tidings of a messenger to come after me, whose name is Ahmad." But when he came to them with clear evidences, they said, "This is obvious magic." - Sahih International

"And when Jesus son of Mary said: O Children of Israel! Lo! I am the messenger of Allah unto you, confirming that which was (revealed) before me in the Torah, and bringing good tidings of a messenger who cometh after me, whose name is the Praised One. Yet when he hath come unto them with clear proofs, they say: This is mere magic." - Pickthall

The verse in the Quran attributes a name or designation, describing or identifying who would follow Jesus. In his Farewell Discourse to his disciples, Jesus promised that he would "send the Holy Spirit" to them after his departure, in John 15:26 stating: "whom I will send unto you from the Father, [even] the Spirit of truth... shall bear witness of me." John 14:17 states "[even] the Spirit of truth: whom the world cannot receive; for it beholdeth him not, neither knoweth him: ye know him; for he abideth with you, and shall be in you."[12][13]

Regarding verse 61: 6 in the Quran:

"It is not clear to whom the pronoun ‘he’ refers in the concluding sentence. Bell says ‘probably Jesus,’ but ‘sometimes taken to refer to the promised messenger who is identified with Muhammad.’ Secondly, and in consequence the intervening words, ‘bearing the name Ahmad,’ are grammatically superfluous. They do not help to make the pronominal reference any clearer as to who it was whose Evidences were greeted as magic. Without the clause about Ahmad the context would appear to demand that it was Jesus rather than the next ‘messenger’ who was intended. Whether we maintain the usual reading or adopt that of ‘magician’ (as read by Ibn Masud and others), the charge of sorcery generally would seem as true to the Jewish calumnies in the Fourth Gospel as to the somewhat similar charges brought against Muhammad. In any case it was the Banu Isra'il to whom both Jesus and the ‘messenger’ came, and who regarded the mission as ‘sorcery.’ Once more, if we omit the phrase, ‘bearing the name Ahmad,’ and regard Muhammad as still drawing lessons from previous history, the dubious passage might refer to what happened at Pentecost, and other incidents recorded in the earlier chapters of the Acts. With the absence of any claim on this passage either by Ibn Ishaq or Ibn Hisham, may we go further and suggest that the two Arabic words rendered by Dr. Bell, ‘bearing the name Ahmad,’ are an interpolation to be dated after the death of Muhammad." (emphasis in original)[14]

Contrary to the above claim that Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham did not mention Ahmad and the respective passage, there is Ibn Ishaq's work with the title Kitab al-Maghazi and Ibn Hisham who mention and connect the words Mohammad & Ahmad with the Paraclete.[15][16][17] Additionally it has been documented that there was an attempt to connect the respective quranic verse with the Paraclete even earlier then Ibn Ishaq.[18] Moreover, a later interpolation of this passage to the Quran, just to serve as an ex eventu prove for the early Muslim scholars, has also been refuted in modern Islamic Studies.[19] This is supported by the fact that the earliest as well as the later manuscripts of the Quran contain the exact passage and wording in Surah 61.[20][21][22]

Scholarship regarding the Greek translation

"Early translators knew nothing about the surmised reading of periklutos for parakletos, and its possible rendering as Ahmad …. Periklutos does not come into the picture as far as Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham are concerned. The deception is not theirs. The opportunity to introduce Ahmad was not accepted – though it is highly improbable that they were aware of it being a possible rendering of Periklutos. It would have clinched the argument to have followed the Johannine references with a Quranic quotation."[8]

"Furthermore the Peshitta, Old Syriac, and Philoxenian versions all write the name of John in the form Yuhanan, not in the Greek form Yuhannis.. Accordingly to find a text of the Gospels from which Ibn Ishaq could have drawn his quotation we must look for a version which differs from all others in displaying these characteristics. Such a text is the Palestinian Syriac Lectionary of the Gospels which will conclusively prove that the Arabic writer had a Syriac text before him which he, or his informant, skillfully manipulated to provide the reading we have in the Sira.".[23][24][25]

"Muslim children are never called Ahmad before the year 123AH. But there are many instances prior to this date of boys called 'Muhammad.' Very rarely is the name 'Ahmad' met with in pre-Islamic time of ignorance (Jahiliya), though the name Muhammad was in common use. Later traditions that the prophet's name was Ahmad show that this had not always been obvious, though commentators assume it after about 22 (AH)."[25][26]

"It has been concluded that the word Ahmad in Quran as-Saff 61:6 is to be taken not as a proper name but as an adjective... and that it was understood as a proper name only after Muhammad had been identified with the Paraclete."[27]

"Note that by the middle of the 2nd century AH, Muslims already identified Muhammad with the Greek word "Paracletos" (Counsellor / Advocate) or the Aramaic translation "Menahhemana."[28]

Alleged historical document regarding the topic

Text of the correspondence between `Umar II and Leo III:

"We recognize Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John as the authors of the Gospel, and yet I know that this truth, recognized by us Christians wounds you, so that you seek to find accomplices for your lie. In brief, you admit that we say that it was written by God, and brought down from the heavens, as you pretend for your Furqan, although we know that it was `Umar, Abu Turab and Salman the Persian, who composed that, even though the rumor has got round among you that God sent it down from heavens…. [God] has chosen the way of sending [the human race] Prophets, and it is for this reason that the Lord, having finished all those things that He had decided on beforehand, and having fore-announced His incarnation by way of His prophets, yet knowing that men still had need of assistance from God, promised to send the Holy Spirit, under the name of Paraclete, (Consoler), to console them in the distress and sorrow they felt at the departure of their Lord and Master. I reiterate, that it was for this cause alone that Jesus called the Holy Spirit the Paraclete, since He sought to console His disciples for His departure, and recall to them all that He had said, all that He had done before their eyes, all that they were called to propagate throughout the world by their witness. Paraclete thus signifies "consoler", while Muhammad means "to give thanks", or "to give grace", a meaning which has no connection whatever with the word Paraclete."[29]

However the authenticity of the correspondence has been put into question by scholars.[30][31][32]

Transliterations

Ahmad is the most elementary transliteration. It is used commonly all over the Muslim world, although primarily in the Middle East. More recently, this transliteration has become increasingly popular in the United States due to use by members of the African American community.

Ahmed is the most common variant transliteration, used especially in the context of the Ottoman Empire. This transliteration is also used throughout the Muslim world.

Ahmet is the modern Turkish transliteration. Modern Turkish uses a Latin-based alphabet, and most Arabic-derived names have standardized Turkish spellings.

The less common transliterations of Ahmad are used by Muslims outside the Middle East proper, such as in Indonesia and Russia. For Bashkirs and Tatars, the name is Әхмәт (Äxmät / Əxmət).[33][34]

Achmat is the fairly standard transliteration used by South Africa's Muslim community, and its pronunciation shows evidence of the influence of Afrikaans: the <ch> which represents ح [ħ] is pronounced as an Afrikaans <g> [x] (i.e. closer to the Arabic خ); and the د [d] is realised as a [t] (closer to the Arabic ت) which follows Afrikaans Final-obstruent devoicing principles.

People with the given name

Ahmad

Ahmed

Ahmet

Other spellings

People with the surname

Ahmad

Ahmed

Other variants

Fictional characters

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani (2014-04-25). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 312. ISBN 978-1-61069-178-9.
  2. ^ Humanism, Culture, and Language in the Near East: Asma Afsaruddin, A. H. Mathias Zahniser – 1997 p 389
  3. ^ "Muhammad: Prophet of Islam", Encyclopædia Britannica, 28 September 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2009.
  4. ^ Al-Masāq: studia arabo-islamica mediterranea: Volumes 9 à 10; Volume 9 University of Leeds. Dept. of Modern Arabic Studies, Taylor & Francis – 1997 "Many Muslim writers, including Ibn Hazm, al-Taban, al-Qurtubi, and Ibn Taymiyya, have identified the Paraclete with Muhammad. Probably the first to do so was his biographer Ibn Ishaq in the mid eighth century."
  5. ^ "Isa", Encyclopedia of Islam
  6. ^ Watt (1991) pp. 33–34
  7. ^ Glasse, p. 151.
  8. ^ a b A. Guthrie and E. F. F. Bishop, p. 253–254.
  9. ^ Mishkat Al-Masabih, Volume 2, University of Virginia, 1981, p. 1239{{citation}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  10. ^ W. Montgomery Watt (1953) ‘HIS NAME IS AHMAD’ The Muslim World, 43 (2):110–117
  11. ^ Liddell and Scott`s celebrated Greek-English Lexicon gives this definition for periklutos: "heard of all round, famous, renowned, Latin inclytus: of things, excellent, noble, glorious". Rev. James M. Whiton, ed. A Lexicon abridged from Liddell and Scott`s Greek-English Lexicon. New York: American Book Company, N.D. c. 1940s, p. 549. Periklutos occurs in The Iliad and The Odyssey, and Hesiod`s Theogony.
  12. ^ John by Andreas J. Köstenberger 2004 ISBN 978-0-8010-2644-7, page 442.
  13. ^ The Gospel of John: Question by Question by Judith Schubert 2009 ISBN 978-0-8091-4549-2, pages 112–127.
  14. ^ A. Guthrie and E. F. F. Bishop, The Paraclete, Almunhamanna and Ahmad, Muslim World XLI (October, 1951), p. 254–255: italics: emphasis in original
  15. ^ Anthony, Sean (2016). Muḥammad, Menaḥem, and the Paraclete: New Light on Ibn Isḥāq's (d. 150/767) Arabic Version of John 15:23–16:1," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 79.2. Cambridge. p. 257. The earliest exemplar of muslim attempts to connect Q61:6 and the Paraclete is the translation of John 15:26–16:1, found in Ibn Ishaqs Kitab al-Maghazi [...]{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  16. ^ Anthony, Sean (2016). "Muḥammad, Menaḥem, and the Paraclete: new light on Ibn Isḥāq's (d. 150/767) Arabic version of John 15: 23–16: 1". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 79 (2): 255. doi:10.1017/S0041977X16000458. S2CID 163407787.
  17. ^ Ibid. p. 262. Yet, Ibn Ishāq's citation of the CPA (note: christian palestinian aramaic translation of John) 'mnhmn' to demonstrate Muhammad's identity with the Paraclete is nearly without parallel –virtually all discussions of Muhammad as 'mnhmn' elsewhere derive from Ibn Hishām's recension of his text.
  18. ^ Ibid. pp. 262, note 29. The sole exception to this general rule (note: the earliest mention of Mohammad, Ahmad and the Paraclete) is a tradition attributed to the early Basran traditionist Muhammad ibn Sīrīn (d. 728).
  19. ^ Ibid. p. 274. The scenario is so convoluted as to be absurd.
  20. ^ Déroche, Catalogue Des Manuscrits Arabes: Deuxième Partie: Manuscrits Musulmans - Tome I, 1: Les Manuscrits Du Coran: Aux Origines De La Calligraphie Coranique, 1983.
  21. ^ Sahin et al., The 1400th Anniversary Of The Qur'an, 2010, Museum of Turkish and Islamic Art Collection, Antik A.S. Cultural Publications: Turkey, pp. 144–145.
  22. ^ A. George, The Rise Of Islamic Calligraphy, 2010, Saqi Books: London (UK), pp. 75–80 & p. 148; F. B. Flood, The Qur'an, in H. C. Evans & B. Ratliff (Eds.), Byzantium And Islam: Age Of Transition 7th - 9th Century, 2012, Metropolitan Museum of Art: New York (USA), pp. 270–271.
  23. ^ A. Guillaume. The Version of the Gospels Used in Medina Circa 700 A.D. Al-Andalus, 15 (1950) pp. 289–296.
  24. ^ Guillaume`s note: Evangeliarum Hierosolymitanum ed. Count F.M. Erizzo, Verona, 1861, p. 347, and The Palestinian Syriac Lectionary of the Gospels re-edited from two Sinai MSS and from P. de Lagarde`s edition of the Evangeliarum Hierosolymitanum by Agnes Smith Lewis and Magaret Dunlop Gibson, London, 1899, p. 187.
  25. ^ a b WATT, W. MONTGOMERY (April 1953). "His Name is Ahmad". The Muslim World. 43 (2): 110–117. doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1953.tb02180.x.
  26. ^ W. M. Watt who researched the name "Ahmad", as quoted by G. Parrinder, Jesus in the Koran, Sheldon Press, pp. 98–99.
  27. ^ J. Schacht, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol I, 1960, p. 267.
  28. ^ New Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol I, 1960.
  29. ^ Arthur Jeffery. Ghevond`s Text of the Correspondence Between `Umar II and Leo III. Harvard Theological Review. XXXVII (1944), 269–332. Pp. 292–293.
  30. ^ Greenwood, Tim (24 March 2010). "Correspondence between ʿUmar II and Leo III". Christian-Muslim Relations 600 - 1500.
  31. ^ Palombo, Cecilia (2015). "The "correspondence" of Leo III and 'Umar II: Traces of an early Christian Arabic apologetic work". Millennium. 12: 231–264. doi:10.1515/mill-2015-0110. S2CID 150172579.
  32. ^ Bart D. Ehrman Forgery and Counterforgery: The Use of Literary Deceit in Early Christian Polemics, Oxford University Press, USA (2012) 978-0199928033
  33. ^ Күсимова, Таңһылыу; Бикҡолова, Cветлана (2005). Башҡорт исемдәре / Башкирские имена [Bashkir names] (pdf) (in Bashkir and Russian). Ufa: Башҡортостан «Китап» нәшриәте. p. 126. ISBN 5-295-03669-3. Archived from the original on 2024-06-08 – via VK.
  34. ^ "Tatar male names" (in Tatar and Russian). Archived from the original on 2022-10-27.
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