United States: Difference between revisions

United States of America
United States of America
	Flag Coat of arms
	Motto: "In God We Trust" Other traditional mottos: "E pluribus unum" (Latin); "Out of many, one" ; "Annuit cœptis" (Latin); "Providence favors our undertakings" ; "Novus ordo seclorum" (Latin); "New order of the ages" ;
	Anthem: "The Star-Spangled Banner"
Capital	Washington, D.C.; 38°53′N 77°1′W / 38.883°N 77.017°W
Largest city	New York City; 40°43′N 74°0′W / 40.717°N 74.000°W
Official languages	None at the federal level
National language	English
Ethnic groups (2020)	By race: 61.6% White; 12.4% Black; 6% Asian; 1.1% Native American; 0.2% Pacific Islander; 10.2% two or more races; 8.4% other; By origin: 81.3% non-Hispanic or Latino; 18.7% Hispanic or Latino;
Religion (2023)	67% Christianity 33% Protestantism; 22% Catholicism; 1% Mormonism; 11% other Christian; ; ; 22% unaffiliated; 2% Judaism; 6% other religion; 3% unanswered;
Demonym(s)	American
Government	Federal presidential republic
• President	Joe Biden
• Vice President	Kamala Harris
• House Speaker	Mike Johnson
• Chief Justice	John Roberts
Legislature	Congress
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	House of Representatives
Independence from Great Britain
• Declaration	July 4, 1776
• Confederation	March 1, 1781
• Recognized	September 3, 1783
• Constitution	June 21, 1788
Area
• Total area	3,796,742 sq mi (9,833,520 km2) (3rd)
• Water (%)	7.0 (2010)
• Land area	3,531,905 sq mi (9,147,590 km2) (3rd)
Population
• 2023 estimate	334,914,895
• 2020 census	331,449,281 (3rd)
• Density	87/sq mi (33.6/km2) (185th)
GDP (PPP)	2024 estimate
• Total	$28.781 trillion (2nd)
• Per capita	$85,373 (8th)
GDP (nominal)	2024 estimate
• Total	$28.781 trillion (1st)
• Per capita	$85,373 (6th)
Gini (2022)	41.7; medium inequality
HDI (2022)	0.927; very high (20th)
Currency	U.S. dollar ($) (USD)
Time zone	UTC−4 to −12, +10, +11
• Summer (DST)	UTC−4 to −10
Date format	mm/dd/yyyy
Drives on	right
Calling code	+1
ISO 3166 code	US
Internet TLD	.us

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The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal union of 50 states, the federal capital district of Washington, D.C., and 326 Indian reservations.^[j] The 48 contiguous states border Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The State of Alaska lies to the northwest, while the State of Hawaii is an archipelago in the Pacific Ocean. The United States also asserts sovereignty over five major island territories and various uninhabited islands.^[k] The country has the world's third-largest land area,^[d] second-largest exclusive economic zone, and third-largest population, exceeding 334 million.^[l]

Paleo-Indians migrated across the Bering land bridge more than 12,000 years ago, and went on to form various civilizations and societies. British colonization led to the first settlement of the Thirteen Colonies in Virginia in 1607. Clashes with the British Crown over taxation and political representation sparked the American Revolution, with the Second Continental Congress formally declaring independence on July 4, 1776. Following its victory in the 1775–1783 Revolutionary War, the country continued to expand across North America. As more states were admitted, a North-South sectional division over slavery led to the secession of the Confederate States of America, which fought the remaining states of the Union during the 1861–1865 American Civil War. With the Union's victory and preservation, slavery was abolished nationally. By 1890, the United States had established itself as a great power. After Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the U.S. entered World War II. The aftermath of the war left the U.S. and the Soviet Union as the world's two superpowers and led to the Cold War, during which both countries engaged in a struggle for ideological dominance and international influence. Following the Soviet Union's collapse and the end of the Cold War in 1991, the U.S. emerged as the world's sole superpower, wielding significant geopolitical influence globally.

The U.S. national government is a presidential constitutional federal republic and liberal democracy with three separate branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. It has a bicameral national legislature composed of the House of Representatives, a lower house based on population; and the Senate, an upper house based on equal representation for each state. Substantial autonomy is provided by federalism, with a political culture promoting liberty, equality, individualism, personal autonomy, and limited government.

One of the world's most developed countries, the United States has had the largest nominal GDP since about 1890 and accounted for 15% of the global economy in 2023.^[m] It possesses by far the largest amount of wealth of any country and has the highest disposable household income per capita among OECD countries. The U.S. ranks among the world's highest in economic competitiveness, productivity, innovation, human rights, and higher education. Its hard power and cultural influence have a global reach. The U.S. is a founding member of the World Bank, Organization of American States, NATO, and United Nations,^[n] as well as a permanent member of the UN Security Council.

Etymology

The first documented use of the phrase "United States of America" is a letter from January 2, 1776. Stephen Moylan, a Continental Army aide to General George Washington, wrote to Joseph Reed, Washington's aide-de-camp, seeking to go "with full and ample powers from the United States of America to Spain" to seek assistance in the Revolutionary War effort.^[21]^[22] The first known public usage is an anonymous essay published in the Williamsburg newspaper, The Virginia Gazette, on April 6, 1776.^[23]^[24]^[21] By June 1776, the "United States of America" appeared in the Articles of Confederation^[25]^[26] and the Declaration of Independence.^[25] The Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776.^[27]

History

Indigenous peoples

The first inhabitants of North America migrated from Siberia across the Bering land bridge about 12,000 years ago;^[29]^[30] the Clovis culture, which appeared around 11,000 BC, is believed to be the first widespread culture in the Americas.^[31]^[32] Over time, indigenous North American cultures grew increasingly sophisticated, and some, such as the Mississippian culture, developed agriculture, architecture, and complex societies.^[33] In the post-archaic period, the Mississippian cultures were located in the midwestern, eastern, and southern regions, and the Algonquian in the Great Lakes region and along the Eastern Seaboard, while the Hohokam culture and Ancestral Puebloans inhabited the southwest.^[34] Native population estimates of what is now the United States before the arrival of European immigrants range from around 500,000^[35]^[36] to nearly 10 million.^[36]^[37]

European settlement and conflict (1607–1765)

Christopher Columbus began exploring the Caribbean for Spain in 1492, leading to Spanish-speaking settlements and missions from Puerto Rico and Florida to New Mexico and California.^[38]^[39]^[40] France established its own settlements along the Mississippi River and Gulf of Mexico.^[41] British colonization of the East Coast began with the Virginia Colony (1607) and Plymouth Colony (1620).^[42]^[43] The Mayflower Compact and the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut established precedents for representative self-governance and constitutionalism that would develop throughout the American colonies.^[44]^[45] While European settlers in what is now the United States experienced conflicts with Native Americans, they also engaged in trade, exchanging European tools for food and animal pelts.^[46]^[o] Relations ranged from close cooperation to warfare and massacres. The colonial authorities often pursued policies that forced Native Americans to adopt European lifestyles, including conversion to Christianity.^[50]^[51] Along the eastern seaboard, settlers trafficked African slaves through the Atlantic slave trade.^[52]

The original Thirteen Colonies^[p] that would later found the United States were administered by Great Britain,^[53] and had local governments with elections open to most white male property owners.^[54]^[55] The colonial population grew rapidly, eclipsing Native American populations;^[56] by the 1770s, the natural increase of the population was such that only a small minority of Americans had been born overseas.^[57] The colonies' distance from Britain allowed for the development of self-governance,^[58] and the First Great Awakening, a series of Christian revivals, fueled colonial interest in religious liberty.^[59]

American Revolution and the early republic (1765–1800)

After winning the French and Indian War, Britain began to assert greater control over local colonial affairs, resulting in colonial political resistance; one of the primary colonial grievances was a denial of their rights as Englishmen, particularly the right to representation in the British government that taxed them. In 1774, the First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia, and passed the Continental Association, a colonial boycott of British goods that proved effective. The British attempt to then disarm the colonists resulted in the 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord, igniting the American Revolutionary War. At the Second Continental Congress, the colonies appointed George Washington commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, and created a committee led by Thomas Jefferson to draft the Declaration of Independence, which was adopted on July 4, 1776, two days after passing the Lee Resolution to create an independent nation.^[60] The political values of the American Revolution included liberty, inalienable individual rights; and the sovereignty of the people;^[61] supporting republicanism and rejecting monarchy, aristocracy, and all hereditary political power; civic virtue; and vilification of political corruption.^[62] The Founding Fathers of the United States, who included George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, John Adams and many others, were inspired by Greco-Roman, Renaissance, and Enlightenment philosophies and ideas.^[63]^[64]

After the British surrender at the siege of Yorktown in 1781 American sovereignty was internationally recognized by the Treaty of Paris (1783), through which the U.S. gained territory stretching west to the Mississippi River, north to present-day Canada, and south to Spanish Florida.^[65] The Articles of Confederation were ratified in 1781 and established a decentralized government that operated until 1789.^[60] The Northwest Ordinance (1787) established the precedent by which the country's territory would expand with the admission of new states, rather than the expansion of existing states.^[66] The U.S. Constitution was drafted at the 1787 Constitutional Convention to overcome the limitations of the Articles. It went into effect in 1789, creating a federal republic governed by three separate branches that together ensured a system of checks and balances.^[67] George Washington was elected the country's first president under the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights was adopted in 1791 to allay skeptics' concerns about the power of the more centralized government.^[68]^[69] His resignation as commander-in-chief after the Revolution and later refusal to run for a third term established the precedent of peaceful transfer of power and supremacy of civil authority.^[70]^[71]

Westward expansion and Civil War (1800–1865)

The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 from France nearly doubled the territory of the United States.^[72]^[73] Lingering issues with Britain remained, leading to the War of 1812, which was fought to a draw.^[74]^[75] Spain ceded Florida and its Gulf Coast territory in 1819.^[76] In the late 18th century, American settlers began to expand westward, many with a sense of manifest destiny.^[77]^[78] The Missouri Compromise attempted to balance the desire of northern states to prevent the expansion of slavery into new territories with that of southern states to extend it, admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. With the exception of Missouri, it also prohibited slavery in all lands of the Louisiana Purchase north of the 36°30′ parallel.^[79] As Americans expanded further into land inhabited by Native Americans, the federal government often applied policies of Indian removal or assimilation.^[80]^[81] Organized displacements prompted a long series of American Indian Wars west of the Mississippi.^[82]^[83] The Republic of Texas was annexed in 1845,^[84] and the 1846 Oregon Treaty led to U.S. control of the present-day American Northwest.^[85] Victory in the Mexican–American War resulted in the 1848 Mexican Cession of California, Nevada, Utah, and much of present-day Colorado and the American Southwest.^[77]^[86] Political tension over the possible introduction of slavery in these newly acquired territories was temporarily reduced by the Compromise of 1850.^[87]^[88]

During the colonial period, slavery had been legal in the American colonies, though the practice began to be significantly questioned during the American Revolution.^[89] States in the North enacted abolition laws,^[90] though support for slavery strengthened in Southern states, as inventions such as the cotton gin made the institution increasingly profitable for Southern elites.^[91]^[92]^[93] This sectional conflict regarding slavery culminated in the American Civil War (1861–1865).^[94]^[95] Eleven slave states seceded and formed the Confederate States of America, while the other states remained in the Union.^[96]^[97] War broke out in April 1861 after the Confederates bombarded Fort Sumter.^[98]^[99] After the January 1863 Emancipation Proclamation, many freed slaves joined the Union Army.^[100] The war began to turn in the Union's favor following the 1863 Siege of Vicksburg and Battle of Gettysburg, and the Confederacy surrendered in 1865 after the Union's victory in the Battle of Appomattox Court House.^[101] The Reconstruction era followed the war. After the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln, Reconstruction Amendments were passed to protect the rights of African Americans. National infrastructure, including transcontinental telegraph and railroads, spurred growth in the American frontier.^[102]

Post–Civil War era (1865–1917)

An Edison Studios film showing immigrants arriving at Ellis Island in New York Harbor, a major point of entry for European immigrants in the late 19th and early 20th centuries^[103]^[104]

From 1865 through 1917 an unprecedented stream of immigrants arrived in the United States, including 24.4 million from Europe.^[105] Most came through the port of New York City, and New York City and other large cities on the East Coast became home to large Jewish, Irish, and Italian populations, while many Germans and Central Europeans moved to the Midwest. At the same time, about one million French Canadians migrated from Quebec to New England.^[106] During the Great Migration, millions of African Americans left the rural South for urban areas in the North.^[107] Alaska was purchased from Russia in 1867.^[108]

The Compromise of 1877 effectively ended Reconstruction and white supremacists took local control of Southern politics.^[109]^[110] African Americans endured a period of heightened, overt racism following Reconstruction, a time often called the nadir of American race relations.^[111]^[112] A series of Supreme Court decisions, including Plessy v. Ferguson, emptied the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments of their force, allowing Jim Crow laws in the South to remain unchecked, sundown towns in the Midwest, and segregation in communities across the country, which would be reinforced by the policy of redlining later adopted by the federal Home Owners' Loan Corporation.^[113]

An explosion of technological advancement accompanied by the exploitation of cheap immigrant labor^[114] led to rapid economic expansion during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, allowing the United States to outpace the economies of England, France, and Germany combined.^[115]^[116] This fostered the amassing of power by a few prominent industrialists, largely by their formation of trusts and monopolies to prevent competition.^[117] Tycoons led the nation's expansion in the railroad, petroleum, and steel industries. The United States emerged as a pioneer of the automotive industry.^[118] These changes were accompanied by significant increases in economic inequality, slum conditions, and social unrest, creating the environment for labor unions to begin to flourish.^[119]^[120]^[121] This period eventually ended with the advent of the Progressive Era, which was characterized by significant reforms.^[122]^[123]

Pro-American elements in Hawaii overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy; the islands were annexed in 1898. That same year, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam were ceded to the U.S. by Spain after the latter's defeat in the Spanish–American War. (The Philippines was granted full independence from the U.S. on July 4, 1946, following World War II. Puerto Rico and Guam have remained U.S. territories.)^[124] American Samoa was acquired by the United States in 1900 after the Second Samoan Civil War.^[125] The U.S. Virgin Islands were purchased from Denmark in 1917.^[126]

Rise as a superpower (1917–1945)

The Trinity nuclear test in 1945, part of the Manhattan Project and the first detonation of a nuclear weapon. The World Wars permanently ended the country's policy of isolationism and left it as a superpower.

The United States entered World War I alongside the Allies of World War I, helping to turn the tide against the Central Powers.^[127] In 1920, a constitutional amendment granted nationwide women's suffrage.^[128] During the 1920s and '30s, radio for mass communication and the invention of early television transformed communications nationwide.^[129] The Wall Street Crash of 1929 triggered the Great Depression, which President Franklin D. Roosevelt responded to with the New Deal, a series of sweeping programs and public works projects combined with financial reforms and regulations. All were intended to protect against future economic depressions.^[130]^[131]

Initially neutral during World War II, the U.S. began supplying war materiel to the Allies of World War II in March 1941 and entered the war in December after the Empire of Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor.^[132]^[133] The U.S. developed the first nuclear weapons and used them against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, ending the war.^[134]^[135] The United States was one of the "Four Policemen" who met to plan the post-war world, alongside the United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and China.^[136]^[137] The U.S. emerged relatively unscathed from the war, with even greater economic power and international political influence.^[138]

Cold War (1945–1991)

After World War II, the United States entered the Cold War, where geopolitical tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union led the two countries to dominate world affairs.^[139]^[140]^[141] The U.S. engaged in regime change against governments perceived to be aligned with the Soviet Union, and competed in the Space Race, culminating in the first crewed Moon landing in 1969.^[142]^[143] Domestically, the U.S. experienced economic growth, urbanization, and population growth following World War II.^[144] The civil rights movement emerged, with Martin Luther King Jr. becoming a prominent leader in the early 1960s.^[145] The Great Society plan of President Lyndon Johnson's administration resulted in groundbreaking and broad-reaching laws, policies and a constitutional amendment to counteract some of the worst effects of lingering institutional racism.^[146] The counterculture movement in the U.S. brought significant social changes, including the liberalization of attitudes toward recreational drug use and sexuality.^[147]^[148] It also encouraged open defiance of the military draft (leading to the end of conscription in 1973) and wide opposition to U.S. intervention in Vietnam (with the U.S. totally withdrawing in 1975).^[149] A societal shift in the roles of women was partly responsible for the large increase in female labor participation during the 1970s, and by 1985 the majority of American women aged 16 and older were employed.^[150] The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the collapse of the Warsaw Pact and the dissolution of the Soviet Union, which marked the end of the Cold War and solidified the position of the U.S. as the world's sole superpower.^[151]^[152]^[153]^[154]

Contemporary (1991–present)

The 1990s saw the longest recorded economic expansion in American history, a dramatic decline in crime, and advances in technology. Throughout this decade, technological innovations such as the World Wide Web, the evolution of the Pentium microprocessor in accordance with Moore's law, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, the first gene therapy trial, and cloning either emerged in the U.S. or were improved upon there. The Human Genome Project was formally launched in 1990, while Nasdaq became the first stock market in the United States to trade online in 1998.^[155]

In the Gulf War of 1991, an American-led international coalition of states expelled an Iraqi invasion force that had occupied neighboring Kuwait.^[156] The September 11 attacks on the United States in 2001 by the pan-Islamist militant organization al-Qaeda led to the war on terror, and subsequent military interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq.^[157]^[158] The cultural impact of the attacks was profound and long-lasting.

The U.S. housing bubble culminated in 2007 with the Great Recession, the largest economic contraction since the Great Depression.^[159] Coming to a head in the 2010s, political polarization increased between liberal and conservative factions.^[160]^[161]^[162] This polarization was capitalized upon in the January 2021 Capitol attack,^[163] when a mob of insurrectionists^[164] entered the U.S. Capitol and attempted to prevent the peaceful transfer of power^[165] in an attempted self-coup d'état.^[166]

Geography

The United States is the world's third-largest country by total area behind Russia and Canada.^[d]^[167]^[168] The 48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia occupy a combined area of 3,119,885 square miles (8,080,470 km²).^[169]^[170]^[10] The coastal plain of the Atlantic seaboard gives way to inland forests and rolling hills in the Piedmont plateau region.^[171]

The Appalachian Mountains and the Adirondack massif separate the East Coast from the Great Lakes and the grasslands of the Midwest.^[172] The Mississippi River System, the world's fourth-longest river system, runs predominantly north–south through the heart of the country. The flat and fertile prairie of the Great Plains stretches to the west, interrupted by a highland region in the southeast.^[172]

The Rocky Mountains, west of the Great Plains, extend north to south across the country, peaking at over 14,000 feet (4,300 m) in Colorado.^[173] Farther west are the rocky Great Basin and Chihuahua, Sonoran, and Mojave deserts.^[174] In the northwest corner of Arizona, carved by the Colorado River over millions of years, is the Grand Canyon, a steep-sided canyon and popular tourist destination known for its overwhelming visual size and intricate, colorful landscape.

The Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges run close to the Pacific coast. The lowest and highest points in the contiguous United States are in the State of California,^[175] about 84 miles (135 km) apart.^[176] At an elevation of 20,310 feet (6,190.5 m), Alaska's Denali is the highest peak in the country and continent.^[177] Active volcanoes are common throughout Alaska's Alexander and Aleutian Islands, and Hawaii consists of volcanic islands. The supervolcano underlying Yellowstone National Park in the Rocky Mountains, the Yellowstone Caldera, is the continent's largest volcanic feature.^[178] In 2021, the United States had 8% of global permanent meadows and pastures and 10% of cropland.^[179]

Climate

With its large size and geographic variety, the United States includes most climate types. East of the 100th meridian, the climate ranges from humid continental in the north to humid subtropical in the south.^[180] The western Great Plains are semi-arid. Many mountainous areas of the American West have an alpine climate. The climate is arid in the Southwest, Mediterranean in coastal California, and oceanic in coastal Oregon, Washington, and southern Alaska. Most of Alaska is subarctic or polar. Hawaii, the southern tip of Florida and U.S. territories in the Caribbean and Pacific are tropical.^[181]

States bordering the Gulf of Mexico are prone to hurricanes, and most of the world's tornadoes occur in the country, mainly in Tornado Alley.^[182] Overall, the United States receives more high-impact extreme weather incidents than any other country.^[183]^[184] Extreme weather became more frequent in the U.S. in the 21st century, with three times the number of reported heat waves as in the 1960s. In the American Southwest, droughts became more persistent and more severe.^[185]

Biodiversity and conservation

The U.S. is one of 17 megadiverse countries containing large numbers of endemic species: about 17,000 species of vascular plants occur in the contiguous United States and Alaska, and over 1,800 species of flowering plants are found in Hawaii, few of which occur on the mainland.^[187] The United States is home to 428 mammal species, 784 birds, 311 reptiles, 295 amphibians,^[188] and around 91,000 insect species.^[189]

There are 63 national parks, and hundreds of other federally managed parks, forests, and wilderness areas, managed by the National Park Service and other agencies.^[190] About 28% of the country's land is publicly owned and federally managed,^[191] primarily in the western states.^[192] Most of this land is protected, though some is leased for commercial use, and less than one percent is used for military purposes.^[193]^[194]

Environmental issues in the United States include debates on non-renewable resources and nuclear energy, air and water pollution, biodiversity, logging and deforestation,^[195]^[196] and climate change.^[197]^[198] The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the federal agency charged with addressing most environmental-related issues.^[199] The idea of wilderness has shaped the management of public lands since 1964, with the Wilderness Act.^[200] The Endangered Species Act of 1973 provides a way to protect threatened and endangered species and their habitats. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service implements and enforces the Act.^[201] In 2024, the U.S. ranked 34th among 180 countries in the Environmental Performance Index.^[202] The country joined the Paris Agreement on climate change in 2016 and has many other environmental commitments.^[203]

Government and politics

The United States is a federal republic of 50 states and a federal district, Washington, D.C. It also asserts sovereignty over five unincorporated territories and several uninhabited island possessions.^[18]^[204] The world's oldest surviving federation,^[205] the U.S. has the world's oldest national constitution still in effect (from March 4, 1789). Its presidential system of government has been adopted, in whole or in part, by many newly independent nations following decolonization.^[206] It is a liberal representative democracy "in which majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by law."^[207] The Constitution of the United States serves as the country's supreme legal document, also establishing the structure and responsibilities of the national federal government and its relationship with the individual states.^[208] Election candidates are largely financed by a small group of so-called megadonors;^[209] the candidate with the most financing tends to win, and some critics^{[according to whom?]} of the system have called it a "corporatocracy".^[210]^[211]

According to V-Dem Institute's 2023 Human Rights Index, the United States ranks among the highest in the world for human rights.^[212]

National government

Composed of three branches, all headquartered in Washington, D.C., the federal government is the national government of the United States. It is regulated by a strong system of checks and balances.^[213]

The U.S. Congress, a bicameral legislature, made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives, makes federal law, declares war, approves treaties, has the power of the purse,^[214] and has the power of impeachment.^[215] The Senate has 100 members (2 from each state), elected for a six-year term. The House of Representatives has 435 members, each elected for a two-year term; all representatives serve one congressional district of equivalent population.^[216] The Congress also organizes a collection of committees, each of which handles a specific task or duty. One of Congress's foremost non-legislative functions is the power to investigate and oversee the executive branch.^[217] Congressional oversight is usually delegated to committees and is facilitated by Congress's subpoena power.^[218] Appointment to a committee enables a member to develop specialized knowledge of the matters under its purview. The various committees monitor ongoing governmental operations, identify issues suitable for legislative review, gather and evaluate information, and recommend courses of action to the U.S. Congress, including but not limited to new legislation. The two major political parties have appointment power in deciding each committee's membership. Committee chairs are assigned to a member of the majority party.
The U.S. president is the commander-in-chief of the military and chief executive of the federal government, with the ability to veto legislative bills from the U.S. Congress before they become law. However, presidential vetoes can be overridden by a two-thirds supermajority vote in both chambers of Congress. The president appoints the members of the Cabinet, subject to Senate approval, and names other officials who administer and enforce federal laws through their respective agencies.^[219] The president also has clemency power for federal crimes and can issue pardons. Finally, the president has the right to issue expansive "executive orders", subject to judicial review, in a number of policy areas. Candidates for president campaign with a vice-presidential running mate. Both candidates are elected together, or defeated together, in a presidential election. Unlike other votes in American politics, this is technically an indirect election in which the winner will be determined by the U.S. Electoral College. There, votes are officially cast by individual electors selected by their state legislature.^[220] In practice, however, each of the 50 states chooses a group of presidential electors who are required to confirm the winner of their state's popular vote. This group of electors equals their state's number of U.S. representatives, plus two more electors for the two U.S. senators the state sends to Congress. (The District of Columbia, with no representatives or senators, is allocated three electoral votes.) Both the president and the vice president serve a four-year term, and the president may be reelected to the office only once, for one additional four-year term.^[q]
The U.S. federal judiciary, whose judges are all appointed for life by the president with Senate approval, consists primarily of the U.S. Supreme Court, the U.S. courts of appeals, and the U.S. district courts. The U.S. Supreme Court interprets laws and overturn those they find unconstitutional.^[221] The Supreme Court has nine members led by the Chief Justice of the United States. The members are appointed by the sitting president when a vacancy becomes available.^[222] In a number of ways the federal court system operates differently than state courts. For civil cases that is apparent in the types of cases that can be heard in the federal system. Their limited jurisdiction restricts them to cases authorized by the United States Constitution or federal statutes. In criminal cases, states may only bring criminal prosecutions in state courts, and the federal government may only bring criminal prosecutions in federal court. The first level in the federal courts is federal district court for any case under "original jurisdiction", such as federal statutes, the Constitution, or treaties. There are twelve federal circuits that divide the country into different regions for federal appeals courts. After a federal district court has decided a case, it can then be appealed to a United States court of appeal. The next and highest court in the system is the Supreme Court of the United States. It has the power to decide appeals on all cases brought in federal court or those brought in state court but dealing with federal law. Unlike circuit court appeals, however, the Supreme Court is usually not required to hear the appeal. A "petition for writ of certiorari" may be submitted to the court, asking it to hear the case. If it is granted, the Supreme Court will take briefs and conduct oral arguments. If it is not granted, the opinion of the lower court stands. Certiorari is not often granted, and less than 1% of appeals to the Supreme Court are actually heard by it. Usually, the Court only hears cases when there are conflicting decisions across the nation on a particular issue, or when there is an obvious error in a case.

The three-branch system is known as the presidential system, in contrast to the parliamentary system, where the executive is part of the legislative body. Many countries around the world imitated this aspect of the 1789 Constitution of the United States, especially in the Americas.^[223]

Political parties

The Constitution is silent on political parties. However, they developed independently in the 18th century with the Federalist and Anti-Federalist parties.^[224] Since then, the United States has operated as a de facto two-party system, though the parties in that system have been different at different times.^[225] The two main national parties are presently the Democratic and the Republican. The former is perceived as relatively liberal in its political platform while the latter is perceived as relatively conservative.^[226]

Subdivisions

In the American federal system, sovereign powers are shared between two levels of elected government: national and state. People in the states are also represented by local elected governments, which are administrative divisions of the states.^[227] States are subdivided into counties or county equivalents, and further divided into municipalities. The District of Columbia is a federal district that contains the capital of the United States, the city of Washington.^[228] The territories and the District of Columbia are administrative divisions of the federal government.^[229] Federally recognized tribes govern 326 Indian reservations.^[230]

Foreign relations

The United States has an established structure of foreign relations, and it has the world's second-largest diplomatic corps as of 2024^[update]. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council,^[231] and home to the United Nations headquarters.^[232] The United States is a member of the G7,^[233] G20,^[234] and OECD intergovernmental organizations.^[235] Almost all countries have embassies and many have consulates (official representatives) in the country. Likewise, nearly all countries host formal diplomatic missions with the United States, except Iran,^[236] North Korea,^[237] and Bhutan.^[238] Though Taiwan does not have formal diplomatic relations with the U.S., it maintains close unofficial relations.^[239] The United States regularly supplies Taiwan with military equipment to deter potential Chinese aggression.^[240] Its geopolitical attention also turned to the Indo-Pacific when the United States joined the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue with Australia, India, and Japan.^[241]

The United States has a "Special Relationship" with the United Kingdom^[242] and strong ties with Canada,^[243] Australia,^[244] New Zealand,^[245] the Philippines,^[246] Japan,^[247] South Korea,^[248] Israel,^[249] and several European Union countries (France, Italy, Germany, Spain, and Poland).^[250] The U.S. works closely with its NATO allies on military and national security issues, and with countries in the Americas through the Organization of American States and the United States–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement. In South America, Colombia is traditionally considered to be the closest ally of the United States.^[251] The U.S. exercises full international defense authority and responsibility for Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, and Palau through the Compact of Free Association.^[252] It has increasingly conducted strategic cooperation with India,^[253] but its ties with China have steadily deteriorated.^[254]^[255] Since 2014, the U.S. has become a key ally of Ukraine;^[256] it has also provided the country with significant military equipment and other support in response to Russia's 2022 invasion.^[257]

Military

The president is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces and appoints its leaders, the secretary of defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The Department of Defense, which is headquartered at the Pentagon near Washington, D.C., administers five of the six service branches, which are made up of the U.S. Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, and Space Force.^[258] The Coast Guard is administered by the Department of Homeland Security in peacetime and can be transferred to the Department of the Navy in wartime.^[259]

The United States spent $916 billion on its military in 2023, which is by far the largest amount of any country, making up 37% of global military spending and accounting for 3.4% of the country's GDP.^[260]^[261] The U.S. has 42% of the world's nuclear weapons—the second-largest share after Russia.^[262]

The United States has the third-largest combined armed forces in the world, behind the Chinese People's Liberation Army and Indian Armed Forces.^[263] The military operates about 800 bases and facilities abroad,^[264] and maintains deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel in 25 foreign countries.^[265]

State defense forces (SDFs) are military units that operate under the sole authority of a state government. SDFs are authorized by state and federal law but are under the command of the state's governor.^[266]^[267]^[268] They are distinct from the state's National Guard units in that they cannot become federalized entities. A state's National Guard personnel, however, may be federalized under the National Defense Act Amendments of 1933, which created the Guard and provides for the integration of Army National Guard units and personnel into the U.S. Army and (since 1947) the U.S. Air Force.^[269]

Law enforcement and criminal justice

There are about 18,000 U.S. police agencies from local to national level in the United States.^[270] Law in the United States is mainly enforced by local police departments and sheriff departments in their municipal or county jurisdictions. The state police departments have authority in their respective state, and federal agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the U.S. Marshals Service have national jurisdiction and specialized duties, such as protecting civil rights, national security and enforcing U.S. federal courts' rulings and federal laws.^[271] State courts conduct most civil and criminal trials,^[272] and federal courts handle designated crimes and appeals of state court decisions.^[273]

There is no unified "criminal justice system" in the United States. The American prison system is largely heterogenous, with thousands of relatively independent systems operating across federal, state, local, and tribal levels. In 2023, "these systems [held] almost 2 million people in 1,566 state prisons, 98 federal prisons, 3,116 local jails, 1,323 juvenile correctional facilities, 181 immigration detention facilities, and 80 Indian country jails, as well as in military prisons, civil commitment centers, state psychiatric hospitals, and prisons in the U.S. territories."^[274] Despite disparate systems of confinement, four main institutions dominate: federal prisons, state prisons, local jails, and juvenile correctional facilities.^[275] Federal prisons are run by the U.S. Bureau of Prisons and hold people who have been convicted of federal crimes, including pretrial detainees.^[275] State prisons, run by the official department of correction of each state, hold sentenced people serving prison time (usually longer than one year) for felony offenses.^[275] Local jails are county or municipal facilities that incarcerate defendants prior to trial; they also hold those serving short sentences (typically under a year).^[275] Juvenile correctional facilities are operated by local or state governments and serve as longer-term placements for any minor adjudicated as delinquent and ordered by a judge to be confined.^[276]

As of January 2023, the United States has the sixth-highest per capita incarceration rate in the world—531 people per 100,000 inhabitants—and the largest prison and jail population in the world, with almost 2 million people incarcerated.^[277]^[278]^[274] An analysis of the World Health Organization Mortality Database from 2010 showed U.S. homicide rates "were 7 times higher than in other high-income countries, driven by a gun homicide rate that was 25 times higher".^[279]

Economy

The U.S. has been the world's largest economy nominally since about 1890.^[281] The 2023 nominal U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) of more than $27 trillion was the highest in the world, constituting over 25% of the global economy or 15% at purchasing power parity (PPP).^[282]^[13] From 1983 to 2008, U.S. real compounded annual GDP growth was 3.3%, compared to a 2.3% weighted average for the rest of the Group of Seven.^[283] The country ranks first in the world by nominal GDP,^[284] second when adjusted for purchasing power parities (PPP),^[13] and ninth by PPP-adjusted GDP per capita.^[13] It possesses the highest disposable household income per capita among OECD countries.^[285] As of February 2024, the total federal government debt was $34.4 trillion.^[286]

Of the world's 500 largest companies by revenue, 136 are headquartered in the U.S. as of 2023^[288]—the highest number of any country.^[289] The U.S. dollar is the currency most used in international transactions and is the world's foremost reserve currency, backed by the country's dominant economy, its military, the petrodollar system, and its linked eurodollar and large U.S. treasuries market.^[280] Several countries use it as their official currency, and in others it is the de facto currency.^[290]^[291] It has free trade agreements with several countries, including the USMCA.^[292] The U.S. ranked second in the Global Competitiveness Report in 2019, after Singapore.^[293] Although the United States has reached a post-industrial level of development^[294] and is often described as having a service economy,^[294]^[295] it remains a major industrial power.^[296] As of 2021^[update], the U.S. is the second-largest manufacturing country after China.^[297]

New York City is the world's principal financial center^[299]^[300] and the epicenter of the world's largest metropolitan economy.^[301] The New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq, both located in New York City, are the world's two largest stock exchanges by market capitalization and trade volume.^[302]^[303] The United States is at or near the forefront of technological advancement and innovation^[304] in many economic fields, especially in artificial intelligence; electronics and computers; pharmaceuticals; and medical, aerospace and military equipment.^[167] The country's economy is fueled by abundant natural resources, well-developed infrastructure, and high productivity.^[305] The largest trading partners of the United States are the European Union, Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, the United Kingdom, Vietnam, India, and Taiwan.^[306] The United States is the world's largest importer and the second-largest exporter.^[r] It is by far the world's largest exporter of services.^[309]

Americans have the highest average household and employee income among OECD member states,^[310] and the fourth-highest median household income,^[311] up from sixth-highest in 2013.^[312] With personal consumption expenditures of over $18.5 trillion in 2023,^[313] the U.S. has a heavily consumer-driven economy and is by far the world's largest consumer market.^[314] Wealth in the United States is highly concentrated; the richest 10% of the adult population own 72% of the country's household wealth, while the bottom 50% own just 2%.^[315] Income inequality in the U.S. remains at record highs,^[316] with the top fifth of earners taking home more than half of all income^[317] and giving the U.S. one of the widest income distributions among OECD members.^[318]^[319] The U.S. ranks first in the number of dollar billionaires and millionaires, with 735 billionaires and nearly 22 million millionaires as of 2023.^[320] There were about 582,500 sheltered and unsheltered homeless persons in the U.S. in 2022, with 60% staying in an emergency shelter or transitional housing program.^[321] In 2022, 6.4 million children experienced food insecurity.^[322] Feeding America estimates that around one in five, or approximately 13 million, children experience hunger in the U.S. and do not know where they will get their next meal or when.^[323] As of 2022,^[update] 37.9 million people, or 11.5% of the U.S. population, were living in poverty.^[324]

The United States has a smaller welfare state and redistributes less income through government action than most other high-income countries.^[325]^[326] It is the only advanced economy that does not guarantee its workers paid vacation nationally^[327] and is one of a few countries in the world without federal paid family leave as a legal right.^[328] The United States has a higher percentage of low-income workers than almost any other developed country, largely because of a weak collective bargaining system and lack of government support for at-risk workers.^[329]

Science, technology, spaceflight and energy

The United States has been a leader in technological innovation since the late 19th century and scientific research since the mid-20th century.^[330] Methods for producing interchangeable parts and the establishment of a machine tool industry enabled the large-scale manufacturing of U.S. consumer products in the late 19th century.^[331] By the early 20th century, factory electrification, the introduction of the assembly line, and other labor-saving techniques created the system of mass production.^[332] The United States is widely considered to be the leading country in the development of artificial intelligence technology.^[333]^[334]^[335] In 2022, the United States was the country with the second-highest number of published scientific papers.^[336] As of 2021, the U.S. ranked second by the number of patent applications, and third by trademark and industrial design applications.^[337] In 2023, the United States ranked third in the Global Innovation Index.^[338] The U.S. has the highest total research and development expenditure of any country^[339] and ranks ninth as a percentage of GDP.^[340] In 2023, the United States was ranked as the second most technologically advanced country in the world by Global Finance.^[341]

The United States has maintained a space program since the late 1950s, beginning with the establishment of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1958.^[342]^[343] NASA's Apollo program (1961–1972) achieved the first crewed Moon landing with the 1969 Apollo 11 mission; it remains one of the agency's most significant milestones.^[344]^[345] Other major endeavors by NASA include the Space Shuttle program (1981–2011),^[346] the Voyager program (1972–present), the Hubble and James Webb space telescopes (launched in 1990 and 2021, respectively),^[347]^[348] and the multi-mission Mars Exploration Program (Spirit and Opportunity, Curiosity, and Perseverance).^[349] NASA is one of five agencies collaborating on the International Space Station (ISS);^[350] U.S. contributions to the ISS include several modules, including Destiny (2001), Harmony (2007), and Tranquility (2010), as well as ongoing logistical and operational support.^[351] The United States private sector dominates the global commercial spaceflight industry.^[352] Prominent American spaceflight contractors include Blue Origin, Boeing, Sierra Space, and SpaceX. NASA programs such as the Commerical Crew Program, Commercial Resupply Services, Commercial Lunar Payload Services, and NextSTEP have facilitated growing private-sector involvement in American spaceflight.^[353]

As of 2023^[update], the United States receives approximately 84% of its energy from fossil fuel and the largest source of the country's energy came from petroleum (38%), followed by natural gas (36%), renewable sources (9%), coal (9%), and nuclear power (9%).^[354]^[355] The United States constitutes less than 4% of the world's population, but consumes around 16% of the world's energy.^[356] The U.S. ranks as the second-highest emitter of greenhouse gases.^[357]

Transportation

The overwhelming majority of roads in the United States are owned and maintained by state and local governments. Roads maintained only by the U.S. federal government are generally found on federal lands (such as national parks) or at federal facilities (like military bases). The Interstate Highway System, with its large, open freeways linking the states, is partly funded by the federal government but owned and maintained by the state government hosting its section of the interstate. Some states fund and build their own large expressways—often called "parkways" or "turnpikes"—that generally use tolls to pay for construction and maintenance. Likewise, some privately owned roads may use tolls for this purpose.

Passenger and freight rail systems, bus systems, water ferries, and dams may be under either public or private ownership and operation. U.S. civilian airlines are all privately owned. Most U.S. airports are owned and operated by local government authorities, and there are also some private airports. The Transportation Security Administration has provided security at most major airports since 2001.

The U.S. Department of Transportation and its divisions provide regulation, supervision, and funding for all aspects of transportation except for customs, immigration, and security. (The latter remain the responsibility of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.) Each U.S. state has its own department of transportation, which builds and maintains state highways. Depending upon the state, this department might also directly operate or supervise other modes of transportation.

Aviation law is almost entirely the jurisdiction of the federal government; the Federal Aviation Administration regulates all aspects of civil aviation, air traffic management, certification and compliance, and aviation safety. Vehicle traffic laws, however, are enacted and enforced by state and local authorities, with the exception of roads located on federal property (national parks, military bases) or in the unorganized U.S. territories. The United States Coast Guard is the primary enforcer of law and security on U.S. waterways, inland as well as coastal, but economic jurisdiction over coastal tidelands is shared between state and federal governments. The country's inland waterways are the world's fifth-longest, totaling 41,009 km (25,482 mi).^[359]

Of the world's 50 busiest container ports, four are located in the United States. The busiest in the U.S. is the Port of Los Angeles.^[360]

Personal transportation in the United States is dominated by automobiles,^[361]^[362] which operate on a network of 4 million miles (6.4 million kilometers) of public roads, making it the longest in the world.^[363]^[364] The country's rail transport network, also the longest in the world at 182,412.3 mi (293,564.2 km),^[365] handles mostly freight.^[366]^[367]

Privately owned railroads and trains were the dominant mode of transportation in the U.S. until the mid-twentieth century. The introduction of jet airplanes and airports serving the same major city routes accelerated a decline in demand for intercity rail passenger service by the 1960s. The completion of the Interstate Highway System also hastened the sharp curtailment of passenger service by the railroads. These significant developments led to the creation of the National Railroad Passenger Corporation, now called Amtrak, by the U.S. federal government in 1971. Amtrak helps to maintain limited intercity rail passenger service in most parts of the country. It serves most major U.S. cities, but outside the Northeast, California, and Illinois it typically runs only a few trains per day. More frequent Amtrak service is available in regional corridors between certain major cities, particularly the Northeast Corridor between Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, New York City and Boston; between New York City and Albany; in metropolitan Chicago; and in parts of California and the Pacific Northwest. Amtrak does not serve several major U.S. destinations, including Las Vegas and Phoenix, Arizona.

The Oldsmobile Curved Dash and the Ford Model T, both American cars, are considered the first mass-produced^[368] and mass-affordable^[369] cars, respectively. As of 2023, the United States is the second-largest manufacturer of motor vehicles^[370] and is home to Tesla, the world's most valuable car company.^[371] American automotive company General Motors held the title of the world's best-selling automaker from 1931 to 2008.^[372] The American automotive industry is the world's second-largest automobile market by sales, having been overtaken by China in 2010,^[373] and the U.S. has the highest vehicle ownership per capita in the world,^[374] with 910 vehicles per 1000 people.^[375] By value, the U.S. was the world's largest importer and third-largest exporter of cars in 2022.^[376]

The American civil airline industry is entirely privately owned and has been largely deregulated since 1978, while most major airports are publicly owned.^[377] The three largest airlines in the world by passengers carried are U.S.-based; American Airlines is number one after its 2013 acquisition by US Airways.^[378] Of the world's 50 busiest passenger airports, 16 are in the United States, including the top five and the busiest, Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport.^[379]^[380] As of 2022^[update], there are 19,969 airports in the U.S., of which 5,193 are designated as "public use", including for general aviation and other activities.^[381]

Demographics

Population

Most populous U.S. states in 2023^[382]^[383]
State	Population (millions)
California	39.0
Texas	30.5
Florida	22.6
New York	19.6
Pennsylvania	13.0
Illinois	12.5
Ohio	11.7
Georgia	11.0
North Carolina	10.8
Michigan	10.0

The U.S. Census Bureau reported 331,449,281 residents as of April 1, 2020,^[s]^[384] making the United States the third-most-populous country in the world, after China and India.^[167] According to the Bureau's U.S. Population Clock, on July 1, 2024, the U.S. population had a net gain of one person every 16 seconds, or about 5400 people per day.^[385] In 2023, 51% of Americans age 15 and over were married, 6% were widowed, 10% were divorced, and 34% had never been married.^[386] In 2023, the total fertility rate for the U.S. stood at 1.6 children per woman,^[387] and, at 23%, it had the world's highest rate of children living in single-parent households in 2019.^[388]

The United States has a diverse population; 37 ancestry groups have more than one million members.^[389] White Americans with ancestry from Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa form the largest racial and ethnic group at 57.8% of the United States population.^[390]^[391] Hispanic and Latino Americans form the second-largest group and are 18.7% of the United States population. African Americans constitute the country's third-largest ancestry group and are 12.1% of the total U.S. population.^[389] Asian Americans are the country's fourth-largest group, composing 5.9% of the United States population. The country's 3.7 million Native Americans account for about 1%,^[389] and some 574 native tribes are recognized by the federal government.^[392] In 2022, the median age of the United States population was 38.9 years.^[393]

Language

While many languages are spoken in the United States, English is by far the most commonly spoken and written.^[394] Although there is no official language at the federal level, some laws, such as U.S. naturalization requirements, standardize English, and most states have declared it the official language.^[395] Three states and four U.S. territories have recognized local or indigenous languages in addition to English, including Hawaii (Hawaiian),^[396] Alaska (twenty Native languages),^[t]^[397] South Dakota (Sioux),^[398] American Samoa (Samoan), Puerto Rico (Spanish), Guam (Chamorro), and the Northern Mariana Islands (Carolinian and Chamorro). In total, 169 Native American languages are spoken in the United States.^[399] In Puerto Rico, Spanish is more widely spoken than English.^[400]

According to the American Community Survey in 2010, some 229 million people out of the total U.S. population of 308 million spoke only English at home. About 37 million spoke Spanish at home, making it the second most commonly used language. Other languages spoken at home by one million people or more include Chinese (2.8 million), Tagalog (1.6 million), Vietnamese (1.4 million), French (1.3 million), Korean (1.1 million), and German (1 million).^[401]

Immigration

America's immigrant population of nearly 51 million is by far the world's largest in absolute terms.^[402]^[403] In 2022, there were 87.7 million immigrants and U.S.-born children of immigrants in the United States, accounting for nearly 27% of the overall U.S. population.^[404] In 2017, out of the U.S. foreign-born population, some 45% (20.7 million) were naturalized citizens, 27% (12.3 million) were lawful permanent residents, 6% (2.2 million) were temporary lawful residents, and 23% (10.5 million) were unauthorized immigrants.^[405] In 2019, the top countries of origin for immigrants were Mexico (24% of immigrants), India (6%), China (5%), the Philippines (4.5%), and El Salvador (3%).^[406] In fiscal year 2022, over one million immigrants (most of whom entered through family reunification) were granted legal residence.^[407] The United States led the world in refugee resettlement for decades, admitting more refugees than the rest of the world combined.^[408]

Religion

Religious affiliation in the U.S., according to a 2023 Gallup poll:^[7]

Protestantism (33%)

Catholicism (22%)

Non-specific Christian (11%)

Judaism (2%)

Mormonism (1%)

Other religion (6%)

Unaffiliated (22%)

Unanswered (3%)

The First Amendment guarantees the free exercise of religion in the country and forbids Congress from passing laws respecting its establishment.^[409]^[410] Religious practice is widespread, among the most diverse in the world,^[411] and profoundly vibrant.^[412] The country has the world's largest Christian population.^[413] Other notable faiths include Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, many New Age movements, and Native American religions.^[414] Religious practice varies significantly by region.^[415] "Ceremonial deism" is common in American culture.^[416]

The overwhelming majority of Americans believe in a higher power or spiritual force, engage in spiritual practices such as prayer, and consider themselves religious or spiritual.^[417]^[418] In the "Bible Belt", located within the Southern United States, evangelical Protestantism plays a significant role culturally, whereas New England and the Western United States tend to be more secular.^[415] Mormonism—a Restorationist movement, whose members migrated westward from Missouri and Illinois under the leadership of Brigham Young in 1847 after the assassination of Joseph Smith^[419]—remains the predominant religion in Utah to this day.^[420]

Urbanization

About 82% of Americans live in urban areas, including suburbs;^[167] about half of those reside in cities with populations over 50,000.^[421] In 2022, 333 incorporated municipalities had populations over 100,000, nine cities had more than one million residents, and four cities—New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Houston—had populations exceeding two million.^[422] Many U.S. metropolitan populations are growing rapidly, particularly in the South and West.^[423]

v t e Largest metropolitan areas in the United States 2023 MSA population estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau^[424]
	Rank	Name	Region	Pop.	Rank	Name	Region	Pop.
New York Los Angeles	1	New York	Northeast	19,498,249	11	Boston	Northeast	4,919,179	Chicago Dallas–Fort Worth
	2	Los Angeles	West	12,799,100	12	Riverside–San Bernardino	West	4,688,053
	3	Chicago	Midwest	9,262,825	13	San Francisco	West	4,566,961
	4	Dallas–Fort Worth	South	8,100,037	14	Detroit	Midwest	4,342,304
	5	Houston	South	7,510,253	15	Seattle	West	4,044,837
	6	Atlanta	South	6,307,261	16	Minneapolis–Saint Paul	Midwest	3,712,020
	7	Washington, D.C.	South	6,304,975	17	Tampa–St. Petersburg	South	3,342,963
	8	Philadelphia	Northeast	6,246,160	18	San Diego	West	3,269,973
	9	Miami	South	6,183,199	19	Denver	West	3,005,131
	10	Phoenix	West	5,070,110	20	Baltimore	South	2,834,316

Health

According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), average American life expectancy at birth was 77.5 years in 2022 (74.8 years for men and 80.2 years for women). This was a gain of 1.1 years from 76.4 years in 2021, but the CDC noted that the new average "didn't fully offset the loss of 2.4 years between 2019 and 2021". The health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and higher overall mortality due to opioid overdoses and suicides were held mostly responsible for the previous drop in life expectancy.^[428] The same report stated that the 2022 gains in average U.S. life expectancy were especially significant for men, Hispanics, and American Indian–Alaskan Native people (AIAN). Starting in 1998, the life expectancy in the U.S. fell behind that of other wealthy industrialized countries, and Americans' "health disadvantage" gap has been increasing ever since.^[429] The U.S. has one of the highest suicide rates among high-income countries.^[430] Approximately one-third of the U.S. adult population is obese and another third is overweight.^[431] The U.S. healthcare system far outspends that of any other country, measured both in per capita spending and as a percentage of GDP, but attains worse healthcare outcomes when compared to peer countries for reasons that are debated.^[432] The United States is the only developed country without a system of universal healthcare, and a significant proportion of the population that does not carry health insurance.^[433] Government-funded healthcare coverage for the poor (Medicaid) and for those age 65 and older (Medicare) is available to Americans who meet the programs' income or age qualifications. In 2010, former President Obama passed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.^[u]^[434] Abortion in the United States is not federally protected, and is illegal or restricted in 17 states.^[435]

Education

Photograph of the University of Virginia — 77% of American college students attend public institutions^[436] such as the University of Virginia, founded by Thomas Jefferson in 1819.

American primary and secondary education (known in the U.S. as K-12, "kindergarten through 12th grade") is decentralized. It is operated by state, territorial, and sometimes municipal governments and regulated by the U.S. Department of Education. In general, children are required to attend school or an approved homeschool from the age of five or six (kindergarten or first grade) until they are 18 years old. This often brings students through the 12th grade, the final year of a U.S. high school, but some states and territories allow them to leave school earlier, at age 16 or 17.^[437] The U.S. spends more on education per student than any country in the world,^[438] an average of $18,614 per year per public elementary and secondary school student in 2020–2021.^[439] Among Americans age 25 and older, 92.2% graduated from high school, 62.7% attended some college, 37.7% earned a bachelor's degree, and 14.2% earned a graduate degree.^[440] The U.S. literacy rate is near-universal.^[167]^[441] The country has the most Nobel Prize winners of any country, with 411 (having won 413 awards).^[442]^[443]

U.S. tertiary or higher education has earned a global reputation. Many of the world's top universities, as listed by various ranking organizations, are in the United States, including 19 of the top 25.^[444]^[445] American higher education is dominated by state university systems, although the country's many private universities and colleges enroll about 20% of all American students. Local community colleges generally offer coursework and degree programs covering the first two years of college study. They often have more open admission policies, shorter academic programs, and lower tuition.^[446]

As for public expenditures on higher education, the U.S. spends more per student than the OECD average, and Americans spend more than all nations in combined public and private spending.^[447] Colleges and universities directly funded by the federal government do not charge tuition and are limited to military personnel and government employees, including: the U.S. service academies, the Naval Postgraduate School, and military staff colleges. Despite some student loan forgiveness programs in place,^[448] student loan debt increased by 102% between 2010 and 2020,^[449] and exceeded $1.7 trillion as of 2022.^[450]

Culture and society

The Statue of Liberty, a large teal bronze sculpture on a stone pedestal — The Statue of Liberty (*Liberty Enlightening the World*) on Liberty Island in New York Harbor was an 1866 gift from France that has become an iconic symbol of the American Dream.^[451]

Americans have traditionally been characterized by a unifying political belief in an "American Creed" emphasizing consent of the governed, liberty, equality under the law, democracy, social equality, property rights, and a preference for limited government.^[452]^[453] Culturally, the country has been described as having the values of individualism and personal autonomy,^[454]^[455] as well as having a strong work ethic,^[456] competitiveness,^[457] and voluntary altruism towards others.^[458]^[459]^[460] According to a 2016 study by the Charities Aid Foundation, Americans donated 1.44% of total GDP to charity—the highest rate in the world by a large margin.^[461] The United States is home to a wide variety of ethnic groups, traditions, and values.^[462]^[463] It has acquired significant cultural and economic soft power.^[464]^[465]

Nearly all present Americans or their ancestors came from Europe, Africa, or Asia (the "Old World") within the past five centuries.^[466] Mainstream American culture is a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of European immigrants with influences from many other sources, such as traditions brought by slaves from Africa.^[467] More recent immigration from Asia and especially Latin America has added to a cultural mix that has been described as a homogenizing melting pot, and a heterogeneous salad bowl, with immigrants contributing to, and often assimilating into, mainstream American culture. The American Dream, or the perception that Americans enjoy high social mobility, plays a key role in attracting immigrants.^[468]^[469] Whether this perception is accurate has been a topic of debate.^[470]^[471]^[472] While mainstream culture holds that the United States is a classless society,^[473] scholars identify significant differences between the country's social classes, affecting socialization, language, and values.^[474]^[475] Americans tend to greatly value socioeconomic achievement, but being ordinary or average is promoted by some as a noble condition as well.^[476]

The United States is considered to have the strongest protections of free speech of any country under the First Amendment,^[477] which protects flag desecration, hate speech, blasphemy, and lese-majesty as forms of protected expression.^[478]^[479]^[480] A 2016 Pew Research Center poll found that Americans were the most supportive of free expression of any polity measured.^[481] They are the "most supportive of freedom of the press and the right to use the Internet without government censorship."^[482] The U.S. is a socially progressive country^[483] with permissive attitudes surrounding human sexuality.^[484] LGBT rights in the United States are advanced by global standards.^[484]^[485]^[486]

Literature

Colonial American authors were influenced by John Locke and various other Enlightenment philosophers.^[488]^[489] The American Revolutionary Period (1765–1783) is notable for the political writings of Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Paine, and Thomas Jefferson. Shortly before and after the Revolutionary War, the newspaper rose to prominence, filling a demand for anti-British national literature.^[490]^[491] An early novel is William Hill Brown's The Power of Sympathy, published in 1791. Writer and critic John Neal in the early- to mid-nineteenth century helped advance America toward a unique literature and culture by criticizing predecessors such as Washington Irving for imitating their British counterparts, and by influencing writers such as Edgar Allan Poe,^[492] who took American poetry and short fiction in new directions. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller pioneered the influential Transcendentalism movement;^[493]^[494] Henry David Thoreau, author of Walden, was influenced by this movement. The conflict surrounding abolitionism inspired writers, like Harriet Beecher Stowe, and authors of slave narratives, such as Frederick Douglass. Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter (1850) explored the dark side of American history, as did Herman Melville's Moby-Dick (1851). Major American poets of the nineteenth century American Renaissance include Walt Whitman, Melville, and Emily Dickinson.^[495]^[496] Mark Twain was the first major American writer to be born in the West. Henry James achieved international recognition with novels like The Portrait of a Lady (1881). As literacy rates rose, periodicals published more stories centered around industrial workers, women, and the rural poor.^[497]^[498] Naturalism, regionalism, and realism were the major literary movements of the period.^[499]^[500]

While modernism generally took on an international character, modernist authors working within the United States more often rooted their work in specific regions, peoples, and cultures.^[501] Following the Great Migration to northern cities, African-American and black West Indian authors of the Harlem Renaissance developed an independent tradition of literature that rebuked a history of inequality and celebrated black culture. An important cultural export during the Jazz Age, these writings were a key influence on Négritude, a philosophy emerging in the 1930s among francophone writers of the African diaspora.^[502]^[503] In the 1950s, an ideal of homogeneity led many authors to attempt to write the Great American Novel,^[504] while the Beat Generation rejected this conformity, using styles that elevated the impact of the spoken word over mechanics to describe drug use, sexuality, and the failings of society.^[505]^[506] Contemporary literature is more pluralistic than in previous eras, with the closest thing to a unifying feature being a trend toward self-conscious experiments with language.^[507] As of 2024 there have been 12 American laureates for the Nobel Prize in literature.^[508]

Mass media

Media is broadly uncensored, with the First Amendment providing significant protections, as reiterated in New York Times Co. v. United States.^[477] The four major broadcasters in the U.S. are the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and Fox Broadcasting Company (FOX). The four major broadcast television networks are all commercial entities. Cable television offers hundreds of channels catering to a variety of niches.^[509] As of 2021^[update], about 83% of Americans over age 12 listen to broadcast radio, while about 40% listen to podcasts.^[510] As of 2020^[update], there were 15,460 licensed full-power radio stations in the U.S. according to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).^[511] Much of the public radio broadcasting is supplied by NPR, incorporated in February 1970 under the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967.^[512]

U.S. newspapers with a global reach and reputation include The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, The Washington Post, and USA Today.^[513] About 800 publications are produced in Spanish.^[514]^[515] With few exceptions, newspapers are privately owned, either by large chains such as Gannett or McClatchy, which own dozens or even hundreds of newspapers; by small chains that own a handful of papers; or, in an increasingly rare situation, by individuals or families. Major cities often have alternative newspapers to complement the mainstream daily papers, such as The Village Voice in New York City and LA Weekly in Los Angeles. The five most popular websites used in the U.S. are Google, YouTube, Amazon, Yahoo!, and Facebook—all of them American-owned.^[516]

As of 2022^[update], the video game market of the United States is the world's largest by revenue.^[517] There are 444 publishers, developers, and hardware companies in California alone.^[518]

Theater

The United States is well known for its theater. Mainstream theater in the United States derives from the old European theatrical tradition and has been heavily influenced by the British theater.^[519] By the middle of the 19th century America had created new distinct dramatic forms in the Tom Shows, the showboat theater and the minstrel show.^[520] The central hub of the American theater scene is Manhattan, with its divisions of Broadway, off-Broadway, and off-off-Broadway.^[521]

Many movie and television stars have gotten their big break working in New York productions. Outside New York City, many cities have professional regional or resident theater companies that produce their own seasons. The biggest-budget theatrical productions are musicals. U.S. theater has an active community theater culture.^[522]

The Tony Awards recognizes excellence in live Broadway theater and are presented at an annual ceremony in Manhattan. The awards are given for Broadway productions and performances. One is also given for regional theater. Several discretionary non-competitive awards are given as well, including a Special Tony Award, the Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre, and the Isabelle Stevenson Award.^[523]

Visual arts

Folk art in colonial America grew out of artisanal craftsmanship in communities that allowed commonly trained people to individually express themselves. It was distinct from Europe's tradition of high art, which was less accessible and generally less relevant to early American settlers.^[525] Cultural movements in art and craftsmanship in colonial America generally lagged behind those of Western Europe. For example, the prevailing medieval style of woodworking and primitive sculpture became integral to early American folk art, despite the emergence of Renaissance styles in England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The new English styles would have been early enough to make a considerable impact on American folk art, but American styles and forms had already been firmly adopted. Not only did styles change slowly in early America, but there was a tendency for rural artisans there to continue their traditional forms longer than their urban counterparts did—and far longer than those in Western Europe.^[477]

The Hudson River School was a mid-19th-century movement in the visual arts tradition of European naturalism. The 1913 Armory Show in New York City, an exhibition of European modernist art, shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art scene.^[526]

Georgia O'Keeffe, Marsden Hartley, and others experimented with new and individualistic styles, which would become known as American modernism. Major artistic movements such as the abstract expressionism of Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning and the pop art of Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein developed largely in the United States. Major photographers include Alfred Stieglitz, Edward Steichen, Dorothea Lange, Edward Weston, James Van Der Zee, Ansel Adams, and Gordon Parks.^[527]

The tide of modernism and then postmodernism has brought global fame to American architects, including Frank Lloyd Wright, Philip Johnson, and Frank Gehry.^[528] The Metropolitan Museum of Art in Manhattan is the largest art museum in the United States.^[529]

Music

American folk music encompasses numerous music genres, variously known as traditional music, traditional folk music, contemporary folk music, or roots music. Many traditional songs have been sung within the same family or folk group for generations, and sometimes trace back to such origins as the British Isles, mainland Europe, or Africa.^[530] The rhythmic and lyrical styles of African-American music in particular have influenced American music.^[531] Banjos were brought to America through the slave trade. Minstrel shows incorporating the instrument into their acts led to its increased popularity and widespread production in the 19th century.^[532]^[533] The electric guitar, first invented in the 1930s, and mass-produced by the 1940s, had an enormous influence on popular music, in particular due to the development of rock and roll.^[534]

Elements from folk idioms such as the blues and old-time music were adopted and transformed into popular genres with global audiences. Jazz grew from blues and ragtime in the early 20th century, developing from the innovations and recordings of composers such as W.C. Handy and Jelly Roll Morton. Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington increased its popularity early in the 20th century.^[535] Country music developed in the 1920s,^[536] rock and roll in the 1930s,^[534] and bluegrass^[537] and rhythm and blues in the 1940s.^[538] In the 1960s, Bob Dylan emerged from the folk revival to become one of the country's most celebrated songwriters.^[539] The musical forms of punk and hip hop both originated in the United States in the 1970s.^[540]

The United States has the world's largest music market with a total retail value of $15.9 billion in 2022.^[541] Most of the world's major record companies are based in the U.S.; they are represented by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).^[542] Mid-20th-century American pop stars, such as Frank Sinatra^[543] and Elvis Presley,^[544] became global celebrities and best-selling music artists,^[535] as have artists of the late 20th century, such as Michael Jackson,^[545] Madonna,^[546] Whitney Houston,^[547] and Prince,^[548] and the early 21st century, such as Taylor Swift and Beyoncé.^[549]

Fashion

The United States is the world's largest apparel market by revenue.^[550] Apart from professional business attire, American fashion is eclectic and predominantly informal. Americans' diverse cultural roots are reflected in their clothing; however, sneakers, jeans, T-shirts, and baseball caps are emblematic of American styles.^[551] New York, with its fashion week, is considered to be one of the "Big Four" global fashion capitals, along with Paris, Milan, and London. A study demonstrated that general proximity to Manhattan's Garment District has been synonymous with American fashion since its inception in the early 20th century.^[552]

The headquarters of many designer labels reside in Manhattan. Labels cater to niche markets, such as pre teens. There has been a trend in the United States fashion towards sustainable clothing.^[553] New York Fashion Week is one of the most influential fashion weeks in the world, and occurs twice a year;^[554] while the annual Met Gala in Manhattan is commonly known as the fashion world's "biggest night".^[555]^[556]

Cinema

The U.S. film industry has a worldwide influence and following. Hollywood, a district in northern Los Angeles, the nation's second-most populous city, is also metonymous for the American filmmaking industry.^[557]^[558]^[559] The major film studios of the United States are the primary source of the most commercially successful and most ticket-selling movies in the world.^[560]^[561] Since the early 20th century, the U.S. film industry has largely been based in and around Hollywood, although in the 21st century an increasing number of films are not made there, and film companies have been subject to the forces of globalization.^[562] The Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars, have been held annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1929,^[563] and the Golden Globe Awards have been held annually since January 1944.^[564]

The industry peaked in what is commonly referred to as the "Golden Age of Hollywood", from the early sound period until the early 1960s,^[565] with screen actors such as John Wayne and Marilyn Monroe becoming iconic figures.^[566]^[567] In the 1970s, "New Hollywood", or the "Hollywood Renaissance",^[568] was defined by grittier films influenced by French and Italian realist pictures of the post-war period.^[569] The 21st century was marked by the rise of American streaming platforms, which came to rival traditional cinema.^[570]^[571]

Cuisine

Early settlers were introduced by Native Americans to foods such as turkey, sweet potatoes, corn, squash, and maple syrup. Of the most enduring and pervasive examples are variations of the native dish called succotash. Early settlers and later immigrants combined these with foods they were familiar with, such as wheat flour,^[572] beef, and milk, to create a distinctive American cuisine.^[573]^[574] New World crops, especially pumpkin, corn, potatoes, and turkey as the main course are part of a shared national menu on Thanksgiving, when many Americans prepare or purchase traditional dishes to celebrate the occasion.^[575]

Characteristic American dishes such as apple pie, fried chicken, doughnuts, french fries, macaroni and cheese, ice cream, pizza, hamburgers, and hot dogs derive from the recipes of various immigrant groups.^[576]^[577]^[578]^[579] Mexican dishes such as burritos and tacos preexisted the United States in areas later annexed from Mexico, and adaptations of Chinese cuisine as well as pasta dishes freely adapted from Italian sources are all widely consumed.^[580] American chefs have had a significant impact on society both domestically and internationally. In 1946, the Culinary Institute of America was founded by Katharine Angell and Frances Roth. This would become the United States' most prestigious culinary school, where many of the most talented American chefs would study prior to successful careers.^[581]^[582]

The United States restaurant industry was projected at $899 billion in sales for 2020,^[583]^[584] and employed more than 15 million people, representing 10% of the nation's workforce directly.^[583] It is the country's second-largest private employer and the third-largest employer overall.^[585]^[586] The United States is home to over 220 Michelin Star-rated restaurants, 70 of which are in New York City alone.^[587] Wine has been produced in what is now the United States since the 1500s, with the first widespread production beginning in what is now New Mexico in 1628.^[588]^[589]^[590] In the modern U.S., wine production is undertaken in all fifty states, with California producing 84 percent of all U.S. wine. With more than 1,100,000 acres (4,500 km²) under vine, the United States is the fourth-largest wine producing country in the world, after Italy, Spain, and France.^[591]^[592]

The American fast-food industry developed alongside the nation's car culture.^[593] American restaurants developed the drive-in format in the 1920s, which they began to replace with the drive-through format by the 1940s.^[594]^[595] American fast-food restaurant chains, such as McDonald's,^[596]^[597] Kentucky Fried Chicken, and many others, have numerous outlets around the world.^[598]

Sports

The most popular spectator sports in the U.S. are American football, basketball, baseball, soccer, and ice hockey.^[599] While most major U.S. sports such as baseball and American football have evolved out of European practices, basketball, volleyball, skateboarding, and snowboarding are American inventions, many of which have become popular worldwide.^[600] Lacrosse and surfing arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate European contact.^[601] The market for professional sports in the United States was approximately $69 billion in July 2013, roughly 50% larger than that of all of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa combined.^[602]

American football is by several measures the most popular spectator sport in the United States;^[603] the National Football League has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world, and the Super Bowl is watched by tens of millions globally.^[604] However, baseball has been regarded as the U.S. "national sport" since the late 19th century. After American football, the next four most popular professional team sports are basketball, baseball, soccer, and ice hockey. Their premier leagues are, respectively, the National Basketball Association, Major League Baseball, Major League Soccer, and the National Hockey League. The most-watched individual sports in the U.S. are golf and auto racing, particularly NASCAR and IndyCar.^[605]^[606]

On the collegiate level, earnings for the member institutions exceed $1 billion annually,^[607] and college football and basketball attract large audiences, as the NCAA March Madness tournament and the College Football Playoff are some of the most watched national sporting events.^[608] In the U.S., the intercollegiate sports level serves as a feeder system for professional sports. This differs greatly from practices in nearly all other countries, where publicly and privately funded sports organizations serve this function.^[609]

Eight Olympic Games have taken place in the United States. The 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri, were the first-ever Olympic Games held outside of Europe.^[610] The Olympic Games will be held in the U.S. for a ninth time when Los Angeles hosts the 2028 Summer Olympics. U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,968 medals (1,179 gold) at the Olympic Games, the most of any country.^[611]^[612]^[613]

In international professional competition, the U.S. men's national soccer team has qualified for eleven World Cups, while the women's national team has won the FIFA Women's World Cup and Olympic soccer tournament four times each.^[614] The United States hosted the 1994 FIFA World Cup and will co-host, along with Canada and Mexico, the 2026 FIFA World Cup.^[615] The 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup was also hosted by the United States. Its final match was watched by 90,185, setting the world record for most-attended women's sporting event at the time.^[616]

Notes

^ Twenty-eight of the 50 states recognize only English as an official language. The State of Hawaii recognizes both Hawaiian and English as official languages, the State of Alaska officially recognizes 20 Alaska Native languages alongside English, and the State of South Dakota recognizes English and all Sioux dialects as official languages. Nineteen states and the District of Columbia have no official language.
^ English is the de facto language. For more information, see Languages of the United States.
^ The historical and informal demonym Yankee has been applied to Americans, New Englanders, or northeasterners since the 18th century.
^ ^a ^b ^c At 3,531,900 sq mi (9,147,590 km²), the United States is the third-largest country in the world by land area, behind Russia and China. By total area (land and water), it is the third-largest, behind Russia and Canada, if its coastal and territorial water areas are included. However, if only its internal waters are included (bays, sounds, rivers, lakes, and the Great Lakes), the U.S. is the fourth-largest, after Russia, Canada, and China.
Coastal/territorial waters included: 3,796,742 sq mi (9,833,517 km²)^[19]
Only internal waters included: 3,696,100 sq mi (9,572,900 km²)^[20]
^ Excludes Puerto Rico and the other unincorporated islands because they are counted separately in U.S. census statistics
^ After adjustment for taxes and transfers
^ See Time in the United States for details about laws governing time zones in the United States.
^ See Date and time notation in the United States.
^ The U.S. Virgin Islands use left-hand traffic.
^ Federally recognized Native American tribes are treated as "domestic dependent nations" with tribal sovereignty rights.^[17]
^ The five major territories outside the union of states are American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The seven undisputed island areas without permanent populations are Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, and Palmyra Atoll. U.S. sovereignty over the unpopulated Bajo Nuevo Bank, Navassa Island, Serranilla Bank, and Wake Island is disputed.^[18]
^ The U.S. Census Bureau's latest official population estimate of 334,914,895 residents (2023) is for the 50 states and the District of Columbia; it excludes the 3.6 million residents of the five major U.S. territories and outlying islands. The Census Bureau also provides a continuously updated but unofficial population clock: www.census.gov/popclock
^ Based on purchasing power
^ Including agencies such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Health Organization
^ From the late 15th century, the Columbian exchange had been catastrophic for native populations throughout the Americas. It is estimated that up to 95 percent of the indigenous populations, especially in the Caribbean, perished from infectious diseases during the years following European colonization;^[47] remaining populations were often displaced by European expansion.^[48]^[49]
^ New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia
^ Per the U.S. Constitution, Amendment Twenty-three, proposed by the U.S. Congress on June 16, 1960, and ratified by the States on March 29, 1961
^ A country's total exports are usually understood to be goods and services. Based on this, the U.S. is the world's second-largest exporter, after China.^[307] However, if primary income is included, the U.S. is the world's largest exporter.^[308]
^ This figure, like most official data for the United States as a whole, excludes the five unincorporated territories (Puerto Rico, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands) and minor island possessions.
^ Inupiaq, Siberian Yupik, Central Alaskan Yup'ik, Alutiiq, Unanga (Aleut), Denaʼina, Deg Xinag, Holikachuk, Koyukon, Upper Kuskokwim, Gwichʼin, Tanana, Upper Tanana, Tanacross, Hän, Ahtna, Eyak, Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian
^ Also known less formally as Obamacare

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This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023, FAO, FAO.

External links

Library resources about
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Government

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History

"Historical Documents" – website from the National Center for Public Policy Research
"U.S. National Mottos: History and Constitutionality". Religious Tolerance. Analysis by the Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance.
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Maps

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40°N 100°W / 40°N 100°W / 40; -100 (United States of America)

[officiallanguage-4] Twenty-eight of the 50 states recognize only English as an official language. The State of Hawaii recognizes both Hawaiian and English as official languages, the State of Alaska officially recognizes 20 Alaska Native languages alongside English, and the State of South Dakota recognizes English and all Sioux dialects as official languages. Nineteen states and the District of Columbia have no official language.

[5] English is the de facto language. For more information, see Languages of the United States.

[demonym-10] The historical and informal demonym Yankee has been applied to Americans, New Englanders, or northeasterners since the 18th century.

[largestcountry-14] At 3,531,900 sq mi (9,147,590 km²), the United States is the third-largest country in the world by land area, behind Russia and China. By total area (land and water), it is the third-largest, behind Russia and Canada, if its coastal and territorial water areas are included. However, if only its internal waters are included (bays, sounds, rivers, lakes, and the Great Lakes), the U.S. is the fourth-largest, after Russia, Canada, and China.
Coastal/territorial waters included: 3,796,742 sq mi (9,833,517 km²)^[19]
Only internal waters included: 3,696,100 sq mi (9,572,900 km²)^[20]

[pop-16] Excludes Puerto Rico and the other unincorporated islands because they are counted separately in U.S. census statistics

[19] After adjustment for taxes and transfers

[time-22] See Time in the United States for details about laws governing time zones in the United States.

[23] See Date and time notation in the United States.

[drive-24] The U.S. Virgin Islands use left-hand traffic.

[27] Federally recognized Native American tribes are treated as "domestic dependent nations" with tribal sovereignty rights.^[17]

[29] The five major territories outside the union of states are American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The seven undisputed island areas without permanent populations are Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, and Palmyra Atoll. U.S. sovereignty over the unpopulated Bajo Nuevo Bank, Navassa Island, Serranilla Bank, and Wake Island is disputed.^[18]

[pop_clock-32] The U.S. Census Bureau's latest official population estimate of 334,914,895 residents (2023) is for the 50 states and the District of Columbia; it excludes the 3.6 million residents of the five major U.S. territories and outlying islands. The Census Bureau also provides a continuously updated but unofficial population clock: www.census.gov/popclock

[33] Based on purchasing power

[34] Including agencies such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Health Organization

[64] From the late 15th century, the Columbian exchange had been catastrophic for native populations throughout the Americas. It is estimated that up to 95 percent of the indigenous populations, especially in the Caribbean, perished from infectious diseases during the years following European colonization;^[47] remaining populations were often displaced by European expansion.^[48]^[49]

[68] New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia

[237] Per the U.S. Constitution, Amendment Twenty-three, proposed by the U.S. Congress on June 16, 1960, and ratified by the States on March 29, 1961

[326] A country's total exports are usually understood to be goods and services. Based on this, the U.S. is the world's second-largest exporter, after China.^[307] However, if primary income is included, the U.S. is the world's largest exporter.^[308]

[402] This figure, like most official data for the United States as a whole, excludes the five unincorporated territories (Puerto Rico, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands) and minor island possessions.

[416] Inupiaq, Siberian Yupik, Central Alaskan Yup'ik, Alutiiq, Unanga (Aleut), Denaʼina, Deg Xinag, Holikachuk, Koyukon, Upper Kuskokwim, Gwichʼin, Tanana, Upper Tanana, Tanacross, Hän, Ahtna, Eyak, Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian

[454] Also known less formally as Obamacare

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Country in North America}}
 {{Redirect-several|America|US|USA|The United States of America|United States}}
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-* https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ (refs: 165, 296, 366)<br>
-* https://archive.org/details/judicialbranchof0000zeld (refs: 215, 246)<br>
-* https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2023.html (refs: 264, 269)<br>
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 | religion_ref           = <ref name="Staff-2007">{{Cite web |last=Staff |date= June 8, 2007|title=In Depth: Topics A to Z (Religion) |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/1690/Religion.aspx |access-date=July 1, 2024 |website=[[Gallup, Inc.]] |language=en}}</ref>
 }}
-The '''United States of America''' ('''USA''' or '''U.S.A.'''), commonly known as the '''United States''' ('''US''' or '''U.S.''') or '''America''', is a country primarily located in [[North America]]. It is a [[federation|federal union]] of 50 [[U.S. state|states]], the federal capital district of [[Washington, D.C.]], and 326 [[Indian reservation]]s.{{efn|Federally recognized Native American tribes are treated as "domestic dependent nations" with [[Tribal sovereignty in the United States|tribal sovereignty rights]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 8, 2017 |title=Attorney General June 1, 1995 Memorandum on Indian Sovereignty |url=https://www.justice.gov/archives/ag/attorney-general-june-1-1995-memorandum-indian-sovereignty |access-date=May 9, 2024 |website=www.justice.gov |language=en}}</ref>}} The 48 [[Contiguous United States|contiguous states]] are bordered by [[Canada]] to the north and [[Mexico]] to the south. The [[State of Alaska]] lies to the northwest, while the [[State of Hawaii]] is an [[archipelago]] in the [[Pacific Ocean]]. The United States also asserts sovereignty over five major [[Territories of the United States|island territories]] and [[United States Minor Outlying Islands|various uninhabited islands]].{{efn|The five major territories outside the union of states are [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], the [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], and the [[United States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]. The seven undisputed island areas without permanent populations are [[Baker Island]], [[Howland Island]], [[Jarvis Island]], [[Johnston Atoll]], [[Kingman Reef]], [[Midway Atoll]], and [[Palmyra Atoll]]. U.S. sovereignty over the unpopulated [[Bajo Nuevo Bank]], [[Navassa Island]], [[Serranilla Bank]], and [[Wake Island]] is disputed.<ref>{{multiref2|{{Cite web|publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights|date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web|publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}}}}</ref>}} The country has the world's [[List of countries and dependencies by area|third-largest land area]],{{efn|At {{cvt|9,147,590|km2|order=flip}}, the United States is the third-largest country in the world by land area, behind [[Russia]] and [[China]]. By total area (land and water), it is the third-largest, behind Russia and [[Canada]], if its coastal and territorial water areas are included. However, if only its internal waters are included (bays, sounds, rivers, lakes, and the [[Great Lakes]]), the U.S. is the fourth-largest, after Russia, Canada, and China.
+The '''United States of America''' ('''USA''' or '''U.S.A.'''), commonly known as the '''United States''' ('''US''' or '''U.S.''') or '''America''', is a country primarily located in [[North America]]. It is a [[federation|federal union]] of 50 [[U.S. state|states]], the federal capital district of [[Washington, D.C.]], and 326 [[Indian reservation]]s.{{efn|Federally recognized Native American tribes are treated as "domestic dependent nations" with [[Tribal sovereignty in the United States|tribal sovereignty rights]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 8, 2017 |title=Attorney General June 1, 1995 Memorandum on Indian Sovereignty |url=https://www.justice.gov/archives/ag/attorney-general-june-1-1995-memorandum-indian-sovereignty |access-date=May 9, 2024 |website=www.justice.gov |language=en}}</ref>}} The 48 [[Contiguous United States|contiguous states]] border [[Canada]] to the north and [[Mexico]] to the south. The [[State of Alaska]] lies to the northwest, while the [[State of Hawaii]] is an [[archipelago]] in the [[Pacific Ocean]]. The United States also asserts sovereignty over five major [[Territories of the United States|island territories]] and [[United States Minor Outlying Islands|various uninhabited islands]].{{efn|The five major territories outside the union of states are [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], the [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], and the [[United States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]. The seven undisputed island areas without permanent populations are [[Baker Island]], [[Howland Island]], [[Jarvis Island]], [[Johnston Atoll]], [[Kingman Reef]], [[Midway Atoll]], and [[Palmyra Atoll]]. U.S. sovereignty over the unpopulated [[Bajo Nuevo Bank]], [[Navassa Island]], [[Serranilla Bank]], and [[Wake Island]] is disputed.<ref name="HRI-2012">{{multiref2|{{Cite web|publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights|date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web|publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}}}}</ref>}} The country has the world's [[List of countries and dependencies by area|third-largest land area]],{{efn|At {{cvt|9,147,590|km2|order=flip}}, the United States is the third-largest country in the world by land area, behind [[Russia]] and [[China]]. By total area (land and water), it is the third-largest, behind Russia and [[Canada]], if its coastal and territorial water areas are included. However, if only its internal waters are included (bays, sounds, rivers, lakes, and the [[Great Lakes]]), the U.S. is the fourth-largest, after Russia, Canada, and China.
 <br />
 Coastal/territorial waters included: {{cvt|9,833,517|km2|order=flip}}<ref>{{cite web|title=China|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/|access-date=June 10, 2016|website=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref>
 <br />
-Only internal waters included: {{cvt|9,572,900|km2|order=flip}}<ref>{{cite web|title=United States|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/616563/United-States-quick-facts|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219194413/https://www.britannica.com/topic/616563/United-States-quick-facts|archive-date=December 19, 2013|access-date=January 31, 2010|website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref>|name=largestcountry}} second-largest [[Exclusive economic zone of the United States|exclusive economic zone]], and [[List of countries and dependencies by population|third-largest population]], exceeding 334 million.{{efn|The [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]]'s 2023 estimate was 334,914,895 residents. All official population figures are for the 50 states and the District of Columbia; they exclude the five major U.S. territories and outlying islands. The Census Bureau also provides a continuously updated but unofficial population clock in addition to [[United States census|its decennial census]] and [[Population Estimates Program|annual population estimates]]: [https://www.census.gov/popclock/ www.census.gov/popclock]|name=pop clock}}
+Only internal waters included: {{cvt|9,572,900|km2|order=flip}}<ref>{{cite web|title=United States|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/616563/United-States-quick-facts|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219194413/https://www.britannica.com/topic/616563/United-States-quick-facts|archive-date=December 19, 2013|access-date=January 31, 2010|website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref>|name=largestcountry}} second-largest [[Exclusive economic zone of the United States|exclusive economic zone]], and [[List of countries and dependencies by population|third-largest population]], exceeding 334 million.{{efn|The [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]]'s latest official population estimate of 334,914,895 residents (2023) is for the 50 states and the District of Columbia; it excludes the 3.6 million residents of the five major [[Territories of the United States|U.S. territories]] and outlying islands. The Census Bureau also provides a continuously updated but unofficial population clock: [https://www.census.gov/popclock/ www.census.gov/popclock]|name=pop clock}}
 [[Paleo-Indians]] migrated across the [[Bering land bridge]] more than 12,000 years ago, and went on to form [[History of Native Americans in the United States|various civilizations and societies]]. [[British colonization of the Americas|British colonization]] led to the first settlement of the [[Thirteen Colonies]] in [[Colony of Virginia|Virginia]] in 1607. Clashes with the [[The Crown|British Crown]] over taxation and [[No taxation without representation|political representation]] sparked the [[American Revolution]], with the [[Second Continental Congress]] formally [[United States Declaration of Independence|declaring independence]] on July 4, 1776. Following its victory in the 1775&ndash;1783 [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]], the country continued to [[Territorial evolution of the United States|expand across North America]]. As more states [[Admission to the Union|were admitted]], a North-South [[slave states and free states|sectional division]] over [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] led to the secession of the [[Confederate States of America]], which fought the remaining states of [[Union (American Civil War)|the Union]] during the 1861–1865 [[American Civil War]]. With the Union's victory and preservation, [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|slavery was abolished nationally]]. By 1890, the United States had established itself as a [[great power]]. After [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]'s [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] in December 1941, the U.S. [[American entry into World War II|entered World War II]]. The [[Aftermath of World War II|aftermath of the war]] left the U.S. and the [[Soviet Union]] as the world's two [[superpowers]] and led to the [[Cold War]], during which both countries engaged in a struggle for [[ideological dominance]] and [[Sphere of influence|international influence]]. Following the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|Soviet Union's collapse]] and the [[Cold War (1985–1991)|end of the Cold War]] in 1991, the U.S. [[Superpower#After the Cold War|emerged as the world's sole superpower]], wielding [[American Century|significant geopolitical influence globally]].
@@ Line 165: / Line 159: @@
 The [[Paleo-Indians|first inhabitants of North America]] migrated from [[Siberia]] across the [[Bering land bridge]] about 12,000 years ago;{{sfn|Erlandson|Rick|Vellanoweth|2008|p=19}}{{sfn|Savage|2011|page=55}} the [[Clovis culture]], which appeared around 11,000 BC, is believed to be the first widespread culture in the Americas.{{sfn|Waters|Stafford|2007|pages=1122–1126}}{{sfn|Flannery|2015|pages=173–185}} Over time, indigenous North American cultures grew increasingly sophisticated, and some, such as the [[Mississippian culture]], developed [[Eastern Agricultural Complex|agriculture]], [[Southeastern Ceremonial Complex|architecture]], and complex societies.{{sfn|Lockard|2010|page=315}} In the [[History of Native Americans in the United States#Post-Archaic period|post-archaic period]], the Mississippian cultures were located in the [[Midwestern United States|midwestern]], [[Eastern United States|eastern]], and [[Southern United States|southern]] regions, and the [[Algonquian peoples|Algonquian]] in the [[Great Lakes region]] and along the [[East Coast of the United States|Eastern Seaboard]], while the [[Hohokam culture]] and [[Ancestral Puebloans]] inhabited the [[American Southwest|southwest]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Johansen |first=Bruce |title=The Native Peoples of North America: A History, Volume 1 |year=2006 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-3899-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yiKgBuSUPUIC&dq=native+american+history+archaic+period&pg=PA51}}</ref> [[Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native population estimates]] of what is now the United States before the arrival of European immigrants range from around 500,000{{sfn|Thornton|1998|page=34}}{{sfn|Perdue|Green|2005|page=40}} to nearly 10 million.{{sfn|Perdue|Green|2005|page=40}}{{sfn|Haines|Haines|Steckel|2000|page=12}}
-=== European settlement (from 1492) and the Thirteen Colonies (1607&ndash;1776) ===
+=== European settlement and conflict (1607&ndash;1765) ===
 {{Main|Colonial history of the United States}}
 {{See also|European colonization of the Americas}}
@@ Line 174: / Line 168: @@
 The original [[Thirteen Colonies]]{{efn|[[Province of New Hampshire|New Hampshire]], [[Province of Massachusetts Bay|Massachusetts]], [[Connecticut Colony|Connecticut]], [[Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations|Rhode Island]], [[Province of New York|New York]], [[Province of New Jersey|New Jersey]], [[Province of Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]], [[Delaware Colony|Delaware]], [[Province of Maryland|Maryland]], [[Colony of Virginia|Virginia]], [[Province of North Carolina|North Carolina]], [[Province of South Carolina|South Carolina]], and [[Province of Georgia|Georgia]]}} that would later found the United States were administered by [[British Empire|Great Britain]],<ref name="BilhartzElliott20072">{{cite book |author1=Bilhartz, Terry D. |url=https://archive.org/details/currentsinameric0000bilh |title=Currents in American History: A Brief History of the United States |author2=Elliott, Alan C. |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7656-1817-7 |url-access=registration}}</ref> and had [[Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies|local governments with elections open to most white male property owners]].<ref name="Wood19982">{{cite book |author=Wood |first=Gordon S. |url=https://archive.org/details/creationofameric0000wood_r7v4 |title=The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787 |publisher=UNC Press Books |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-8078-4723-7 |page=263}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Ratcliffe |first=Donald |year=2013 |title=The Right to Vote and the Rise of Democracy, 1787–1828 |journal=Journal of the Early Republic |volume=33 |issue=2 |page=220 |doi=10.1353/jer.2013.0033 |s2cid=145135025 | issn=0275-1275}}</ref> The colonial population grew rapidly, eclipsing Native American populations;<ref>[[United States#Walton|Walton, 2009]], pp. 38–39</ref> by the 1770s, the natural increase of the population was such that only a small minority of Americans had been born overseas.<ref>[[United States#Walton|Walton, 2009]], p. 35</ref> The colonies' distance from Britain allowed for the development of self-governance,<ref>{{cite book |author=Otis |first=James |url=https://archive.org/details/cihm_52678 |title=The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved |year=1763 |isbn=978-0-665-52678-7}}</ref> and the [[First Great Awakening]], a series of [[Christian revival]]s, fueled colonial interest in [[Freedom of religion|religious liberty]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Foner |first1=Eric |url=https://archive.org/details/storyofamericanf00fone |title=The Story of American Freedom |date=1998 |publisher=W.W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-04665-6 |edition=1st |pages=[https://archive.org/details/storyofamericanf00fone/page/4 4]–5 |quote=story of American freedom. |url-access=registration}}</ref>
-===American Revolution and the early republic (1776&ndash;1800)===
+===American Revolution and the early republic (1765&ndash;1800)===
 {{Main|American Revolution|American Revolutionary War}}
 {{Further|History of the United States (1776–1789)|History of the United States (1789–1815)}}
@@ Line 186: / Line 180: @@
 [[File:U.S. Territorial Acquisitions.png|thumb|Historical [[Territorial evolution of the United States|territorial expansion of the United States]]]]
 [[File:Thure de Thulstrup - L. Prang and Co. - Battle of Gettysburg - Restoration by Adam Cuerden (cropped).jpg|thumb|With over 50,000 estimated [[List of costliest American Civil War land battles|casualties]], the three-day [[Battle of Gettysburg]] was the bloodiest single battle of the Civil War.]]
-The [[Louisiana Purchase]] of 1803 from France nearly doubled the territory of the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=Louisiana Purchase |url=https://www.nps.gov/jeff/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |access-date=March 1, 2011 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Harriss |first=Joseph A. |title=How the Louisiana Purchase Changed the World |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-louisiana-purchase-changed-the-world-79715124/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> [[Origins of the War of 1812|Lingering issues with Britain remained]], leading to the [[War of 1812]], which was fought to a draw.<ref name="Wait19992">{{cite book |last=Wait |first=Eugene M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=puuQ30N0EsIC&pg=PA78 |title=America and the War of 1812 |publisher=Nova Publishers |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-56072-644-9 |page=78}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 10, 2024 |title=War of 1812 |url=http://public2.nhhcaws.local/browse-by-topic/wars-conflicts-and-operations/1812.html |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=[[Naval History and Heritage Command]] |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Adams–Onís Treaty|Spain ceded Florida]] and its Gulf Coast territory in 1819.<ref name="KloseJones19942">{{cite book |author1=Klose, Nelson |url=https://archive.org/details/unitedstateshist00klos_0/page/150 |title=United States History to 1877 |author2=Jones, Robert F. |publisher=Barron's Educational Series |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-8120-1834-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/unitedstateshist00klos_0/page/150 150]}}</ref> In the late 18th century, American settlers began to [[Territorial evolution of the United States|expand westward]], many with a sense of [[manifest destiny]].<ref name="MD20072">{{Cite book |last1=Carlisle |first1=Rodney P. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/659807062 |title=Manifest destiny and the expansion of America |last2=Golson |first2=J. Geoffrey |date=2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-834-7 |series=Turning Points in History Series |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |page=238 |oclc=659807062}}</ref>{{Sfn|McPherson|1988|p=41–43}} The [[Missouri Compromise]] attempted to balance desires of northern states to prevent expansion of slavery in the country with those of southern states to expand it, admitting [[Missouri]] as a [[Slave states and free states|slave state]] and [[Maine#Statehood|Maine]] as a free state and declared a policy of prohibiting slavery in the remaining Louisiana Purchase lands north of the [[parallel 36°30′ north|36°30′ parallel]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hammond|first=John Craig|date=March 2019|title=President, Planter, Politician: James Monroe, the Missouri Crisis, and the Politics of Slavery|journal=Journal of American History|volume=105|issue=4|pages=843–867|doi=10.1093/jahist/jaz002}}</ref> As Americans expanded further into land inhabited by Native Americans, the federal government often applied [[Federal Indian Policy|policies]] of [[Indian removal]] or [[Cultural assimilation of Native Americans|assimilation]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frymer |first=Paul |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/981954623 |title=Building an American empire : the era of territorial and political expansion |date=2017 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-1-4008-8535-0 |location=Princeton, New Jersey |oclc=981954623}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Calloway |first=Colin G. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1035393060 |title=First peoples : a documentary survey of American Indian history |date=2019 |publisher=Bedford/St. Martin's, Macmillan Learning |isbn=978-1-319-10491-7 |edition=6th |location=Boston |oclc=1035393060}}</ref> Organized displacements prompted a long series of [[American Indian Wars]] west of the Mississippi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Michno |first=Gregory |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Wars: Western Battles and Skirmishes, 1850–1890 |date=2003 |publisher=Mountain Press Publishing |isbn=978-0-87842-468-9}}</ref><ref name="BillingtonRidge2001j2">{{cite book |author1=Billington, Ray Allen |url=https://archive.org/details/westwardexpansio00bill/page/22 |title=Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier |author2=Ridge, Martin |publisher=UNM Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8263-1981-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/westwardexpansio00bill/page/22 22] |author-link2=Martin Ridge (historian)}}</ref>  The [[Republic of Texas]] was [[Texas annexation|annexed]] in 1845,<ref name="Morrison19992">{{cite book |author=Morrison, Michael A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTaxzMlkVEMC&pg=PA13 |title=Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War |date=April 28, 1997 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-0-8078-4796-1 |pages=13–21}}</ref> and the 1846 [[Oregon Treaty]] led to U.S. control of the present-day [[Northwestern United States|American Northwest]].<ref name="Kemp20102">{{cite book |author=Kemp, Roger L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JHawgM-WnlUC&pg=PA180 |title=Documents of American Democracy: A Collection of Essential Works |publisher=McFarland |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-7864-4210-2 |page=180 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> Victory in the [[Mexican–American War]] resulted in the 1848 [[Mexican Cession]] of California, Nevada, Utah, and much of present-day Colorado and the [[Southwestern United States|American Southwest]].<ref name="MD20072" /><ref name="McIlwraithMuller20012">{{cite book |author1=McIlwraith, Thomas F. |url=https://archive.org/details/northamericahist00mcil/page/61 |title=North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent |author2=Muller, Edward K. |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7425-0019-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/northamericahist00mcil/page/61 61] |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> Political tension over the possible introduction of slavery in these newly acquired territories was temporarily reduced by the [[Compromise of 1850]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Drexler |first=Ken |title=Research Guides: Compromise of 1850: Primary Documents in American History: Introduction |url=https://guides.loc.gov/compromise-1850/introduction |access-date=December 3, 2022 |website=guides.loc.gov |language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|McPherson|1988|p=71}}
+The [[Louisiana Purchase]] of 1803 from France nearly doubled the territory of the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=Louisiana Purchase |url=https://www.nps.gov/jeff/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |access-date=March 1, 2011 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Harriss |first=Joseph A. |title=How the Louisiana Purchase Changed the World |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-louisiana-purchase-changed-the-world-79715124/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> [[Origins of the War of 1812|Lingering issues with Britain remained]], leading to the [[War of 1812]], which was fought to a draw.<ref name="Wait19992">{{cite book |last=Wait |first=Eugene M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=puuQ30N0EsIC&pg=PA78 |title=America and the War of 1812 |publisher=Nova Publishers |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-56072-644-9 |page=78}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 10, 2024 |title=War of 1812 |url=http://public2.nhhcaws.local/browse-by-topic/wars-conflicts-and-operations/1812.html |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=[[Naval History and Heritage Command]] |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Adams–Onís Treaty|Spain ceded Florida]] and its Gulf Coast territory in 1819.<ref name="KloseJones19942">{{cite book |author1=Klose, Nelson |url=https://archive.org/details/unitedstateshist00klos_0/page/150 |title=United States History to 1877 |author2=Jones, Robert F. |publisher=Barron's Educational Series |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-8120-1834-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/unitedstateshist00klos_0/page/150 150]}}</ref> In the late 18th century, American settlers began to [[Territorial evolution of the United States|expand westward]], many with a sense of [[manifest destiny]].<ref name="MD20072">{{Cite book |last1=Carlisle |first1=Rodney P. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/659807062 |title=Manifest destiny and the expansion of America |last2=Golson |first2=J. Geoffrey |date=2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-834-7 |series=Turning Points in History Series |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |page=238 |oclc=659807062}}</ref>{{Sfn|McPherson|1988|p=41–43}} The [[Missouri Compromise]] attempted to balance the desire of northern states to prevent the expansion of slavery into new territories with that of southern states to extend it, admitting [[Missouri]] as a [[Slave states and free states|slave state]] and [[Maine#Statehood|Maine]] as a free state. With the exception of Missouri, it also prohibited slavery in all lands of the Louisiana Purchase north of the [[parallel 36°30′ north|36°30′ parallel]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hammond|first=John Craig|date=March 2019|title=President, Planter, Politician: James Monroe, the Missouri Crisis, and the Politics of Slavery|journal=Journal of American History|volume=105|issue=4|pages=843–867|doi=10.1093/jahist/jaz002}}</ref> As Americans expanded further into land inhabited by Native Americans, the federal government often applied [[Federal Indian Policy|policies]] of [[Indian removal]] or [[Cultural assimilation of Native Americans|assimilation]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frymer |first=Paul |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/981954623 |title=Building an American empire : the era of territorial and political expansion |date=2017 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-1-4008-8535-0 |location=Princeton, New Jersey |oclc=981954623}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Calloway |first=Colin G. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1035393060 |title=First peoples : a documentary survey of American Indian history |date=2019 |publisher=Bedford/St. Martin's, Macmillan Learning |isbn=978-1-319-10491-7 |edition=6th |location=Boston |oclc=1035393060}}</ref> Organized displacements prompted a long series of [[American Indian Wars]] west of the Mississippi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Michno |first=Gregory |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Wars: Western Battles and Skirmishes, 1850–1890 |date=2003 |publisher=Mountain Press Publishing |isbn=978-0-87842-468-9}}</ref><ref name="BillingtonRidge2001j2">{{cite book |author1=Billington, Ray Allen |url=https://archive.org/details/westwardexpansio00bill/page/22 |title=Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier |author2=Ridge, Martin |publisher=UNM Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8263-1981-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/westwardexpansio00bill/page/22 22] |author-link2=Martin Ridge (historian)}}</ref>  The [[Republic of Texas]] was [[Texas annexation|annexed]] in 1845,<ref name="Morrison19992">{{cite book |author=Morrison, Michael A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTaxzMlkVEMC&pg=PA13 |title=Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War |date=April 28, 1997 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-0-8078-4796-1 |pages=13–21}}</ref> and the 1846 [[Oregon Treaty]] led to U.S. control of the present-day [[Northwestern United States|American Northwest]].<ref name="Kemp20102">{{cite book |author=Kemp, Roger L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JHawgM-WnlUC&pg=PA180 |title=Documents of American Democracy: A Collection of Essential Works |publisher=McFarland |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-7864-4210-2 |page=180 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> Victory in the [[Mexican–American War]] resulted in the 1848 [[Mexican Cession]] of California, Nevada, Utah, and much of present-day Colorado and the [[Southwestern United States|American Southwest]].<ref name="MD20072" /><ref name="McIlwraithMuller20012">{{cite book |author1=McIlwraith, Thomas F. |url=https://archive.org/details/northamericahist00mcil/page/61 |title=North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent |author2=Muller, Edward K. |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7425-0019-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/northamericahist00mcil/page/61 61] |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> Political tension over the possible introduction of slavery in these newly acquired territories was temporarily reduced by the [[Compromise of 1850]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Drexler |first=Ken |title=Research Guides: Compromise of 1850: Primary Documents in American History: Introduction |url=https://guides.loc.gov/compromise-1850/introduction |access-date=December 3, 2022 |website=guides.loc.gov |language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|McPherson|1988|p=71}}
 During the colonial period, [[Slavery in the colonial history of the United States|slavery had been legal in the American colonies]], though the practice began to be significantly questioned during the American Revolution.{{sfnm|1a1=Walker Howe|1y=2007|1p=52–54|2a1=Wright|2y=2022}} States in [[Northern United States|the North]] enacted [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolition laws]],{{sfnm|1a1=Walker Howe|1y=2007|1p=52–54|2a1=Rodriguez|2y=2015|2p=XXXIV|3a1=Wright|3y=2022}} though support for slavery strengthened in [[Southern United States|Southern states]], as inventions such as the [[cotton gin]] made the institution increasingly profitable for [[Planter class|Southern elites]].<ref>[[United States#Walton|Walton, 2009]], p. 43</ref><ref>[[United States#Gordon|Gordon, 2004]], pp. 27,29</ref>{{sfn|Walker Howe|2007|p=478, 481–482, 587–588}} This [[Slave states and free states|sectional conflict]] regarding slavery [[Origins of the American Civil War|culminated]] in the [[American Civil War]] (1861–1865).<ref>{{cite book |last=Murray |first=Stuart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_sy7mmmxQC&pg=PA76 |title=Atlas of American Military History |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-4381-3025-5 |page=76 |access-date=October 25, 2015}} {{cite book |last=Lewis |first=Harold T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kr-xNru5vZkC&pg=PA53 |title=Christian Social Witness |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-56101-188-9 |page=53}}</ref><ref name="Woods 2012 pp. 415–4392">{{cite journal |last=Woods |first=Michael E. |year=2012 |title=What Twenty-First-Century Historians Have Said about the Causes of Disunion: A Civil War Sesquicentennial Review of the Recent Literature |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44306803 |journal=The Journal of American History |publisher=[Oxford University Press, Organization of American Historians] |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=415–439 |doi=10.1093/jahist/jas272 |issn=0021-8723 |jstor=44306803 |access-date=April 29, 2023}}</ref> Eleven slave states [[seceded]] and formed the [[Confederate States of America]], while the other states remained in [[Union (American Civil War)|the Union]].<ref name="Silkenat 2019 p. 252">{{cite book |last=Silkenat |first=D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nHWKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 |title=Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Defined the American Civil War |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-4696-4973-3 |series=Civil War America |page=25 |access-date=April 29, 2023}}</ref>{{Sfn|McPherson|1988|p=236}} War broke out in April 1861 after the Confederates [[Battle of Fort Sumter|bombarded Fort Sumter]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Vinovskis |first=Maris |title=Toward A Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays |date=1990 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-39559-5 |location=Cambridge; New York |page=4}}</ref>{{Sfn|McPherson|1988|pp=273–274}} After the January 1863 [[Emancipation Proclamation]], many freed slaves joined the Union Army.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/blacks-civil-war/ |title=The Fight for Equal Rights: Black Soldiers in the Civil War|work=[[National Archives and Records Administration|U.S. National Archives and Records Administration]]|date=August 15, 2016|quote=By the end of the Civil War, roughly 179,000 black men (10% of the Union Army) served as soldiers in the U.S. Army and another 19,000 served in the Navy.}}</ref> The war [[Turning point of the American Civil War|began to turn in the Union's favor]] following the 1863 [[Siege of Vicksburg]] and [[Battle of Gettysburg]], and the Confederacy surrendered in 1865 after the Union's victory in the [[Battle of Appomattox Court House]].<ref>Davis, Jefferson. [https://archive.org/stream/ashorthistoryco00davigoog#page/n544/mode/2up/search/surrender+at+Appomattox ''A Short History of the Confederate States of America''], 1890, 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-175-82358-8}}. Available free online as an ebook. Chapter LXXXVIII, "Re-establishment of the Union by force", p. 503. Retrieved March 14, 2012.</ref> The [[Reconstruction era]] followed the war. After [[Assassination of Abraham Lincoln|the assassination]] of President [[Abraham Lincoln]], [[Reconstruction Amendments]] were passed to [[Civil rights movement (1865–1896)|protect the rights of African Americans]]. National infrastructure, including [[First transcontinental telegraph|transcontinental telegraph]] and [[First transcontinental railroad|railroads]], spurred growth in the [[American frontier]].<ref name="Black2011kj2">{{cite book |last=Black |first=Jeremy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIst_CSWOqIC&pg=PA275 |title=Fighting for America: The Struggle for Mastery in North America, 1519–1871 |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-253-35660-4 |page=275 |author-link=Jeremy Black (historian)}}</ref>
@@ Line 198: / Line 192: @@
 The [[Compromise of 1877]] effectively ended Reconstruction and [[Redeemers|white supremacists took local control of Southern politics]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Woodward |first=C. Vann |title=Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction |date=1991 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=United Kingdom}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Drew Gilpin Faust |author-link=Drew Gilpin Faust |author2=Eric Foner |author2-link=Eric Foner |author3=Clarence E. Walker |author3-link=Clarence E. Walker |title=White Southern Responses to Black Emancipation |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/reconstruction-white-southern-responses-black-emancipation/ |work=[[American Experience]]}}</ref> African Americans endured a period of heightened, overt racism following Reconstruction, a time often called the [[nadir of American race relations]].<ref name="ReferenceA2">{{cite book |last=Trelease |first=Allen W. |title=White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction |publisher=Harper & Row |year=1979 |isbn=0-313-21168-X |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Shearer Davis Bowman |url=https://archive.org/details/masterslordsmid10000bowm |title=Masters and Lords: Mid-19th-Century U.S. Planters and Prussian Junkers |publisher=Oxford UP |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-19-536394-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/masterslordsmid10000bowm/page/221 221] |url-access=registration}}</ref> A series of Supreme Court decisions, including ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'', emptied the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments of their force, allowing [[Jim Crow laws]] in the South to remain unchecked, [[sundown town]]s in the Midwest, and [[Racial segregation in the United States|segregation in communities across the country]], which would be reinforced by the policy of [[redlining]] later adopted by the federal [[Home Owners' Loan Corporation]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Plessy's Legacy: The Government's Role in the Development and Perpetuation of Segregated Neighborhoods |last=Ware |first=Leland |journal=RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences |date=February 2021 |pages=92–109 |volume=7 |issue=1 |doi=10.7758/rsf.2021.7.1.06 |s2cid=231929202 }}</ref>
-[[Second Industrial Revolution|An explosion of technological advancement]] accompanied by the exploitation of cheap immigrant labor<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hirschman |first1=Charles |last2=Mogford |first2=Elizabeth |date=December 1, 2009 |title=Immigration and the American Industrial Revolution From 1880 to 1920 |journal=Social Science Research |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=897–920 |doi=10.1016/j.ssresearch.2009.04.001 |issn=0049-089X |pmc=2760060 |pmid=20160966}}</ref> led to [[Gilded Age|rapid economic development during the late 19th and early 20th centuries]], allowing the United States to outpace the economies of England, France, and Germany combined.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carson |first1=Thomas |last2=Bonk |first2=Mary |title=Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History |date=1999 |publisher=Gale |chapter=Industrial Revolution}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Riggs |first1=Thomas |title=Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History Vol. 3 |date=2015 |publisher=Gale |page=1179 |edition=2}}</ref> This fostered the amassing of power by [[Robber baron (industrialist)|a few prominent industrialists]], largely by their formation of [[Trust (business)|trusts]] and [[Monopoly|monopolies]] to prevent competition.<ref name="Atlantic2">{{Cite journal |last=Dole |first=Charles F. |year=1907 |title=The Ethics of Speculation |journal=[[The Atlantic Monthly]] |volume=C |issue=December 1907 |pages=812–818}}</ref> [[Tycoon]]s led the nation's expansion in the [[History of rail transportation in the United States|railroad]], [[History of the petroleum industry in the United States|petroleum]], and [[History of the steel industry (1850–1970)|steel]] industries. The United States emerged as a pioneer of the [[Automotive industry in the United States|automotive industry]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=The Pit Boss |date=February 26, 2021 |title=The Pit Stop: The American Automotive Industry Is Packed With History |url=https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Rumble On}}</ref> These changes were accompanied by significant increases in [[economic inequality]], [[How the Other Half Lives|slum conditions]], and [[List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States|social unrest]], creating the environment for [[Labor history of the United States|labor unions to begin to flourish]].<ref>Tindall, George Brown and Shi, David E. (2012). ''America: A Narrative History (Brief Ninth Edition) (Vol. 2).'' [[W. W. Norton & Company]]. {{ISBN|978-0-393-91267-8}} p. 589</ref><ref>[[United States#Zinn|Zinn, 2005]], pp. 321–357</ref><ref name="Fraser2">{{cite book |last=Fraser |first=Steve |title=The Age of Acquiescence: The Life and Death of American Resistance to Organized Wealth and Power |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-316-18543-1 |page=66}}</ref> This period eventually ended with the advent of the [[Progressive Era]], which was characterized by significant reforms.<ref name="Aldrich2">Aldrich, Mark. ''Safety First: Technology, Labor and Business in the Building of Work Safety, 1870-1939.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997. {{ISBN|0-8018-5405-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Progressive Era to New Era, 1900-1929 {{!}} U.S. History Primary Source Timeline {{!}} Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/progressive-era-to-new-era-1900-1929/overview/ |access-date=November 11, 2023 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref>
+[[Second Industrial Revolution|An explosion of technological advancement]] accompanied by the exploitation of cheap immigrant labor<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hirschman |first1=Charles |last2=Mogford |first2=Elizabeth |date=December 1, 2009 |title=Immigration and the American Industrial Revolution From 1880 to 1920 |journal=Social Science Research |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=897–920 |doi=10.1016/j.ssresearch.2009.04.001 |issn=0049-089X |pmc=2760060 |pmid=20160966}}</ref> led to [[Gilded Age|rapid economic expansion during the late 19th and early 20th centuries]], allowing the United States to outpace the economies of England, France, and Germany combined.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carson |first1=Thomas |last2=Bonk |first2=Mary |title=Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History |date=1999 |publisher=Gale |chapter=Industrial Revolution}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Riggs |first1=Thomas |title=Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History Vol. 3 |date=2015 |publisher=Gale |page=1179 |edition=2}}</ref> This fostered the amassing of power by [[Robber baron (industrialist)|a few prominent industrialists]], largely by their formation of [[Trust (business)|trusts]] and [[Monopoly|monopolies]] to prevent competition.<ref name="Atlantic2">{{Cite journal |last=Dole |first=Charles F. |year=1907 |title=The Ethics of Speculation |journal=[[The Atlantic Monthly]] |volume=C |issue=December 1907 |pages=812–818}}</ref> [[Tycoon]]s led the nation's expansion in the [[History of rail transportation in the United States|railroad]], [[History of the petroleum industry in the United States|petroleum]], and [[History of the steel industry (1850–1970)|steel]] industries. The United States emerged as a pioneer of the [[Automotive industry in the United States|automotive industry]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=The Pit Boss |date=February 26, 2021 |title=The Pit Stop: The American Automotive Industry Is Packed With History |url=https://pitstop.rumbleon.com/american-automotive-history |access-date=December 5, 2021 |website=Rumble On}}</ref> These changes were accompanied by significant increases in [[economic inequality]], [[How the Other Half Lives|slum conditions]], and [[List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States|social unrest]], creating the environment for [[Labor history of the United States|labor unions to begin to flourish]].<ref>Tindall, George Brown and Shi, David E. (2012). ''America: A Narrative History (Brief Ninth Edition) (Vol. 2).'' [[W. W. Norton & Company]]. {{ISBN|978-0-393-91267-8}} p. 589</ref><ref>[[United States#Zinn|Zinn, 2005]], pp. 321–357</ref><ref name="Fraser2">{{cite book |last=Fraser |first=Steve |title=The Age of Acquiescence: The Life and Death of American Resistance to Organized Wealth and Power |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-316-18543-1 |page=66}}</ref> This period eventually ended with the advent of the [[Progressive Era]], which was characterized by significant reforms.<ref name="Aldrich2">Aldrich, Mark. ''Safety First: Technology, Labor and Business in the Building of Work Safety, 1870-1939.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997. {{ISBN|0-8018-5405-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Progressive Era to New Era, 1900-1929 {{!}} U.S. History Primary Source Timeline {{!}} Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/progressive-era-to-new-era-1900-1929/overview/ |access-date=November 11, 2023 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref>
 Pro-American elements in Hawaii [[Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii|overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy]]; the islands [[Newlands Resolution|were annexed]] in 1898. That same year, [[Puerto Rico]], [[the Philippines]], and [[Guam]] were ceded to the U.S. by Spain after the latter's defeat in the [[Spanish–American War]]. (The Philippines was granted full independence from the U.S. on July 4, 1946, following World War II. Puerto Rico and Guam have remained U.S. territories.)<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spanish–American War, 1898 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/spanish-american-war |access-date=December 24, 2014 |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> [[American Samoa]] was acquired by the United States in 1900 after the [[Second Samoan Civil War]].<ref>Ryden, George Herbert. ''The Foreign Policy of the United States in Relation to Samoa''. New York: Octagon Books, 1975.</ref> The [[United States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]] were purchased from [[Denmark]] in 1917.<ref>{{cite web |title=Virgin Islands History |url=https://www.vinow.com/general_usvi/history/ |access-date=January 5, 2018 |publisher=Vinow.com}}</ref>
@@ Line 206: / Line 200: @@
 [[File:TrinityDetonation1945GIF.gif|thumb|The [[Trinity (nuclear test)|Trinity nuclear test]] in 1945, part of the [[Manhattan Project]] and the first detonation of a [[nuclear weapon]]. The World Wars permanently ended [[United States non-interventionism|the country's policy of isolationism]] and left it as a [[superpower]].]]
-The United States [[American entry into World War I|entered World War I]] alongside the [[Allies of World War I]], helping to turn the tide against the [[Central Powers]].<ref>McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005). ''U.S. History Super Review''. Piscataway, NJ: Research & Education Association. p. 418. {{ISBN|978-0-7386-0070-3}}.</ref> In 1920, [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|a constitutional amendment]] granted nationwide [[Women's suffrage in the United States|women's suffrage]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Larson |first1=Elizabeth C. |last2=Meltvedt |first2=Kristi R. |year=2021 |title=Women's suffrage: fact sheet |url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R45805 |journal=CRS Reports (Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service) |series=Report / Congressional Research Service |access-date=August 9, 2023}}</ref> During the 1920s and '30s, radio for [[mass communication]] and the invention of early television transformed communications nationwide.{{sfn|Winchester|2013|pp=410–411}} The [[Wall Street Crash of 1929]] triggered the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]], which President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] responded to with the [[New Deal]], a series of [[Alphabet agencies|sweeping programs]], [[Public works|public work projects]], financial reforms, and [[Regulatory economics|regulations]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Axinn |first1=June |title=Social Welfare: A History of the American Response to Need |last2=Stern |first2=Mark J. |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-205-52215-6 |edition=7th |location=Boston}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=James Noble Gregory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qNdtGwnXYrIC |title=American Exodus: The Dust Bowl Migration and Okie Culture in California |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-19-507136-8 |access-date=October 25, 2015}} {{cite web |author=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |year=2013 |title=Mass Exodus From the Plains |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/dustbowl-mass-exodus-plains/ |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Experience |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation}} {{cite web |last1=Fanslow |first1=Robin A. |date=April 6, 1997 |title=The Migrant Experience |url=https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/afctshtml/tsme.html |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Folklore Center |publisher=Library of Congress}} {{cite book |last=Stein |first=Walter J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hGuGAAAAIAAJ |title=California and the Dust Bowl Migration |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-8371-6267-6 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref>
+The United States [[American entry into World War I|entered World War I]] alongside the [[Allies of World War I]], helping to turn the tide against the [[Central Powers]].<ref>McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005). ''U.S. History Super Review''. Piscataway, NJ: Research & Education Association. p. 418. {{ISBN|978-0-7386-0070-3}}.</ref> In 1920, [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|a constitutional amendment]] granted nationwide [[Women's suffrage in the United States|women's suffrage]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Larson |first1=Elizabeth C. |last2=Meltvedt |first2=Kristi R. |year=2021 |title=Women's suffrage: fact sheet |url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R45805 |journal=CRS Reports (Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service) |series=Report / Congressional Research Service |access-date=August 9, 2023}}</ref> During the 1920s and '30s, radio for [[mass communication]] and the invention of early television transformed communications nationwide.{{sfn|Winchester|2013|pp=410–411}} The [[Wall Street Crash of 1929]] triggered the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]], which President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] responded to with the [[New Deal]], a series of [[Alphabet agencies|sweeping programs]] and [[Works Progress Administration|public works projects]] combined with financial reforms and [[Regulatory economics|regulations]]. All were intended to protect against future economic depressions.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Axinn |first1=June |title=Social Welfare: A History of the American Response to Need |last2=Stern |first2=Mark J. |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-205-52215-6 |edition=7th |location=Boston}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=James Noble Gregory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qNdtGwnXYrIC |title=American Exodus: The Dust Bowl Migration and Okie Culture in California |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-19-507136-8 |access-date=October 25, 2015}} {{cite web |author=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |year=2013 |title=Mass Exodus From the Plains |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/dustbowl-mass-exodus-plains/ |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Experience |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation}} {{cite web |last1=Fanslow |first1=Robin A. |date=April 6, 1997 |title=The Migrant Experience |url=https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/afctshtml/tsme.html |access-date=October 5, 2014 |website=American Folklore Center |publisher=Library of Congress}} {{cite book |last=Stein |first=Walter J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hGuGAAAAIAAJ |title=California and the Dust Bowl Migration |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-8371-6267-6 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref>
 [[United States non-interventionism before entering World War II|Initially neutral]] during [[Military history of the United States during World War II|World War II]], the U.S. began [[Lend-Lease|supplying war materiel]] to the [[Allies of World War II]] in March 1941 and [[American entry into World War II|entered the war]] in December after the [[Empire of Japan]]'s attack on [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor]].<ref>The official WRA record from 1946 states that it was 120,000 people. See {{cite book |author=[[War Relocation Authority]] |url=https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-282-5/ |title=The Evacuated People: A Quantitative Study |year=1946 |page=8}} This number does not include people held in other camps such as those run by the DoJ or U.S. Army. Other sources may give numbers slightly more or less than 120,000.</ref><ref name="Pearl Harbor2">{{cite web |last1=Yamasaki |first1=Mitch |title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History |url=https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archive-date=December 13, 2014 |access-date=January 14, 2015 |publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii}}</ref> The U.S. [[Manhattan Project|developed the first nuclear weapons]] and [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|used them against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]] in August 1945, ending the war.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II? |language=en |newspaper=The Japan Times |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/ |access-date=February 8, 2017}}</ref><ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006). ''Japan's Longest Day''. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-4-7700-2887-7}}.</ref> The United States was one of the "[[Four Policemen]]" who met to plan the [[Aftermath of World War II|post-war world]], alongside the [[United Kingdom]], [[Soviet Union]], and [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]].{{sfn|Hoopes|Brinkley|1997|p=100}}{{sfn|Gaddis|1972|p=25}} The U.S. emerged relatively unscathed from the war, with even greater [[economic power]] and [[Sphere of influence|international political influence]].<ref>Kennedy, Paul (1989). ''The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers''. New York: Vintage. p. 358. {{ISBN|978-0-679-72019-5}}</ref>
@@ Line 214: / Line 208: @@
 {{Further|History of the United States (1945&ndash;1964)|History of the United States (1964–1980)|History of the United States (1980–1991)}}
 [[File:Reagan and Gorbachev signing.jpg|thumb|[[Mikhail Gorbachev]] and [[Ronald Reagan]] sign the [[Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty]] at the [[White House]] in 1987.]]
-After World War II, the United States entered the Cold War, where geopolitical tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union led the two countries to [[Superpower|dominate world affairs]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sempa |first=Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Px4uDwAAQBAJ |title=Geopolitics: From the Cold War to the 21st Century |date=July 12, 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-51768-3}}</ref> The U.S. [[United States involvement in regime change|engaged in regime change]] against governments perceived to be aligned with the Soviet Union, and competed in the [[Space Race]], culminating in the [[Apollo 11|first crewed Moon landing]] in 1969.<ref name="Blakemore-20192">{{cite web |last=Blakemore |first=Erin |date=March 22, 2019 |title=What was the Cold War? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192349/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |access-date=August 28, 2020 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref><ref>Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe," in {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyNcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174 |title=A Companion to Europe Since 1945 |publisher=Wiley |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-118-89024-0 |editor-last=Larresm |editor-first=Klaus |page=79}}</ref><ref>[[United States#Blakeley|Blakeley, 2009]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=rft8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA92 p. 92]</ref><ref name="Proxy2">{{cite book |last=Collins |first=Michael |url=https://archive.org/details/liftoff00coll |title=Liftoff: The Story of America's Adventure in Space |publisher=Grove Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-8021-1011-4 |location=New York |author-link=Michael Collins (astronaut) |url-access=registration}}</ref> Domestically, the U.S. [[Post–World War II economic expansion|experienced economic growth]], [[Urbanization in the United States|urbanization]], and [[Mid-20th century baby boom|population growth following World War II]].{{sfn|Winchester|2013|pp=305–308}} The [[civil rights movement]] emerged, with [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] becoming a prominent leader in the early 1960s.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.pbs.org/johngardner/chapters/4b.html |access-date=January 5, 2019 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> The [[Great Society]] plan of President [[Lyndon Johnson]]'s administration resulted in groundbreaking and broad-reaching laws, policies and a constitutional amendment to counteract some of the worst effects of lingering [[institutional racism]].<ref>{{cite book|first= Alan|last=Brinkley|chapter= Great Society |title=The Reader's Companion to American History|date=January 24, 1991 |editor1=Eric Foner|editor2=John Arthur Garraty|isbn=0-395-51372-3|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Books|page=472}}</ref> The [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture movement]] in the U.S. brought significant social changes, including the liberalization of attitudes toward [[recreational drug use]] and [[Sexual revolution|sexuality]]. It also encouraged [[Draft evasion in the Vietnam War|open defiance of the military draft]] (leading to the [[Conscription#By country|end of conscription]] in 1973) and [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|wide opposition]] to [[United States in the Vietnam War|U.S. intervention in Vietnam]] (with the U.S. totally withdrawing in 1975).<ref>{{cite web |author=Svetlana Ter-Grigoryan |date=February 12, 2022 |title=The Sexual Revolution Origins and Impact |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/sexual-liberation-movement-origin-timeline-impact-revolution.html |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=study.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Levy |first=Daniel |date=January 19, 2018 |title=Behind the Protests Against the Vietnam War in 1968 |url=https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=May 5, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2022 |title=Playboy: American Magazine |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Playboy |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=...the so-called sexual revolution in the United States in the 1960s, marked by greatly more permissive attitudes toward sexual interest and activity than had been prevalent in earlier generations.}}</ref> The societal shift in the roles of women partly resulted in large increases in female labor participation in the 1970s, and by 1985 the majority of women aged 16 and older were employed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Women in the Labor Force: A Databook|url=https://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2012.pdf|publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics|access-date=March 21, 2014|page=11|year=2013}}</ref> The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the [[Revolutions of 1989|collapse of the Warsaw Pact]] and the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], which marked the end of the Cold War and [[Superpower#Post-Cold War era|solidified the U.S. as the world's sole superpower]].<ref name="Gaidar2">{{cite book |last=Gaĭdar |first=E.T. |url={{GBUrl|bDSfnxYjVwAC|pg=PA102}} |title=Collapse of an Empire: Lessons for Modern Russia |publisher=[[Brookings Institution#Publications|Brookings Institution Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8157-3114-6 |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=190–205}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Howell |first=Buddy Wayne |title=The Rhetoric of Presidential Summit Diplomacy: Ronald Reagan and the U.S.-Soviet Summits, 1985–1988 |publisher=Texas A&M University |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-549-41658-6 |page=352}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kissinger |first=Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IZboamhb5EC&pg=PA731 |title=Diplomacy |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4391-2631-8 |pages=781–784 |author-link=Henry Kissinger |access-date=October 25, 2015}} {{cite book |last=Mann |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BgZyXNIrvB4C&pg=PT12 |title=The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan: A History of the End of the Cold War |publisher=Penguin |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4406-8639-9 |page=432}}</ref><ref>[[United States#Hayes|Hayes, 2009]]</ref>
+After World War II, the United States entered the Cold War, where geopolitical tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union led the two countries to [[Superpower|dominate world affairs]].<ref name="Blakemore-20192">{{cite web |last=Blakemore |first=Erin |date=March 22, 2019 |title=What was the Cold War? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192349/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |access-date=August 28, 2020 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref><ref>Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe," in {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EyNcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174 |title=A Companion to Europe Since 1945 |publisher=Wiley |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-118-89024-0 |editor-last=Larresm |editor-first=Klaus |page=79}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sempa |first=Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Px4uDwAAQBAJ |title=Geopolitics: From the Cold War to the 21st Century |date=July 12, 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-51768-3}}</ref> The U.S. [[United States involvement in regime change|engaged in regime change]] against governments perceived to be aligned with the Soviet Union, and competed in the [[Space Race]], culminating in the [[Apollo 11|first crewed Moon landing]] in 1969.<ref>[[United States#Blakeley|Blakeley, 2009]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=rft8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA92 p. 92]</ref><ref name="Proxy2">{{cite book |last=Collins |first=Michael |url=https://archive.org/details/liftoff00coll |title=Liftoff: The Story of America's Adventure in Space |publisher=Grove Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-8021-1011-4 |location=New York |author-link=Michael Collins (astronaut) |url-access=registration}}</ref> Domestically, the U.S. [[Post–World War II economic expansion|experienced economic growth]], [[Urbanization in the United States|urbanization]], and [[Mid-20th century baby boom|population growth following World War II]].{{sfn|Winchester|2013|pp=305–308}} The [[civil rights movement]] emerged, with [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] becoming a prominent leader in the early 1960s.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Civil Rights Movement |url=https://www.pbs.org/johngardner/chapters/4b.html |access-date=January 5, 2019 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> The [[Great Society]] plan of President [[Lyndon Johnson]]'s administration resulted in groundbreaking and broad-reaching laws, policies and a constitutional amendment to counteract some of the worst effects of lingering [[institutional racism]].<ref>{{cite book|first= Alan|last=Brinkley|chapter= Great Society |title=The Reader's Companion to American History|date=January 24, 1991 |editor1=Eric Foner|editor2=John Arthur Garraty|isbn=0-395-51372-3|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Books|page=472}}</ref> The [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture movement]] in the U.S. brought significant social changes, including the liberalization of attitudes toward [[recreational drug use]] and [[Sexual revolution|sexuality]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2022 |title=Playboy: American Magazine |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Playboy |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=...the so-called sexual revolution in the United States in the 1960s, marked by greatly more permissive attitudes toward sexual interest and activity than had been prevalent in earlier generations.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Svetlana Ter-Grigoryan |date=February 12, 2022 |title=The Sexual Revolution Origins and Impact |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/sexual-liberation-movement-origin-timeline-impact-revolution.html |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=study.com}}</ref> It also encouraged [[Draft evasion in the Vietnam War|open defiance of the military draft]] (leading to the [[Conscription#By country|end of conscription]] in 1973) and [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|wide opposition]] to [[United States in the Vietnam War|U.S. intervention in Vietnam]] (with the U.S. totally withdrawing in 1975).<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Levy |first=Daniel |date=January 19, 2018 |title=Behind the Protests Against the Vietnam War in 1968 |url=https://time.com/5106608/protest-1968/?amp=true |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=May 5, 2021}}</ref> A societal shift in the roles of women was partly responsible for the large increase in female labor participation during the 1970s, and by 1985 the majority of American women aged 16 and older were employed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Women in the Labor Force: A Databook|url=https://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2012.pdf|publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics|access-date=March 21, 2014|page=11|year=2013}}</ref> The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the [[Revolutions of 1989|collapse of the Warsaw Pact]] and the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], which marked the end of the Cold War and [[Superpower#Post-Cold War era|solidified the position of the U.S. as the world's sole superpower]].<ref name="Gaidar2">{{cite book |last=Gaĭdar |first=E.T. |url={{GBUrl|bDSfnxYjVwAC|pg=PA102}} |title=Collapse of an Empire: Lessons for Modern Russia |publisher=[[Brookings Institution#Publications|Brookings Institution Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8157-3114-6 |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=190–205}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Howell |first=Buddy Wayne |title=The Rhetoric of Presidential Summit Diplomacy: Ronald Reagan and the U.S.-Soviet Summits, 1985–1988 |publisher=Texas A&M University |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-549-41658-6 |page=352}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kissinger |first=Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IZboamhb5EC&pg=PA731 |title=Diplomacy |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4391-2631-8 |pages=781–784 |author-link=Henry Kissinger |access-date=October 25, 2015}} {{cite book |last=Mann |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BgZyXNIrvB4C&pg=PT12 |title=The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan: A History of the End of the Cold War |publisher=Penguin |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4406-8639-9 |page=432}}</ref><ref>[[United States#Hayes|Hayes, 2009]]</ref>
 === Contemporary (1991&ndash;present) ===
@@ Line 221: / Line 215: @@
 [[File:2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09254-2_(50820534063)_(retouched).jpg|thumb|The [[January 6 United States Capitol attack]] in 2021]]
-The 1990s saw the [[1990s United States boom|longest recorded economic expansion in American history]], a dramatic [[Crime in the United States#Crime over time|decline in crime]], and [[Technological and industrial history of the United States#Computers and information networks|advances in technology]], with the [[World Wide Web]], the evolution of the [[Pentium (original)|Pentium microprocessor]] in accordance with [[Moore's law]], rechargeable [[Lithium-ion battery|lithium-ion batteries]], the first [[gene therapy]] trial, and [[cloning]] all emerging and being improved upon throughout the decade. The [[Human Genome Project]] was formally launched in 1990, while [[Nasdaq]] became the first stock market in the United States to trade online in 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |last=((CFI Team)) |title=NASDAQ |url=https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211163114/https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |archive-date=December 11, 2023 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=Corporate Finance Institute |language=en-US}}</ref>
+The 1990s saw the [[1990s United States boom|longest recorded economic expansion in American history]], a dramatic [[Crime in the United States#Crime over time|decline in crime]], and [[Technological and industrial history of the United States#Computers and information networks|advances in technology]]. Throughout this decade, technological innovations such as the [[World Wide Web]], the evolution of the [[Pentium (original)|Pentium microprocessor]] in accordance with [[Moore's law]], rechargeable [[Lithium-ion battery|lithium-ion batteries]], the first [[gene therapy]] trial, and [[cloning]] either emerged in the U.S. or were improved upon there. The [[Human Genome Project]] was formally launched in 1990, while [[Nasdaq]] became the first stock market in the United States to trade online in 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |last=((CFI Team)) |title=NASDAQ |url=https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211163114/https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ |archive-date=December 11, 2023 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=Corporate Finance Institute |language=en-US}}</ref>
 In the [[Gulf War]] of 1991, an [[Coalition of the Gulf War|American-led international coalition of states]] expelled an [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraqi]] invasion force that had occupied neighboring [[Kuwait]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Holsti|first=Ole R.|author-link=Ole R. Holsti|title=American Public Opinion on the Iraq War|page=20|chapter=The United States and Iraq before the Iraq War|date=November 7, 2011|publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]]|isbn=978-0-472-03480-2}}</ref> The [[September 11 attacks]] on the United States in 2001 by the [[Pan-Islamism|pan-Islamist]] militant organization [[al-Qaeda]] led to the [[war on terror]], and subsequent [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|military interventions in Afghanistan]] and [[Iraq War|Iraq]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Walsh, Kenneth T. |date=December 9, 2008 |title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy |newspaper=U.S. News & World Report |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy |access-date=March 6, 2013}} {{cite book |last=Atkins |first=Stephen E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDDIgWRN_HQC&pg=PA210 |title=The 9/11 Encyclopedia: Second Edition |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-59884-921-9 |page=872 |access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wong |first=Edward |date=February 15, 2008 |title=Overview: The Iraq War |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html |access-date=March 7, 2013}} {{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Turner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&q=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein |title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2 |page=159 |access-date=October 25, 2015}} {{cite news |author=Durando, Jessica |author2=Green, Shannon Rae |date=December 21, 2011 |title=Timeline: Key moments in the Iraq War |newspaper=USA Today |agency=Associated Press |url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1 |url-status=dead |access-date=March 7, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904084312/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1 |archive-date=September 4, 2020}}</ref> The [[Cultural influence of the September 11 attacks|cultural impact of the attacks]] was profound and long-lasting.
-The [[2000s United States housing bubble|U.S. housing bubble]] culminated in 2007 with the [[Great Recession]], the largest economic contraction since the Great Depression.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hilsenrath |first1=Jon |last2=Ng |first2=Serena |last3=Paletta |first3=Damian |date=September 18, 2008 |title=Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=July 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225040616/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947 |archive-date=December 25, 2014 |issn=1042-9840 |oclc=781541372}}</ref> Coming to a head in the 2010s, [[Political polarization in the United States|political polarization]] increased between the left-wing Democrats and the right-wing Republicans.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Murray |first1=Mark |last2=Marquez |first2=Alexandra |date=June 15, 2023 |title=Here's what's driving America's increasing political polarization |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/meetthepressblog/s-s-driving-americas-increasing-political-polarization-rcna89559 |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hamid |first=Shadi |date=January 8, 2022 |title=The Forever Culture War |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/01/republicans-democrats-forever-culture-war/621184/ |access-date=October 1, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en}}</ref> This polarization was capitalized upon{{Citation needed|date=September 2024|reason=No sources given appear to state that the attack derived from the increase in political polarization, or even mention it}} in the [[January 6 United States Capitol attack|January 2021 Capitol attack]], when a mob of insurrectionists<ref name="Initial Encyclopedia Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Duignan |first=Brian |date=2021-08-04 |title=January 6 U.S. Capitol attack |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |url-status=live |access-date=2021-09-22 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=Because its object was to prevent a legitimate president-elect from assuming office, the attack was widely regarded as an insurrection or attempted coup d'état.|language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117232629/https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |archive-date=2023-01-17}}</ref> entered the [[United States Capitol|U.S. Capitol]] and attempted to prevent the peaceful transfer of power<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rutenberg |first1=Jim |last2=Becker |first2=Jo |last3=Lipton |first3=Eric |last4=Haberman |first4=Maggie |last5=Martin |first5=Jonathan |last6=Rosenberg |first6=Matthew |last7=Schmidt |first7=Michael S. |title=77 Days: Trump's Campaign to Subvert the Election |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/31/us/trump-election-lie.html |work=The New York Times |date=January 31, 2021 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20220618170015/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/31/us/trump-election-lie.html |archivedate=June 18, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> in an attempted [[Self-coup|self-coup d'état]].<ref name="Multiple Sources">Multiple sources:
+The [[2000s United States housing bubble|U.S. housing bubble]] culminated in 2007 with the [[Great Recession]], the largest economic contraction since the Great Depression.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hilsenrath |first1=Jon |last2=Ng |first2=Serena |last3=Paletta |first3=Damian |date=September 18, 2008 |title=Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=July 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225040616/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947 |archive-date=December 25, 2014 |issn=1042-9840 |oclc=781541372}}</ref> Coming to a head in the 2010s, [[Political polarization in the United States|political polarization]] increased between liberal and conservative factions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Abigail |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Political Polarization in the American Public |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/ |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Murray |first1=Mark |last2=Marquez |first2=Alexandra |date=June 15, 2023 |title=Here's what's driving America's increasing political polarization|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/meetthepressblog/s-s-driving-americas-increasing-political-polarization-rcna89559 |access-date=June 30, 2024 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hamid |first=Shadi |date=January 8, 2022 |title=The Forever Culture War |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/01/republicans-democrats-forever-culture-war/621184/ |access-date=October 1, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en}}</ref> This polarization was capitalized upon in the [[January 6 United States Capitol attack|January 2021 Capitol attack]],<ref name="Kleinfeld-2023">{{cite web |last1=Kleinfeld |first1=Rachel |title=Polarization, Democracy, and Political Violence in the United States: What the Research Says |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2023/09/polarization-democracy-and-political-violence-in-the-united-states-what-the-research-says?lang=en |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |access-date=13 September 2024 |date=September 5, 2023}}</ref> when a mob of insurrectionists<ref name="Pape-2022">{{cite web |last1=Pape|first1=Robert|author1-link=Robert Pape|title=American Face of Insurrection: Analysis of Individuals Charged for Storming the US Capitol on January 6, 2021|url=https://cpost.uchicago.edu/publications/american_face_of_insurrection/ |website=cpost.uchicago.edu |publisher=University of Chicago, Chicago Project on Security and Threats|access-date=13 September 2024 |date=January 5, 2022}}</ref> entered the [[United States Capitol|U.S. Capitol]] and attempted to prevent the peaceful transfer of power<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rutenberg |first1=Jim |last2=Becker |first2=Jo |last3=Lipton |first3=Eric |last4=Haberman |first4=Maggie |last5=Martin |first5=Jonathan |last6=Rosenberg |first6=Matthew |last7=Schmidt |first7=Michael S. |title=77 Days: Trump's Campaign to Subvert the Election |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/31/us/trump-election-lie.html |work=The New York Times |date=January 31, 2021 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20220618170015/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/31/us/trump-election-lie.html |archivedate=June 18, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> in an attempted [[Self-coup|self-coup d'état]].<ref name="Multiple Sources">{{multiref2
-*{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Michael |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003110361-1/introduction-michael-harvey |title=Donald Trump in Historical Perspective |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-11036-1 |editor-last=Harvey |editor-first=Michael |chapter=Introduction: History's Rhymes |doi=10.4324/9781003110361-1 |quote = As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results. (p3)}}
+|{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Michael |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003110361-1/introduction-michael-harvey |title=Donald Trump in Historical Perspective |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-11036-1 |editor-last=Harvey |editor-first=Michael |chapter=Introduction: History's Rhymes |doi=10.4324/9781003110361-1 |quote = As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results. (p3)}}
-*{{cite journal |last1=Pion-Berlin |first1=David |last2=Bruneau |first2=Thomas |last3=Goetze  |first3=Richard B. Jr.|date=2022-04-07 |title=The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=FirstView |issue=4 |pages=789–806 |doi=10.1017/gov.2022.13 |s2cid=248033246 |doi-access=free }}
+|{{cite journal |last1=Pion-Berlin |first1=David |last2=Bruneau |first2=Thomas |last3=Goetze  |first3=Richard B. Jr.|date=2022-04-07 |title=The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=FirstView |issue=4 |pages=789–806 |doi=10.1017/gov.2022.13 |s2cid=248033246 |doi-access=free }}
-*{{cite journal |author1-last=Castañeda |author1-first=Ernesto |author2-last=Jenks |author2-first=Daniel |date=April 17, 2023 |title=January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States |editor-last1=Costa |editor-first1=Bruno Ferreira |editor-last2=Parton|editor-first2=Nigel|journal=Social Sciences |publisher=[[MDPI]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=238 |doi=10.3390/socsci12040238 |doi-access=free |issn=2076-0760|quote=What the United States went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as head of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare martial law to create a state of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power.}}
+|{{cite journal |author1-last=Castañeda |author1-first=Ernesto |author2-last=Jenks |author2-first=Daniel |date=April 17, 2023 |title=January 6th and De-Democratization in the United States |editor-last1=Costa |editor-first1=Bruno Ferreira |editor-last2=Parton|editor-first2=Nigel|journal=Social Sciences |publisher=[[MDPI]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=238 |doi=10.3390/socsci12040238 |doi-access=free |issn=2076-0760|quote=What the United States went through on January 6th was an attempt at a self-coup, where Trump would use force to stay as head of state even if abandoning democratic practices in the U.S. Some advised Trump to declare martial law to create a state of emergency and use that as an excuse to stay in power.}}
-*{{Cite report |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/trump-on-trial/ |title=Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality |last1=Eisen |first1=Norman |last2=Ayer |first2=Donald |date=2022-06-06 |publisher=Brookings Institution |language=en-US |quote=[Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to{{snd}}in his own words{{snd}}"overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie" campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021{{snd}}an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup. |last3=Perry |first3=Joshua |last4=Bookbinder |first4=Noah |last5=Perry |first5=E. Danya |access-date=December 16, 2023}}
+|{{Cite report |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/trump-on-trial/ |title=Trump on Trial: A Guide to the January 6 Hearings and the Question of Criminality |last1=Eisen |first1=Norman |last2=Ayer |first2=Donald |date=2022-06-06 |publisher=Brookings Institution |language=en-US |quote=[Trump] tried to delegitimize the election results by disseminating a series of far fetched and evidence-free claims of fraud. Meanwhile, with a ring of close confidants, Trump conceived and implemented unprecedented schemes to{{snd}}in his own words{{snd}}"overturn" the election outcome. Among the results of this "Big Lie" campaign were the terrible events of January 6, 2021{{snd}}an inflection point in what we now understand was nothing less than an attempted coup. |last3=Perry |first3=Joshua |last4=Bookbinder |first4=Noah |last5=Perry |first5=E. Danya |access-date=December 16, 2023}}
-*{{cite court|litigants=Eastman v Thompson, et al. |opinion= 8:22-cv-00099-DOC-DFM Document 260 |pinpoint=44 |court=S.D. Cal. |date=May 28, 2022 |url=https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840.260.0.pdf |access-date=December 16, 2023 |quote=Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower{{snd}}it was a coup in search of a legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation's government, led to the deaths of several law enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political process... If Dr. Eastman and President Trump's plan had worked, it would have permanently ended the peaceful transition of power, undermining American democracy and the Constitution. If the country does not commit to investigating and pursuing accountability for those responsible, the Court fears January 6 will repeat itself.}}
+|{{cite court|litigants=Eastman v Thompson, et al. |opinion= 8:22-cv-00099-DOC-DFM Document 260 |pinpoint=44 |court=S.D. Cal. |date=May 28, 2022 |url=https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840.260.0.pdf |access-date=December 16, 2023 |quote=Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower{{snd}}it was a coup in search of a legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation's government, led to the deaths of several law enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political process... If Dr. Eastman and President Trump's plan had worked, it would have permanently ended the peaceful transition of power, undermining American democracy and the Constitution. If the country does not commit to investigating and pursuing accountability for those responsible, the Court fears January 6 will repeat itself.}}
-* {{Cite web |last=Graham |first=David A. |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106224049/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]] }}
+|{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=David A. |date=January 6, 2021 |title=This Is a Coup |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106224049/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/01/attempted-coup/617570/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]] }}
-* {{Cite web|last=Musgrave|first=Paul|date=January 6, 2021|title=This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming?|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106235812/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=December 16, 2023|website=Foreign Policy}}
+|{{Cite web|last=Musgrave|first=Paul|date=January 6, 2021|title=This Is a Coup. Why Were Experts So Reluctant to See It Coming?|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106235812/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/coup-america-capitol-electoral-college-2020-election/|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=December 16, 2023|website=Foreign Policy}}
-* {{Cite web|last=Solnit|first=Rebecca|date=January 6, 2021|title=Call it what it was: a coup attempt|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107000436/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt|archive-date=January 7, 2021|access-date=December 16, 2023|website=The Guardian}}
+|{{Cite web|last=Solnit|first=Rebecca|date=January 6, 2021|title=Call it what it was: a coup attempt|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107000436/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/06/trump-mob-storm-capitol-washington-coup-attempt|archive-date=January 7, 2021|access-date=December 16, 2023|website=The Guardian}}
-* {{Cite web|last=Coleman|first=Justine|date=January 6, 2021|title=GOP lawmaker on violence at Capitol: 'This is a coup attempt'|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106212600/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=December 16, 2023|website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] }}
+|{{Cite web|last=Coleman|first=Justine|date=January 6, 2021|title=GOP lawmaker on violence at Capitol: 'This is a coup attempt'|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106212600/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/532944-gop-lawmaker-on-violence-at-capitol-this-is-a-coup-attempt|archive-date=January 6, 2021|access-date=December 16, 2023|website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] }}
-* {{Cite web|last=Jacobson|first=Louis|date=January 6, 2021|title=Is this a coup? Here's some history and context to help you decide|url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2021/jan/06/coup-heres-some-history-and-context-help-you-decid/|access-date=January 7, 2021|website=[[PolitiFact]] |quote=A good case can be made that the storming of the Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered at precisely the moment when the incumbent's loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count.}}
+|{{Cite web|last=Jacobson|first=Louis|date=January 6, 2021|title=Is this a coup? Here's some history and context to help you decide|url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2021/jan/06/coup-heres-some-history-and-context-help-you-decid/|access-date=January 7, 2021|website=[[PolitiFact]] |quote=A good case can be made that the storming of the Capitol qualifies as a coup. It's especially so because the rioters entered at precisely the moment when the incumbent's loss was to be formally sealed, and they succeeded in stopping the count.}}
-* {{Cite news|last1=Barry|first1=Dan|last2=Frenkel|first2=Sheera|date=January 7, 2021|title='Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date|work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-date=2021-12-28 |url-access=registration |url-status=live |access-date=December 16, 2023}}
+|{{Cite news|last1=Barry|first1=Dan|last2=Frenkel|first2=Sheera|date=January 7, 2021|title='Be There. Will Be Wild!': Trump All but Circled the Date|work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/capitol-mob-trump-supporters.html |archive-date=2021-12-28 |url-access=registration |url-status=live |access-date=December 16, 2023}}
-* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Duignan |first=Brian |date=2021-08-04 |title=January 6 U.S. Capitol attack |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |url-status=live |access-date=2021-09-22 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=Because its object was to prevent a legitimate president-elect from assuming office, the attack was widely regarded as an insurrection or attempted coup d'état.|language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117232629/https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |archive-date=2023-01-17}}</ref>
+|{{cite encyclopedia |last=Duignan |first=Brian |date=2021-08-04 |title=January 6 U.S. Capitol attack |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |url-status=live |access-date=2021-09-22 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |quote=Because its object was to prevent a legitimate president-elect from assuming office, the attack was widely regarded as an insurrection or attempted coup d'état.|language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117232629/https://www.britannica.com/event/January-6-U-S-Capitol-attack |archive-date=2023-01-17}} }}</ref>
 == Geography ==
@@ Line 244: / Line 238: @@
 [[File:Uspaintedrelief.png|thumb|A [[topographic map]] of the United States]]
-The United States is the world's [[List of countries and dependencies by area|third-largest country]] by total area behind Russia and Canada.{{efn|name=largestcountry}}<ref name="WF">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/|title=United States|website=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|date=January 3, 2018|access-date=January 8, 2018}}</ref><ref name="CIA Factbook Area">{{cite web|title=Area|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html|website=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=January 15, 2015|archive-date=January 31, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131115000/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html|url-status=dead }}</ref> The 48 [[Contiguous United States|contiguous states and the District of Columbia]] occupy a combined area of {{convert|3,119,885|sqmi|km2|abbr=}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as|work=The World Factbook|publisher=cia.gov|title=Field Listing: Area|access-date=April 21, 2020|archive-date=July 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707180005/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="urlState Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates—Geography—U.S. Census Bureau">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html|title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates—Geography—U.S. Census Bureau|website=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates|publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce|access-date=September 11, 2017}}</ref><ref name="CensusGov2010HTML"/> The [[Atlantic coastal plain|coastal plain]] of the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] seaboard gives way to inland forests and rolling hills in the [[Piedmont (United States)|Piedmont]] plateau region.<ref>{{cite web|title=Geographic Regions of Georgia|url=https://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/geography/article/geographic-regions-of-georgia|website=Georgia Info|publisher=Digital Library of Georgia|access-date=December 24, 2014}}</ref>
+The United States is the world's [[List of countries and dependencies by area|third-largest country]] by total area behind Russia and Canada.{{efn|name=largestcountry}}<ref name="CIA-2018" /><ref name="CIA Factbook Area">{{cite web|title=Area|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html|website=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=January 15, 2015|archive-date=January 31, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131115000/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html|url-status=dead }}</ref> The 48 [[Contiguous United States|contiguous states and the District of Columbia]] occupy a combined area of {{convert|3,119,885|sqmi|km2|abbr=}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as|work=The World Factbook|publisher=cia.gov|title=Field Listing: Area|access-date=April 21, 2020|archive-date=July 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707180005/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="urlState Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates—Geography—U.S. Census Bureau">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html|title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates—Geography—U.S. Census Bureau|website=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates|publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce|access-date=September 11, 2017}}</ref><ref name="CensusGov2010HTML"/> The [[Atlantic coastal plain|coastal plain]] of the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] seaboard gives way to inland forests and rolling hills in the [[Piedmont (United States)|Piedmont]] plateau region.<ref>{{cite web|title=Geographic Regions of Georgia|url=https://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/geography/article/geographic-regions-of-georgia|website=Georgia Info|publisher=Digital Library of Georgia|access-date=December 24, 2014}}</ref>
 The [[Appalachian Mountains]] and the [[Adirondack Mountains|Adirondack]] massif separate the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]] from the [[Great Lakes]] and the grasslands of the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]].<ref name="NAU">{{cite web|last=Lew|first=Alan|title=PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US|url=https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409112252/https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html|archive-date=April 9, 2016|website=GSP 220—Geography of the United States|publisher=North Arizona University|access-date=December 24, 2014}}</ref> The [[Mississippi River System]], the world's [[List of rivers by length|fourth-longest river system]], runs predominantly north–south through the heart of the country. The flat and fertile [[prairie]] of the [[Great Plains]] stretches to the west, interrupted by [[U.S. Interior Highlands|a highland region]] in the southeast.<ref name="NAU" />
@@ Line 280: / Line 274: @@
 [[File:Panorama of United States Supreme Court Building at Dusk.jpg|thumb|The [[United States Supreme Court Building|Supreme Court Building]], which houses the [[Supreme Court of the United States|nation's highest court]]]]
-The United States is a [[federal republic]] of 50 [[U.S. state|states]] and [[Federal district of the United States|a federal district]], [[Washington, D.C.]] It also asserts sovereignty over five [[Territories of the United States|unincorporated territories]] and several uninhabited [[United States Minor Outlying Islands|island possessions]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Common Core Document of the United States of America|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm|date=December 30, 2011|publisher=[[United States Department of State|U.S. Department of State]]|access-date=July 10, 2015}}</ref>{{sfn|Onuf|2010|p=xvii}} The world's oldest surviving federation,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=August 8, 2019 |title=Mapped: The world's oldest democracies |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/countries-are-the-worlds-oldest-democracies/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=[[World Economic Forum]]}}</ref> the U.S. has [[Constitution of the United States|the world's oldest national constitution still in effect]] (from March 4, 1789). Its [[Presidential system|presidential system of government]] has been adopted, in whole or in part, by many newly independent nations following [[decolonization]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ryan |first1=David |editor-first1=David |editor-first2=Victor |editor-last1=Ryan |editor-last2=Pungong |title=The United States and Decolonization |year=2000 |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1057/9780333977958 |hdl=1887/72726 |isbn=978-1-349-40644-9 |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9780333977958}}</ref> It is a liberal [[representative democracy]] "in which [[Tyranny of the majority|majority rule is tempered]] by [[Constitutional right|minority rights]] protected [[Law of the United States|by law]]."<ref name="Scheb">Scheb, John M.; Scheb, John M. II (2002). ''An Introduction to the American Legal System''. Florence, KY: Delmar, p. 6. {{ISBN|978-0-7668-2759-2}}.</ref> The [[Constitution of the United States]] serves as [[Supremacy Clause|the country's supreme legal document]], also establishing the structure and responsibilities of the national federal government and its relationship with the individual states.<ref>[[#Feldstein|Feldstein, Fabozzi, 2011]], p. 9</ref>
+The United States is a [[federal republic]] of 50 [[U.S. state|states]] and [[Federal district of the United States|a federal district]], [[Washington, D.C.]] It also asserts sovereignty over five [[Territories of the United States|unincorporated territories]] and several uninhabited [[United States Minor Outlying Islands|island possessions]].<ref name="HRI-2012"/>{{sfn|Onuf|2010|p=xvii}} The world's oldest surviving federation,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=August 8, 2019 |title=Mapped: The world's oldest democracies |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/countries-are-the-worlds-oldest-democracies/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |website=[[World Economic Forum]]}}</ref> the U.S. has [[Constitution of the United States|the world's oldest national constitution still in effect]] (from March 4, 1789). Its [[Presidential system|presidential system of government]] has been adopted, in whole or in part, by many newly independent nations following [[decolonization]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ryan |first1=David |editor-first1=David |editor-first2=Victor |editor-last1=Ryan |editor-last2=Pungong |title=The United States and Decolonization |year=2000 |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1057/9780333977958 |hdl=1887/72726 |isbn=978-1-349-40644-9 |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9780333977958}}</ref> It is a liberal [[representative democracy]] "in which [[Tyranny of the majority|majority rule is tempered]] by [[Constitutional right|minority rights]] protected [[Law of the United States|by law]]."<ref name="Scheb">Scheb, John M.; Scheb, John M. II (2002). ''An Introduction to the American Legal System''. Florence, KY: Delmar, p. 6. {{ISBN|978-0-7668-2759-2}}.</ref> The [[Constitution of the United States]] serves as [[Supremacy Clause|the country's supreme legal document]], also establishing the structure and responsibilities of the national federal government and its relationship with the individual states.<ref>[[#Feldstein|Feldstein, Fabozzi, 2011]], p. 9</ref> [[Campaign finance|Election candidates are largely financed]] by a small group of so-called megadonors;<ref name="wp1">{{cite news |title=Meet the megadonors pumping millions into the 2024 election |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/elections/interactive/2024/biggest-campaign-donors-election-2024/ |access-date=14 September 2024 |newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref> the candidate with the most financing tends to win, and some critics{{whom|date=September 2024}} of the system have called it a "[[corporatocracy]]".<ref name="os1">{{Cite web |last= |last2= |first2= |last3= |last4= |first4= |last5= |date=2020-01-14 |title=More money, less transparency: A decade under Citizens United |url=https://www.opensecrets.org/news/reports/a-decade-under-citizens-united |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=OpenSecrets |language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114121849/https://www.opensecrets.org/news/reports/a-decade-under-citizens-united|archive-date=January 14, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="drutman1">{{cite book |last1=Drutman |first1=Lee |last2=Cray |first2=Charlie |title=The people's business: controlling corporations and restoring democracy |date=2004 |publisher=Berrett-Koehler |location=San Francisco, CA |isbn=1576753093 |edition=1st}}</ref>
 According to [[V-Dem Institute]]'s 2023 ''Human Rights Index'', the United States ranks among the highest in the world for [[Human rights in the United States|human rights]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Herre |first1=Bastian |last2=Roser |first2=Max |date=December 28, 2023 |title=The 'Varieties of Democracy' data: how do researchers measure human rights? |url=https://ourworldindata.org/vdem-human-rights-data |journal=Our World in Data}}</ref>
@@ Line 289: / Line 283: @@
 * The [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]], a [[bicameral legislature]], made up of the [[United States Senate|Senate]] and the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], makes [[federal law]], [[declaration of war|declares war]], approves treaties, has the [[power of the purse]],<ref>{{cite web|title=The Legislative Branch|publisher=United States Diplomatic Mission to Germany|url=https://usa.usembassy.de/government-legislative.htm|access-date=August 20, 2012}}</ref> and has [[Impeachment in the United States|the power of impeachment]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Process for impeachment|publisher=ThinkQuest|url=https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm|access-date=August 20, 2012|archive-date=April 8, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408102119/https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm|url-status=dead }}</ref> The Senate has 100 members (2 from each state), elected for a six-year term. The House of Representatives has 435 members, each elected for a two-year term; all representatives serve one [[List of United States congressional districts|congressional district]] of equivalent population.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Senate and the House of Representatives: lesson overview (article) |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-government-and-civics/us-gov-interactions-among-branches/us-gov-congress-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives/a/lesson-summary-the-senate-and-the-house-of-representatives |website=Khan Academy |language=en}}</ref> The Congress also organizes a collection of [[United States congressional committee|committees]], each of which handles a specific task or duty. One of Congress's foremost non-legislative functions is the power to [[Congressional investigation|investigate]] and oversee the executive branch.<ref name=tws2010Sep11t11>{{cite news | author= David S. Broder | title= Congress's Oversight Offensive | newspaper= The Washington Post | date= March 18, 2007 | url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/16/AR2007031601989.html | access-date= September 11, 2010 | archive-date= May 1, 2011 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110501115602/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/16/AR2007031601989.html | url-status= live }}</ref> [[Congressional oversight]] is usually delegated to committees and is facilitated by Congress's subpoena power.<ref name=tws2010Sep11t13>{{cite news | author= Thomas Ferraro | title= House committee subpoenas Rice on Iraq | work= Reuters | date= April 25, 2007 | url= https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425 | access-date= September 11, 2010 | archive-date= January 14, 2021 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214442/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2518728220070425 | url-status= live }}</ref> Appointment to a committee enables a member to develop specialized knowledge of the matters under its purview. The various committees monitor ongoing governmental operations, identify issues suitable for legislative review, gather and evaluate information, and recommend courses of action to the U.S. Congress, including but not limited to new legislation. The two major political parties have appointment power in deciding each committee's membership. Committee chairs are assigned to a member of the majority party.
 * The U.S. president is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the military and chief executive of the federal government, with the ability to veto [[bill (law)|legislative bills]] from the U.S. Congress before they become law. However, [[Veto power in the United States|presidential vetoes]] can be overridden by a two-thirds [[Supermajority#Use in governments around the world|supermajority]] vote in both chambers of Congress. The president appoints the [[Cabinet of the United States|members of the Cabinet]], subject to Senate approval, and names other officials who administer and enforce federal laws through [[List of federal agencies in the United States|their respective agencies]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Executive Branch|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-executive-branch/|website=The White House|access-date=February 11, 2017}}</ref> The president also has clemency power for federal crimes and [[Federal pardons in the United States|can issue pardons]]. Finally, the president has the right to issue expansive "[[executive orders]]", subject to judicial review, in a number of policy areas. Candidates for president campaign with a vice-presidential [[running mate]]. Both candidates are elected together, or defeated together, in a presidential election. Unlike other votes in American politics, this is technically an [[indirect election]] in which the winner will be determined by the [[United States Electoral College|U.S. Electoral College]]. There, votes are officially cast by individual electors selected by [[State legislature (United States)|their state legislature]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Interpretation: Article II, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 3 {{!}} Constitution Center |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/articles/article-ii/clauses/350 |website=National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org |language=en}}</ref> In practice, however, each of the 50 states chooses a group of presidential electors who are required to confirm the winner of their state's popular vote. This group of electors equals their state's number of U.S. representatives, ''plus'' two more electors for the two U.S. senators the state sends to Congress. (The District of Columbia, with no representatives or senators, is allocated three electoral votes.) Both the president and the vice president serve a four-year term, and the president may be [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution|reelected to the office only once]], for one additional four-year term.{{efn|Per the [[Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution|U.S. Constitution, Amendment Twenty-three]], proposed by the U.S. Congress on June 16, 1960, and ratified by the States on March 29, 1961}}
-* The [[Federal judiciary of the United States|U.S. federal judiciary]], whose judges are all appointed for life by the president with Senate approval, consists primarily of the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]], the [[United States courts of appeals|U.S. courts of appeals]], and the [[United States district court|U.S. district courts]]. The U.S. Supreme Court interprets laws and [[judicial review|overturn those they find unconstitutional]].<ref>{{cite book|first1=Kermit L.|last1=Hall|first2=Kevin T.|last2=McGuire|title=Institutions of American Democracy: The Judicial Branch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6rWCaMAdUzgC|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-988374-5}}<br />{{cite book|author=U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services|title=Learn about the United States: Quick Civics Lessons for the Naturalization Test|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8X1CzvBXHksC&pg=PA4|date=2013|publisher=Government Printing Office|isbn=978-0-16-091708-0|page=4}}<br />{{cite book|first=Bryon|last=Giddens-White|title=The Supreme Court and the Judicial Branch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbZw3bJsWtUC|year=2005|publisher=Heinemann Library|isbn=978-1-4034-6608-2}}<br />{{cite book|first=Charles L.|last=Zelden|title=The Judicial Branch of Federal Government: People, Process, and Politics|url=https://archive.org/details/judicialbranchof0000zeld|url-access=registration|year=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-702-9|access-date=October 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite web|url=https://www.uscourts.gov/FederalCourts.aspx|title=Federal Courts|author=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. -->|publisher=United States Courts|access-date=October 19, 2014}}</ref> The Supreme Court has nine members led by the [[Chief Justice of the United States]]. The members are appointed by the sitting president when a vacancy becomes available.<ref>{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|publisher=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012 }}</ref> In a number of ways the federal court system operates differently than state courts. For [[civil case]]s that is apparent in the types of cases that can be heard in the federal system. Their [[limited jurisdiction]] restricts them to cases authorized by the United States Constitution or [[federal statute]]s. In criminal cases, states may only bring criminal prosecutions in state courts, and the federal government may only bring criminal prosecutions in federal court. The first level in the federal courts is [[federal district court]] for any case under "[[Original jurisdiction#Federal and state courts|original jurisdiction]]", such as federal statutes, the Constitution, or [[International treaty|treaties]]. There are twelve [[United States Courts of Appeals|federal circuit]]s that divide the country into different regions for federal appeals courts. After a federal district court has decided a case, it can then be [[Appellate court|appealed]] to a United States court of appeal.  The next and highest court in the system is the Supreme Court of the United States. It has the power to decide appeals on all cases brought in federal court or those brought in state court but dealing with federal law. Unlike circuit court appeals, however, the Supreme Court is usually not required to hear the appeal. A "[[Certiorari#Federal courts|petition for writ of certiorari]]" may be submitted to the court, asking it to hear the case. If it is granted, the Supreme Court will take [[Legal brief|briefs]] and conduct [[oral argument]]s. If it is not granted, the opinion of the lower court stands. Certiorari is not often granted, and less than 1% of appeals to the Supreme Court are actually heard by it. Usually, the Court only hears cases when there are conflicting decisions across the nation on a particular issue, or when there is an obvious error in a case.
+* The [[Federal judiciary of the United States|U.S. federal judiciary]], whose judges are all appointed for life by the president with Senate approval, consists primarily of the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]], the [[United States courts of appeals|U.S. courts of appeals]], and the [[United States district court|U.S. district courts]]. The U.S. Supreme Court interprets laws and [[judicial review|overturn those they find unconstitutional]].<ref>{{multiref2
+|{{cite book|first1=Kermit L.|last1=Hall|first2=Kevin T.|last2=McGuire|title=Institutions of American Democracy: The Judicial Branch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6rWCaMAdUzgC|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-988374-5}}
+|{{cite book|author=U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services|title=Learn about the United States: Quick Civics Lessons for the Naturalization Test|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8X1CzvBXHksC&pg=PA4|date=2013|publisher=Government Printing Office|isbn=978-0-16-091708-0|page=4}}
+|{{cite book|first=Bryon|last=Giddens-White|title=The Supreme Court and the Judicial Branch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbZw3bJsWtUC|year=2005|publisher=Heinemann Library|isbn=978-1-4034-6608-2}}
+|{{cite book|first=Charles L.|last=Zelden|title=The Judicial Branch of Federal Government: People, Process, and Politics|url=https://archive.org/details/judicialbranchof0000zeld|url-access=registration|year=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-702-9|access-date=October 25, 2015}}
+|{{cite web|url=https://www.uscourts.gov/FederalCourts.aspx|title=Federal Courts|author=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. -->|publisher=United States Courts|access-date=October 19, 2014}} }}</ref> The Supreme Court has nine members led by the [[Chief Justice of the United States]]. The members are appointed by the sitting president when a vacancy becomes available.<ref>{{cite news|title=Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life|first=Roger|last=Cossack|url=https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12/|publisher=CNN|date=July 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12|archive-date=July 12, 2012 }}</ref> In a number of ways the federal court system operates differently than state courts. For [[civil case]]s that is apparent in the types of cases that can be heard in the federal system. Their [[limited jurisdiction]] restricts them to cases authorized by the United States Constitution or [[federal statute]]s. In criminal cases, states may only bring criminal prosecutions in state courts, and the federal government may only bring criminal prosecutions in federal court. The first level in the federal courts is [[federal district court]] for any case under "[[Original jurisdiction#Federal and state courts|original jurisdiction]]", such as federal statutes, the Constitution, or [[International treaty|treaties]]. There are twelve [[United States Courts of Appeals|federal circuit]]s that divide the country into different regions for federal appeals courts. After a federal district court has decided a case, it can then be [[Appellate court|appealed]] to a United States court of appeal.  The next and highest court in the system is the Supreme Court of the United States. It has the power to decide appeals on all cases brought in federal court or those brought in state court but dealing with federal law. Unlike circuit court appeals, however, the Supreme Court is usually not required to hear the appeal. A "[[Certiorari#Federal courts|petition for writ of certiorari]]" may be submitted to the court, asking it to hear the case. If it is granted, the Supreme Court will take [[Legal brief|briefs]] and conduct [[oral argument]]s. If it is not granted, the opinion of the lower court stands. Certiorari is not often granted, and less than 1% of appeals to the Supreme Court are actually heard by it. Usually, the Court only hears cases when there are conflicting decisions across the nation on a particular issue, or when there is an obvious error in a case.
 The three-branch system is known as the [[presidential system]], in contrast to the [[parliamentary system]], where the executive is part of the legislative body. Many countries around the world imitated this aspect of the 1789 [[Constitution of the United States]], especially in the Americas.<ref name="Sundquist">{{Cite book |last=Sundquist |first=James L. |title=Designs for Democratic Stability: Studies in Viable Constitutionalism |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=1997 |isbn=0765600528 |editor-last=Baaklini |editor-first=Abdo I. |pages=53–72 |language=en |chapter=The U.S. Presidential System as a Model for the World |editor-last2=Desfosses |editor-first2=Helen}}</ref>
@@ Line 317: / Line 316: @@
 The United States has an established structure of foreign relations, and it has the world's [[List of countries by number of diplomatic missions|second-largest diplomatic corps]] {{As of|2024|lc=y}}. It is a [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|permanent member of the United Nations Security Council]],<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/current-members|title=Current Members|work=[[United Nations Security Council]]|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> and home to the [[Headquarters of the United Nations|United Nations headquarters]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=United Nations Headquarters Agreement|journal=The American Journal of International Law |volume=42|number=2|date=April 1948|pages=445–447|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|doi=10.2307/2193692|jstor=2193692|s2cid=246008694 }}</ref> The United States is a member of the [[G7]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/where-g7-headed|title=Where is the G7 Headed?|work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|location=New York City|date=June 28, 2022}}</ref> [[G20]],<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-and-g20-building-a-more-peaceful-stable-and-prosperous-world-together/|title=The United States and G20: Building a More Peaceful, Stable, and Prosperous World Together|date=July 6, 2022|work=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> and [[OECD]] intergovernmental organizations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oecd.org/about/members-and-partners/|title=Our global reach|work=[[OECD]]|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Almost all countries have [[List of diplomatic missions in the United States|embassies]] and many have [[consul (representative)|consulates]] (official representatives) in the country. Likewise, nearly all countries host formal [[diplomatic mission]]s with the United States, except [[Iran–United States relations|Iran]],<ref>{{cite report |last1=Fialho |first1=Livia Pontes |last2=Wallin |first2=Matthew |title=Reaching for an Audience: U.S. Public Diplomacy Towards Iran |date=August 1, 2013 |publisher=American Security Project |jstor=resrep06070}}</ref> [[North Korea–United States relations|North Korea]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42351336|title=Which are the countries still talking to North Korea?|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|location=London|date=December 19, 2017|access-date=July 15, 2022|last1=Oliver|first1=Alex|last2=Graham|first2=Euan}}</ref> and [[Foreign relations of Bhutan#Other countries|Bhutan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/the-case-for-a-stronger-bhutanese-american-relationship/|title=The Case for Stronger Bhutanese-American Ties|newspaper=[[The Diplomat]]|date=December 22, 2014|last=Ferraro|first=Matthew F.|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Though [[Taiwan–United States relations|Taiwan]] does not have formal diplomatic relations with the U.S., it maintains close unofficial relations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2022 |title=US will continue to strengthen 'unofficial ties' with Taiwan, says Harris |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3194126/us-will-continue-strengthen-unofficial-ties-taiwan-vice |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> The United States regularly [[Six Assurances|supplies Taiwan with military equipment]] to deter potential Chinese aggression.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/09/22/915818283/formal-ties-with-u-s-not-for-now-says-taiwan-foreign-minister|title=Formal Ties With U.S.? Not For Now, Says Taiwan Foreign Minister|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=September 22, 2020|last=Ruwitch|first=John|access-date=July 15, 2022}}</ref> Its geopolitical attention also turned to the [[Indo-Pacific]] when the United States joined the [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue]] with Australia, India, and Japan.<ref name="kobara">{{cite news |last1=Kobara |first1=Junnosuke |last2=Moriyasu |first2=Ken |date=March 27, 2021 |title=Japan will turn to Quad in 'nealsow Cold War': Defense Ministry think tank |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/Japan-will-turn-to-Quad-in-new-Cold-War-Defense-Ministry-think-tank |access-date=April 13, 2021 |work=Nikkei Asia}}</ref>
-The United States has a "[[Special Relationship]]" [[United Kingdom–United States relations|with the United Kingdom]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jLy-NKnQitIC&q=uk+us+special+relationship&pg=PA45|title=America's 'Special Relationships': Foreign and Domestic Aspects of the Politics of Alliance|page=45|first1=John|first2=Axel|last2=Schäfer|last1=Dumbrell|year=2009|publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-203-87270-3|access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> and strong ties [[Canada–United States relations|with Canada]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf|title=Canada–U.S. Relations|author1=Ek, Carl|first2=Ian F.|last2=Fergusson|name-list-style=amp|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=September 3, 2010|access-date=August 28, 2011}}</ref> [[Australia–United States relations|Australia]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Australia: Background and U.S. Relations|author=Vaughn, Bruce|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=August 8, 2008|oclc = 70208969}}</ref> [[New Zealand–United States relations|New Zealand]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf|title=New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States|author=Vaughn, Bruce|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=May 27, 2011|access-date=August 28, 2011}}</ref> [[Philippines–United States relations|the Philippines]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf|title=The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests|author=Lum, Thomas|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=January 3, 2011|access-date=August 3, 2011}}</ref> [[Japan–United States relations|Japan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf|title=Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress|author=Chanlett-Avery, Emma|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=June 8, 2011|access-date=August 28, 2011|display-authors=etal}}</ref> [[South Korea–United States relations|South Korea]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf|title=U.S.–South Korea Relations: Issues for Congress|first1=Mark E.|last1=Manyin|first2=Emma|last2=Chanlett-Avery|first3=Mary Beth|last3=Nikitin|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=July 8, 2011|access-date=August 28, 2011}}</ref> [[Israel–United States relations|Israel]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf|title=Israel: Background and U.S. Relations|author=Zanotti, Jim|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=July 31, 2014|access-date=September 12, 2014}}</ref> and several [[Member state of the European Union|European Union countries]] ([[France–United States relations|France]], [[Italy–United States relations|Italy]], [[Germany–United States relations|Germany]], [[Spain–United States relations|Spain]], and [[Poland–United States relations|Poland]]).<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 20, 2021|url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-poland/|title=U.S. Relations With Poland|website=State.gov|access-date=June 19, 2023}}</ref> The U.S. works closely with its [[NATO]] allies on military and [[national security]] issues, and with countries in the Americas through the [[Organization of American States]] and the [[United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement|United States–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement]]. In South America, [[Colombia]] is traditionally considered to be the closest ally of the United States.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Untapped Potential of the US-Colombia Partnership|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/untapped-potential-us-colombia-partnership/|date=September 26, 2019|website=Atlantic Council|language=en|access-date=May 30, 2020|last1=Kimer |first1=James }}</ref> The U.S. exercises full international defense authority and responsibility for [[Federated States of Micronesia|Micronesia]], the [[Marshall Islands]], and [[Palau]] through the [[Compact of Free Association]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Charles L. |last=Zelden |url=https://archive.org/details/judicialbranchof0000zeld |title=The Judicial Branch of Federal Government: People, Process, and Politics |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-85109-702-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/judicialbranchof0000zeld/page/217 217] |access-date=October 25, 2015 |url-access=registration}}<br />{{cite book |first1=Loren |last1=Yager |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TfoBd7_KsZMC&pg=PA7 |title=Foreign Relations: Migration from Micronesian Nations Has Had Significant Impact on Guam, Hawaii, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands |first2=Emil |last2=Friberg |first3=Leslie |last3=Holen |date=2003 |publisher=Diane Publishing |isbn=978-0-7567-3394-0 |page=7}}</ref> It has increasingly conducted strategic cooperation [[India–United States relations|with India]],<ref>{{cite web |title=INDO- PACIFIC STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/U.S.-Indo-Pacific-Strategy.pdf |publisher=White House |access-date=February 3, 2022}}</ref> but [[China–United States relations|its ties with China]] have steadily deteriorated.<ref>{{cite report |last=Meidan |first=Michal |title=US-China: The Great Decoupling |date=July 1, 2019 |publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]] |jstor=resrep33982}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bala |first=Sumathi |title=U.S.-China relations are going downhill with 'no trust' on either side, Stephen Roach says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/28/us-china-ties-on-dangerous-path-with-no-trust-on-both-sides-roach-cohen.html |access-date=May 7, 2023 |publisher=CNBC |date=March 28, 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Since 2014, the U.S. has [[Ukraine–United States relations|become a key ally of Ukraine]];<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rumer|first1=Eugene|last2=Sokolsky|first2=Richard|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/06/20/thirty-years-of-u.s.-policy-toward-russia-can-vicious-circle-be-broken-pub-79323|title=Thirty Years of U.S. Policy Toward Russia: Can the Vicious Circle Be Broken?|newspaper=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=June 20, 2019|access-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref> it has also provided the country with significant military equipment and other support in response to [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia's 2022 invasion]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Macias |first=Amanda |title=Here's a look at the $5.6 billion in firepower the U.S. has committed to Ukraine in its fight against Russia |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/17/russia-ukraine-war-summary-of-weapons-us-has-given-to-ukraine.html |access-date=September 28, 2022 |publisher=CNBC |date=June 17, 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
+The United States has a "[[Special Relationship]]" [[United Kingdom–United States relations|with the United Kingdom]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jLy-NKnQitIC&q=uk+us+special+relationship&pg=PA45|title=America's 'Special Relationships': Foreign and Domestic Aspects of the Politics of Alliance|page=45|first1=John|first2=Axel|last2=Schäfer|last1=Dumbrell|year=2009|publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-203-87270-3|access-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref> and strong ties [[Canada–United States relations|with Canada]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/96-397.pdf|title=Canada–U.S. Relations|author1=Ek, Carl|first2=Ian F.|last2=Fergusson|name-list-style=amp|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=September 3, 2010|access-date=August 28, 2011}}</ref> [[Australia–United States relations|Australia]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Australia: Background and U.S. Relations|author=Vaughn, Bruce|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=August 8, 2008|oclc = 70208969}}</ref> [[New Zealand–United States relations|New Zealand]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32876.pdf|title=New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States|author=Vaughn, Bruce|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=May 27, 2011|access-date=August 28, 2011}}</ref> [[Philippines–United States relations|the Philippines]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33233.pdf|title=The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests|author=Lum, Thomas|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=January 3, 2011|access-date=August 3, 2011}}</ref> [[Japan–United States relations|Japan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33436.pdf|title=Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress|author=Chanlett-Avery, Emma|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=June 8, 2011|access-date=August 28, 2011|display-authors=etal}}</ref> [[South Korea–United States relations|South Korea]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41481.pdf|title=U.S.–South Korea Relations: Issues for Congress|first1=Mark E.|last1=Manyin|first2=Emma|last2=Chanlett-Avery|first3=Mary Beth|last3=Nikitin|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=July 8, 2011|access-date=August 28, 2011}}</ref> [[Israel–United States relations|Israel]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf|title=Israel: Background and U.S. Relations|author=Zanotti, Jim|publisher=Congressional Research Service|date=July 31, 2014|access-date=September 12, 2014}}</ref> and several [[Member state of the European Union|European Union countries]] ([[France–United States relations|France]], [[Italy–United States relations|Italy]], [[Germany–United States relations|Germany]], [[Spain–United States relations|Spain]], and [[Poland–United States relations|Poland]]).<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 20, 2021|url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-poland/|title=U.S. Relations With Poland|website=State.gov|access-date=June 19, 2023}}</ref> The U.S. works closely with its [[NATO]] allies on military and [[national security]] issues, and with countries in the Americas through the [[Organization of American States]] and the [[United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement|United States–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement]]. In South America, [[Colombia]] is traditionally considered to be the closest ally of the United States.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Untapped Potential of the US-Colombia Partnership|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/untapped-potential-us-colombia-partnership/|date=September 26, 2019|website=Atlantic Council|language=en|access-date=May 30, 2020|last1=Kimer |first1=James }}</ref> The U.S. exercises full international defense authority and responsibility for [[Federated States of Micronesia|Micronesia]], the [[Marshall Islands]], and [[Palau]] through the [[Compact of Free Association]].<ref>{{multiref2
+|{{cite book |first=Charles L. |last=Zelden |url=https://archive.org/details/judicialbranchof0000zeld |title=The Judicial Branch of Federal Government: People, Process, and Politics |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-85109-702-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/judicialbranchof0000zeld/page/217 217] |access-date=October 25, 2015 |url-access=registration}}
+|{{cite book |first1=Loren |last1=Yager |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TfoBd7_KsZMC&pg=PA7 |title=Foreign Relations: Migration from Micronesian Nations Has Had Significant Impact on Guam, Hawaii, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands |first2=Emil |last2=Friberg |first3=Leslie |last3=Holen |date=2003 |publisher=Diane Publishing |isbn=978-0-7567-3394-0 |page=7}} }}</ref> It has increasingly conducted strategic cooperation [[India–United States relations|with India]],<ref>{{cite web |title=INDO- PACIFIC STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/U.S.-Indo-Pacific-Strategy.pdf |publisher=White House |access-date=February 3, 2022}}</ref> but [[China–United States relations|its ties with China]] have steadily deteriorated.<ref>{{cite report |last=Meidan |first=Michal |title=US-China: The Great Decoupling |date=July 1, 2019 |publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]] |jstor=resrep33982}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bala |first=Sumathi |title=U.S.-China relations are going downhill with 'no trust' on either side, Stephen Roach says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/28/us-china-ties-on-dangerous-path-with-no-trust-on-both-sides-roach-cohen.html |access-date=May 7, 2023 |publisher=CNBC |date=March 28, 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Since 2014, the U.S. has [[Ukraine–United States relations|become a key ally of Ukraine]];<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rumer|first1=Eugene|last2=Sokolsky|first2=Richard|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/06/20/thirty-years-of-u.s.-policy-toward-russia-can-vicious-circle-be-broken-pub-79323|title=Thirty Years of U.S. Policy Toward Russia: Can the Vicious Circle Be Broken?|newspaper=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=June 20, 2019|access-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref> it has also provided the country with significant military equipment and other support in response to [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia's 2022 invasion]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Macias |first=Amanda |title=Here's a look at the $5.6 billion in firepower the U.S. has committed to Ukraine in its fight against Russia |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/17/russia-ukraine-war-summary-of-weapons-us-has-given-to-ukraine.html |access-date=September 28, 2022 |publisher=CNBC |date=June 17, 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
 === Military ===
@@ Line 328: / Line 329: @@
 The United States has the [[List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel|third-largest combined armed forces]] in the world, behind the [[People's Liberation Army|Chinese People's Liberation Army]] and [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hackett |first1=James |title=The military balance. 2023 |date=2023 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-1032508955}}</ref> The military operates about 800 bases and facilities abroad,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states|title=Why does the US have 800 military bases around the world?|last=Harris|first=Johnny|date=May 18, 2015|website=Vox|access-date=September 23, 2020|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924114313/https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states}}</ref> and maintains [[United States military deployments|deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel]] in 25 foreign countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724211511/https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf|title=Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A)|publisher=Department of Defense|date=March 31, 2010|access-date=October 7, 2010|archive-date=July 24, 2013}}</ref>
+[[State defense forces]] (SDFs) are military units that operate under the sole authority of a state government. SDFs are authorized by state and federal law but are under the command of the state's [[Governor (United States)|governor]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://statedefenseforce.com/|title=StateDefenseForce.com|date=September 17, 2024|website=StateDefenseForce.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sgaus.org/|title=State Guard Association of the United States – Supporting the State Defense Forces of the United States|website=sgaus.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/32/109 | title=32 U.S. Code § 109 - Maintenance of other troops }}</ref>
+They are distinct from the state's [[National Guard (United States)|National Guard]] units in that they cannot become federalized entities. A state's National Guard personnel, however, may be federalized under the [[National Defense Act of 1916#National Defense Act Amendments of 1933|National Defense Act Amendments of 1933]], which created the Guard and provides for the integration of [[Army National Guard]] units and personnel into the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] and (since 1947) the [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |title=Legal Basis of the National Guard |publisher=Army National Guard |year=2013 |access-date=17 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521130934/http://www.arng.army.mil/aboutus/history/Pages/ConstitutionalCharteroftheGuard.aspx |archive-date=21 May 2013 }}</ref>
 === Law enforcement and criminal justice ===
@@ Line 335: / Line 339: @@
 There are about 18,000 U.S. police agencies from local to national level in the United States.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Banks |first1=Duren |last2=Hendrix |first2=Joshua |last3=Hickman |first3=Mathhew |date=October 4, 2016 |title=National Sources of Law Enforcement Employment Data |url=https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/nsleed.pdf |journal=[[U.S. Department of Justice]] |pages=1}}</ref> Law in the United States is mainly enforced by local police departments and [[Sheriffs in the United States|sheriff departments]] in their municipal or county jurisdictions. [[State police (United States)|The state police]] departments [[Police power (United States constitutional law)|have authority in their respective state]], and [[Federal law enforcement in the United States|federal agencies]] such as the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) and the [[United States Marshals Service|U.S. Marshals Service]] have national jurisdiction and specialized duties, such as protecting [[civil rights]], [[National security of the United States|national security]] and enforcing [[U.S. federal courts]]' rulings and federal laws.<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do|publisher=Chiff.com|url=https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm|access-date=November 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm|archive-date=February 10, 2014|url-status= }}</ref> [[State court (United States)|State courts]] conduct most civil and criminal trials,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Manweller|first1=Mathew|editor1-last=Hogan|editor1-first=Sean O.|title=The Judicial Branch of State Government: People, Process, and Politics|date=2006|publisher=[[ABC-Clio]]|location=[[Santa Barbara, California]]|isbn=978-1-85109-751-7|pages=37–96|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ong5k8n97P4C&pg=PA55|access-date=October 5, 2020|chapter=Chapter 2, The Roles, Functions, and Powers of State Courts}}</ref> and federal courts handle designated crimes and [[United States courts of appeals|appeals of state court decisions]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/federal-courts|title=Introduction To The Federal Court System|work=[[United States Attorney]]|date=November 7, 2014 |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]|access-date=July 14, 2022|location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref>
-There is no unified "criminal justice system" in the United States. The [[Incarceration in the United States|American prison system]] is actually one of significant heterogeneity, with thousands of systems operating across federal, state, local, and Native American tribal levels. In 2023, "these systems [held] almost 2 million people in 1,566 state prisons, 98 federal prisons, 3,116 local jails, 1,323 juvenile correctional facilities, 181 immigration detention facilities, and 80 Indian country jails, as well as in military prisons, civil commitment centers, state psychiatric hospitals, and prisons in the U.S. territories."<ref name="Sawyer-2023">{{Cite web |last1=Sawyer |first1=Wendy |last2=Wagner |first2=Peter |title=Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2023 |url=https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2023.html |date=July 6, 2023 |access-date=August 23, 2024| website=Prison Policy Initiative |language=en}}</ref>  Despite disparate systems of confinement, four main institutions dominate: federal prisons, state prisons, local jails, and juvenile correctional facilities.<ref name="National Academies Press-2014">{{Cite book |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18613 |title=The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences |date=April 24, 2014 |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-29801-8 |location=Washington, D.C.|doi=10.17226/18613 }}</ref> Federal prisons are run by the [[U.S. Bureau of Prisons]] and hold people who have been convicted of federal crimes, including pretrial detainees.<ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> [[State prison]]s, run by the official department of correction of each state, hold sentenced people serving prison time (usually longer than one year) for felony offenses.<ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Local jails are county or municipal facilities that incarcerate defendants prior to trial; they also hold those serving short sentences (typically under a year).<ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> [[American juvenile justice system|Juvenile correctional facilities]] are operated by local or state governments and serve as longer-term placements for any minor adjudicated as delinquent and ordered by a judge to be confined.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=The Annie E. Casey |date=November 14, 2020 |title=Juvenile Detention Explained |url=https://www.aecf.org/blog/what-is-juvenile-detention |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=The Annie E. Casey Foundation |language=en}}</ref>
+There is no unified "criminal justice system" in the United States. The [[Incarceration in the United States|American prison system]] is largely heterogenous, with thousands of relatively independent systems operating across federal, state, local, and tribal levels. In 2023, "these systems [held] almost 2 million people in 1,566 state prisons, 98 federal prisons, 3,116 local jails, 1,323 juvenile correctional facilities, 181 immigration detention facilities, and 80 Indian country jails, as well as in [[List of U.S. military prisons|military prisons]], civil commitment centers, state psychiatric hospitals, and prisons in the U.S. territories."<ref name="Sawyer-2023">{{Cite web |last1=Sawyer |first1=Wendy |last2=Wagner |first2=Peter |title=Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2023 |url=https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2023.html |date=July 6, 2023 |access-date=August 23, 2024| website=Prison Policy Initiative |language=en}}</ref>  Despite disparate systems of confinement, four main institutions dominate: [[List of United States federal prisons|federal prisons]], [[Lists of United States state prisons|state prisons]], local jails, and [[American juvenile justice system|juvenile correctional facilities]].<ref name="National Academies Press-2014">{{Cite book |url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18613 |title=The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences |date=April 24, 2014 |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-29801-8 |location=Washington, D.C.|doi=10.17226/18613 }}</ref> Federal prisons are run by the [[U.S. Bureau of Prisons]] and hold people who have been convicted of federal crimes, including pretrial detainees.<ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> State prisons, run by the official department of correction of each state, hold sentenced people serving prison time (usually longer than one year) for felony offenses.<ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Local jails are county or municipal facilities that incarcerate defendants prior to trial; they also hold those serving short sentences (typically under a year).<ref name="National Academies Press-2014" /> Juvenile correctional facilities are operated by local or state governments and serve as longer-term placements for any minor adjudicated as delinquent and ordered by a judge to be confined.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=The Annie E. Casey |date=November 14, 2020 |title=Juvenile Detention Explained |url=https://www.aecf.org/blog/what-is-juvenile-detention |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=The Annie E. Casey Foundation |language=en}}</ref>
-As of January 2023, the United States has the [[List of countries by incarceration rate|sixth-highest per capita incarceration rate]] in the world&mdash;531 people per 100,000 inhabitants&mdash;and the largest prison and jail population in the world, with [[Incarceration in the United States|almost 2 million people incarcerated]].<ref>[http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/united-states-america United States of America]. [[World Prison Brief]].</ref><ref name="WorldPrisonBrief">[http://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest Highest to Lowest]. [[World Prison Brief]] (WPB). Use the dropdown menu to choose lists of countries by region or the whole world. Use the menu to select highest-to-lowest lists of prison population totals, prison population rates, percentage of pre-trial detainees/remand prisoners, percentage of female prisoners, percentage of foreign prisoners, and occupancy rate. Column headings in WPB tables can be clicked to reorder columns lowest to highest, or alphabetically. For detailed information for each country click on any country name in lists. See the [http://www.prisonstudies.org/world-prison-brief-data WPB main data page] and click on the map links or the sidebar links to get to the region and country desired.</ref><ref name="WholePie2023">{{cite report|url=https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2023.html|title=Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2023|last1=Sawyer|first1=Wendy|last2=Wagner|first2=Peter|date=March 14, 2023|publisher=Prison Policy Initiative|access-date=May 13, 2023}}</ref> An analysis of the [[World Health Organization]] Mortality Database from 2010 showed U.S. homicide rates "were 7 times higher than in other high-income countries, driven by [[Gun deaths in the United States|a gun homicide rate]] that was 25 times higher".<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Grinshteyn|first1=Erin|last2=Hemenway|first2=David|date=March 2016|title=Violent Death Rates: The US Compared with Other High-income OECD Countries, 2010|url=https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(15)01030-X/fulltext|journal=[[The American Journal of Medicine]]|volume=129|issue=3|pages=226–273|doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.10.025|pmid=26551975|access-date=June 18, 2017|doi-access=free}}</ref>
+As of January 2023, the United States has the [[List of countries by incarceration rate|sixth-highest per capita incarceration rate]] in the world&mdash;531 people per 100,000 inhabitants&mdash;and the largest prison and jail population in the world, with [[Incarceration in the United States|almost 2 million people incarcerated]].<ref>[http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/united-states-america United States of America]. [[World Prison Brief]].</ref><ref name="WorldPrisonBrief">[http://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest Highest to Lowest]. [[World Prison Brief]] (WPB). Use the dropdown menu to choose lists of countries by region or the whole world. Use the menu to select highest-to-lowest lists of prison population totals, prison population rates, percentage of pre-trial detainees/remand prisoners, percentage of female prisoners, percentage of foreign prisoners, and occupancy rate. Column headings in WPB tables can be clicked to reorder columns lowest to highest, or alphabetically. For detailed information for each country click on any country name in lists. See the [http://www.prisonstudies.org/world-prison-brief-data WPB main data page] and click on the map links or the sidebar links to get to the region and country desired.</ref><ref name="Sawyer-2023" /> An analysis of the [[World Health Organization]] Mortality Database from 2010 showed U.S. homicide rates "were 7 times higher than in other high-income countries, driven by [[Gun deaths in the United States|a gun homicide rate]] that was 25 times higher".<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Grinshteyn|first1=Erin|last2=Hemenway|first2=David|date=March 2016|title=Violent Death Rates: The US Compared with Other High-income OECD Countries, 2010|url=https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(15)01030-X/fulltext|journal=[[The American Journal of Medicine]]|volume=129|issue=3|pages=226–273|doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.10.025|pmid=26551975|access-date=June 18, 2017|doi-access=free}}</ref>
 == Economy ==
@@ Line 346: / Line 350: @@
 The U.S. has been the world's [[List of countries by largest historical GDP|largest economy nominally since about 1890]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fordham |first=Benjamin |date=October 2017 |title=Protectionist Empire: Trade, Tariffs, and United States Foreign Policy, 1890–1914 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x17000116 |journal=Studies in American Political Development |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=170–192 |doi=10.1017/s0898588x17000116 |s2cid=148917255 |issn=0898-588X}}</ref> The 2023 nominal U.S. [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) of more than $27&nbsp;trillion was the highest in the world, constituting over 25% of the global economy or 15% at [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP).<ref name="IMF-2023">{{cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=111,&s=NGDP_R,NGDP_RPCH,NGDP,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDP_D,NGDPRPC,NGDPRPPPPC,NGDPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,NGAP_NPGDP,PPPSH,PPPEX,NID_NGDP,NGSD_NGDP,PCPI,PCPIPCH,PCPIE,PCPIEPCH,FLIBOR6,TM_RPCH,TMG_RPCH,TX_RPCH,TXG_RPCH,LUR,LE,LP,GGR,GGR_NGDP,GGX,GGX_NGDP,GGXCNL,GGXCNL_NGDP,GGSB,GGSB_NPGDP,GGXONLB,GGXONLB_NGDP,GGXWDN,GGXWDN_NGDP,GGXWDG,GGXWDG_NGDP,NGDP_FY,BCA,BCA_NGDPD,&sy=2021&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |website=Imf.org}}</ref><ref name="IMFWEO.US" /> From 1983 to 2008, U.S. real compounded annual GDP growth was 3.3%, compared to a 2.3% weighted average for the rest of the [[G7|Group of Seven]].<ref name="Hagopian">{{cite journal |author=Hagopian |first1=Kip |last2=Ohanian |first2=Lee |date=August 1, 2012 |title=The Mismeasure of Inequality |url=https://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/123566 |url-status=dead |journal=Policy Review |issue=174 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203012353/https://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/123566 |archive-date=December 3, 2013 |access-date=January 23, 2020 }}</ref> The country ranks [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|first in the world by nominal GDP]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and|title=Gross Domestic Product, Fourth Quarter and Year 2022 (Third Estimate), GDP by Industry, and Corporate Profits|publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|U.S. Department of Commerce]]}}</ref> [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|second when adjusted for purchasing power parities]] (PPP),<ref name="IMFWEO.US" /> and [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|ninth by PPP-adjusted GDP per capita]].<ref name="IMFWEO.US" /> It possesses the [[Disposable household and per capita income#Disposable income per capita (OECD)|highest disposable household income per capita]] among [[OECD]] countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Household disposable income |url=https://data.oecd.org/hha/household-disposable-income.htm |website=OECD Data |language=en}}</ref> As of February 2024, the total [[National debt of the United States|federal government debt]] was $34.4 trillion.<ref>{{cite news|last=Fox|first=Michelle|date=March 1, 2024|title=The U.S. national debt is rising by $1 trillion about every 100 days|publisher=CNBC|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/03/01/the-us-national-debt-is-rising-by-1-trillion-about-every-100-days.html}}</ref>
 [[File:Aerial_Microsoft_West_Campus_August_2009.jpg|thumb|[[Microsoft campus]], the headquarters of [[Microsoft]], the world's [[List of public corporations by market capitalization|biggest company by market capitalization]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 21, 2024 |title=Microsoft back as most valuable listed company as Nvidia slips |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8884389l35o |access-date=August 6, 2024 |website=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB}}</ref>]]
-Of the world's [[Fortune Global 500|500 largest companies by revenue]], [[List of largest companies in the United States by revenue|136 are headquartered in the U.S.]] as of 2023<ref name="Fortune-2022">{{Cite web |title=Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/ |access-date=August 3, 2023 |website=[[Fortune Global 500]] |language=en}}</ref>&mdash;the highest number of any country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyam |first=Benji |date=November 29, 2023 |title=Most Profitable Companies: U.S. vs. Rest of the World, 2023 |url=https://www.growandconvert.com/research/most-profitable-fortune-500-companies-in-2023/ |access-date=July 16, 2024 |website=www.growandconvert.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[United States dollar|U.S. dollar]] is the currency most used [[International use of the U.S. dollar|in international transactions]] and is the world's foremost [[reserve currency]], backed by the country's dominant economy, [[United States Armed Forces|its military]], the [[petrodollar]] system, and its linked [[eurodollar]] and large [[U.S. Treasury|U.S. treasuries market]].<ref name="federalreserve.gov" /> [[List of countries that use the US dollar|Several countries use it as their official currency]], and in others it is the [[de facto currency|''de facto'' currency]].<ref name="Benjamin J. Cohen 2006, p. 17">Benjamin J. Cohen, ''The Future of Money'', Princeton University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|0691116660}}; ''cf''. "the dollar is the de facto currency in Cambodia", Charles Agar, ''[[Frommer's]] Vietnam'', 2006, {{ISBN|0471798169}}, p. 17</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=March 31, 2014 |title=US GDP Growth Rate by Year |url=http://www.multpl.com/us-gdp-growth-rate/table/by-year |access-date=June 18, 2014 |website=multpl.com |publisher=US Bureau of Economic Analysis}}</ref> It has [[free trade agreements]] with [[Free trade agreements of the United States|several countries]], including the [[United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement|USMCA]].<ref>{{cite web |title=United States free trade agreements |url=https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements |access-date=May 31, 2019 |work=[[Office of the United States Trade Representative]]}}</ref> The U.S. ranked second in the [[Global Competitiveness Report]] in 2019, after Singapore.<ref name="World Economic Forum">{{cite web |title=Rankings: Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 |url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GCR2013-14/GCR_Rankings_2013-14.pdf |access-date=June 1, 2014 |publisher=World Economic Forum}}</ref> Although the United States has reached a [[Post-industrial economy|post-industrial level of development]]<ref name="Collins-2023">{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Michael |date=August 11, 2023 |title=The Post-Industrial Service Economy Isn't Working for the Middle Class |url=https://www.industryweek.com/the-economy/data-and-statistics/article/21271497/the-post-industrial-service-economy-isnt-working |access-date=August 10, 2024 |website=[[IndustryWeek]] |language=en}}</ref> and is often  described as having a [[service economy]],<ref name="Collins-2023" /><ref name="Econ">{{cite web |title=USA Economy in Brief |url=https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312123609/https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-date=March 12, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, International Information Programs}}</ref> it [[Manufacturing in the United States|remains a major industrial power]].<ref>{{cite web |date=July 2010 |title=The State of Manufacturing in the United States |url=http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226011512/http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-date=February 26, 2013 |access-date=March 10, 2013 |publisher=International Trade Administration }}</ref> {{As of|2021}}, the U.S. is the [[List of countries by manufacturing output|second-largest manufacturing country]] after China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, Value Added (Current US$) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107135049/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |archive-date=January 7, 2020 |access-date=July 14, 2021 |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref>
+Of the world's [[Fortune Global 500|500 largest companies by revenue]], [[List of largest companies in the United States by revenue|136 are headquartered in the U.S.]] as of 2023<ref name="Fortune-2022">{{Cite web |title=Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/ |access-date=August 3, 2023 |website=[[Fortune Global 500]] |language=en}}</ref>&mdash;the highest number of any country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyam |first=Benji |date=November 29, 2023 |title=Most Profitable Companies: U.S. vs. Rest of the World, 2023 |url=https://www.growandconvert.com/research/most-profitable-fortune-500-companies-in-2023/ |access-date=July 16, 2024 |website=www.growandconvert.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[United States dollar|U.S. dollar]] is the currency most used [[International use of the U.S. dollar|in international transactions]] and is the world's foremost [[reserve currency]], backed by the country's dominant economy, [[United States Armed Forces|its military]], the [[petrodollar]] system, and its linked [[eurodollar]] and large [[U.S. Treasury|U.S. treasuries market]].<ref name="federalreserve.gov" /> [[United States dollar#Countries that use US dollar|Several countries use it as their official currency]], and in others it is the [[de facto currency|''de facto'' currency]].<ref name="Benjamin J. Cohen 2006, p. 17">Benjamin J. Cohen, ''The Future of Money'', Princeton University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|0691116660}}; ''cf''. "the dollar is the de facto currency in Cambodia", Charles Agar, ''[[Frommer's]] Vietnam'', 2006, {{ISBN|0471798169}}, p. 17</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=March 31, 2014 |title=US GDP Growth Rate by Year |url=http://www.multpl.com/us-gdp-growth-rate/table/by-year |access-date=June 18, 2014 |website=multpl.com |publisher=US Bureau of Economic Analysis}}</ref> It has [[free trade agreements]] with [[Free trade agreements of the United States|several countries]], including the [[United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement|USMCA]].<ref>{{cite web |title=United States free trade agreements |url=https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements |access-date=May 31, 2019 |work=[[Office of the United States Trade Representative]]}}</ref> The U.S. ranked second in the [[Global Competitiveness Report]] in 2019, after Singapore.<ref name="World Economic Forum">{{cite web |title=Rankings: Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 |url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GCR2013-14/GCR_Rankings_2013-14.pdf |access-date=June 1, 2014 |publisher=World Economic Forum}}</ref> Although the United States has reached a [[Post-industrial economy|post-industrial level of development]]<ref name="Collins-2023">{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Michael |date=August 11, 2023 |title=The Post-Industrial Service Economy Isn't Working for the Middle Class |url=https://www.industryweek.com/the-economy/data-and-statistics/article/21271497/the-post-industrial-service-economy-isnt-working |access-date=August 10, 2024 |website=[[IndustryWeek]] |language=en}}</ref> and is often  described as having a [[service economy]],<ref name="Collins-2023" /><ref name="Econ">{{cite web |title=USA Economy in Brief |url=https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312123609/https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html |archive-date=March 12, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, International Information Programs}}</ref> it [[Manufacturing in the United States|remains a major industrial power]].<ref>{{cite web |date=July 2010 |title=The State of Manufacturing in the United States |url=http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226011512/http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp |archive-date=February 26, 2013 |access-date=March 10, 2013 |publisher=International Trade Administration }}</ref> {{As of|2021}}, the U.S. is the [[List of countries by manufacturing output|second-largest manufacturing country]] after China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manufacturing, Value Added (Current US$) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107135049/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |archive-date=January 7, 2020 |access-date=July 14, 2021 |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref>
 [[File:Gaming-Wall-Street BTS Prodigium-266.jpg|thumb|The [[New York Stock Exchange]] on [[Wall Street]], the world's [[List of stock exchanges#Major stock exchanges|largest stock exchange by market capitalization]]<ref name=NYSEhighestcap>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/investing/nyse-new-york-stock-exchange/|title=NYSE: What Is The New York Stock Exchange|author= Kat Tretina and Benjamin Curry|work=Forbes|date=April 9, 2021|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref>]]
-[[New York City]] is the world's principal [[financial center]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jones |first1=Huw |date=March 24, 2022 |title=New York widens lead over London in top finance centres index |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/new-york-widens-lead-over-london-top-finance-centres-index-2022-03-24/ |access-date=July 29, 2022 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name=NYCFintechAndFinancialCapitalWorld>{{cite web |url = https://www.longfinance.net/publications/long-finance-reports/the-global-financial-centres-index-35/|title = The Global Financial Centres Index 35|date = March 21, 2024|publisher = Long Finance|access-date = May 1, 2024}}</ref> and the epicenter of the world's [[list of cities by GDP|largest metropolitan economy]].<ref name="NYCEpicenterUSMetroEconomy">{{cite web |author=Iman Ghosh |date=September 24, 2020 |title=This 3D map shows the U.S. cities with the highest economic output |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/united-states-america-economic-output-new-york-la/ |access-date=March 5, 2023 |publisher=World Economic Forum |quote=The New York metro area dwarfs all other cities for economic output by a large margin.}}</ref> The [[New York Stock Exchange]] and [[Nasdaq]], both located in New York City, are the world's two [[List of stock exchanges|largest stock exchanges]] by [[market capitalization]] and [[trade volume]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Monthly Reports – World Federation of Exchanges |url=https://www.world-exchanges.org/our-work/statistics |publisher=WFE}}</ref><ref name="sfc.hk">[http://www.sfc.hk/web/doc/EN/research/stat/a01.pdf Table A – Market Capitalization of the World's Top Stock Exchanges (As at end of June 2012)]. Securities and Exchange Commission (China).</ref> The United States is at or near the forefront of [[Science and technology in the United States|technological advancement]] and [[innovation]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=WIPO |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2022/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2022, 15th Edition |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |year=2022 |isbn=9789280534320 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |access-date=February 25, 2023}}</ref> in many economic fields, especially in [[artificial intelligence]]; computers; [[pharmaceuticals]]; and medical, [[aerospace]] and [[military equipment]].<ref>{{cite web |title=United States reference resource |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |access-date=May 31, 2019 |work=[[The World Factbook]] Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> The country's economy is fueled by abundant [[natural resource]]s, a well-developed [[Infrastructure of the United States|infrastructure]], and [[List of countries by labour productivity|high productivity]].<ref name="Wright, Gavin 2007 p. 185">Wright, Gavin, and Jesse Czelusta, "Resource-Based Growth Past and Present", in ''Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny'', ed. Daniel Lederman and William Maloney (World Bank, 2007), p. 185. {{ISBN|0821365452}}.</ref> The [[List of the largest trading partners of the United States|largest U.S. trading partners]] are the [[European Union]], Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, the United Kingdom, Vietnam, India, and Taiwan.<ref>{{cite web |date=October 2022 |title=Top Trading Partners – October 2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/highlights/top/top1612yr.html |access-date=May 12, 2023 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> The United States is the world's [[List of countries by imports|largest importer]] and the [[List of countries by exports|second-largest exporter]].{{efn|A country's total exports are usually understood to be goods and services. Based on this, the U.S. is the world's second-largest exporter, after China.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Trade Statistical Review 2019 |url=https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/wts2019_e/wts2019_e.pdf |access-date=May 31, 2019 |work=[[World Trade Organization]] |page=100}}</ref> However, if primary income is included, the U.S. is the world's largest exporter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exports of goods, services and primary income (BoP, current US$) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.GSR.TOTL.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |access-date=May 24, 2024 |website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref>}} It is by far the world's [[List of countries by service exports|largest exporter of services]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Service exports (BoP, current US$) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.GSR.NFSV.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true&year_high_desc=false |access-date=August 4, 2023 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref>
+[[New York City]] is the world's principal [[financial center]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jones |first1=Huw |date=March 24, 2022 |title=New York widens lead over London in top finance centres index |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/new-york-widens-lead-over-london-top-finance-centres-index-2022-03-24/ |access-date=July 29, 2022 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name=NYCFintechAndFinancialCapitalWorld>{{cite web |url = https://www.longfinance.net/publications/long-finance-reports/the-global-financial-centres-index-35/|title = The Global Financial Centres Index 35|date = March 21, 2024|publisher = Long Finance|access-date = May 1, 2024}}</ref> and the epicenter of the world's [[list of cities by GDP|largest metropolitan economy]].<ref name="NYCEpicenterUSMetroEconomy">{{cite web |author=Iman Ghosh |date=September 24, 2020 |title=This 3D map shows the U.S. cities with the highest economic output |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/united-states-america-economic-output-new-york-la/ |access-date=March 5, 2023 |publisher=World Economic Forum |quote=The New York metro area dwarfs all other cities for economic output by a large margin.}}</ref> The [[New York Stock Exchange]] and [[Nasdaq]], both located in New York City, are the world's two [[List of stock exchanges|largest stock exchanges]] by [[market capitalization]] and [[trade volume]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Monthly Reports – World Federation of Exchanges |url=https://www.world-exchanges.org/our-work/statistics |publisher=WFE}}</ref><ref name="sfc.hk">[http://www.sfc.hk/web/doc/EN/research/stat/a01.pdf Table A – Market Capitalization of the World's Top Stock Exchanges (As at end of June 2012)]. Securities and Exchange Commission (China).</ref> The United States is at or near the forefront of [[Science and technology in the United States|technological advancement]] and [[innovation]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=WIPO |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2022/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2022, 15th Edition |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |year=2022 |isbn=9789280534320 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |access-date=February 25, 2023}}</ref> in many economic fields, especially in [[artificial intelligence]]; [[electronics]] and [[Computer|computers]]; [[pharmaceuticals]]; and medical, [[aerospace]] and [[military equipment]].<ref name="CIA-2018" /> The country's economy is fueled by abundant [[natural resource]]s, well-developed [[Infrastructure policy of the United States|infrastructure]], and [[List of countries by labour productivity|high productivity]].<ref name="Wright, Gavin 2007 p. 185">Wright, Gavin, and Jesse Czelusta, "Resource-Based Growth Past and Present", in ''Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny'', ed. Daniel Lederman and William Maloney (World Bank, 2007), p. 185. {{ISBN|0821365452}}.</ref> The [[List of the largest trading partners of the United States|largest trading partners of the United States]] are the [[European Union]], Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, the United Kingdom, Vietnam, India, and Taiwan.<ref>{{cite web |date=October 2022 |title=Top Trading Partners – October 2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/highlights/top/top1612yr.html |access-date=May 12, 2023 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> The United States is the world's [[List of countries by imports|largest importer]] and the [[List of countries by exports|second-largest exporter]].{{efn|A country's total exports are usually understood to be goods and services. Based on this, the U.S. is the world's second-largest exporter, after China.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Trade Statistical Review 2019 |url=https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/wts2019_e/wts2019_e.pdf |access-date=May 31, 2019 |work=[[World Trade Organization]] |page=100}}</ref> However, if primary income is included, the U.S. is the world's largest exporter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exports of goods, services and primary income (BoP, current US$) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.GSR.TOTL.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |access-date=May 24, 2024 |website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref>}} It is by far the world's [[List of countries by service exports|largest exporter of services]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Service exports (BoP, current US$) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.GSR.NFSV.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true&year_high_desc=false |access-date=August 4, 2023 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref>
 Americans have the highest average [[Household income|household]] and [[List of countries by average wage|employee income]] among [[OECD]] member states,<ref>{{cite web |title=Income |url=http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/income/ |access-date=September 28, 2019 |work=Better Life Index |publisher=OECD |quote=In the United States, the average household net adjusted disposable income per capita is USD 45 284 a year, much higher than the OECD average of USD 33 604 and the highest figure in the OECD.}}</ref> and the fourth-highest [[Median income|median household income]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Median Income by Country 2023 |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/median-income-by-country/ |access-date=July 28, 2023 |website=Wisevoter |language=en-US}}</ref> up from sixth-highest in 2013.<ref name="Household Income">{{cite journal |date=March 18, 2014 |url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/society-at-a-glance-2014_soc_glance-2014-en |journal=Society at a Glance 2014: OECD Social Indicators |publisher=OECD Publishing |doi=10.1787/soc_glance-2014-en |isbn=9789264200722 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |doi-access=free |title=Society at a Glance 2014 }}</ref> With personal [[Consumer spending|consumption expenditures]] of over $18.5 trillion in 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2024 |title=Personal Consumption Expenditures |url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PCECA |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=fred.stlouisfed.org |language=en}}</ref> the U.S. has a heavily [[Consumer economy|consumer-driven economy]] and is by far the world's [[List of largest consumer markets|largest consumer market]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rocha |first=Laura |date=August 18, 2023 |title=Playing To Win In The U.S. Market |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbeseq/2023/08/18/playing-to-win-in-the-us-market/ |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Wealth in the United States]] is [[Wealth inequality in the United States|highly concentrated]]; the richest 10% of the adult population own 72% of the country's household wealth, while the bottom 50% own just 2%.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Piketty|first1=Thomas|title=Capital in the Twenty-First Century|title-link=Capital in the Twenty-First Century|date=2014|publisher=Belknap Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780674430006/page/257 257]|author-link1=Thomas Piketty}} {{ISBN|978-0-674-43000-6}}</ref> [[Income inequality in the United States|Income inequality in the U.S.]] remains at record highs,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/09/26/income-inequality-america-highest-its-been-since-census-started-tracking-it-data-show/ |title=Income inequality in America is the highest it's been since Census Bureau started tracking it, data shows |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=July 27, 2020}}</ref> with the top fifth of earners taking home more than half of all income<ref>{{Cite news|last=Long|first=Heather|date=September 12, 2017|title=U.S. middle-class incomes reached highest-ever level in 2016, Census Bureau says|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/us-middle-class-incomes-reached-highest-ever-level-in-2016-census-bureau-says/2017/09/12/7226905e-97de-11e7-b569-3360011663b4_story.html|access-date=November 11, 2019}}</ref> and giving the U.S. one of the widest income distributions among OECD members.<ref name="Sme">{{cite journal|last1=Smeeding|first1=T.M.|year=2005|title=Public Policy: Economic Inequality and Poverty: The United States in Comparative Perspective|journal=Social Science Quarterly| volume=86|pages=955–983|doi= 10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00331.x| s2cid=154642286}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hopkin|first=Jonathan|author-link=Jonathan Hopkin|date=2020 |title=Anti-System Politics: The Crisis of Market Liberalism in Rich Democracies|chapter=American Nightmare: How Neoliberalism Broke US Democracy|url=|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IyXTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA87|location= |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|pages=87–88 |isbn=978-0190699765|doi=10.1093/oso/9780190699765.003.0004}}</ref> The U.S. [[List of countries by number of billionaires|ranks first in the number of dollar billionaires]] and [[List of countries by number of millionaires|millionaires]], with 735 billionaires and nearly 22 million millionaires as of 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Here's How Many Billionaires And Millionaires Live In The U.S. – Forbes Advisor |url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/retirement/how-many-billionaires-and-millionaires-live-in-the-u-s/#:~:text=As%20of%202023,%20there%20are,your%20own%20definition%20of%20wealth. |access-date=November 20, 2023 |website=Forbes}}</ref> There were about 582,500 sheltered and unsheltered [[Homelessness in the United States|homeless persons in the U.S.]] in 2022, with 60% staying in an emergency shelter or transitional housing program.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2022-AHAR-Part-1.pdf|title=The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress|date= December 2022|website= |publisher=The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development|access-date=June 16, 2023 }}</ref> In 2022, 6.4 million children experienced food insecurity.<ref name="ers.usda.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics.aspx|title=USDA ERS – Key Statistics & Graphics|website= ers.usda.gov|access-date=December 4, 2019}}</ref> [[Feeding America]] estimates that around one in five, or approximately 13 million, [[Hunger in the United States#Children|children experience hunger in the U.S.]] and do not know where they will get their next meal or when.<ref name="FactsAbout">{{Cite web|title= Facts About Child Hunger in America {{!}} Feeding America|url= https://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/child-hunger-facts| access-date=December 4, 2019|website= feedingamerica.org}}</ref> {{as of|2022|post=,}} 37.9&nbsp;million people, or 11.5% of the U.S. population, were [[Poverty in the United States|living in poverty]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=National Poverty in America Awareness Month: January 2023 |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/poverty-awareness-month.html |website=Census.gov}}</ref>
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 The United States [[Technological and industrial history of the United States|has been a leader in technological innovation since the late 19th century]] and scientific research since the mid-20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mowery |first=David |title=Technological Change and the Evolution of the U.S. "National Innovation System", 1880-1990 |url=https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/technological-change-and-the-evolution-of-the-u-s-national-innovation-system-1880-1990/ |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=OpenMind |language=en-US}}</ref> Methods for producing [[interchangeable parts]] and the establishment of a [[machine tool]] industry enabled [[American system of manufacturing|the large-scale manufacturing]] of U.S. consumer products in the late 19th century.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Goodfriend |first1=Marvin |last2=McDermott |first2=John |date=February 24, 2021 |title=The American System of economic growth |url= |journal=Journal of Economic Growth |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages= 31–75|doi=10.1007/s10887-021-09186-x |issn=1573-7020 |pmc=7902180 |pmid=33642936}}</ref> By the early 20th century, factory [[electrification]], the introduction of the [[assembly line]], and other [[automation|labor-saving techniques]] created the system of [[mass production]].<ref>{{Hounshell1984}}</ref> The United States is widely considered to be the leading country in the development of [[artificial intelligence]] technology.<ref>{{cite web |year=2021 |title=Measuring trends in AI |url=https://aiindex.stanford.edu/report |website=Artificial Intelligence Index |publisher=Stanford University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Espinel |first=Victoria |title=America leads the world in AI–but we could fall behind on AI regulation by the end of 2023 |url=https://fortune.com/europe/2023/09/11/america-leads-world-artificial-intelligence-fall-behind-ai-regulation-2023-tech-victoria-espinel/ |access-date=July 30, 2024 |website=Fortune Europe |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Radu |first=Sintia |date=August 19, 2019 |title=Despite Chinese Efforts, the U.S. Still Leads in AI |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/2019-08-19/the-us-is-still-the-global-leader-in-artificial-intelligence |access-date=July 30, 2024 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]]}}</ref> In 2022, the United States was the country with the [[List of countries by number of scientific and technical journal articles|second-highest number of published scientific papers]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SJR – International Science Ranking |url=https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?order=itp&ord=desc&year=2020 |access-date=February 5, 2022 |website=Scimagojr.com |language=en-uk}}</ref> As of 2021, the U.S. ranked second by the number of [[World Intellectual Property Indicators|patent applications]], and third by trademark and industrial design applications.<ref>{{cite book |author1=World Intellectual Property Organization. |url=https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4571&plang=EN |title=World Intellectual Property Indicators 2021 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) |year=2021 |isbn=9789280533293 |series=World IP Indicators (WIPI) |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.44461 |access-date=April 27, 2022}}</ref> In 2023, the United States ranked third in the [[Global Innovation Index]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=WIPO |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |date=December 28, 2023 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |isbn=9789280534320 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |access-date=October 17, 2023}}</ref> The U.S. has the [[List of sovereign states by research and development spending|highest total research and development expenditure of any country]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desjardins |first=Jeff |date=December 18, 2018 |title=Innovators wanted: these countries spend the most on R&D |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/12/how-much-countries-spend-on-r-d/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> and ranks ninth as a percentage of GDP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Sean |date=November 16, 2020 |title=These countries spend the most on research and development |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/11/countries-spending-research-development-gdp/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=www.weforum.org}}</ref> In 2023, the United States was ranked as the second most technologically advanced country in the world by [[Global Finance (magazine)|Global Finance]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Getzoff |first=Marc |date=December 1, 2023 |title=Most Technologically Advanced Countries In The World 2023 |url=https://gfmag.com/data/non-economic-data/most-advanced-countries-in-the-world/ |access-date=July 29, 2024 |website=Global Finance Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>
 [[File:Buzz salutes the U.S. Flag-crop.jpg|thumb|U.S. astronaut [[Buzz Aldrin]] saluting the [[Flag of the United States|American flag]] on the [[Moon]] during the 1969 [[Apollo 11]] mission; the United States is the only country that has [[Moon landing|landed crews on the lunar surface]].]]
-The United States has maintained a space program since the late 1950s, beginning with the establishment of the [[NASA|National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) in 1958.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-26 |title=65 Years Ago: The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 Creates NASA - NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/history/65-years-ago-the-national-aeronautics-and-space-act-of-1958-creates-nasa/#:~:text=President%20Eisenhower%20signed%20the%20National,of%20the%20International%20Geophysical%20Year. |access-date=2024-09-06 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-04 |title=National Aeronautics and Space Administration {{!}} US Space Agency & Exploration Achievements {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/NASA |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> NASA's [[Apollo program]] (1961&ndash;1972) achieved the first crewed [[Moon landing]] with the 1969 [[Apollo 11]] mission; it remains one of the program's most significant milestones.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-29 |title=Apollo {{!}} History, Missions, Significance, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Apollo-space-program |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-04 |title=The Apollo Missions |url=https://www.ibm.com/thought-leadership/the-apollo-missions/ |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=The Apollo Missions |language=en-US}}</ref> Other major endeavors by NASA include the [[Space Shuttle program]] (1981–2011),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Shuttle - NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/space-shuttle/ |access-date=2024-09-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> the [[Voyager program]] (1972&ndash;present), the [[Hubble Space Telescope|Hubble]] and [[James Webb Space Telescope|James Webb]] [[space telescope]]s (launched in 1990 and 2021, respectively),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quick Facts |url=https://hubblesite.org/quick-facts |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=HubbleSite |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Quick Facts |url=https://webbtelescope.org/quick-facts |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=Webb |language=en}}</ref> and the multi-mission [[Mars Exploration Program]] ([[Mars Exploration Rover|Spirit and Opportunity]], [[Curiosity (rover)|Curiosity]], and [[Perseverance (rover)|Perseverance]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mars Exploration - NASA Science |url=https://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/programs/mars-exploration/ |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=science.nasa.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> NASA is one of five agencies collaborating on the [[International Space Station]] (ISS);<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Space Station Facts and Figures - NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/space-station-facts-and-figures/ |access-date=2024-09-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> U.S. contributions to the ISS include several modules, including [[Destiny (ISS module)|Destiny]] (2001), [[Harmony (ISS module)|Harmony]] (2007), and [[Tranquility (ISS module)|Tranquility]] (2010), as well as ongoing logistical and operational support.<ref>{{Cite web |last=updated |first=Elizabeth Howell last |date=2022-08-24 |title=International Space Station: Facts, History & Tracking |url=https://www.space.com/16748-international-space-station.html |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref> The United States [[private sector]] dominates the global [[Private spaceflight|commercial spaceflight industry]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-11 |title=Analysis {{!}} Companies are commercializing outer space. Do government programs still matter? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/01/11/companies-are-commercializing-outer-space-do-government-programs-still-matter/ |access-date=2024-09-05 |work=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Prominent American spaceflight contractors include [[Blue Origin]], [[Boeing]], [[Sierra Space]], and [[SpaceX]]. NASA programs such as the [[Commercial Crew Program|Commerical Crew Program]], [[Commercial Resupply Services]], [[Commercial Lunar Payload Services]], and [[Next Space Technologies for Exploration Partnerships|NextSTEP]] have facilitated growing private-sector involvement in American spaceflight.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commercial Space - NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/ |access-date=2024-09-05 |language=en-US}}</ref><!-- Info needed about the Artemis program as it is a major component of contemporary American space policy -->
+The United States has maintained a space program since the late 1950s, beginning with the establishment of the [[NASA|National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) in 1958.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-26 |title=65 Years Ago: The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 Creates NASA - NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/history/65-years-ago-the-national-aeronautics-and-space-act-of-1958-creates-nasa/#:~:text=President%20Eisenhower%20signed%20the%20National,of%20the%20International%20Geophysical%20Year. |access-date=2024-09-06 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-04 |title=National Aeronautics and Space Administration {{!}} US Space Agency & Exploration Achievements {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/NASA |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> NASA's [[Apollo program]] (1961&ndash;1972) achieved the first crewed [[Moon landing]] with the 1969 [[Apollo 11]] mission; it remains one of the agency's most significant milestones.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-29 |title=Apollo {{!}} History, Missions, Significance, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Apollo-space-program |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-04 |title=The Apollo Missions |url=https://www.ibm.com/thought-leadership/the-apollo-missions/ |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=The Apollo Missions |language=en-US}}</ref> Other major endeavors by NASA include the [[Space Shuttle program]] (1981–2011),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Space Shuttle - NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/space-shuttle/ |access-date=2024-09-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> the [[Voyager program]] (1972&ndash;present), the [[Hubble Space Telescope|Hubble]] and [[James Webb Space Telescope|James Webb]] [[space telescope]]s (launched in 1990 and 2021, respectively),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quick Facts |url=https://hubblesite.org/quick-facts |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=HubbleSite |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Quick Facts |url=https://webbtelescope.org/quick-facts |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=Webb |language=en}}</ref> and the multi-mission [[Mars Exploration Program]] ([[Mars Exploration Rover|Spirit and Opportunity]], [[Curiosity (rover)|Curiosity]], and [[Perseverance (rover)|Perseverance]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mars Exploration - NASA Science |url=https://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/programs/mars-exploration/ |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=science.nasa.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> NASA is one of five agencies collaborating on the [[International Space Station]] (ISS);<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Space Station Facts and Figures - NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/space-station-facts-and-figures/ |access-date=2024-09-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> U.S. contributions to the ISS include several modules, including [[Destiny (ISS module)|Destiny]] (2001), [[Harmony (ISS module)|Harmony]] (2007), and [[Tranquility (ISS module)|Tranquility]] (2010), as well as ongoing logistical and operational support.<ref>{{Cite web |last=updated |first=Elizabeth Howell last |date=2022-08-24 |title=International Space Station: Facts, History & Tracking |url=https://www.space.com/16748-international-space-station.html |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref> The United States [[private sector]] dominates the global [[Private spaceflight|commercial spaceflight industry]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-11 |title=Analysis {{!}} Companies are commercializing outer space. Do government programs still matter? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/01/11/companies-are-commercializing-outer-space-do-government-programs-still-matter/ |access-date=2024-09-05 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Prominent American spaceflight contractors include [[Blue Origin]], [[Boeing]], [[Sierra Space]], and [[SpaceX]]. NASA programs such as the [[Commercial Crew Program|Commerical Crew Program]], [[Commercial Resupply Services]], [[Commercial Lunar Payload Services]], and [[Next Space Technologies for Exploration Partnerships|NextSTEP]] have facilitated growing private-sector involvement in American spaceflight.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commercial Space - NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/ |access-date=2024-09-05 |language=en-US}}</ref><!-- Info needed about the Artemis program as it is a major component of contemporary American space policy -->
 {{as of|2023}}, the United States receives approximately 84% of its energy from fossil fuel and the largest source of the country's energy came from [[Petroleum in the United States|petroleum]] (38%), followed by [[Natural gas in the United States|natural gas]] (36%), [[Renewable energy in the United States|renewable sources]] (9%), [[Coal in the United States|coal]] (9%), and [[Nuclear power in the United States|nuclear power]] (9%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. energy facts explained - consumption and production - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/ |access-date=November 21, 2023 |website=eia.gov}}</ref><ref name="visu">{{cite web |date= March 2022|title=Energy Flow Charts: Charting the Complex Relationships among Energy, Water, and Carbon |url=https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/ |access-date=May 16, 2023 |publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}}</ref><!--Numbers do not add up to 100 due to rounding errors. --> The United States constitutes less than 4% of the [[world population|world's population]], but consumes around 16% of the world's energy.<ref>{{cite news |date=November 5, 2021 |title=What is the United States' share of world energy consumption? |work=[[Energy Information Administration|U.S. Energy Information Administration]] |url=https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=87&t=1}}</ref> The U.S. ranks as the [[List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions|second-highest emitter of greenhouse gases]].<ref>{{cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=February 8, 2017 |title=Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks |url= https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks |access-date=December 3, 2020 |website=US EPA |language=en}}</ref>
@@ Line 373: / Line 377: @@
 The [[United States Department of Transportation|U.S. Department of Transportation]] and its divisions provide regulation, supervision, and funding for all aspects of transportation except for customs, immigration, and security. (The latter remain the responsibility of the [[United States Department of Homeland Security|U.S. Department of Homeland Security]].) Each U.S. state has [[List of U.S. state and insular area departments of transportation|its own department of transportation]], which builds and maintains  state highways. Depending upon the state, this department might also directly operate or supervise other modes of transportation.
-[[Aviation law]] is almost entirely the jurisdiction of the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. federal government]]. Vehicle traffic laws, however, are enacted and enforced by state and local authorities, with the exception of roads located on federal property (national parks, military bases) or in the [[Territories of the United States|unorganized U.S. territories]]. The [[United States Coast Guard]] is the primary enforcer of law and security on U.S. waterways, inland as well as coastal, but economic jurisdiction over coastal [[tidelands]] is shared between state and federal governments. The [[Inland waterways of the United States|country's inland waterways]] are the world's [[List of countries by waterways length|fifth-longest]], totaling {{convert|41009|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |title=Waterways – The World Factbook |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref>
+[[Aviation law]] is almost entirely the jurisdiction of the federal government; the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] regulates all aspects of [[civil aviation]], [[air traffic management]], certification and compliance, and [[aviation safety]]. Vehicle traffic laws, however, are enacted and enforced by state and local authorities, with the exception of roads located on federal property (national parks, military bases) or in the [[Territories of the United States|unorganized U.S. territories]]. The [[United States Coast Guard]] is the primary enforcer of law and security on U.S. waterways, inland as well as coastal, but economic jurisdiction over coastal [[tidelands]] is shared between state and federal governments. The [[Inland waterways of the United States|country's inland waterways]] are the world's [[List of countries by waterways length|fifth-longest]], totaling {{convert|41009|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |title=Waterways – The World Factbook |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref>
 Of the [[List of busiest container ports|world's 50 busiest container ports]], four are located in the United States. The busiest in the U.S. is the [[Port of Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldshipping.org/top-50-ports|title=The Top 50 Container Ports|work=[[World Shipping Council]]|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=July 14, 2022}}</ref>
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 === Urbanization ===
 {{Main|Urbanization in the United States|List of United States cities by population}}
-About 82% of Americans live in [[United States urban area|urban areas]], including suburbs;<ref name="WF" /> about half of those reside in cities with populations over 50,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en|title=United States—Urban/Rural and Inside/Outside Metropolitan Area|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090403024532/https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en|archive-date=April 3, 2009|access-date=September 23, 2008|url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2022, 333 [[List of United States cities by population|incorporated municipalities]] had populations over 100,000, nine cities had more than one million residents, and four cities—[[New York City]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Chicago]], and [[Houston]]—had populations exceeding two million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html |access-date=November 26, 2023 |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Many U.S. metropolitan populations are growing rapidly, particularly in the South and West.<ref>{{cite web|date=April 18, 2019|title=Counties in South and West Lead Nation in Population Growth|url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2019/estimates-county-metro.html|access-date=August 29, 2020|website=The United States Census Bureau|language=en}}</ref>
+About 82% of Americans live in [[United States urban area|urban areas]], including suburbs;<ref name="CIA-2018" /> about half of those reside in cities with populations over 50,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en|title=United States—Urban/Rural and Inside/Outside Metropolitan Area|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090403024532/https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en|archive-date=April 3, 2009|access-date=September 23, 2008|url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2022, 333 [[List of United States cities by population|incorporated municipalities]] had populations over 100,000, nine cities had more than one million residents, and four cities—[[New York City]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Chicago]], and [[Houston]]—had populations exceeding two million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html |access-date=November 26, 2023 |website=Census.gov}}</ref> Many U.S. metropolitan populations are growing rapidly, particularly in the South and West.<ref>{{cite web|date=April 18, 2019|title=Counties in South and West Lead Nation in Population Growth|url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2019/estimates-county-metro.html|access-date=August 29, 2020|website=The United States Census Bureau|language=en}}</ref>
 {{Largest metropolitan areas of the United States}}
@@ Line 484: / Line 488: @@
 [[File:Texas medical center.jpg|thumb|[[Texas Medical Center]] in [[Houston]] is the largest medical complex in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tmc.edu/about-tmc/|title=About Us}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newsweek.com/texas-medical-center-largest-medical-complex-world-reaches-98-percent-icu-capacity-1526180 | title=Texas Medical Center, largest medical complex in the world, reaches 98 percent ICU capacity | website=[[Newsweek]] | date=August 19, 2020 }}</ref> {{As of|2018}}, it employed 120,000 people and treated 10 million patients annually.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tmc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/TMC_FactsFiguresOnePager_07052018-1.pdf|title=TMC Facts & Figures}}</ref> |alt=The Texas Medical Center, a cluster of contemporary skyscrapers, at night]]
-According to the [[Centers for Disease Control]] (CDC), average American life expectancy at birth was 77.5 years in 2022 (74.8 years for men and 80.2 years for women). This was a gain of 1.1 years from 76.4 years in 2021, but the CDC noted that the new average "didn't fully offset the loss of 2.4 years between 2019 and 2021". The [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues|health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic]] and higher overall mortality due to opioid overdoses and [[Suicide in the United States|suicides]] were held mostly responsible for the previous drop in life expectancy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McPhillips |first=Deidre |date=November 29, 2023 |title=US life expectancy rebounded in 2022 but not back to pre-pandemic levels |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/29/health/life-expectancy-us-2022-cdc-report/index.html |access-date=February 12, 2024 |publisher=CNN |language=en}}</ref> The same report stated that the 2022 gains in average U.S. life expectancy were especially significant for men, Hispanics, and American Indian–Alaskan Native people (AIAN). Starting in 1998, the life expectancy in the U.S. fell [[List of countries by life expectancy|behind that of other wealthy industrialized countries]], and Americans' "health disadvantage" gap has been increasing ever since.<ref>{{cite news|last=Achenbach|first=Joel|date=November 26, 2019|title='There's something terribly wrong': Americans are dying young at alarming rates|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/theres-something-terribly-wrong-americans-are-dying-young-at-alarming-rates/2019/11/25/d88b28ec-0d6a-11ea-8397-a955cd542d00_story.html|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=December 19, 2019}}</ref> The U.S. has one of the [[List of countries by suicide rate|highest suicide rates]] among [[high-income countries]].<ref>{{cite web|date=January 30, 2020|title=New International Report on Health Care: U.S. Suicide Rate Highest Among Wealthy Nations {{!}} Commonwealth Fund|url=https://www.commonwealthfund.org/press-release/2020/new-international-report-health-care-us-suicide-rate-highest-among-wealthy|access-date=March 17, 2020|website=Commonwealthfund.org|language=en}}</ref> [[Obesity in the United States|Approximately one-third of the U.S. adult population is obese]] and another third is overweight.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults: United States, 2003–2004|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm|access-date=June 5, 2007|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics}}</ref> The U.S. healthcare system far [[List of countries by total health expenditure (PPP) per capita|outspends that of any other country]], measured both in per capita spending and as a percentage of GDP, but attains worse healthcare outcomes when compared to peer countries for reasons that are debated.<ref>{{cite web|year=2001|title=The U.S. Healthcare System: The Best in the World or Just the Most Expensive?|url=https://dll.umaine.edu/ble/U.S.+HCweb.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/20070309142240/https://dll.umaine.edu:80/ble/U.S.%20HCweb.pdf|archive-date=March 9, 2007|access-date=November 29, 2006|publisher=University of Maine}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The United States is the only developed country [[Healthcare reform in the United States|without a system of universal healthcare]], and [[Health insurance coverage in the United States|a significant proportion of the population that does not carry health insurance]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Vladeck|first=Bruce|title=Universal Health Insurance in the United States: Reflections on the Past, the Present, and the Future|date=January 2003|volume=93|number=1|pages=16–19|pmid=12511377|doi=10.2105/ajph.93.1.16|journal=[[American Journal of Public Health]]|pmc=1447684 }}</ref> Government-funded healthcare coverage for the poor ([[Medicaid]]) and for those age 65 and older ([[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]]) is available to Americans who meet the programs' income or age qualifications. In 2010, former President Obama passed the [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]].{{efn|Also known less formally as Obamacare}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Oberlander|first=Jonathan|date=June 1, 2010| title=Long Time Coming: Why Health Reform Finally Passed|journal=Health Affairs|language=en|volume=29|issue=6|pages=1112–1116|doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0447| pmid=20530339|issn=0278-2715|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Abortion in the United States]] is not federally protected, and is illegal or restricted in 18 states.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Glenza |first1=Jessica |last2=Noor |first2=Poppy |title=Tracking abortion laws across the United States |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2024/jul/29/abortion-laws-bans-by-state |access-date=August 14, 2024 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>
+According to the [[Centers for Disease Control]] (CDC), average American life expectancy at birth was 77.5 years in 2022 (74.8 years for men and 80.2 years for women). This was a gain of 1.1 years from 76.4 years in 2021, but the CDC noted that the new average "didn't fully offset the loss of 2.4 years between 2019 and 2021". The [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues|health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic]] and higher overall mortality due to opioid overdoses and [[Suicide in the United States|suicides]] were held mostly responsible for the previous drop in life expectancy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McPhillips |first=Deidre |date=November 29, 2023 |title=US life expectancy rebounded in 2022 but not back to pre-pandemic levels |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/29/health/life-expectancy-us-2022-cdc-report/index.html |access-date=February 12, 2024 |publisher=CNN |language=en}}</ref> The same report stated that the 2022 gains in average U.S. life expectancy were especially significant for men, Hispanics, and American Indian–Alaskan Native people (AIAN). Starting in 1998, the life expectancy in the U.S. fell [[List of countries by life expectancy|behind that of other wealthy industrialized countries]], and Americans' "health disadvantage" gap has been increasing ever since.<ref>{{cite news|last=Achenbach|first=Joel|date=November 26, 2019|title='There's something terribly wrong': Americans are dying young at alarming rates|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/theres-something-terribly-wrong-americans-are-dying-young-at-alarming-rates/2019/11/25/d88b28ec-0d6a-11ea-8397-a955cd542d00_story.html|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=December 19, 2019}}</ref> The U.S. has one of the [[List of countries by suicide rate|highest suicide rates]] among [[high-income countries]].<ref>{{cite web|date=January 30, 2020|title=New International Report on Health Care: U.S. Suicide Rate Highest Among Wealthy Nations {{!}} Commonwealth Fund|url=https://www.commonwealthfund.org/press-release/2020/new-international-report-health-care-us-suicide-rate-highest-among-wealthy|access-date=March 17, 2020|website=Commonwealthfund.org|language=en}}</ref> [[Obesity in the United States|Approximately one-third of the U.S. adult population is obese]] and another third is overweight.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults: United States, 2003–2004|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_adult_03.htm|access-date=June 5, 2007|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics}}</ref> The U.S. healthcare system far [[List of countries by total health expenditure (PPP) per capita|outspends that of any other country]], measured both in per capita spending and as a percentage of GDP, but attains worse healthcare outcomes when compared to peer countries for reasons that are debated.<ref>{{cite web|year=2001|title=The U.S. Healthcare System: The Best in the World or Just the Most Expensive?|url=https://dll.umaine.edu/ble/U.S.+HCweb.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/20070309142240/https://dll.umaine.edu:80/ble/U.S.%20HCweb.pdf|archive-date=March 9, 2007|access-date=November 29, 2006|publisher=University of Maine}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The United States is the only developed country [[Healthcare reform in the United States|without a system of universal healthcare]], and [[Health insurance coverage in the United States|a significant proportion of the population that does not carry health insurance]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Vladeck|first=Bruce|title=Universal Health Insurance in the United States: Reflections on the Past, the Present, and the Future|date=January 2003|volume=93|number=1|pages=16–19|pmid=12511377|doi=10.2105/ajph.93.1.16|journal=[[American Journal of Public Health]]|pmc=1447684 }}</ref> Government-funded healthcare coverage for the poor ([[Medicaid]]) and for those age 65 and older ([[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]]) is available to Americans who meet the programs' income or age qualifications. In 2010, former President Obama passed the [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]].{{efn|Also known less formally as Obamacare}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Oberlander|first=Jonathan|date=June 1, 2010| title=Long Time Coming: Why Health Reform Finally Passed|journal=Health Affairs|language=en|volume=29|issue=6|pages=1112–1116|doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0447| pmid=20530339|issn=0278-2715|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Abortion in the United States]] is not federally protected, and is illegal or restricted in 17 states.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Glenza |first1=Jessica |last2=Noor |first2=Poppy |title=Tracking abortion laws across the United States |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2024/jul/29/abortion-laws-bans-by-state |access-date=August 14, 2024 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>
 === Education ===
 {{Main|Education in the United States}}
 [[File:University-of-Virginia-Rotunda.jpg|thumb|77% of American college students attend public institutions<ref>[[National Center for Education Statistics]]. "[https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator/cha U.S. Undergraduate Enrollment]". Accessed July 29, 2024.</ref> such as the [[University of Virginia]], founded by [[Thomas Jefferson]] in 1819.|alt=Photograph of the University of Virginia]]
-American primary and secondary education (known in the U.S. as [[K–12 education in the United States|K-12]], "kindergarten through 12th grade") is decentralized. It is operated by state, territorial, and sometimes municipal governments and regulated by the [[United States Department of Education|U.S. Department of Education]]. In general, children are required to attend school or [[Homeschooling in the United States|an approved homeschool]] from the age of five or six ([[kindergarten]] or [[first grade]]) until they are 18 years old. This often brings students through the [[twelfth grade|12th grade]], the final year of a U.S. high school, but some states and territories allow them to leave school earlier, at age 16 or 17.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d02/dt150.asp|title=Ages for Compulsory School Attendance ...|access-date=June 10, 2007|publisher=U.S. Dept. of Education, National Center for Education Statistics}}</ref> The U.S. spends more on education per student than any country in the world,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rushe|first=Dominic|date=September 7, 2018|title=The US spends more on education than other countries. Why is it falling behind?|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/sep/07/us-education-spending-finland-south-korea|access-date=August 29, 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> an average of $18,614 per year per public elementary and secondary school student in 2020–2021.<ref>{{cite web|date=April 2020|title=Fast Facts: Expenditures|url=https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=66|access-date=August 29, 2020|website=nces.ed.gov|language=EN}}</ref> Among Americans age 25 and older, 92.2% graduated from high school, 62.7% attended some college, 37.7% earned a [[bachelor's degree]], and 14.2% earned a graduate degree.<ref>{{cite web |title=Educational Attainment in the United States: 2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2022/demo/educational-attainment/cps-detailed-tables.html |access-date=July 20, 2024 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> The [[Literacy in the United States|U.S. literacy rate]] is near-universal.<ref name="WF" /><ref>For more detail on U.S. literacy, see [https://nces.ed.gov/NAAL/PDF/2006470.PDF A First Look at the Literacy of America's Adults in the 21st century], U.S. Department of Education (2003).</ref> The country has the [[List of Nobel laureates by country|most Nobel Prize winners of any country]], with [[List of American Nobel laureates|411]] (having won 413 awards).<ref>{{Cite web |title=All Nobel Prizes |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes |publisher=Nobel Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2022–2023 Best Global Universities Rankings |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]]}}</ref>
+American primary and secondary education (known in the U.S. as [[K–12 education in the United States|K-12]], "kindergarten through 12th grade") is decentralized. It is operated by state, territorial, and sometimes municipal governments and regulated by the [[United States Department of Education|U.S. Department of Education]]. In general, children are required to attend school or [[Homeschooling in the United States|an approved homeschool]] from the age of five or six ([[kindergarten]] or [[first grade]]) until they are 18 years old. This often brings students through the [[twelfth grade|12th grade]], the final year of a U.S. high school, but some states and territories allow them to leave school earlier, at age 16 or 17.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d02/dt150.asp|title=Ages for Compulsory School Attendance ...|access-date=June 10, 2007|publisher=U.S. Dept. of Education, National Center for Education Statistics}}</ref> The U.S. spends more on education per student than any country in the world,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rushe|first=Dominic|date=September 7, 2018|title=The US spends more on education than other countries. Why is it falling behind?|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/sep/07/us-education-spending-finland-south-korea|access-date=August 29, 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> an average of $18,614 per year per public elementary and secondary school student in 2020–2021.<ref>{{cite web|date=April 2020|title=Fast Facts: Expenditures|url=https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=66|access-date=August 29, 2020|website=nces.ed.gov|language=EN}}</ref> Among Americans age 25 and older, 92.2% graduated from high school, 62.7% attended some college, 37.7% earned a [[bachelor's degree]], and 14.2% earned a graduate degree.<ref>{{cite web |title=Educational Attainment in the United States: 2022 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2022/demo/educational-attainment/cps-detailed-tables.html |access-date=July 20, 2024 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> The [[Literacy in the United States|U.S. literacy rate]] is near-universal.<ref name="CIA-2018" /><ref>For more detail on U.S. literacy, see [https://nces.ed.gov/NAAL/PDF/2006470.PDF A First Look at the Literacy of America's Adults in the 21st century], U.S. Department of Education (2003).</ref> The country has the [[List of Nobel laureates by country|most Nobel Prize winners of any country]], with [[List of American Nobel laureates|411]] (having won 413 awards).<ref>{{Cite web |title=All Nobel Prizes |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes |publisher=Nobel Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2022–2023 Best Global Universities Rankings |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]]}}</ref>
 [[Higher education in the United States|U.S. tertiary or higher education]] has earned a global reputation. Many of the world's top universities, as listed by various ranking organizations, are in the United States, including 19 of the top 25.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fink |first=Jenni |date=October 22, 2019 |title=U.S. Schools Take 8 of 10 Top Spots on U.S. News' Best Global Universities |url=https://www.newsweek.com/us-news-best-global-universities-american-schools-dominate-top-10-1466768 |access-date=April 18, 2023 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=April 19, 2023 |title=Best Countries for Education: North American and European countries are seen as offering the best opportunities for education. |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/best-countries-for-education |website=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref> American higher education is dominated by [[state university system]]s, although [[Private universities in the United States|the country's many private universities and colleges]] enroll about 20% of all American students. Local [[community college]]s generally offer coursework and degree programs covering the first two years of college study. They often have more open admission policies, shorter academic programs, and lower tuition.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pannoni|first1=Alexandra|last2=Kerr|first2=Emma|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/community-colleges/articles/2015/02/06/frequently-asked-questions-community-college|title=Everything You Need to Know About Community Colleges: FAQ|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|date=July 14, 2020|access-date=July 9, 2022}}</ref>
@@ Line 501: / Line 505: @@
 Americans have traditionally [[Stereotypes of Americans|been characterized]] by a unifying political belief in an "[[American Creed]]" emphasizing [[consent of the governed]], [[liberty]], [[equality under the law]], [[democracy]], [[social equality]], [[property rights]], and a preference for [[limited government]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Huntington |first=Samuel P. |url=https://archive.org/details/whoarewechalleng00hunt |title=Who are We?: The Challenges to America's National Identity |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-684-87053-3 |chapter=Chapters 2–4 |author-link=Samuel P. Huntington |access-date=October 25, 2015 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xiYiybkE8kC&q=core}}: see [[American Creed]], written by [[William Tyler Page]] and adopted by Congress in 1918.</ref><ref>Hoeveler, J. David, ''Creating the American Mind: Intellect and Politics in the Colonial Colleges'', Rowman & Littlefield, {{ISBN|978-0742548398}}, 2007, p. xi</ref> Culturally, the country has been described as having the values of [[individualism]] and [[Left-libertarianism|personal autonomy]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grabb |first1=Edward |last2=Baer |first2=Douglas |last3=Curtis |first3=James |year=1999 |title=The Origins of American Individualism: Reconsidering the Historical Evidence |journal=[[Canadian Journal of Sociology]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |volume=24 |pages=511–533 |doi=10.2307/3341789 |issn=0318-6431 |jstor=3341789 |number=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Marsh |first=Abigail |date=May 26, 2021 |title=Everyone Thinks Americans Are Selfish. They're Wrong. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/26/opinion/individualism-united-states-altruism.html |access-date=July 16, 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> as well as having a strong [[work ethic]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Porter |first=Gayle |date=November 2010 |title=Work Ethic and Ethical Work: Distortions in the American Dream |journal=[[Journal of Business Ethics]] |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |volume=96 |pages=535–550 |doi=10.1007/s10551-010-0481-6 |jstor=29789736 |s2cid=143991044 |number=4}}</ref> [[Competition|competitiveness]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stephens |first=R.H. |date=September 1952 |title=The Role Of Competition In American Life |journal=[[The Australian Quarterly]] |publisher=[[Australian Institute of Policy and Science]] |volume=24 |pages=9–14 |jstor=41317686 |number=3}}</ref> and voluntary [[altruism]] towards others.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 9, 2022|url=https://good2give.ngo/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2022-CAF-World-Giving-Index.pdf |title=World Giving Index 2022 |website=[[Charities Aid Foundation]] |access-date=April 27, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Country-level estimates of altruism |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cross-country-variation-in-altruism |access-date=March 14, 2023 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Marsh |first=Abigail |date=February 5, 2018 |title=Could A More Individualistic World Also Be A More Altruistic One? |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2018/02/05/581873428/could-a-more-individualistic-world-also-be-a-more-altruistic-one |access-date=March 14, 2023 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> According to a 2016 study by the [[Charities Aid Foundation]], Americans donated 1.44% of total GDP to charity—the [[List of countries by charitable donation|highest rate]] in the world by a large margin.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 2016 |title=GROSS DOMESTIC PHILANTHROPY: An international analysis of GDP, tax and giving |url=https://www.cafonline.org/docs/default-source/about-us-policy-and-campaigns/gross-domestic-philanthropy-feb-2016.pdf |access-date=July 18, 2022 |publisher=[[Charities Aid Foundation]]}}</ref> The United States is home to a [[Multiculturalism|wide variety of ethnic groups, traditions, and values]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Volokh |first=Eugene |date=January 17, 2015 |title=The American tradition of multiculturalism |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2015/01/27/the-american-tradition-of-multiculturalism/ |access-date=July 30, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Lucas |date=August 22, 2014 |title=America's Tipping Point: Most Of U.S. Now Multicultural, Says Group |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/americas-tipping-point-most-u-s-now-multicultural-says-group-n186206 |access-date=July 30, 2024 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}</ref> It has acquired [[Americanization|significant cultural]] and economic [[soft power]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berghahn |first=Volker R. |date=February 1, 2010 |title=The debate on 'Americanization' among economic and cultural historians |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14682740903388566 |journal=Cold War History |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=107–130 |doi=10.1080/14682740903388566 |s2cid=144459911 |issn=1468-2745}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Fergie |first1=Dexter |date=March 24, 2022 |title=How American Culture Ate the World |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/165836/american-culture-ate-world-righteous-smokescreen-globalization-review |magazine=The New Republic |issn=0028-6583 |access-date=July 3, 2022}}</ref>
-Nearly all present Americans or their ancestors came from [[Afro-Eurasia|Europe, Africa, or Asia]] (the "[[Old World]]") within the past five centuries.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fiorina|first1=Morris P.|author-link1=Morris P. Fiorina|last2=Peterson|first2=Paul E.|title=The New American democracy|date=2010|publisher=Longman|location=London|isbn=978-0-205-78016-7|page=97|edition=7th}}</ref> [[wikt:mainstream|Mainstream]] American culture is a [[Western culture]] largely derived from the [[European American#Culture|traditions of European immigrants]] with influences from many other sources, such as [[African-American culture|traditions brought by slaves from Africa]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Holloway|first1=Joseph E.|title=Africanisms in American culture|date=2005|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington|isbn=978-0-253-21749-3|pages=18–38|edition=2nd}}<br />{{cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=Fern L.|title=Speaking culturally : language diversity in the United States|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-0-8039-5912-5|page=116|year=2000 }}</ref> More recent immigration from [[Asian American|Asia]] and especially [[Latin American culture|Latin America]] has added to a cultural mix that has been described as a homogenizing [[melting pot]], and a heterogeneous [[salad bowl (cultural idea)|salad bowl]], with immigrants contributing to, and often [[Assimilation (phonology)|assimilating]] into, mainstream American culture. The [[American Dream]], or the perception that Americans enjoy high [[Socio-economic mobility in the United States|social mobility]], plays a key role in attracting immigrants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallup.com/poll/161435/100-million-worldwide-dream-life.aspx|title=More Than 100 Million Worldwide Dream of a Life in the U.S. More than 25% in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Dominican Republic want to move to the U.S.|last=Clifton|first=Jon|date=March 21, 2013|publisher=Gallup|access-date=January 10, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Jay |date=January 12, 2022 |title=Attracting Immigrant Talent With A New American Dream |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesbusinesscouncil/2022/01/12/attracting-immigrant-talent-with-a-new-american-dream/ |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}</ref> Whether this perception is accurate has been a topic of debate.<ref name="socialmobility">{{cite web|url=https://www.oecd.org/tax/public-finance/chapter%205%20gfg%202010.pdf|title=A Family Affair: Intergenerational Social Mobility across OECD Countries|website=Economic Policy Reforms: Going for Growth|publisher=OECD|year=2010|access-date=September 20, 2010}}</ref><ref name="CAP">{{cite web|title=Understanding Mobility in America|url=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/news/2006/04/26/1917/understanding-mobility-in-america/|website=Center for American Progress|date=April 26, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Gould|first1=Elise|title=U.S. lags behind peer countries in mobility|url=https://www.epi.org/publication/usa-lags-peer-countries-mobility/|website=[[Economic Policy Institute]]|access-date=July 15, 2013|date=October 10, 2012}}</ref> While mainstream culture holds that the United States is a [[classless society]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Gutfeld|first=Amon|year=2002|title=American Exceptionalism: The Effects of Plenty on the American Experience|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|location=Brighton and Portland|page=65|isbn=978-1-903900-08-6}}</ref> scholars identify significant differences between [[Social class in the United States|the country's social classes]], affecting [[socialization]], language, and values.<ref>{{cite book|last=Zweig|first=Michael|year=2004|title=What's Class Got To Do With It, American Society in the Twenty-First Century|publisher=Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca, NY|isbn=978-0-8014-8899-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite report | last=Hoff-Ginsberg | first=Erika | date=April 1989 | title=Effects of Social Class and Interactive Setting on Maternal Speech | publication-place=Bethesda, MD | publisher=National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NIH) | via=Education Resource Information Center | url=https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED309843}} Republished with revisions as {{cite journal | last=Hoff-Ginsberg | first=Erika | title=Mother-Child Conversation in Different Social Classes and Communicative Settings | journal=Child Development | volume=62 | issue=4 | date=1991 | issn=0009-3920 | doi=10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01569.x | pages=782–796| pmid=1935343 }}</ref> Americans tend to greatly value [[socioeconomics|socioeconomic]] achievement, but [[Average Joe|being ordinary or average]] is promoted by some as a noble condition as well.<ref>{{cite book|last=O'Keefe|first=Kevin|year=2005|title=The Average American|publisher=PublicAffairs|location=New York|isbn=978-1-58648-270-1|url=https://archive.org/details/averageamericant00okee }}</ref>
+Nearly all present Americans or their ancestors came from [[Afro-Eurasia|Europe, Africa, or Asia]] (the "[[Old World]]") within the past five centuries.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fiorina|first1=Morris P.|author-link1=Morris P. Fiorina|last2=Peterson|first2=Paul E.|title=The New American democracy|date=2010|publisher=Longman|location=London|isbn=978-0-205-78016-7|page=97|edition=7th}}</ref> [[wikt:mainstream|Mainstream]] American culture is a [[Western culture]] largely derived from the [[European American#Culture|traditions of European immigrants]] with influences from many other sources, such as [[African-American culture|traditions brought by slaves from Africa]].<ref>{{multiref2
+|{{cite book|last1=Holloway|first1=Joseph E.|title=Africanisms in American culture|date=2005|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington|isbn=978-0-253-21749-3|pages=18–38|edition=2nd}}
+|{{cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=Fern L.|title=Speaking culturally : language diversity in the United States|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-0-8039-5912-5|page=116|year=2000 }} }}</ref> More recent immigration from [[Asian American|Asia]] and especially [[Latin American culture|Latin America]] has added to a cultural mix that has been described as a homogenizing [[melting pot]], and a heterogeneous [[salad bowl (cultural idea)|salad bowl]], with immigrants contributing to, and often [[Assimilation (phonology)|assimilating]] into, mainstream American culture. The [[American Dream]], or the perception that Americans enjoy high [[Socio-economic mobility in the United States|social mobility]], plays a key role in attracting immigrants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallup.com/poll/161435/100-million-worldwide-dream-life.aspx|title=More Than 100 Million Worldwide Dream of a Life in the U.S. More than 25% in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Dominican Republic want to move to the U.S.|last=Clifton|first=Jon|date=March 21, 2013|publisher=Gallup|access-date=January 10, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Jay |date=January 12, 2022 |title=Attracting Immigrant Talent With A New American Dream |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesbusinesscouncil/2022/01/12/attracting-immigrant-talent-with-a-new-american-dream/ |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}</ref> Whether this perception is accurate has been a topic of debate.<ref name="socialmobility">{{cite web|url=https://www.oecd.org/tax/public-finance/chapter%205%20gfg%202010.pdf|title=A Family Affair: Intergenerational Social Mobility across OECD Countries|website=Economic Policy Reforms: Going for Growth|publisher=OECD|year=2010|access-date=September 20, 2010}}</ref><ref name="CAP">{{cite web|title=Understanding Mobility in America|url=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/news/2006/04/26/1917/understanding-mobility-in-america/|website=Center for American Progress|date=April 26, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Gould|first1=Elise|title=U.S. lags behind peer countries in mobility|url=https://www.epi.org/publication/usa-lags-peer-countries-mobility/|website=[[Economic Policy Institute]]|access-date=July 15, 2013|date=October 10, 2012}}</ref> While mainstream culture holds that the United States is a [[classless society]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Gutfeld|first=Amon|year=2002|title=American Exceptionalism: The Effects of Plenty on the American Experience|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|location=Brighton and Portland|page=65|isbn=978-1-903900-08-6}}</ref> scholars identify significant differences between [[Social class in the United States|the country's social classes]], affecting [[socialization]], language, and values.<ref>{{cite book|last=Zweig|first=Michael|year=2004|title=What's Class Got To Do With It, American Society in the Twenty-First Century|publisher=Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca, NY|isbn=978-0-8014-8899-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite report | last=Hoff-Ginsberg | first=Erika | date=April 1989 | title=Effects of Social Class and Interactive Setting on Maternal Speech | publication-place=Bethesda, MD | publisher=National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NIH) | via=Education Resource Information Center | url=https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED309843}} Republished with revisions as {{cite journal | last=Hoff-Ginsberg | first=Erika | title=Mother-Child Conversation in Different Social Classes and Communicative Settings | journal=Child Development | volume=62 | issue=4 | date=1991 | issn=0009-3920 | doi=10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01569.x | pages=782–796| pmid=1935343 }}</ref> Americans tend to greatly value [[socioeconomics|socioeconomic]] achievement, but [[Average Joe|being ordinary or average]] is promoted by some as a noble condition as well.<ref>{{cite book|last=O'Keefe|first=Kevin|year=2005|title=The Average American|publisher=PublicAffairs|location=New York|isbn=978-1-58648-270-1|url=https://archive.org/details/averageamericant00okee }}</ref>
 The United States is considered to have the [[Freedom of speech in the United States|strongest protections of free speech of any country]] under the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]],<ref name="Coleman-2013">{{Cite book |last=Coleman |first=Gabriella |title=Coding Freedom |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-691-14461-0 |pages=10, 201 |author-link=Gabriella Coleman}}</ref> which protects [[Flag desecration in the United States|flag desecration]], [[Hate speech in the United States|hate speech]], [[Blasphemy law in the United States|blasphemy]], and [[Lèse-majesté|lese-majesty]] as forms of protected expression.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 19, 2012 |title=Held Dear In U.S., Free Speech Perplexing Abroad |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/09/19/161439562/held-dear-in-u-s-free-speech-perplexing-abroad |access-date=March 4, 2023 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Liptak |first=Adam |date=June 11, 2008 |title=Hate speech or free speech? What much of West bans is protected in U.S. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/11/world/americas/11iht-hate.4.13645369.html |url-access=limited |access-date=February 21, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Durkee |first=Alison |date=April 25, 2018 |title=What if we didn't... have the First Amendment? |url=https://www.mic.com/articles/188402/what-if-we-didnt-have-the-first-amendment |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=Mic |language=en}}</ref> A 2016 [[Pew Research Center]] poll found that Americans were the most supportive of free expression of any polity measured.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wike |first=Richard |title=Americans more tolerant of offensive speech than others in the world |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/10/12/americans-more-tolerant-of-offensive-speech-than-others-in-the-world/ |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=Pew Research Center |date=October 12, 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref> They are the "most supportive of [[Freedom of the press in the United States|freedom of the press]] and the [[Right to Internet access|right to use the Internet]] without government censorship."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gray |first=Alex |date=November 8, 2016 |title=Freedom of speech: which country has the most? |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/11/freedom-of-speech-country-comparison/ |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> The U.S. is a [[Cultural liberalism|socially progressive]] country<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Norris |first=Pippa |author-link=Pippa Norris |date=February 2023 |title=Cancel Culture: Myth or Reality? |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00323217211037023 |journal=Political Studies |language=en |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=145–174 |doi=10.1177/00323217211037023 |s2cid=238647612 |issn=0032-3217 |quote=As predicted, in post-industrial societies, characterized by predominately liberal social cultures, like the US, Sweden, and UK...}}</ref> with [[Permissive society|permissive]] attitudes surrounding [[human sexuality]].<ref name="Derks-2020">{{Cite book |last1=Derks |first1=Marco |title=Public Discourses About Homosexuality and Religion in Europe and Beyond |last2=van den Berg |first2=Mariecke |publisher=[[Springer International Publishing]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-3-030-56326-4 |pages=338 |quote=...(the United States and [Western] Europe) as "already in crisis" for their permissive attitudes toward nonnormative sexualities...}}</ref> [[LGBT rights in the United States]] are advanced by global standards.<ref name="Derks-2020" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Leveille |first=Dan |date=December 4, 2009 |title=LGBT Equality Index: The most LGBT-friendly countries in the world |url=https://www.equaldex.com/equality-index |access-date=January 26, 2023 |website=[[Equaldex]] |quote=13.) United States}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Garretson |first=Jeremiah |title=The Path to Gay Rights: How Activism and Coming Out Changed Public Opinion |publisher=[[New York University Press]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-4798-5007-5 |page= |chapter=A Transformed Society: LGBT Rights in the United States |quote=In the late 1980s and early 1990s, a dramatic wave began to form in the waters of public opinion: American attitudes involving homosexuality began to change... The transformation of America's response to homosexuality has been — and continues to be — one of the most rapid and sustained shifts in mass attitudes since the start of public polling.}}</ref>

v t e Political divisions of the United States
List of states and territories
States	Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Federal district	Washington, D.C.
Territories	American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Outlying islands	Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island
Indian reservations	List of Indian reservations
International concessions	Guantanamo Bay Pituffik

v t e North America
Sovereign states	Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States
Dependencies and other territories	Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands

Authority control databases
International	ISNI VIAF FAST WorldCat
National	Germany United States France BnF data Japan Italy Australia Czech Republic Spain Portugal Norway Greece Argentina Korea Sweden Poland Vatican Israel 2 Catalonia
Geographic	MusicBrainz area
Academics	CiNii
People	Trove 2 3 4 UK Parliament
Other	IdRef Historical Dictionary of Switzerland NARA İslâm Ansiklopedisi