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[[File:Moldova_map.gif|thumb|The [[Republic of Moldova]] is the most common country of origin of foreign-born residents in Romania.]]
[[File:Moldova_map.gif|thumb|The [[Republic of Moldova]] is the most common country of origin of foreign-born residents in Romania.]]
'''Immigration to Romania''' is less common than immigration to most other [[European Union]] countries, with Romania having 2.1% of the population foreign born as of 2017 ([[Eurostat]] estimates).<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=File:Foreign-born_population_by_country_of_birth,_1_January_2017_.png | title=File:Foreign-born population by country of birth, 1 January 2017 .PNG }}</ref> Of these, 0.9% were born in other EU member states, and 1.2% were born outside the EU.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=File:Foreign-born_population_by_country_of_birth,_1_January_2017_.png | title=File:Foreign-born population by country of birth, 1 January 2017 .PNG }}</ref> [[Romania]] has recently experienced a growing wave of immigration, mostly from the [[Moldova|Republic of Moldova]], [[Turkey]], [[Italy]], [[Spain]], [[Southeast Asia]], and [[East Asia]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://adevarul.ro/news/societate/analizA-vin-cei-mai-imigranti-fac-romania-1_5bf516f1df52022f75a9438f/index.html | title=ANALIZĂ de unde vin cei mai mulţi imigranţi şi ce fac ei în România }}</ref> and to a lesser extent other parts of the world. In 2013, there were 198,839 immigrants living in Romania, of which 13,000 were [[Refugees in Romania|refugees]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/imm_ref_pop_by_cou_or_ter_of_ori-refugee-population-country-territory-origin |title=Refugee population by country or territory of origin statistics - countries compared |publisher=Nationmaster |access-date=2013-10-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ziare.com/actual/diaspora/07-14-2009/le-monde-romania-noua-destinatie-a-imigrantilor-818911 |title=Le Monde: Romania, noua destinatie a imigrantilor |publisher=Ziare.com |date=2009-07-13 |access-date=2013-10-08}}</ref> As of mid-2020, the number of migrants in Romania was 705,000, of which over 40% were from the Republic of Moldova.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination | title=Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination | date=10 February 2014 }}</ref>


'''Immigration to Romania''' is less common than immigration to most other [[European Union]] countries, with [[Romania]] having 3.6% of the population foreign born as of 2021.<ref name="auto3">{{cite web | url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/3a9aed6c-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/3a9aed6c-en | title=Home }}</ref> Among immigrants, the most common countries of birth were [[Moldova|Republic of Moldova]] (40%), [[Italy]] (11%) and [[Spain]] (9%).<ref name="auto3"/> About two thirds of the foreign born population consists of labour migrants.<ref name="auto3"/>
According to [[Directorate for Investigating Organized Crime and Terrorism|DIICOT]], Romania has evolved since 1990 from a country of transit for illegal migrants to a country of destination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ziare.com/actual/eveniment/01-27-2009/romania-destinatie-pentru-imigrantii-ilegali-afirma-seful-diicot-641388 |title=Romania, destinatie pentru imigrantii ilegali, afirma seful DIICOT |publisher=Ziare.com |access-date=2013-10-08}}</ref> Within the [[European Union]], the country has the second highest rate of immigration from non-EU countries (86%), just behind [[Slovenia]] (90%).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://incomemagazine.ro/articles/moldovenii-jumatate-din-imigrantii-din-romania |title=Income Magazine (Former Financiarul.com) |language=ro |publisher=Financiarul.com |access-date=2014-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125100006/http://incomemagazine.ro/articles/moldovenii-jumatate-din-imigrantii-din-romania |archive-date=2015-11-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Most immigrants in Romania are from [[Europe]].

Romania has recently experienced a growing wave of immigration, mostly from the Republic of Moldova, [[Turkey]], Italy, Spain, [[Southeast Asia]], and [[East Asia]]<ref name="auto6">{{Cite web | url=https://adevarul.ro/news/societate/analizA-vin-cei-mai-imigranti-fac-romania-1_5bf516f1df52022f75a9438f/index.html | title=ANALIZĂ de unde vin cei mai mulţi imigranţi şi ce fac ei în România | date=21 November 2018 }}</ref> and to a lesser extent other parts of the world. In January 2017, 0.9% of immigrants were born in other EU member states, and 1.2% were born outside the EU.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=File:Foreign-born_population_by_country_of_birth,_1_January_2017_.png | title=File:Foreign-born population by country of birth, 1 January 2017 .PNG }}</ref>

According to [[Directorate for Investigating Organized Crime and Terrorism|DIICOT]], Romania has evolved since 1990 from a country of transit for illegal migrants to a country of destination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ziare.com/actual/eveniment/01-27-2009/romania-destinatie-pentru-imigrantii-ilegali-afirma-seful-diicot-641388 |title=Romania, destinatie pentru imigrantii ilegali, afirma seful DIICOT |publisher=Ziare.com |access-date=2013-10-08}}</ref> Within the [[European Union]], the country has the second highest rate of immigration from non-EU countries (86%), just behind [[Slovenia]] (90%).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://incomemagazine.ro/articles/moldovenii-jumatate-din-imigrantii-din-romania |title=Income Magazine (Former Financiarul.com) |language=ro |publisher=Financiarul.com |access-date=2014-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125100006/http://incomemagazine.ro/articles/moldovenii-jumatate-din-imigrantii-din-romania |archive-date=2015-11-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Most immigrants in Romania are from [[Europe]]. Among non-European immigrants, most are from [[Asia]] and [[North Africa]].


==Republic of Moldova==
==Republic of Moldova==
{{See|Moldovans in Romania}}
{{See|Moldovans in Romania}}
Over 40% of the country's foreign-born residents originate from [[Moldova|Republic of Moldova]]. Owing to the former [[Union of Bessarabia with Romania|period of union]] between most of Moldova and Romania, many Moldovans are eligible for Romanian citizenship on the [[Jus sanguinis|basis of descent]]. The [[culture of Moldova]] is influenced primarily by the [[Origin of the Romanians|Romanian origins]] of its majority population, being strongly related to [[Culture of Romania#Classical age|classical Romanian culture]], and, as such, it is easy for people from neighbouring Moldova to integrate within the contemporary Romanian culture. Many immigrants from the Republic of Moldova prefer to settle in the [[Counties of Romania|Romanian counties]] from the region of [[Western Moldavia|Moldavia]], because there the culture is more similar to their home country.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://adevarul.ro/news/societate/analizA-vin-cei-mai-imigranti-fac-romania-1_5bf516f1df52022f75a9438f/index.html | title=ANALIZĂ de unde vin cei mai mulţi imigranţi şi ce fac ei în România }}</ref>
Over 40% of the country's foreign-born residents originate from [[Moldova|Republic of Moldova]]. Owing to the former [[Union of Bessarabia with Romania|period of union]] between most of Moldova and Romania, many Moldovans are eligible for Romanian citizenship on the [[Jus sanguinis|basis of descent]]. The [[culture of Moldova]] is influenced primarily by the [[Origin of the Romanians|Romanian origins]] of its majority population, being strongly related to [[Culture of Romania#Classical age|classical Romanian culture]], and, as such, it is easy for people from neighbouring Moldova to integrate within the contemporary Romanian culture. Many immigrants from the Republic of Moldova prefer to settle in the [[Counties of Romania|Romanian counties]] from the region of [[Western Moldavia|Moldavia]], because there the culture is more similar to their home country.<ref name="auto6"/>


==Ukrainians==
==Ukrainians==
{{See|Ukrainians in Romania}}
{{See|Ukrainians in Romania}}
After the start of the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], a large number of [[Ukrainians]] started emigrating into Romania.<ref>Manuel Bogner, Steffi Hentschke, Michał Kokot, Thomas Roser, Franziska Schindler, Frida Thurm: [https://www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2022-02/ukraine-bevoelkerung-flucht-deutschland-osteuropa Ukrainische Bevölkerung: Auf der Flucht.] In: Die Zeit. 24 February 2022, retrieved 27 February 2022.</ref> This also included [[Romanians in Ukraine|ethnic Romanians from the country]].<ref>[https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-razboi_ucraina-25390653-exclusiv-marturia-unui-roman-din-ucraina-care-fugit-razboi-romania-nord-bucovinenii-nu-prea-sunt-dispusi-lupte-multi-habar-nu-este-arma.htm EXCLUSIV - Mărturia unui român din Ucraina care a fugit de război în România: "Nord-bucovinenii nu prea sunt dispuși să lupte. Mulți habar nu au ce este o armă"].</ref>
After the start of the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], a large number of [[Ukrainians]] started emigrating into Romania.<ref>Manuel Bogner, Steffi Hentschke, Michał Kokot, Thomas Roser, Franziska Schindler, Frida Thurm: [https://www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2022-02/ukraine-bevoelkerung-flucht-deutschland-osteuropa Ukrainische Bevölkerung: Auf der Flucht.] In: Die Zeit. 24 February 2022, retrieved 27 February 2022.</ref> This also included [[Romanians in Ukraine|ethnic Romanians from the country]].<ref>[https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-razboi_ucraina-25390653-exclusiv-marturia-unui-roman-din-ucraina-care-fugit-razboi-romania-nord-bucovinenii-nu-prea-sunt-dispusi-lupte-multi-habar-nu-este-arma.htm EXCLUSIV - Mărturia unui român din Ucraina care a fugit de război în România: "Nord-bucovinenii nu prea sunt dispuși să lupte. Mulți habar nu au ce este o armă"].</ref>

In addition of Ukrainians, hundreds of [[Russian emigration following the Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russians fleeing the 2022 mobilization]] came to Romania.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://defapt.ro/480-de-rusi-refugiati-in-romania/|title=Aproape 500 de ruși, refugiați în România după invadarea Ucrainei. Au aceleași drepturi ca ucrainenii, dar nimeni nu știe unde sunt și ce fac|first=Maria|last=Pană|date=December 2, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/actualitate/240-de-rusi-care-au-fugit-din-tara-cer-protectie-temporara-in-iasi-sunt-considerati-refugiati-si-au-aceleasi-drepturi-ca-ucrainenii-2170623|title=240 de ruși care au fugit din țară cer protecție temporară în Iași. Sunt considerați refugiați și au aceleași drepturi ca ucrainenii|date=December 1, 2022|website=www.digi24.ro}}</ref>


==EU countries==
==EU countries==
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==Asian and Eastern European workers==
==Asian and Eastern European workers==
{{See|Chinese in Romania}}
{{See|Chinese in Romania}}
In recent years, considerable numbers of [[Chinese people|Chinese]] and [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] citizens work in Romania, due to the emigration of a large part of the Romanian workforce.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://adevarul.ro/news/societate/analizA-vin-cei-mai-imigranti-fac-romania-1_5bf516f1df52022f75a9438f/index.html | title=ANALIZĂ de unde vin cei mai mulţi imigranţi şi ce fac ei în România }}</ref>
In recent years, considerable numbers of [[Chinese people|Chinese]] and [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] citizens work in Romania, due to the emigration of a large part of the Romanian workforce.<ref name="auto6"/>
There are also workers from Nepal, the Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Ukraine, Serbia, Lebanon, Turkey.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://dejulmeu.ro/index.php/2018/08/03/vom-importa-mai-multi-muncitori-din-nepal-filipine-vietnam-si-thailanda/ | title=Vom "importa" mai mulți muncitori din Nepal, Filipine, Vietnam și Thailanda &#124; Dejulmeu.ro | date=3 August 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.profit.ro/insider/macro/fenomenul-atragerii-personal-tari-exotice-fondul-lipsei-fortei-munca-locala-ia-amploare-romania-aduce-muncitori-filipine-nepal-vietnam-india-indonezia-thailanda-50-ani-importul-fortei-munca-18294111 | title=Fenomenul atragerii de personal din țări exotice, pe fondul lipsei forței de muncă locală, ia amploare. România aduce muncitori din Filipine, Nepal, Vietnam, India, Indonezia, Thailanda. "În 50 de ani, importul forței de muncă va fi o necesitate" }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.pressalert.ro/2018/03/sarbi-angajati-romania-ce-metoda-au-gasit-companiile-din-banat-pentru-aducerea-cetatenilor-din-tara-vecina/ | title=Sârbi angajați în România. Ce metodă au găsit companiile din Banat pentru aducerea cetățenilor din țara vecină | newspaper=Pressalert.ro | date=5 March 2018 | last1=Mîț | first1=Adriana }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.romania-actualitati.ro/muncitori_de_import_din_asia_de_sud_est_vietnam_si_sri_lanka-123937 | title=Muncitori de import din Asia de Sud-Est (Vietnam şi Sri Lanka) - România - Radio România Actualităţi Online }}</ref><ref>https://www.crainou.ro/2018/10/17/muncitori-din-ucraina-vor-termina-lucrarile-la-monumentul-ecvestru-al-lui-stefan-cel-mare/</ref> Many Chinese live in the [[Ilfov County]] (the county surrounding Bucharest).
There are also workers from Nepal, the Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kemlu.go.id/bucharest/en|title=Embassy of The Republic of Indonesia in Bucharest, ACCREDITED TO THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA Romania|website=Kementerian Luar Negeri Repulik Indonesia|accessdate=June 24, 2023}}</ref> India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Ukraine, Serbia, Lebanon, Turkey.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://dejulmeu.ro/index.php/2018/08/03/vom-importa-mai-multi-muncitori-din-nepal-filipine-vietnam-si-thailanda/ | title=Vom "importa" mai mulți muncitori din Nepal, Filipine, Vietnam și Thailanda &#124; Dejulmeu.ro | date=3 August 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.profit.ro/insider/macro/fenomenul-atragerii-personal-tari-exotice-fondul-lipsei-fortei-munca-locala-ia-amploare-romania-aduce-muncitori-filipine-nepal-vietnam-india-indonezia-thailanda-50-ani-importul-fortei-munca-18294111 | title=Fenomenul atragerii de personal din țări exotice, pe fondul lipsei forței de muncă locală, ia amploare. România aduce muncitori din Filipine, Nepal, Vietnam, India, Indonezia, Thailanda. "În 50 de ani, importul forței de muncă va fi o necesitate" }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.pressalert.ro/2018/03/sarbi-angajati-romania-ce-metoda-au-gasit-companiile-din-banat-pentru-aducerea-cetatenilor-din-tara-vecina/ | title=Sârbi angajați în România. Ce metodă au găsit companiile din Banat pentru aducerea cetățenilor din țara vecină | newspaper=Pressalert.ro | date=5 March 2018 | last1=Mîț | first1=Adriana }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.romania-actualitati.ro/muncitori_de_import_din_asia_de_sud_est_vietnam_si_sri_lanka-123937 | title=Muncitori de import din Asia de Sud-Est (Vietnam şi Sri Lanka) - România - Radio România Actualităţi Online }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.crainou.ro/2018/10/17/muncitori-din-ucraina-vor-termina-lucrarile-la-monumentul-ecvestru-al-lui-stefan-cel-mare/|title=Muncitori din Ucraina vor termina lucrările la monumentul ecvestru al lui Ştefan cel Mare – Cotidianul Crai nou|website=www.crainou.ro|date=17 October 2018 |language=ro|accessdate=June 24, 2023}}</ref> Many Chinese live in the [[Ilfov County]] (the county surrounding Bucharest).


Many employers in Romania hire foreign citizens form outside the EU due to the labor crisis. In order to work in Romania, they have to obtain a work permit and a long-stay visa. After arriving in Romania, the foreign citizens have to obtain a residence permit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Obtaining Romanian Work Permit - Procedure for employing non-EU citizens in |url=https://blaj-law.ro/en/guide/procedure-for-employing-non-eu-citizens-in-romania/ |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=Blaj Law - Cabinet Avocat Cluj Napoca |language=en-US}}</ref>
Many immigrant workers work in constructions; the top countries in 2021 for such construction workers were: Turkey, India, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Morocco, Moldova, Pakistan, Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.zf.ro/business-construct/constructorii-vor-pret-angajati-intrebarea-costuri-sociale-economice-20442244 | title=Constructorii vor cu orice preţ angajaţi, dar întrebarea este ce costuri sociale şi economice va aduce inundarea pieţei cu forţă de muncă din Asia. Încă 100.000 de persoane ar putea veni să lucreze din acest an în România }}</ref> Other countries include Egypt, China, Serbia and Sudan.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.zf.ro/business-construct/constructorii-vor-pret-angajati-intrebarea-costuri-sociale-economice-20442244 | title=Constructorii vor cu orice preţ angajaţi, dar întrebarea este ce costuri sociale şi economice va aduce inundarea pieţei cu forţă de muncă din Asia. Încă 100.000 de persoane ar putea veni să lucreze din acest an în România }}</ref>

Many immigrant workers work in constructions; the top countries in 2021 for such construction workers were: Turkey, India, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Morocco, Moldova, Pakistan, Ukraine.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web | url=https://www.zf.ro/business-construct/constructorii-vor-pret-angajati-intrebarea-costuri-sociale-economice-20442244 | title=Constructorii vor cu orice preţ angajaţi, dar întrebarea este ce costuri sociale şi economice va aduce inundarea pieţei cu forţă de muncă din Asia. Încă 100.000 de persoane ar putea veni să lucreze din acest an în România }}</ref> Other countries include Egypt, China, Serbia and Sudan.<ref name="auto1"/>


==Arabs==
==Arabs==
{{Main|Arabs in Romania}}
{{Main|Arabs in Romania}}
[[Arabs in Romania]] come primarily from [[Syria]] (including [[refugees of the Syrian Civil War]]), [[Lebanon]], [[Iraq]] and [[Tunisia]]. In 2018, most asylum applicants were from Iraq, Syria and Iran.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.profit.ro/perspective/numarul-persoanelor-care-au-depus-cereri-de-azil-in-romania-in-scadere-19117919 | title=Numărul persoanelor care au depus cereri de azil în România, în scădere }}</ref> In 2020, they were from Afghanistan, Syria and Iraq.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/actualitate/social/peste-6000-de-refugiati-au-cerut-in-2020-azil-in-romania-cel-mai-mare-numar-inregistrat-vreodata-1454846 | title=Peste 6000 de refugiați au cerut în 2020 azil în România, cel mai mare număr înregistrat vreodată }}</ref>
[[Arabs in Romania]] come primarily from [[Syria]] (including [[refugees of the Syrian Civil War]]), [[Lebanon]], [[Iraq]] and [[Tunisia]]. In 2018, most asylum applicants were from Iraq, Syria and Iran.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.profit.ro/perspective/numarul-persoanelor-care-au-depus-cereri-de-azil-in-romania-in-scadere-19117919 | title=Numărul persoanelor care au depus cereri de azil în România, în scădere }}</ref> In 2020, they were from Afghanistan, Syria and Iraq.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/actualitate/social/peste-6000-de-refugiati-au-cerut-in-2020-azil-in-romania-cel-mai-mare-numar-inregistrat-vreodata-1454846 | title=Peste 6000 de refugiați au cerut în 2020 azil în România, cel mai mare număr înregistrat vreodată | date=19 February 2021 }}</ref>


==Africans==
==Africans==
{{Main|Afro-Romanian}}
{{Main|Afro-Romanian}}
Africans come primarily to study in Romania. Africans have been studying in Romanian universities since the [[National Communism in Romania|Communist Era]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://adevarul.ro/stil-de-viata/cultura/republica-africa-centrala-la-picioarele-lui-1412180.html | title=Republica Africa Centrală, la picioarele lui Ceauşescu }}</ref> Most Africans who studied in Romania during the [[Nicolae Ceaușescu|Ceaușescu]] era came from Sub-Saharan African countries such as [[Central African Republic]], [[Sudan]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DRC]], [[Republic of the Congo]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adevarul.ro/cultura/istorie/republicaafrica-centrala-picioarele-ceausescu-1_51269f0000f5182b858ae5dc/index.html|title = Republica Africa Centrală, la picioarele lui Ceauşescu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historia.ro/sectiune/general/articol/cum-i-a-vandut-ceausescu-lui-mobutu-sese-seko-tractoare-si-televizoare-romanesti|title=Cum i-a vândut Ceauşescu lui Mobutu Sésé Seko tractoare şi televizoare româneşti}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jurnalul.antena3.ro/scinteia/special/studenti-straini-in-romania-508497.html|title=Studenţi străini în România}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://romaniateiubesc.stirileprotv.ro/emisiuni/romania-te-iubesc/povestea-africanilor-care-spun-romania-te-iubesc.html|title=Povestea africanilor care spun Romania, te iubesc|publisher=[[Stirileprotv.ro]]|access-date=22 February 2017|language=ro|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222200534/http://romaniateiubesc.stirileprotv.ro/emisiuni/romania-te-iubesc/povestea-africanilor-care-spun-romania-te-iubesc.html|archive-date=22 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> and from [[Magreb]],<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170223041538/http://adevarulfinanciar.ro/articol/epoca-de-aur-a-prieteniei-romano-arabe-cati-bani-avea-de-recuperat-ceausescu-din-orientul-mijlociu/</ref> because Ceaușescu had a plan to educate the African elites in order to create political relations with such African countries.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://adevarul.ro/stil-de-viata/cultura/republica-africa-centrala-la-picioarele-lui-1412180.html | title=Republica Africa Centrală, la picioarele lui Ceauşescu }}</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170223041538/http://adevarulfinanciar.ro/articol/epoca-de-aur-a-prieteniei-romano-arabe-cati-bani-avea-de-recuperat-ceausescu-din-orientul-mijlociu/</ref> It is estimated that during the communist era, about 10,000 Sudanese young people studied in Romania.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://stirileprotv.ro/emisiuni/romania-te-iubesc/povestea-africanilor-care-spun-romania-te-iubesc.html | title=Povestea africanilor care spun: "Romania, te iubesc!" }}</ref>
Africans come primarily to study in Romania. Africans have been studying in Romanian universities since the [[National Communism in Romania|Communist Era]].<ref name="auto8">{{cite web | url=https://adevarul.ro/stil-de-viata/cultura/republica-africa-centrala-la-picioarele-lui-1412180.html | title=Republica Africa Centrală, la picioarele lui Ceauşescu | date=21 February 2013 }}</ref> Most Africans who studied in Romania during the [[Nicolae Ceaușescu|Ceaușescu]] era came from Sub-Saharan African countries such as [[Central African Republic]], [[Sudan]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DRC]], [[Republic of the Congo]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adevarul.ro/cultura/istorie/republicaafrica-centrala-picioarele-ceausescu-1_51269f0000f5182b858ae5dc/index.html|title = Republica Africa Centrală, la picioarele lui Ceauşescu| date=21 February 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://historia.ro/sectiune/general/cum-i-a-vandut-ceausescu-lui-mobutu-sese-seko-581604.html|title=Cum i-a vândut Ceauşescu lui Mobutu Sésé Seko tractoare şi televizoare româneşti|website=historia.ro|accessdate=June 24, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jurnalul.ro/scinteia/special/studenti-straini-in-romania-508497.html|title=Studenţi străini în România|website=jurnalul.ro|accessdate=June 24, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://romaniateiubesc.stirileprotv.ro/emisiuni/romania-te-iubesc/povestea-africanilor-care-spun-romania-te-iubesc.html|title=Povestea africanilor care spun Romania, te iubesc|publisher=[[Stirileprotv.ro]]|access-date=22 February 2017|language=ro|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222200534/http://romaniateiubesc.stirileprotv.ro/emisiuni/romania-te-iubesc/povestea-africanilor-care-spun-romania-te-iubesc.html|archive-date=22 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> and from [[Maghreb]],<ref name="auto2">{{cite web | url=http://adevarulfinanciar.ro/articol/epoca-de-aur-a-prieteniei-romano-arabe-cati-bani-avea-de-recuperat-ceausescu-din-orientul-mijlociu/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223041538/http://adevarulfinanciar.ro/articol/epoca-de-aur-a-prieteniei-romano-arabe-cati-bani-avea-de-recuperat-ceausescu-din-orientul-mijlociu/ | archive-date=2017-02-23 | title=România arabă a lui Ceaușescu &#124; Adevarul Financiar }}</ref> because Ceaușescu had a plan to educate the African elites in order to create political relations with such African countries.<ref name="auto8"/><ref name="auto2"/> It is estimated that during the communist era, about 10,000 Sudanese young people studied in Romania.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://stirileprotv.ro/emisiuni/romania-te-iubesc/povestea-africanilor-care-spun-romania-te-iubesc.html | title=Povestea africanilor care spun: "Romania, te iubesc!" }}</ref>


Currently, in Romania, most Africans are students, refugees, guest workers <ref>{{cite web | url=https://stirileprotv.ro/stiri/social/tot-mai-multi-muncitori-din-africa-vin-sa-lucreze-in-romania-aici-primesc-salarii-chiar-si-de-20-de-ori-mai-mari.html | title=Tot mai mulți muncitori din Africa vin să lucreze în România. Aici primesc salarii chiar și de 20 de ori mai mari }}</ref> or children from mixed-families of a Romanian parent and an African student or worker who came to Romania.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ziare.com/social/romani/mulatrii-romani-o-minoritate-inedita-interviu-1242998 | title=Mulatrii romani, o minoritate inedita Interviu }}</ref>
Currently, in Romania, most Africans are students, refugees, guest workers <ref name="auto7">{{cite web | url=https://stirileprotv.ro/stiri/social/tot-mai-multi-muncitori-din-africa-vin-sa-lucreze-in-romania-aici-primesc-salarii-chiar-si-de-20-de-ori-mai-mari.html | title=Tot mai mulți muncitori din Africa vin să lucreze în România. Aici primesc salarii chiar și de 20 de ori mai mari }}</ref> or children from mixed-families of a Romanian parent and an African student or worker who came to Romania.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ziare.com/social/romani/mulatrii-romani-o-minoritate-inedita-interviu-1242998 | title=Mulatrii romani, o minoritate inedita Interviu }}</ref> In 2020, asylum applicants from [[Somalia]] and [[Eritrea]] represented the 6th and 9th highest numbers among asylum applicants in Romania.<ref name="auto9">{{cite web|url=https://www.salvaticopiii.ro/sci-ro/media/Documente/Cele-mai-multe-solicitari-de-azil-in-Romania,-in-anii-de-pandemie_Comunicat-de-presa.pdf|access-date=2023-08-19|title=În perioada de pandemie, România a primit cel mai mare număr de solicitanți de azil din istorie.|language=ro}}</ref>


==Guest workers==
==Guest workers==
In recent years, the Romanian government has approved a quota of 100,000 [[Guest worker program|guest workers]] per year.<ref>https://mmuncii.ro/j33/index.php/ro/comunicare/comunicate-de-presa/6483-cp-100000-contingent-lucratori-straini-27012022</ref><ref>https://www.romania-insider.com/romania-foreign-workers-quota-2023</ref> Common countries of origin are Turkey, India, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Morocco, Republic of Moldova, Pakistan, Ukraine, Egypt, China, Serbia, Sudan, Israel, Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, Somalia, Iraq.<ref>https://www.zf.ro/business-construct/constructorii-vor-pret-angajati-intrebarea-costuri-sociale-economice-20442244</ref> <ref>https://adevarul.ro/stiri-interne/societate/analiza-de-unde-vin-cei-mai-multi-imigranti-si-ce-1905886.html</ref><ref>https://www.profit.ro/insider/macro/fenomenul-atragerii-personal-tari-exotice-fondul-lipsei-fortei-munca-locala-ia-amploare-romania-aduce-muncitori-filipine-nepal-vietnam-india-indonezia-thailanda-50-ani-importul-fortei-munca-18294111</ref><ref>https://stirileprotv.ro/stiri/actualitate/criza-de-lucratori-ii-determina-pe-fermieri-sa-angajeze-migranti-zlucreaza-foarte-bine.html</ref> The majority of guest workers are from Asia<ref>https://www.zf.ro/business-construct/constructorii-vor-pret-angajati-intrebarea-costuri-sociale-economice-20442244</ref> (these figures do not include EU workers who have freedom of movement).
In recent years, the Romanian government has approved a quota of 100,000 [[Guest worker program|guest workers]] per year.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mmuncii.ro/j33/index.php/ro/comunicare/comunicate-de-presa/6483-cp-100000-contingent-lucratori-straini-27012022 | title=100.000 de lucrători străini nou-admişi pe piaţa forţei de muncă, contingentul stabilit de Guvern pentru anul 2022, 27 ianuarie 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.romania-insider.com/romania-foreign-workers-quota-2023 | title=Romanian Govt. Ready to take in 100,000 foreign workers in 2023 amid workforce shortage | date=9 December 2022 }}</ref> Common countries of origin are Turkey, India, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Morocco, Republic of Moldova, Pakistan, Ukraine, Egypt, Tajikistan, China, Serbia, Sudan, Israel, Philippines, Thailand, Ghana, Indonesia, Somalia, Iraq.<ref name="auto5">{{cite web | url=https://www.zf.ro/business-construct/constructorii-vor-pret-angajati-intrebarea-costuri-sociale-economice-20442244 | title=Constructorii vor cu orice preţ angajaţi, dar întrebarea este ce costuri sociale şi economice va aduce inundarea pieţei cu forţă de muncă din Asia. Încă 100.000 de persoane ar putea veni să lucreze din acest an în România }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | url=https://adevarul.ro/stiri-interne/societate/analiza-de-unde-vin-cei-mai-multi-imigranti-si-ce-1905886.html | title=ANALIZĂ de unde vin cei mai mulţi imigranţi şi ce fac ei în România | date=21 November 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.profit.ro/insider/macro/fenomenul-atragerii-personal-tari-exotice-fondul-lipsei-fortei-munca-locala-ia-amploare-romania-aduce-muncitori-filipine-nepal-vietnam-india-indonezia-thailanda-50-ani-importul-fortei-munca-18294111 | title=Fenomenul atragerii de personal din țări exotice, pe fondul lipsei forței de muncă locală, ia amploare. România aduce muncitori din Filipine, Nepal, Vietnam, India, Indonezia, Thailanda. "În 50 de ani, importul forței de muncă va fi o necesitate" }}</ref><ref name="auto4">{{cite web | url=https://stirileprotv.ro/stiri/actualitate/criza-de-lucratori-ii-determina-pe-fermieri-sa-angajeze-migranti-zlucreaza-foarte-bine.html | title=Fermierii maramureşeni preferă zilieri din Somalia sau Irak. "Ne înţelegem prin semne" }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stiridiaspora.ro/romania-risca-sa-ramana-fara-muncitori-straini-din-asia_499998.html|title=România riscă să rămână fără muncitori străini din Asia|first=Nicoleta|last=Nicolau|website=www.stiridiaspora.ro|date=15 December 2022 |accessdate=June 24, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ziarulprahova.ro/2022/07/muncitori-din-india-bangladesh-tadjikistan-sri-lanka-au-umplut-golul-fortei-de-munca-din-prahova/|title=Muncitori din India, Bangladesh, Tadjikistan, Sri Lanka au umplut golul forței de muncă din Prahova &#124; Ziarul Prahova|first=Ziarul|last=PRAHOVA|date=July 21, 2022|accessdate=June 24, 2023}}</ref> The majority of guest workers are from Asia<ref name="auto5"/> <ref>{{cite web | url=https://ziarulprahova.ro/2022/07/muncitori-din-india-bangladesh-tadjikistan-sri-lanka-au-umplut-golul-fortei-de-munca-din-prahova/ | title=Muncitori din India, Bangladesh, Tadjikistan, Sri Lanka au umplut golul forței de muncă din Prahova |website= ziarulprahova.ro| date=21 July 2022 |language=ro }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mediafax.ro/social/cei-mai-multi-muncitori-straini-marea-majoritate-asiatici-vin-in-romania-pe-pozitia-de-demolator-21667756 | title=Cei mai mulţi muncitori străini, marea majoritate asiatici, vin în România pe poziţia de demolator }}</ref> (these figures do not include EU workers who have freedom of movement).


A 2022 study on Asian guest workers in Romania conducted in Bucharest, Craiova and Cluj-Napoca, among 400 such workers from Asia (which were from the countries of origin of India, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, Malaysia, Afghanistan, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, Cambodia and Laos) found that almost 40% of them worked in constructions, followed by services and logistics & transportation (including warehouse management). Three quarters were men and 60% were aged between 26 and 35 years (average age 27).<ref>https://www.news.ro/social/studiu-peste-jumatate-dintre-muncitorii-asiatici-veniti-lucreze-romania-ar-recomanda-rudelor-prietenilor-vina-munci-unu-trei-respondenti-ar-dori-ramana-romania-cel-putin-2-ani-7-planuiesc-1922403223002022111420928751</ref>
A 2022 study on Asian guest workers in Romania conducted in Bucharest, Craiova and Cluj-Napoca, among 400 such workers from Asia (which were from the countries of origin of India, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, Malaysia, Afghanistan, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, Cambodia and Laos) found that almost 40% of them worked in constructions, followed by services and logistics & transportation (including warehouse management). Three quarters were men and 60% were aged between 26 and 35 years (average age 27).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news.ro/social/studiu-peste-jumatate-dintre-muncitorii-asiatici-veniti-lucreze-romania-ar-recomanda-rudelor-prietenilor-vina-munci-unu-trei-respondenti-ar-dori-ramana-romania-cel-putin-2-ani-7-planuiesc-1922403223002022111420928751 | title=Studiu: Peste jumătate dintre muncitorii asiatici veniţi să lucreze în România ar recomanda şi rudelor şi prietenilor să vină pentru a munci. Unu din trei respondenţi ar dori să rămână în România cel puţin 2 ani şi 7% plănuiesc să se stabilească aici definitiv | date=23 November 2022 }}</ref>


In addition to Asia, some workers are from Maghreb, from the [[Horn of Africa]], including Sudan (often working in agriculture),<ref name="auto7"/><ref name="auto4"/> [[Western Africa]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.libertatea.ro/stiri/nici-in-ghana-nu-am-fi-patit-asa-ceva-povestea-africanilor-care-spun-ca-au-fost-platiti-mai-prost-ca-acasa-dupa-mai-bine-de-o-luna-de-munca-pe-santierul-din-bucuresti-al-unui-celebru-4088895 | title="Nici în Ghana nu am fi pățit așa ceva". Povestea africanilor care spun că au fost plătiți mai prost ca acasă după mai bine de o lună de muncă pe șantierul din București al unui celebru luptător de K1 | date=19 April 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/actualitate/social/muncitorii-straini-fericiti-ca-se-pot-vaccina-in-romania-in-tara-lor-vaccinurile-sunt-putine-si-sunt-imunizati-doar-cei-vulnerabili-1619211 | title=Muncitorii străini, fericiți că se pot vaccina în România. În țara lor, vaccinurile sunt puține și sunt imunizați doar cei vulnerabili | date=2 August 2021 }}</ref> [[Latin America]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://observatornews.ro/social/straini-latino-americani-munca-restaurante-romania-251898.html|title=Străini la muncă în România. Tot mai mulţi latino-americani lucrează în restaurantele de la noi|website=Observator}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timponline.ro/muncitorii-din-india-si-columbia-suplinesc-lipsa-fortei-de-munca-locale-comelf-ar-angaja-si-ucraineni/ | title=Muncitorii din India și Columbia suplinesc lipsa forței de muncă locale. Comelf ar lua și ucraineni | date=17 May 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.napocanews.ro/2020/02/vin-muncitori-de-calitate-din-america-de-sud-la-cluj.html | title=Vin muncitori de calitate din America de sud la Cluj &#124; NapocaNews | date=24 February 2020 }}</ref> and from neighboring Eastern European countries. Many workers are from Turkey.
In addition to Asia, some workers are from Maghreb, from the [[Horn of Africa]], including Sudan (often working in agriculture),<ref>https://stirileprotv.ro/stiri/social/tot-mai-multi-muncitori-din-africa-vin-sa-lucreze-in-romania-aici-primesc-salarii-chiar-si-de-20-de-ori-mai-mari.html</ref><ref>https://stirileprotv.ro/stiri/actualitate/criza-de-lucratori-ii-determina-pe-fermieri-sa-angajeze-migranti-zlucreaza-foarte-bine.html</ref> and from neighboring Eastern European countries. Many workers are from Turkey.


Overall, in 2021, the top countries for sending guest workers were Nepal, Turkey, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, Vietnam, Morocco, Republic of Moldova.<ref>https://panorama.ro/record-de-muncitori-straini-in-2022/</ref>
Overall, in 2021, the top countries for sending guest workers were Nepal, Turkey, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, Vietnam, Morocco, Republic of Moldova.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://panorama.ro/record-de-muncitori-straini-in-2022/ | title=De ce va ajunge numărul de muncitori străini în România la un record în 2022 - Panorama | date=15 March 2022 }}</ref> In 2022, the top countries were Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, India, Turkey, Egypt, Morocco and Vietnam.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://playtech.ro/2023/muncitorii-romani-din-romania-pe-cale-de-disparitie-cum-ne-am-umplut-de-nepalezi-pakistanezi-si-indieni-in-cativa-ani/ | title=Muncitorii români din România, pe cale de dispariție: Cum ne-am umplut de nepalezi, pakistanezi și indieni în câțiva ani | date=23 January 2023 }}</ref>

According to a 2023 study,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wall-street.ro/articol/Careers/297216/de-la-est-la-vest-top-20-tari-care-ne-dau-cei-mai-multi-angajati-straini-in-romania-peste-12-dintre-muncitori-lucreaza-in-constructii.html|title=De la est la vest: Top 20 țări care ne dau cei mai mulți angajați străini. Lista cu domeniile în care lucrează|date=May 15, 2023|website=Wall-Street}}</ref> there were 120,165 foreign citizens (eg. guest workers, refugees, citizens of other EU countries etc) working in Romania. The top 20 countries for such workers were: Nepal, Sri Lanka, Turkey, [[statelessness|Stateless Persons]], Ukraine, Republic of Moldova, India, Bangladesh, Italy, China, Vietnam, Pakistan, Philippines, Serbia, Hungary, Greece, Germany, Egypt, Syria, France. Over a third of these workers were based in Bucharest, followed by the [[Counties of Romania|counties]] of Ilfov, Timiș, Constanța, Cluj, Brașov, Iași, Arad, Argeș, Bihor.


==Refugees==
==Refugees==
{{Main|Refugees in Romania}}
{{Main|Refugees in Romania}}


Historically, refugees to Romania have included [[Armenians]] who fled the [[Ottoman Empire]] due to the [[Armenian genocide]] in [[1915]], [[Greeks]] who fled persecution after the [[Greek Civil War]] and during the [[Greek military junta of 1967–74]], [[Koreans]] who fled the [[Korean War]] and [[Chileans]] fleeing the [[Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–90)]].<ref>https://romanialibera.ro/lifestyle/food/cum-a-rezolvat-romania-problema-refugiatilor-chilieni-coreeni-si-armeni-392460/</ref>
Historically, refugees to Romania have included [[Armenians]] who fled the [[Ottoman Empire]] due to the [[Armenian genocide]] in [[1915]], [[Greeks]] who fled persecution after the [[Greek Civil War]] and during the [[Greek military junta of 1967–74]], [[Koreans]] who fled the [[Korean War]] and [[Chileans]] fleeing the [[Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–90)]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://romanialibera.ro/lifestyle/food/cum-a-rezolvat-romania-problema-refugiatilor-chilieni-coreeni-si-armeni-392460/ | title=Cum a rezolvat România problema refugiaților chilieni, coreeni și armeni | date=10 September 2015 }}</ref>


Since entering the EU, Romania has also been subject to the [[migration and asylum policy of the European Union]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Rate-of-inactivity-and-reasons_fig1_342492161|title=Rate of inactivity and reasons &#124; Download Scientific Diagram}}</ref> Romania has, in particular, received refugees from Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan and Ukraine, but also from [[Somali diaspora|Somalia]], [[Yemeni refugees|Yemen]] and [[Venezuelan refugee crisis|Venezuela]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.libertatea.ro/stiri/tanar-venezuela-refugiat-romania-2588331 | title=Refugiat în propria țară: "Ori plec, ori mor!" Un tânăr din Venezuela a fugit de socialism în România, după ce, în urmă cu 70 de ani, bunicul lui român fugea de comunism în Venezuela! | date=31 March 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rador.ro/2016/03/04/primii-15-refugiati-au-ajuns-in-romania/ | title=Primii 15 refugiaţi au ajuns în România &#124; Agenția de presă Rador | date=4 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://stirileprotv.ro/stiri/social/acasa-e-razboi-refugiatii-ajunsi-la-galati-si-au-spus-povestile-in-fata-elevilor-veniti-sa-i-viziteze-cu-scoala-altfel.html | title=Acasa e razboi {{!}} Refugiatii ajunsi la Galati le-au spus elevilor cum este viata lor in Romania, in cadrul "Scoala Altfel"|website=stirileprotv.ro|language=ro }}</ref><ref name="auto4"/>
Since entering the EU, Romania has also been subject to the [[migration and asylum policy of the European Union]]. Romania has, in particular, received refugees from Iraq, Syria and Ukraine.


In 2020, most asylum applicants were from Afghanistan, Syria, Bangladesh, Iraq, Iran, Somalia, Pakistan, Yemen and Eritrea.<ref>https://www.salvaticopiii.ro/sci-ro/media/Documente/Cele-mai-multe-solicitari-de-azil-in-Romania,-in-anii-de-pandemie_Comunicat-de-presa.pdf</ref>
In 2020, most asylum applicants were from Afghanistan, Syria, Bangladesh, Iraq, Iran, Somalia, Pakistan, Yemen and Eritrea.<ref name="auto9"/>


== Statistics ==
== Statistics ==


Estimate immigrants to Romania (as of mid 2020, including [[Refugees in Romania|refugees]]):<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination | title=Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination | date=10 February 2014 }}</ref>
Estimate immigrants to Romania (as of mid 2020, including [[Refugees in Romania|refugees]]):<ref name="auto">{{Cite web | url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination | title=Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination | date=10 February 2014 }}</ref>


{{flagcountry|Moldova}} - 285,000;<br />
{{flagcountry|Moldova}} - 285,000;<br />
Line 105: Line 114:
{{flagcountry|South Korea}} - 500. (2017)
{{flagcountry|South Korea}} - 500. (2017)


== Comparison with other European Union countries 2023 ==
== See also ==
According to [[Eurostat]] 59.9 million people lived in the [[European Union]] in 2023 who were born outside their resident country. This corresponds to 13.35% of the total EU population. Of these, 31.4 million (9.44%) were born outside the EU and 17.5 million (3.91%) were born in another EU member state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population on 1 January by age group, sex and country of birth |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/migr_pop3ctb__custom_12073365/default/table?lang=en |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Population on 1 January by age, sex and group of country of birth |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/migr_pop4ctb__custom_12073348/default/table?lang=en |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Country
! Total population (1000)
! Total Foreign-born (1000)
! %
! Born in other EU state (1000)
! %
! Born in a non EU state (1000)
! %
|-
|EU 27
|448,754
|59,902
|13.3
|17,538
|3.9
|31,368
|6.3
|-
|[[Germany]]
|84,359
|16,476
|19.5
|6,274
|7.4
|10,202
|12.1
|-
|[[France]]
|68,173
|8,942
|13.1
|1,989
|2.9
|6,953
|10.2
|-
|[[Spain]]
|48,085
|8,204
|17.1
|1,580
|3.3
|6,624
|13.8
|-
|[[Italy]]
|58,997
|6,417
|10.9
|1,563
|2.6
|4,854
|8.2
|-
|[[Netherlands]]
|17,811
|2,777
|15.6
|748
|4.2
|2,029
|11.4
|-
|[[Greece]]
|10,414
|1,173
|11.3
|235
|2.2
|938
|9.0
|-
|[[Sweden]]
|10,522
|2,144
|20.4
|548
|5.2
|1,596
|15.2
|-
|[[Austria]]
|9,105
|1,963
|21.6
|863
|9.5
|1,100
|12.1
|-
|[[Belgium]]
|11,743
|2,247
|19.1
|938
|8.0
|1,309
|11.1
|-
|[[Portugal]]
|10,467
|1,684
|16.1
|378
|3.6
|1,306
|12.5
|-
|[[Denmark]]
|5,933
|804
|13.6
|263
|4.4
|541
|9.1
|-
|[[Finland]]
|5,564
|461
|8.3
|131
|2.4
|330
|5.9
|-
|[[Poland]]
|36,754
|933
|2.5
|231
|0.6
|702
|1.9
|-
|[[Czech Republic]]
|10,828
|764
|7.1
|139
|1.3
|625
|5.8
|-
|[[Hungary]]
|9,600
|644
|6.7
|342
|3.6
|302
|3.1
|-
|'''Romania'''
|'''19,055'''
|'''530'''
|'''2.8'''
|'''202'''
|'''1.1'''
|'''328'''
|'''1.7'''
|-
|[[Slovakia]]
|5,429
|213
|3.9
|156
|2.9
|57
|1.0
|-
|[[Bulgaria]]
|6,448
|169
|2.6
|58
|0.9
|111
|1.7
|-
|[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
|5,271
|1,150
|21.8
|348
|6.6
|802
|15.2
|-
|}


== See also ==
* [[Immigration to Europe]]
* [[Immigration to Europe]]
* [[Demographics of Romania]]
* [[Demographics of Romania]]

Latest revision as of 15:51, 20 September 2024

The Republic of Moldova is the most common country of origin of foreign-born residents in Romania.

Immigration to Romania is less common than immigration to most other European Union countries, with Romania having 3.6% of the population foreign born as of 2021.[1] Among immigrants, the most common countries of birth were Republic of Moldova (40%), Italy (11%) and Spain (9%).[1] About two thirds of the foreign born population consists of labour migrants.[1]

Romania has recently experienced a growing wave of immigration, mostly from the Republic of Moldova, Turkey, Italy, Spain, Southeast Asia, and East Asia[2] and to a lesser extent other parts of the world. In January 2017, 0.9% of immigrants were born in other EU member states, and 1.2% were born outside the EU.[3]

According to DIICOT, Romania has evolved since 1990 from a country of transit for illegal migrants to a country of destination.[4] Within the European Union, the country has the second highest rate of immigration from non-EU countries (86%), just behind Slovenia (90%).[5] Most immigrants in Romania are from Europe. Among non-European immigrants, most are from Asia and North Africa.

Republic of Moldova

[edit]

Over 40% of the country's foreign-born residents originate from Republic of Moldova. Owing to the former period of union between most of Moldova and Romania, many Moldovans are eligible for Romanian citizenship on the basis of descent. The culture of Moldova is influenced primarily by the Romanian origins of its majority population, being strongly related to classical Romanian culture, and, as such, it is easy for people from neighbouring Moldova to integrate within the contemporary Romanian culture. Many immigrants from the Republic of Moldova prefer to settle in the Romanian counties from the region of Moldavia, because there the culture is more similar to their home country.[2]

Ukrainians

[edit]

After the start of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, a large number of Ukrainians started emigrating into Romania.[6] This also included ethnic Romanians from the country.[7]

In addition of Ukrainians, hundreds of Russians fleeing the 2022 mobilization came to Romania.[8][9]

EU countries

[edit]

Immigrants from Italy and Spain often have close relations with Romanians, including intermarriage (see also Romanians in Italy and Romanians in Spain).

Asian and Eastern European workers

[edit]

In recent years, considerable numbers of Chinese and Vietnamese citizens work in Romania, due to the emigration of a large part of the Romanian workforce.[2] There are also workers from Nepal, the Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia,[10] India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Ukraine, Serbia, Lebanon, Turkey.[11][12][13][14][15] Many Chinese live in the Ilfov County (the county surrounding Bucharest).

Many employers in Romania hire foreign citizens form outside the EU due to the labor crisis. In order to work in Romania, they have to obtain a work permit and a long-stay visa. After arriving in Romania, the foreign citizens have to obtain a residence permit.[16]

Many immigrant workers work in constructions; the top countries in 2021 for such construction workers were: Turkey, India, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Morocco, Moldova, Pakistan, Ukraine.[17] Other countries include Egypt, China, Serbia and Sudan.[17]

Arabs

[edit]

Arabs in Romania come primarily from Syria (including refugees of the Syrian Civil War), Lebanon, Iraq and Tunisia. In 2018, most asylum applicants were from Iraq, Syria and Iran.[18] In 2020, they were from Afghanistan, Syria and Iraq.[19]

Africans

[edit]

Africans come primarily to study in Romania. Africans have been studying in Romanian universities since the Communist Era.[20] Most Africans who studied in Romania during the Ceaușescu era came from Sub-Saharan African countries such as Central African Republic, Sudan, DRC, Republic of the Congo,[21][22][23][24] and from Maghreb,[25] because Ceaușescu had a plan to educate the African elites in order to create political relations with such African countries.[20][25] It is estimated that during the communist era, about 10,000 Sudanese young people studied in Romania.[26]

Currently, in Romania, most Africans are students, refugees, guest workers [27] or children from mixed-families of a Romanian parent and an African student or worker who came to Romania.[28] In 2020, asylum applicants from Somalia and Eritrea represented the 6th and 9th highest numbers among asylum applicants in Romania.[29]

Guest workers

[edit]

In recent years, the Romanian government has approved a quota of 100,000 guest workers per year.[30][31] Common countries of origin are Turkey, India, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Morocco, Republic of Moldova, Pakistan, Ukraine, Egypt, Tajikistan, China, Serbia, Sudan, Israel, Philippines, Thailand, Ghana, Indonesia, Somalia, Iraq.[32] [33][34][35][36][37] The majority of guest workers are from Asia[32] [38][39] (these figures do not include EU workers who have freedom of movement).

A 2022 study on Asian guest workers in Romania conducted in Bucharest, Craiova and Cluj-Napoca, among 400 such workers from Asia (which were from the countries of origin of India, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, Malaysia, Afghanistan, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, Cambodia and Laos) found that almost 40% of them worked in constructions, followed by services and logistics & transportation (including warehouse management). Three quarters were men and 60% were aged between 26 and 35 years (average age 27).[40]

In addition to Asia, some workers are from Maghreb, from the Horn of Africa, including Sudan (often working in agriculture),[27][35] Western Africa,[41][42] Latin America,[43][44][45] and from neighboring Eastern European countries. Many workers are from Turkey.

Overall, in 2021, the top countries for sending guest workers were Nepal, Turkey, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, Vietnam, Morocco, Republic of Moldova.[46] In 2022, the top countries were Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, India, Turkey, Egypt, Morocco and Vietnam.[47]

According to a 2023 study,[48] there were 120,165 foreign citizens (eg. guest workers, refugees, citizens of other EU countries etc) working in Romania. The top 20 countries for such workers were: Nepal, Sri Lanka, Turkey, Stateless Persons, Ukraine, Republic of Moldova, India, Bangladesh, Italy, China, Vietnam, Pakistan, Philippines, Serbia, Hungary, Greece, Germany, Egypt, Syria, France. Over a third of these workers were based in Bucharest, followed by the counties of Ilfov, Timiș, Constanța, Cluj, Brașov, Iași, Arad, Argeș, Bihor.

Refugees

[edit]

Historically, refugees to Romania have included Armenians who fled the Ottoman Empire due to the Armenian genocide in 1915, Greeks who fled persecution after the Greek Civil War and during the Greek military junta of 1967–74, Koreans who fled the Korean War and Chileans fleeing the Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–90).[49]

Since entering the EU, Romania has also been subject to the migration and asylum policy of the European Union.[50] Romania has, in particular, received refugees from Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan and Ukraine, but also from Somalia, Yemen and Venezuela.[51][52][53][35]

In 2020, most asylum applicants were from Afghanistan, Syria, Bangladesh, Iraq, Iran, Somalia, Pakistan, Yemen and Eritrea.[29]

Statistics

[edit]

Estimate immigrants to Romania (as of mid 2020, including refugees):[54]

 Moldova - 285,000;
 Italy - 80,000;
 Spain - 62,000;
 Ukraine - 43,000;
 United Kingdom - 32,000;
 Germany - 30,000;
 France - 22,000;
 Bulgaria - 12,000;
 Hungary - 10,000;
 Russia - 10,000;
 Turkey - 9,000;
 Greece - 8,000;
 China - 7,000;
 United States - 6,000;
 Israel - 5,000;
 Belgium - 5,000;
 Ireland - 4,000
 Serbia - 3,000;
 Syria - 3,000
 Austria - 3,000;
 Iran - 2,000;
 Iraq - 2,000;
 Vietnam - 2,000;
 Portugal - 2,000;
 Tunisia - 2,000;
 Netherlands - 2,000;
 Denmark - 2,000;
 Poland - 1,000;
 Sweden - 1,000;
 Norway - 1,000;
 Albania - 1,000;
 Slovakia - 1,000;
 Czech Republic - 1,000;
  Switzerland - 1,000;
 Brazil - 1,000;
 Canada - 1,000;
 Egypt - 1,000;
 Lebanon - 1,000;
 Morocco - 1,000;
   Nepal - 1,000;
 United Arab Emirates - 1,000;
 Philippines - 1,000;
 Sri Lanka - 1,000;
 India - 1,000;
 Algeria - 1,000;
 Pakistan - 1,000;
 Jordan - 600; (2017)
 Nigeria - 500; (2017)
 South Korea - 500. (2017)

Comparison with other European Union countries 2023

[edit]

According to Eurostat 59.9 million people lived in the European Union in 2023 who were born outside their resident country. This corresponds to 13.35% of the total EU population. Of these, 31.4 million (9.44%) were born outside the EU and 17.5 million (3.91%) were born in another EU member state.[55][56]

Country Total population (1000) Total Foreign-born (1000) % Born in other EU state (1000) % Born in a non EU state (1000) %
EU 27 448,754 59,902 13.3 17,538 3.9 31,368 6.3
Germany 84,359 16,476 19.5 6,274 7.4 10,202 12.1
France 68,173 8,942 13.1 1,989 2.9 6,953 10.2
Spain 48,085 8,204 17.1 1,580 3.3 6,624 13.8
Italy 58,997 6,417 10.9 1,563 2.6 4,854 8.2
Netherlands 17,811 2,777 15.6 748 4.2 2,029 11.4
Greece 10,414 1,173 11.3 235 2.2 938 9.0
Sweden 10,522 2,144 20.4 548 5.2 1,596 15.2
Austria 9,105 1,963 21.6 863 9.5 1,100 12.1
Belgium 11,743 2,247 19.1 938 8.0 1,309 11.1
Portugal 10,467 1,684 16.1 378 3.6 1,306 12.5
Denmark 5,933 804 13.6 263 4.4 541 9.1
Finland 5,564 461 8.3 131 2.4 330 5.9
Poland 36,754 933 2.5 231 0.6 702 1.9
Czech Republic 10,828 764 7.1 139 1.3 625 5.8
Hungary 9,600 644 6.7 342 3.6 302 3.1
Romania 19,055 530 2.8 202 1.1 328 1.7
Slovakia 5,429 213 3.9 156 2.9 57 1.0
Bulgaria 6,448 169 2.6 58 0.9 111 1.7
Ireland 5,271 1,150 21.8 348 6.6 802 15.2

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Home".
  2. ^ a b c "ANALIZĂ de unde vin cei mai mulţi imigranţi şi ce fac ei în România". 21 November 2018.
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  41. ^ ""Nici în Ghana nu am fi pățit așa ceva". Povestea africanilor care spun că au fost plătiți mai prost ca acasă după mai bine de o lună de muncă pe șantierul din București al unui celebru luptător de K1". 19 April 2022.
  42. ^ "Muncitorii străini, fericiți că se pot vaccina în România. În țara lor, vaccinurile sunt puține și sunt imunizați doar cei vulnerabili". 2 August 2021.
  43. ^ "Străini la muncă în România. Tot mai mulţi latino-americani lucrează în restaurantele de la noi". Observator.
  44. ^ "Muncitorii din India și Columbia suplinesc lipsa forței de muncă locale. Comelf ar lua și ucraineni". 17 May 2022.
  45. ^ "Vin muncitori de calitate din America de sud la Cluj | NapocaNews". 24 February 2020.
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