Jacanidae: Difference between revisions

Jacanas; Temporal range: Oligocene to recent
	Comb-crested jacana (Irediparra gallinacea)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Charadriiformes
Suborder:	Scolopaci
Family:	Jacanidae; Chenu & des Murs, 1854
Type genus
	Jacana;
Genera
	Microparra; Actophilornis; Irediparra; Hydrophasianus; Metopidius; Jacana;
Synonyms
	Parridae

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The jacanas (sometimes referred to as Jesus birds or lily trotters) are a group of tropical waders in the family Jacanidae. They are found in the tropical regions around the world. They are noted for their elongated toes and toenails that allow them to spread out their weight while foraging on floating or semi-emergent aquatic vegetation. They are also among the somewhat rare groups of birds in which females are larger, and several species maintain harems of males in the breeding season with males solely responsible for incubating eggs and taking care of the chicks.

Taxonomy

The family Jacanidae was introduced in 1854 by the French naturalists Jean-Charles Chenu and Marc des Murs. They used the spelling "Jacaneinae".^[1]^[2] The modern spelling "Jacanidae" was used by Leonhard Stejneger in 1885.^[3]

The pronunciation of the word jacana is debated. Jacana is Linnæus' scientific Latin spelling of the Portuguese jaçanã which in turn is derived from a Tupi name of the bird, ñaha'nã.^[4] The Portuguese word is pronounced approximately [ʒɐsɐˈnɐ̃]. As in façade, Provençal, and araçari, the Ç is meant to be pronounced as an S. US dictionaries give various pronunciations: /ˌʒɑːsəˈnɑː/ ZHAH-sə-NAH,^[5]^[6] /ˌdʒɑːsəˈnɑː/ JAH-sə-NAH,^[6] as well as the anglicised /dʒəˈkɑːnə/ jə-KAH-nə,^[7] which is the only pronunciation in an Australian dictionary.^[8] A British dictionary gives /ˈdʒækənə/ JAK-ə-nə for the spelling "jacana" and /ʒæsəˈnɑː/ zhass-ə-NAH for "jaçana".^[9]

Diversity

Relationships of the Jacanidae^[10]^[11]

Lari

Scolopaci

Scolopacidae

	Jacanidae

	Rostratulidae

	Pedionomidae

	Thinocoridae

Charadrii

Eight species of extant jacana are known from six genera and four fossil species have been described from the Oligocene of Egypt ^[12] and from the Pliocene of Florida.^[13] A fossil from Miocene strata in the Czech Republic was assigned to this family,^[14] but more recent analysis disputes the placement and moves the species to the Coraciidae.^[15]

Jacanas are identifiable by their elongated toes and claws which enable them to walk on floating vegetation in the shallow lakes that are their preferred habitat. They have sharp bills and rounded wings, some with carpal spurs, and many species also have wattles and frontal lappets on their foreheads.^[16] Jacanas were once placed in the family Parridae based on the genus Parra but the family name is now Jacanidae based on the type genus Jacana. The family is placed within the order Charadriiformes under the suborder Scolopaci and is a sister of the Rostratulidae. They have 10 tail feathers unlike most others wader groups which have twelve. They have a rudimentary caecum.^[17] Most jacanas have five neck vertebrae with the exception of Hydrophasianus chirurgus which has six.^[18]

In terms of sexual size dimorphism, female jacanas are larger than the males but are alike in plumage. The latter, as in some other wader families like the phalaropes, take responsibility for incubation and care of chicks, and most species (with the exception of the monogamous lesser jacana) are polyandrous.^[19] They construct relatively flimsy nests on floating vegetation, and lay eggs with dark irregular lines on their shells, providing camouflage amongst water weeds.^[16] The eggs are slightly smaller than in comparable species and it has been considered that this may be due to an evolutionary tradeoff given the larger number of clutches that are laid.^[20] Male jacanas brood eggs between the wings and the body. This wing-brooding may be assisted by a special adaptation in the wing bones with either a broadening of the radius or a widening of the gap between the radius and ulna. Young chicks may also be held under the wing and transported to safety by the parent bird in some species.^[21] Young chicks dive underwater and stay submerged with only their bill out of water. Some adult jacanas also use the same technique. African jacanas go through a simultaneous moult of their flight feathers leading to a period of flightlessness. Their moult is related to their ability to breed opportunistically based on the availability of rains.^[22]

Their diet consists mainly of insects and other invertebrates picked from floating vegetation or the water's surface but plant seeds may also be eaten. Wattled jacanas are known to pick ticks off capybaras.^[23] The stomach contents of jacanas have been found to include algae, as well as plant roots and stems, but it is thought that this may be incidentally ingested along with their invertebrate prey.^[22]

Most species have rounded wings and short tails. The flight tends to be slow and weak. Most species are sedentary, but the pheasant-tailed jacana migrates from the north of its range into peninsular India and southeast Asia.

Species

	Jacana

	Hydrophasianus

	Microparra

	Irediparra

Metopidius

Actophilornis

Phylogeny of the extant genera within the Jacanidae based on an analysis of mitochondrial gene sequences^[24]


Species	Common name	Distribution
Microparra capensis	Lesser jacana	Central and southeastern Africa
Actophilornis africanus	African jacana	Central and southern Africa
Actophilornis albinucha	Madagascar jacana	Madagascar
Irediparra gallinacea	Comb-crested jacana	Malaysia, northeastern Australia
Hydrophasianus chirurgus	Pheasant-tailed jacana	Asia
Metopidius indicus	Bronze-winged jacana	Asia
Jacana spinosa	Northern jacana	Mexico, Central America
Jacana jacana	Wattled jacana	Panama, northeastern South America
Extinct species
†Jacana farrandi		Pliocene, Florida^[25]
†Nupharanassa bulotorum		Lower Oligocene, Egypt^[12]
†Nupharanassa tolutaria		Lower Oligocene, Egypt^[12]
†Janipes nymphaeobates		Lower Oligocene, Egypt^[12]

References

^ Chenu, J.-C.; Des Murs, M.A.P.O. (1854). Encyclopédie d'Histoire Naturelle: Oiseaux. Vol. 6. Paris: Chez Maresgq. p. 238. For the publication date see: Dickinson, E.C.; Overstreet, L.K.; Dowsett, R.J.; Bruce, M.D. (2011). Priority! The Dating of Scientific Names in Ornithology: a Directory to the literature and its reviewers. Northampton, UK: Aves Press. pp. 83–84. ISBN 978-0-9568611-1-5.
^ Bock, Walter J. (1994). History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 112, 137, 232. hdl:2246/830.
^ Stejneger, Leonhard (1885). "Analecta Ornithologica: Sixth Series. XXIX. Jacan contra Parra". The Auk. 2 (4): 337–343 [338]. doi:10.2307/4625293. JSTOR 4625293.
^ Ferreira, A. B. H. (1986). Novo Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa (Second ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira. p. 978.
^ "American Heritage Dictionary" (Fourth ed.). 2009. Retrieved August 13, 2009.
^ ^a ^b "dictionary.com Unabridged. Based on the Random House Dictionary". 2009. Retrieved August 13, 2009.
^ "jacana – definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary". Retrieved August 13, 2009.
^ "The Macquarie Dictionary Online". Macquarie Dictionary Publishers Pty Ltd. 2009. Retrieved August 13, 2009.. Subscription required.
^ The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. Clarendon Press. 1993. and "Definition of jacana in English". Language Matters. Oxford Dictionaries.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ Fain, Matthew G.; Houde, Peter (2007). "Multilocus perspectives on the monophyly and phylogeny of the order Charadriiformes (Aves)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7 (1): 35. Bibcode:2007BMCEE...7...35F. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-35. PMC 1838420. PMID 17346347.
^ Gibson, Rosemary; Baker, Allan (2012). "Multiple gene sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships in the shorebird suborder Scolopaci (Aves: Charadriiformes)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 64 (1): 66–72. Bibcode:2012MolPE..64...66G. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.03.008. PMID 22491071.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Rasmussen, D.T.; Olson, Storrs L.; Simons, Elwyn L. (1987). Fossil Birds from the Oligocene Jebel Qatrani Formation, Fayum Province, Egypt (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 7–8.
^ Olson, Storrs (1976). "A jacana from the Pliocene of Florida (Aves: Jacanidae)" (PDF). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 89 (19): 259–264. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 4, 2013. Retrieved February 4, 2010.
^ Mlíkovský, Jiří (1999). "A new jacana (Aves: Jacanidae) from the Early Miocene of the Czech Republic". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série IIA. 328 (2): 121–123. Bibcode:1999CRASE.328..121M. doi:10.1016/S1251-8050(99)80007-X.
^ Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile (1999). "Systematic position of Nupharanassa bohemica Mlíkovsky, 1999". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série IIA. 329 (2): 149–152. Bibcode:1999CRASE.329..149M. doi:10.1016/S1251-8050(99)80217-1.
^ ^a ^b Harrison, Colin J.O. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-85391-186-6.
^ Clench, Mary H.; Mathias, John R. (1995). "The avian cecum: a review" (PDF). Wilson Bulletin. 107 (1): 93–121.
^ Chu, P.C. (1995). "Phylogenetic reanalysis of Strauch's osteological data set for the Charadriiformes" (PDF). The Condor. 97 (1): 174–196. doi:10.2307/1368995. JSTOR 1368995. S2CID 53558095.
^ Jenni, Donald A.; Gerald Collier (1972). "Polyandry in the American Jaçana (Jacana spinosa)". The Auk. 89 (4): 743–765. doi:10.2307/4084107. JSTOR 4084107.
^ Ward, David (2000). "Do polyandrous shorebirds trade off egg size with egg number?". Journal of Avian Biology. 31 (4): 473–478. doi:10.1034/j.1600-048X.2000.310406.x.
^ Fry, C.H. (1983). "The Jacanid radius and microparra, a neotenic genus". Le Gerfaut. 73: 173–184.
^ ^a ^b Jenni, D.A.; Bonan, A. (2019). "Jacanas (Jacanidae)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. Retrieved March 26, 2019.
^ Marcus, M.J. (1985). "Feeding associations between capybaras and jacanas: a case of interspecific grooming and possibly mutualism". Ibis. 127 (2): 240–243. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1985.tb05058.x.
^ Whittingham, L.A.; Sheldon, F.H.; Emlen, S.T. (2000). "Molecular phylogeny of jacanas and its implications for morphologic and biogeographic evolution" (PDF). The Auk. 117 (1): 22–32. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0022:MPOJAI]2.0.CO;2.
^ Olson, Storrs L. (1976). "A jacana from the Pliocene of Florida (Aves: Jacanidae)". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 89: 259–264.

External links

Jacana videos on the Internet Bird Collection

[1] Chenu, J.-C.; Des Murs, M.A.P.O. (1854). Encyclopédie d'Histoire Naturelle: Oiseaux. Vol. 6. Paris: Chez Maresgq. p. 238. For the publication date see: Dickinson, E.C.; Overstreet, L.K.; Dowsett, R.J.; Bruce, M.D. (2011). Priority! The Dating of Scientific Names in Ornithology: a Directory to the literature and its reviewers. Northampton, UK: Aves Press. pp. 83–84. ISBN 978-0-9568611-1-5.

[2] Bock, Walter J. (1994). History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 112, 137, 232. hdl:2246/830.

[3] Stejneger, Leonhard (1885). "Analecta Ornithologica: Sixth Series. XXIX. Jacan contra Parra". The Auk. 2 (4): 337–343 [338]. doi:10.2307/4625293. JSTOR 4625293.

[4] Ferreira, A. B. H. (1986). Novo Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa (Second ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira. p. 978.

[5] "American Heritage Dictionary" (Fourth ed.). 2009. Retrieved August 13, 2009.

[dcU-6] "dictionary.com Unabridged. Based on the Random House Dictionary". 2009. Retrieved August 13, 2009.

[7] "jacana – definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary". Retrieved August 13, 2009.

[8] "The Macquarie Dictionary Online". Macquarie Dictionary Publishers Pty Ltd. 2009. Retrieved August 13, 2009.. Subscription required.

[9] The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. Clarendon Press. 1993. and "Definition of jacana in English". Language Matters. Oxford Dictionaries.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[10] Fain, Matthew G.; Houde, Peter (2007). "Multilocus perspectives on the monophyly and phylogeny of the order Charadriiformes (Aves)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7 (1): 35. Bibcode:2007BMCEE...7...35F. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-35. PMC 1838420. PMID 17346347.

[11] Gibson, Rosemary; Baker, Allan (2012). "Multiple gene sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships in the shorebird suborder Scolopaci (Aves: Charadriiformes)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 64 (1): 66–72. Bibcode:2012MolPE..64...66G. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.03.008. PMID 22491071.

[:0-12] Rasmussen, D.T.; Olson, Storrs L.; Simons, Elwyn L. (1987). Fossil Birds from the Oligocene Jebel Qatrani Formation, Fayum Province, Egypt (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 7–8.

[13] Olson, Storrs (1976). "A jacana from the Pliocene of Florida (Aves: Jacanidae)" (PDF). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 89 (19): 259–264. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 4, 2013. Retrieved February 4, 2010.

[14] Mlíkovský, Jiří (1999). "A new jacana (Aves: Jacanidae) from the Early Miocene of the Czech Republic". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série IIA. 328 (2): 121–123. Bibcode:1999CRASE.328..121M. doi:10.1016/S1251-8050(99)80007-X.

[15] Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile (1999). "Systematic position of Nupharanassa bohemica Mlíkovsky, 1999". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série IIA. 329 (2): 149–152. Bibcode:1999CRASE.329..149M. doi:10.1016/S1251-8050(99)80217-1.

[EoB-16] Harrison, Colin J.O. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-85391-186-6.

[17] Clench, Mary H.; Mathias, John R. (1995). "The avian cecum: a review" (PDF). Wilson Bulletin. 107 (1): 93–121.

[18] Chu, P.C. (1995). "Phylogenetic reanalysis of Strauch's osteological data set for the Charadriiformes" (PDF). The Condor. 97 (1): 174–196. doi:10.2307/1368995. JSTOR 1368995. S2CID 53558095.

[19] Jenni, Donald A.; Gerald Collier (1972). "Polyandry in the American Jaçana (Jacana spinosa)". The Auk. 89 (4): 743–765. doi:10.2307/4084107. JSTOR 4084107.

[20] Ward, David (2000). "Do polyandrous shorebirds trade off egg size with egg number?". Journal of Avian Biology. 31 (4): 473–478. doi:10.1034/j.1600-048X.2000.310406.x.

[21] Fry, C.H. (1983). "The Jacanid radius and microparra, a neotenic genus". Le Gerfaut. 73: 173–184.

[hbw-22] Jenni, D.A.; Bonan, A. (2019). "Jacanas (Jacanidae)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. Retrieved March 26, 2019.

[23] Marcus, M.J. (1985). "Feeding associations between capybaras and jacanas: a case of interspecific grooming and possibly mutualism". Ibis. 127 (2): 240–243. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1985.tb05058.x.

[phylo-24] Whittingham, L.A.; Sheldon, F.H.; Emlen, S.T. (2000). "Molecular phylogeny of jacanas and its implications for morphologic and biogeographic evolution" (PDF). The Auk. 117 (1): 22–32. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0022:MPOJAI]2.0.CO;2.

[25] Olson, Storrs L. (1976). "A jacana from the Pliocene of Florida (Aves: Jacanidae)". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 89: 259–264.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Family of birds}}
 {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2019}}
+{{Automatic taxobox
-{{short description|Family of birds}}
-{{Automatic Taxobox
 | name = Jacanas
-| fossil_range = [[Pliocene]] to recent
+| fossil_range = [[Oligocene]] to recent
 | image = Irediparra gallinacea - Comb-crested Jacana.jpg
 | image_caption = [[Comb-crested jacana]] (''Irediparra gallinacea'')
 | taxon = Jacanidae
-| authority = [[Leonhard Hess Stejneger|Stejneger]], 1885
+| authority = [[Jean-Charles Chenu|Chenu]] & [[Marc Athanase Parfait Œillet des Murs|des Murs]], 1854
+| type_genus = ''[[Jacana (genus)|Jacana]]''
 | subdivision_ranks = Genera
 | subdivision =
@@ Line 19: / Line 20: @@
 }}
-The '''jacanas''' (sometimes referred to as '''Jesus birds''' or '''lily trotters''') are a group of tropical [[wader]]s in the [[family (biology)|family]] '''Jacanidae'''. They are found in the tropical regions around the world. They are noted for their elongated toes and toenails that allow them to spread out their weight while foraging on floating or semi-emergent aquatic vegetation. They are also among the rare groups of birds in which females are larger and several species maintain harems of males in the breeding season with males solely responsible for incubating eggs and taking care of the chicks.
+The '''jacanas''' (sometimes referred to as '''Jesus birds''' or '''lily trotters''') are a group of tropical [[wader]]s in the [[family (biology)|family]] '''Jacanidae'''. They are found in the tropical regions around the world. They are noted for their elongated toes and toenails that allow them to spread out their weight while foraging on floating or semi-emergent aquatic vegetation. They are also among the somewhat rare groups of birds in which females are larger, and several species maintain [[Polyandry in animals|harems of males]] in the breeding season with males solely responsible for incubating eggs and taking care of the chicks.
+==Taxonomy==
-==Etymology and pronunciation==
+The family Jacanidae was introduced in 1854 by the French naturalists [[Jean-Charles Chenu]] and [[Marc Athanase Parfait Œillet des Murs|Marc des Murs]]. They used the spelling "Jacaneinae".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chenu |first=J.-C. |author-link=Jean-Charles Chenu |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47982267 |title=Encyclopédie d'Histoire Naturelle: Oiseaux |last2=Des Murs |first2=M.A.P.O. |author-link2=Marc Athanase Parfait Œillet des Murs |date=1854 |publisher=Chez Maresgq |volume=6 |location=Paris |page=238}} For the publication date see: {{ cite book | last1=Dickinson | first1=E.C. | author1-link=Edward C. Dickinson | last2=Overstreet | first2=L.K. | last3=Dowsett | first3=R.J. | last4=Bruce | first4=M.D. | year=2011 | title=Priority! The Dating of Scientific Names in Ornithology: a Directory to the literature and its reviewers | location=Northampton, UK | publisher=Aves Press | isbn=978-0-9568611-1-5 | pages=83–84 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267763194 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bock |first=Walter J. |author-link=Walter Joseph Bock |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/830 |title=History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |year=1994 |series=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=222 |location=New York |pages=112, 137, 232 |hdl=2246/830}}<!--Linked page allows download of the 48MB pdf--></ref> The modern spelling "Jacanidae" was used by [[Leonhard Stejneger]] in 1885.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stejneger |first=Leonhard |author-link=Leonhard Hess Stejneger |date=1885 |title=Analecta Ornithologica: Sixth Series. XXIX. ''Jacan'' contra ''Parra'' |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/86911 |journal=The Auk |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=337–343 [338] |doi=10.2307/4625293 |jstor=4625293}}</ref>
-The pronunciation of the word jacana is debated. ''Jacana'' is Linnæus' [[binomial nomenclature|scientific Latin]] spelling of the [[Brazilian Portuguese]] ''jaçanã'' which in turn is derived from a [[Old Tupi language|Tupi]] name of the bird, ''ñaha'nã''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Novo Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa|last=Ferreira|first=A. B. H.|publisher=Nova Fronteira|year=1986|edition=Second|location=Rio de Janeiro|page=978}}</ref> The Portuguese word is pronounced approximately {{IPA-pt|ʒasaˈnã|}}. As in [[façade]], [[:wikt:provençal|Provençal]], and [[araçari]], the [[Ç]] is meant to be pronounced as an S. US dictionaries give various pronunciations: {{IPAc-en|ˌ|ʒ|ɑː|s|ə|ˈ|n|ɑː}} {{respell|ZHAH|sə|NAH|'}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/jacana|title=American Heritage Dictionary|year=2009|accessdate=August 13, 2009|edition=Fourth}}</ref><ref name="dcU">{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/jacana|title=dictionary.com Unabridged. Based on the Random House Dictionary|year=2009|accessdate=August 13, 2009}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|ˌ|dʒ|ɑː|s|ə|ˈ|n|ɑː}} {{respell|JAH|sə|NAH|'}},<ref name="dcU" /> as well as the anglicised {{IPAc-en|dʒ|ə|ˈ|k|ɑː|n|ə}} {{respell|jə|KAH|nə}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/jacana|title=jacana – definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary|accessdate=August 13, 2009}}</ref> which is the only pronunciation in an Australian dictionary.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macquariedictionary.com.au|title=The Macquarie Dictionary Online|year=2009|publisher=Macquarie Dictionary Publishers Pty Ltd.|accessdate=August 13, 2009}}.  Subscription required.</ref> A British dictionary gives {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|æ|k|ən|ə}} {{respell|JAK|ə-nə}} for the spelling "jacana" and {{IPAc-en|ʒ|æ|s|ə|ˈ|n|ɑː}} {{respell|zhas-ə|NAH|'}} for "jaçana".<ref>{{Cite book|title=The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1993}} and {{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/jacana?q=ja%C3%A7ana|title=Definition of jacana in English|website=Language Matters|publisher=Oxford Dictionaries}}</ref>
+The pronunciation of the word jacana is debated. ''Jacana'' is Linnæus' [[binomial nomenclature|scientific Latin]] spelling of the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ''jaçanã'' which in turn is derived from a [[Old Tupi language|Tupi]] name of the bird, ''ñaha'nã''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ferreira |first=A. B. H. |title=Novo Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa |publisher=Nova Fronteira |year=1986 |edition=Second |location=Rio de Janeiro |page=978}}</ref> The Portuguese word is pronounced approximately {{IPA|pt|ʒɐsɐˈnɐ̃|}}. As in [[façade]], [[:wikt:provençal|Provençal]], and [[araçari]], the [[Ç]] is meant to be pronounced as an S. US dictionaries give various pronunciations: {{IPAc-en|ˌ|ʒ|ɑː|s|ə|ˈ|n|ɑː}} {{respell|ZHAH|sə|NAH|'}},<ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=American Heritage Dictionary |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/jacana |access-date=August 13, 2009 |edition=Fourth}}</ref><ref name="dcU">{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=dictionary.com Unabridged. Based on the Random House Dictionary |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/jacana |access-date=August 13, 2009}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|ˌ|dʒ|ɑː|s|ə|ˈ|n|ɑː}} {{respell|JAH|sə|NAH|'}},<ref name="dcU" /> as well as the anglicised {{IPAc-en|dʒ|ə|ˈ|k|ɑː|n|ə}} {{respell|jə|KAH|nə}},<ref>{{Cite web |title=jacana – definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/jacana |access-date=August 13, 2009}}</ref> which is the only pronunciation in an Australian dictionary.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=The Macquarie Dictionary Online |url=http://www.macquariedictionary.com.au |access-date=August 13, 2009 |publisher=Macquarie Dictionary Publishers Pty Ltd.}}.  Subscription required.</ref> A British dictionary gives {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|æ|k|ən|ə}} {{respell|JAK|ə-nə}} for the spelling "jacana" and {{IPAc-en|ʒ|æ|s|ə|ˈ|n|ɑː}} {{respell|zhass-ə|NAH|'}} for "jaçana".<ref>{{Cite book|title=The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1993}} and {{Cite web |title=Definition of jacana in English |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/jacana?q=ja%C3%A7ana |website=Language Matters |publisher=Oxford Dictionaries}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
 == Diversity ==
-{{cladogram|title=Relationships of the Jacanidae<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-7-35|pmid=17346347|pmc=1838420|title=Multilocus perspectives on the monophyly and phylogeny of the order Charadriiformes (Aves)|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=7|pages=35|year=2007|last1=Fain|first1=Matthew G.|last2=Houde|first2=Peter}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2012.03.008|pmid=22491071|title=Multiple gene sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships in the shorebird suborder Scolopaci (Aves: Charadriiformes)|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=64|issue=1|pages=66–72|year=2012|last1=Gibson|first1=Rosemary|last2=Baker|first2=Allan}}</ref>
+{{cladogram|title=Relationships of the Jacanidae<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-7-35|pmid=17346347|pmc=1838420|title=Multilocus perspectives on the monophyly and phylogeny of the order Charadriiformes (Aves)|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=7|pages=35|year=2007|last1=Fain|first1=Matthew G.|last2=Houde|first2=Peter |issue=1 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2007BMCEE...7...35F }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2012.03.008|pmid=22491071|title=Multiple gene sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships in the shorebird suborder Scolopaci (Aves: Charadriiformes)|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=64|issue=1|pages=66–72|year=2012|last1=Gibson|first1=Rosemary|last2=Baker|first2=Allan|bibcode=2012MolPE..64...66G }}</ref>
 |cladogram={{clade|style=font-size:75%;line-height:75%
  |label1=&nbsp;
@@ Line 54: / Line 57: @@
 }}
 }}
-Eight species of extant jacana are known from six genera and four fossil species have been described from the [[Oligocene]] of Egypt {{citation needed}} and from the [[Pliocene]] of Florida.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Olson|first=Storrs |year=1976|title=A jacana from the Pliocene of Florida (Aves: Jacanidae)|journal=Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington|volume=89|issue=19|pages=259–264|url=http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/1730/1/Jacana_farrandi.pdf}}</ref> A fossil from [[Miocene]] strata in the Czech Republic was assigned to this family,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mlíkovský|first=Jiří |year=1999|title=A new jacana (Aves: Jacanidae) from the Early Miocene of the Czech Republic |journal=Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série IIA|volume=328|issue=2|pages=121–123| doi = 10.1016/S1251-8050(99)80007-X |bibcode=1999CRASE.328..121M }}</ref> but more recent analysis disputes the placement and moves the species to the [[Coraciidae]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mourer-Chauviré|first=Cécile|year=1999|title=Systematic position of ''Nupharanassa bohemica'' Mlíkovsky, 1999 |journal=Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série IIA|volume=329|issue=2|pages=149–152 | doi = 10.1016/S1251-8050(99)80217-1}}</ref>
+Eight species of extant jacana are known from six genera and four fossil species have been described from the [[Oligocene]] of Egypt <ref name=":0">{{cite book|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/1984/SCtP-0062-Lo_res.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y|title=Fossil Birds from the Oligocene Jebel Qatrani Formation, Fayum Province, Egypt|author1=Rasmussen, D.T.|author2=Olson, Storrs L.|author3=Simons, Elwyn L.|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|year=1987|place=Washington, D.C.|pages=7–8}}</ref> and from the [[Pliocene]] of Florida.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Olson|first=Storrs|year=1976|title=A jacana from the Pliocene of Florida (Aves: Jacanidae)|journal=Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington|volume=89|issue=19|pages=259–264|url=http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/1730/1/Jacana_farrandi.pdf|access-date=February 4, 2010|archive-date=November 4, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104130207/http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/1730/1/Jacana_farrandi.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> A fossil from [[Miocene]] strata in the Czech Republic was assigned to this family,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mlíkovský|first=Jiří |year=1999|title=A new jacana (Aves: Jacanidae) from the Early Miocene of the Czech Republic |journal=Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série IIA|volume=328|issue=2|pages=121–123| doi = 10.1016/S1251-8050(99)80007-X |bibcode=1999CRASE.328..121M }}</ref> but more recent analysis disputes the placement and moves the species to the [[Coraciidae]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mourer-Chauviré|first=Cécile|year=1999|title=Systematic position of ''Nupharanassa bohemica'' Mlíkovsky, 1999 |journal=Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série IIA|volume=329|issue=2|pages=149–152 | doi = 10.1016/S1251-8050(99)80217-1|bibcode=1999CRASE.329..149M}}</ref>
-Jacanas are identifiable by their elongated toes and claws which enable them to walk on floating vegetation in the shallow lakes that are their preferred habitat. They have sharp bills and rounded wings, some with carpal spurs, and many species also have wattles and frontal lappets on their foreheads.<ref name="EoB">{{cite book |editor=Forshaw, Joseph|author= Harrison, Colin J.O.|year=1991|title=Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds|publisher= Merehurst Press|location=London|page= 108|isbn= 978-1-85391-186-6}}</ref> Jacanas were once placed in the family Parridae based on the genus ''Parra'' but the family name is now Jacanidae based on the type genus ''Jacana''. The family is placed within the order Charadriiformes under the suborder Scolopaci and is a sister of the Rostratulidae. They have 10 tail feathers unlike most others wader groups which have twelve. They have a rudimentary caecum.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The avian cecum: a review| author1=Clench, Mary H.| author2=Mathias, John R.| journal=Wilson Bulletin| volume=107| issue=1| year=1995| pages=93-121 |url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v107n01/p0093-p0121.pdf}}</ref> Most jacanas have five neck vertebrae with the exception of ''[[Hydrophasianus chirurgus]]'' which has six.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Chu, P.C.|year= 1995|title= Phylogenetic reanalysis of Strauch's osteological data set for the Charadriiformes|journal= The Condor |volume=97|issue=1|pages= 174-196|url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v097n01/p0174-p0196.pdf}}</ref>
+Jacanas are identifiable by their elongated toes and claws which enable them to walk on floating vegetation in the shallow lakes that are their preferred habitat. They have sharp bills and rounded wings, some with carpal spurs, and many species also have wattles and frontal lappets on their foreheads.<ref name="EoB">{{cite book |editor=Forshaw, Joseph|author= Harrison, Colin J.O.|year=1991|title=Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds|publisher= Merehurst Press|location=London|page= 108|isbn= 978-1-85391-186-6}}</ref> Jacanas were once placed in the family Parridae based on the genus ''Parra'' but the family name is now Jacanidae based on the type genus ''Jacana''. The family is placed within the order Charadriiformes under the suborder Scolopaci and is a sister of the Rostratulidae. They have 10 tail feathers unlike most others wader groups which have twelve. They have a rudimentary caecum.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The avian cecum: a review| author1=Clench, Mary H.| author2=Mathias, John R.| journal=Wilson Bulletin| volume=107| issue=1| year=1995| pages=93–121 |url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v107n01/p0093-p0121.pdf}}</ref> Most jacanas have five neck vertebrae with the exception of ''[[Hydrophasianus chirurgus]]'' which has six.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Chu, P.C.|year= 1995|title= Phylogenetic reanalysis of Strauch's osteological data set for the Charadriiformes|journal= The Condor |volume=97|issue=1|pages= 174–196|url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v097n01/p0174-p0196.pdf|doi=10.2307/1368995|jstor= 1368995|s2cid= 53558095}}</ref>
 [[File:Jacanidae_wing_bones.svg|thumb|left|Wing bone adaptations in the jacanas]]
-In terms of [[Wader#Sexual Selection|sexual size dimorphism]], female jacanas are larger than the males but are alike in plumage. The latter, as in some other wader families like the [[phalarope]]s, take responsibility for incubation and care of chicks, and most species (with the exception of the monogamous [[lesser jacana]]) are [[polyandry|polyandrous]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jenni|first=Donald A.|author2=Gerald Collier|year=1972|title=Polyandry in the American Jaçana (''Jacana spinosa'') |journal=The Auk|volume=89|issue=4|pages=743–765|doi=10.2307/4084107|jstor=4084107}}</ref> They construct relatively flimsy nests on floating vegetation, and lay eggs with dark irregular lines on their shells, providing camouflage amongst water weeds.<ref name="EoB" /> The eggs are slightly smaller than in comparable species and it has been considered that this may be due to an evolutionary tradeoff given the larger number of clutches that are laid.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1034/j.1600-048X.2000.310406.x|title=Do polyandrous shorebirds trade off egg size with egg number?|journal=Journal of Avian Biology|volume=31|issue=4|pages=473–478|year=2000|last1=Ward|first1=David}}</ref> Male jacanas brood eggs between the wings and the body. This wing-brooding may be assisted by a special adaptation in the wing bones with either a broadening of the radius or a widening of the gap between the radius and ulna. Young chicks may also be held under the wing and transported to safety by the parent bird in some species.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Jacanid radius and microparra, a neotenic genus| author=Fry, C.H.|journal=Le Gerfaut| volume=73|pages=173-184| year=1983}}</ref> Young chicks dive underwater and stay submerged with only their bill out of water. Some adult jacanas also use the same technique. African jacanas go through a simultaneous moult of their flight feathers leading to a period of flightlessness. Their moult is related to their ability to breed opportunistically based on the availability of rains.<ref name=hbw />
+In terms of [[Wader#Sexual Selection|sexual size dimorphism]], female jacanas are larger than the males but are alike in plumage. The latter, as in some other wader families like the [[phalarope]]s, take responsibility for incubation and care of chicks, and most species (with the exception of the monogamous [[lesser jacana]]) are [[polyandry in animals|polyandrous]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jenni|first=Donald A.|author2=Gerald Collier|year=1972|title=Polyandry in the American Jaçana (''Jacana spinosa'') |journal=The Auk|volume=89|issue=4|pages=743–765|doi=10.2307/4084107|jstor=4084107|doi-access=free}}</ref> They construct relatively flimsy nests on floating vegetation, and lay eggs with dark irregular lines on their shells, providing camouflage amongst water weeds.<ref name="EoB" /> The eggs are slightly smaller than in comparable species and it has been considered that this may be due to an evolutionary tradeoff given the larger number of clutches that are laid.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1034/j.1600-048X.2000.310406.x|title=Do polyandrous shorebirds trade off egg size with egg number?|journal=Journal of Avian Biology|volume=31|issue=4|pages=473–478|year=2000|last1=Ward|first1=David}}</ref> Male jacanas brood eggs between the wings and the body. This wing-brooding may be assisted by a special adaptation in the wing bones with either a broadening of the radius or a widening of the gap between the radius and ulna. Young chicks may also be held under the wing and transported to safety by the parent bird in some species.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Jacanid radius and microparra, a neotenic genus| author=Fry, C.H.|journal=Le Gerfaut| volume=73|pages=173–184| year=1983}}</ref> Young chicks dive underwater and stay submerged with only their bill out of water. Some adult jacanas also use the same technique. African jacanas go through a simultaneous moult of their flight feathers leading to a period of flightlessness. Their moult is related to their ability to breed opportunistically based on the availability of rains.<ref name=hbw />
-Their diet consists mainly of [[insect]]s and other [[invertebrate]]s picked from floating vegetation or the water's surface but plant seeds may also be eaten. [[Wattled jacana]]s are known to pick ticks off [[capybara]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Marcus, M.J.| year=1985|title= Feeding associations between capybaras and jacanas: a case of interspecific grooming and possibly mutualism| journal= Ibis|volume=127|pages= 240-243|doi= 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1985.tb05058.x}}</ref> The stomach content of jacanas has been found to have plant roots, stems and algae but it is thought that this may be incidentally ingested along with their invertebrate prey.<ref name=hbw>{{cite book|author1=Jenni, D.A. |author2= Bonan, A.|year=2019|chapter= Jacanas (Jacanidae)|editor1=del Hoyo, J.|editor2= Elliott, A.|editor3= Sargatal, J.|editor4= Christie, D.A. |editor5= de Juana, E. |title=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive| publisher= Lynx Edicions|place= Barcelona|url=https://www.hbw.com/node/52235 |access-date=2019-03-26 }}</ref>
+Their diet consists mainly of [[insect]]s and other [[invertebrate]]s picked from floating vegetation or the water's surface but plant seeds may also be eaten. [[Wattled jacana]]s are known to pick ticks off [[capybara]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Marcus, M.J.| year=1985|title= Feeding associations between capybaras and jacanas: a case of interspecific grooming and possibly mutualism| journal= Ibis|volume=127| issue=2|pages= 240–243|doi= 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1985.tb05058.x}}</ref> The stomach contents of jacanas have been found to include algae, as well as plant roots and stems, but it is thought that this may be incidentally ingested along with their invertebrate prey.<ref name=hbw>{{cite book|author1=Jenni, D.A. |author2= Bonan, A.|year=2019|chapter= Jacanas (Jacanidae)|editor1=del Hoyo, J.|editor2= Elliott, A.|editor3= Sargatal, J.|editor4= Christie, D.A. |editor5= de Juana, E. |title=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive| publisher= Lynx Edicions|place= Barcelona|url=https://www.hbw.com/node/52235 |access-date=2019-03-26 }}</ref>
 Most species have rounded wings and short tails. The flight tends to be slow and weak. Most species are sedentary, but the [[pheasant-tailed jacana]] [[bird migration|migrates]] from the north of its range into peninsular [[India]] and southeast [[Asia]].
@@ Line 108: / Line 111: @@
 |-
 |''Actophilornis albinucha''
-|[[Madagascan jacana]]
+|[[Madagascar jacana]]
 |Madagascar
 |[[File:Madagascar Jaçana.jpg|150px]]
@@ Line 125: / Line 128: @@
 |[[Bronze-winged jacana]]
 |Asia
-|[[File:Bronze-winged jacana (Metopidius indicus) 2.jpg|150px]]
+|[[File:Bronze-winged_jacana_(Metopidius_indicus).jpg|150px]]
 |-
 |''Jacana spinosa''
@@ Line 146: / Line 149: @@
 |{{Extinct}}''Nupharanassa bulotorum''
 |
+|Lower Oligocene, Egypt<ref name=":0" />
-|Lower Oligocene, Egypt<ref name=":0">{{cite book|url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/1984/SCtP-0062-Lo_res.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y|title=Fossil Birds from the Oligocene Jebel Qatrani Formation, Fayum Province, Egypt|author1=Rasmussen, D.T.|author2=Olson, Storrs L.|author3=Simons, Elwyn L.|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|year=1987|place=Washington, D.C.|pages=7–8}}</ref>
 |
 |-
@@ Line 157: / Line 160: @@
 |
 |Lower Oligocene, Egypt<ref name=":0" />
+|
 |}
 ==References==
-{{reflist}}
+{{Reflist}}
 ==External links==
@@ Line 167: / Line 171: @@
 {{Taxonbar|from=Q212929}}
+{{Authority control}}
-[[Category:Jacanidae|*]]
+[[Category:Jacanidae| ]]
 [[Category:Charadrii]]
 [[Category:Charadriiformes]]