Ordine Nuovo: Difference between revisions

New Order Political Movement
New Order Political Movement
Movimento Politico Ordine Nuovo
Leader	Clemente Graziani [it](1959–73)
Foundation	December 21, 1969
Dissolved	November 21, 1973
Split from	New Order Scholarship Center
Country	Italy
Newspaper	Anno Zero; Ordine Nuovo Azione
Ideology	Neo-fascism; Neo-Nazism; Fascist mysticism; Traditionalism
Political position	Far-right
Major actions	Right-wing terrorism; Murder; Conspiracy; Sedition;
Notable attacks	Piazza Fontana bombing, Peteano bombing, Milan police headquarters bombing, Piazza della Loggia bombing
Status	Banned/Inactive
Flag
	Succeeded by; Black Order

New Order Scholarship Center
Centro Studi Ordine Nuovo
Formation	1956; 68 years ago
Dissolved	1973
Type	Third Position political movement
Purpose	Neo-fascism; Traditionalism; Revolutionary nationalism; Corporatism; Organic democracy;
Headquarters	Rome
Location	Italy;
Founder	Pino Rauti
Principal ideologists	Julius Evola
Key people	Adriano Romualdi [it]; Clemente Graziani
Main organ	Ordine Nuovo

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Ordine Nuovo (Italian for "New Order", full name Centro Studi Ordine Nuovo, "New Order Scholarship Center") was an Italian far right cultural and extra-parliamentary political and paramilitary organization founded by Pino Rauti in 1956. It had been the most important extra-parliamentary neofascist organization of the post-war Italian republic.

The name is shared by Movimento Politico Ordine Nuovo, a splinter group of Centro Studi Ordine Nuovo.

The organization, considered as an attempt at reforming the Fascist Party (banned by the Constitution), was forcibly dissolved by the Italian government in 1973. Remaining elements of the group formed the Ordine Nero (Black Order) in 1974.

Members and a leader of Movimento Politico Ordine Nuovo were involved in several terrorist attacks, such as the 1969 Piazza Fontana bombing.

History

Previously, L'Ordine Nuovo ("The New Order") had been the name of a radical left-wing paper edited by Antonio Gramsci in the early 1920s, with Gramsci's followers being nicknamed "ordinovisti". However, later on the term—in Italian and various other languages—was appropriated by Fascists and Nazis, its original left-wing predecessors forgotten.

The extreme right-wing organization here referred to, whose members were also nicknamed ordinovisti, though being the political opposite of the earlier ones, was born from an internal current and then a schism in the Movimento Sociale Italiano (MSI). In 1954 Arturo Michelini, a moderate seeking an alliance with the Italian Monarchic Party, and possibly with the Christian Democracy, became general secretary of the MSI. This led to the schism of the most intransigent and spiritualist, Evolian current (Nazism was also a reference), led by Pino Rauti, Lello Graziani and Sergio Baldassini. They refused any compromise that brought the party apart from aristocratic principles. The intransigent and spiritualist Ordine Nuovo was then founded in Rome, but still a part of the MSI.

The real break with MSI happened at the MSI congress in Milan in 1956. Pino Rauti declared that, being disappointed with the moderate drift of the MSI, his movement would abandon the political scene, creating the "Centro Studi Ordine Nuovo", an association dedicated to "political studies and analysis". This wanted to be a literal application of the ideology of Julius Evola, that is, an aristocratic refusal of modern, materialist society. One Ordine Nuovo publication stated, "The work of Ordine Nuovo from 1953 to the present has been nothing but an effort to transfer J. Evola's teachings to the political level."^[1] Evola in turn endorsed the Ordine Nuovo as "the only group that has held fast in its doctrine, without stooping to compromise."^[2] ON's publications valorized the defeated Axis powers and prewar Fascist movements, as well as the Organisation armée secrète and the militaries of South Africa and Rhodesia, among others.^[3] ON rejected all the characteristic institutions of modernity—capitalism, socialism, parliamentary democracy, etc.^[4] It was also strongly anti-Semitic.^[5]

Ordine Nuovo, nonetheless, had a capillary and hierarchical organization on the Italian territory, and often behaved more like an extra-parliamentary political organization than a simple "scholarship center".

Ordine Nuovo had around ten thousand members in the mid-1960s.^[6]

Ordine Nuovo had an aboveground existence as a political activist group, but its members also engaged in street-fighting (squadrismo) and became involved in several coup attempts and terrorist attacks.^[7]

Ordine Nuovo had links with other neofascist groups outside Italy, including the New European Order^[8] and Jeune Europe^[9] It also had links with Italian intelligence agencies (SIFAR and its successor agency SID), which were a source of funding.^[10]

Splinter group

In 1969, Rauti, along with most of Ordine Nuovo, came back to the MSI party, then led by Giorgio Almirante. The remaining hardliners founded Movimento Politico Ordine Nuovo ("New Order Political Movement").

The motto of Ordine Nuovo was Il nostro onore si chiama fedeltà, or "Our honour is named loyalty", also the motto of the Waffen SS (Meine Ehre heißt Treue). The symbol of the organization was a double-head axe.

Implication in terrorist attacks

Several members of Movimento Politico Ordine Nuovo, including one of its leaders, Pierluigi Concutelli,^[12] participated in terrorist attacks.

1969 Piazza Fontana bombing

On 12 December 1969, unknown individuals placed a bomb in Piazza Fontana in Milan, killing 16 and wounding 90. This bombing marked the beginning of the "strategy of tension" in Italy. At various times groups from both left and right have been accused of being behind the attack. Ordine Nuovo member Delfo Zorzi was among those convicted for the crime on June 20, 2001, together with Carlo Maria Maggi and Giancarlo Rognoni, but all were later found not guilty in 2004.^[13]

Notable members

Pierluigi Concutelli (leader of underground armed unit)
Carlo Cicuttini (member)
Delfo Zorzi (member)
Pino Rauti (founder)
Vincenzo Vinciguerra (member)

References

^ quoted in Ferraresi, page 97
^ quoted in Ferraresi, page 98
^ Ferraresi 94-95
^ Ferraresi 95
^ Ferraresi 95
^ Ferraresi, Franco. Threats to Democracy: the Radical Right in Italy After the War. Princeton University Press. 2012. Page 91.
^ Ferraresi 92, 99
^ Ferraresi 100
^ Ferraresi 102
^ Ferraresi 106
^ Vittorio Borraccetti (1986). Eversione di destra, terrorismo e stragi. FrancoAngeli.
^ UN PO' DI STORIA (...) MPON: MOVIMENTO POLITICO ORDINE NUOVO Archived February 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
^ Repubblica.it/politica: Piazza Fontana, nessun colpevole Assolti in appello gli imputati

[1] quoted in Ferraresi, page 97

[2] quoted in Ferraresi, page 98

[3] Ferraresi 94-95

[4] Ferraresi 95

[5] Ferraresi 95

[6] Ferraresi, Franco. Threats to Democracy: the Radical Right in Italy After the War. Princeton University Press. 2012. Page 91.

[7] Ferraresi 92, 99

[8] Ferraresi 100

[9] Ferraresi 102

[10] Ferraresi 106

[11] Vittorio Borraccetti (1986). Eversione di destra, terrorismo e stragi. FrancoAngeli.

[12] UN PO' DI STORIA (...) MPON: MOVIMENTO POLITICO ORDINE NUOVO Archived February 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine

[13] Repubblica.it/politica: Piazza Fontana, nessun colpevole Assolti in appello gli imputati

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 {{Infobox organization
 | name                = New Order Scholarship Center<br>Centro Studi Ordine Nuovo
-| image               = Labrys-symbol.svg
+| image               = Labrys-symbol-transparent.svg
 | size                = 90px
-| motto               = "''Il mio onore si chiama fedeltà''" ("My honour is called fidelity")
 | formation           = {{start date and age|1956}}
 | extinction          =
 | dissolved           = 1973
-| type                = [[Far-right politics|Far-right]] [[political movement]]
+| type                = [[Third Position]] [[political movement]]
-| purpose             = [[Traditionalist School|Traditionalism]]
+| purpose             = [[Neo-fascism]]<br>[[Traditionalist School|Traditionalism]]<br>[[Revolutionary nationalism]]<br>[[Corporatism]]<br>[[Organic democracy]]<br>
 | headquarters        = [[Rome]]
 | location            = [[Italy]]
@@ Line 23: / Line 22: @@
 }}
-'''Ordine Nuovo''' ([[Italian language|Italian]] for "New Order"), (full name '''Centro Studi Ordine Nuovo''', "New Order Scholarship Center") was an Italian [[far right]] cultural and extra-parliamentary political and [[paramilitary]] organization founded by [[Pino Rauti]] in 1956. It had been the most important extra-parliamentary far-right organization of the post-war Italian republic.
+'''Ordine Nuovo''' ([[Italian language|Italian]] for "New Order", full name '''Centro Studi Ordine Nuovo''', "New Order Scholarship Center") was an Italian [[far right]] cultural and extra-parliamentary political and [[paramilitary]] organization founded by [[Pino Rauti]] in 1956. It had been the most important extra-parliamentary [[neofascist]] organization of the post-war Italian republic.
 The name is shared by '''Movimento Politico Ordine Nuovo''', a splinter group of Centro Studi Ordine Nuovo.
@@ Line 29: / Line 28: @@
 The organization, considered as an attempt at reforming the [[National Fascist Party|Fascist Party]] (banned by the Constitution), was forcibly dissolved by the Italian government in 1973. Remaining elements of the group formed the [[Ordine Nero]] (''Black Order'') in 1974.
-Members and a leader of Movimento Politico Ordine Nuovo participated in several terrorist attacks. These include the 1969 [[Piazza Fontana bombing]], the 1970 Rome-Messina train attack, a grenade attack at a 1974 anti-fascist rally, and the 1974 [[Italicus Express bombing]].
+Members and a leader of Movimento Politico Ordine Nuovo were involved in several terrorist attacks, such as the 1969 [[Piazza Fontana bombing]].
 ==History==
-Previously, ''[[L'Ordine Nuovo]]'' ("The New Order") had been the name of a radical left-wing paper edited by [[Antonio Gramsci]] in the early 1920s, with Gramsci's followers being nicknamed "ordinovisti". However, later on the term - in [[Italian language|Italian]] and various other languages - was appropriated by [[Fascism|Fascists]] and [[Nazism|Nazis]], its original left-wing predecessors forgotten.
+Previously, ''[[L'Ordine Nuovo]]'' ("The New Order") had been the name of a radical left-wing paper edited by [[Antonio Gramsci]] in the early 1920s, with Gramsci's followers being nicknamed "ordinovisti". However, later on the term—in [[Italian language|Italian]] and various other languages—[[New Order (Nazism)|was appropriated]] by [[Fascism|Fascists]] and [[Nazism|Nazis]], its original left-wing predecessors forgotten.
 The extreme right-wing organization here referred to, whose members were also nicknamed ''ordinovisti'', though being the political opposite of the earlier ones, was born from an internal current and then a schism in the [[Movimento Sociale Italiano]] (MSI). In 1954 [[Arturo Michelini]], a moderate seeking an alliance with the [[Italian Monarchic Party]], and possibly with the [[Christian Democracy]], became general secretary of the MSI. This led to the schism of the most intransigent and spiritualist, [[Julius Evola|Evolian]] current ([[Nazism]] was also a reference), led by [[Pino Rauti]], Lello Graziani and Sergio Baldassini. They refused any compromise that brought the party apart from aristocratic principles. The intransigent and spiritualist Ordine Nuovo was then founded in Rome, but still a part of the MSI.
-The real break with MSI happened at the MSI congress in [[Milan]] in 1956.  Pino Rauti declared that, being disappointed with the moderate drift of the MSI, his movement would abandon the political scene, creating the "Centro Studi Ordine Nuovo", an association dedicated to "political studies and analysis". This wanted to be a literal application of the theses of [[Julius Evola]], that is, an aristocratic refusal of contemporary, [[Materialism|materialist]] [[society]]. Ordine Nuovo, nonetheless, had a capillary and hierarchical organization on the Italian territory, and often behaved more like an extra-parliamentary political organization than a simple "scholarship center".
+The real break with MSI happened at the MSI congress in [[Milan]] in 1956.  Pino Rauti declared that, being disappointed with the moderate drift of the MSI, his movement would abandon the political scene, creating the "Centro Studi Ordine Nuovo", an association dedicated to "political studies and analysis". This wanted to be a literal application of the ideology of [[Julius Evola]], that is, an aristocratic refusal of modern, materialist society. One Ordine Nuovo publication stated, "The work of Ordine Nuovo from 1953 to the present has been nothing but an effort to transfer J. Evola's teachings to the political level."<ref>quoted in Ferraresi, page 97</ref> Evola in turn endorsed the Ordine Nuovo as "the only group that has held fast in its doctrine, without stooping to compromise."<ref>quoted in Ferraresi, page 98</ref> ON's publications valorized the defeated Axis powers and prewar Fascist movements, as well as the [[Organisation armée secrète]] and the militaries of South Africa and [[Rhodesia]], among others.<ref>Ferraresi 94-95</ref> ON rejected all the characteristic institutions of modernity—capitalism, socialism, parliamentary democracy, etc.<ref>Ferraresi 95</ref> It was also strongly anti-Semitic.<ref>Ferraresi 95</ref>
+Ordine Nuovo, nonetheless, had a capillary and hierarchical organization on the Italian territory, and often behaved more like an extra-parliamentary political organization than a simple "scholarship center".
+Ordine Nuovo had around ten thousand members in the mid-1960s.<ref>Ferraresi, Franco. ''Threats to Democracy: the Radical Right in Italy After the War.'' Princeton University Press. 2012. Page 91.</ref>
+Ordine Nuovo had an aboveground existence as a political activist group, but its members also engaged in street-fighting ([[squadrismo]]) and became involved in several coup attempts and terrorist attacks.<ref>Ferraresi 92, 99</ref>
+Ordine Nuovo had links with other neofascist groups outside Italy, including the [[New European Order]]<ref>Ferraresi 100</ref> and [[Jeune Europe]]<ref>Ferraresi 102</ref> It also had links with Italian intelligence agencies ([[SIFAR]] and its successor agency SID), which were a source of funding.<ref>Ferraresi 106</ref>
 == Splinter group ==
 {{Infobox militant organization
 | name             = New Order Political Movement
-| logo             = Labrys-symbol.svg
+| logo             = Labrys-symbol-transparent.svg
 | native_name      = Movimento Politico Ordine Nuovo
 | native_name_lang = Italian
 | other_name       =
 | country          = [[Italy]]
-| leader           = {{ill|Clemente Graziani|it|Clemente Graziani}}{{small|(1959–73)}}<br>[[Pierluigi Concutelli]]
+| leader           = {{ill|Clemente Graziani|it|Clemente Graziani}}{{small|(1959–73)}}
 | foundation       = {{Start date|1969|12|21}}
 | dissolved        = {{End date|1973|11|21}}
@@ Line 55: / Line 62: @@
 | position         = [[Far-right politics|Far-right]]
 | crimes           = {{hlist|[[Right-wing terrorism]]|[[Murder]]|[[Conspiracy (crime)|Conspiracy]]|[[Sedition]]}}
-| attacks          = [[Piazza Fontana bombing]], [[Piazza della Loggia bombing]]
+| attacks          =
+[[Piazza Fontana bombing]],
+[[Peteano bombing]],
+[[Milan police headquarters bombing]],
+[[Piazza della Loggia bombing]]
 | status           = Banned/Inactive
 | flag             = [[File:Flag of Ordine Nuovo.svg|border|100px]]
 }}
-In the 1969, Rauti, along with most of Ordine Nuovo, came back in the MSI party, then led by [[Giorgio Almirante]]. The remaining hardliners founded Movimento Politico Ordine Nuovo ("New Order Political Movement").
+In 1969, Rauti, along with most of Ordine Nuovo, came back to the MSI party, then led by [[Giorgio Almirante]]. The remaining hardliners founded Movimento Politico Ordine Nuovo ("New Order Political Movement").
 The [[motto]] of Ordine Nuovo was ''Il nostro onore si chiama fedeltà'', or "Our honour is named loyalty", also the motto of the [[Waffen SS]] (''Meine Ehre heißt Treue''). The symbol of the organization was a double-head [[axe]].
@@ Line 67: / Line 78: @@
 Several members of Movimento Politico Ordine Nuovo, including one of its leaders, Pierluigi Concutelli,<ref>[http://www.ccsnews.it/dettaglio.asp?id=7286&titolo=UN%20PO%27%20DI%20STORIA%20(...)MPON:%20MOVIMENTO%20POLITICO%20ORDINE%20NUOVO UN PO' DI STORIA (...) MPON: MOVIMENTO POLITICO ORDINE NUOVO]  {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202002331/http://www.ccsnews.it/dettaglio.asp?id=7286&titolo=UN%20PO%27%20DI%20STORIA%20(...)MPON:%20MOVIMENTO%20POLITICO%20ORDINE%20NUOVO |date=February 2, 2009 }}</ref> participated in terrorist attacks.
-==== 1969 Piazza Fontana bombing and 1970 Rome-Messina train attack ====
+==== 1969 Piazza Fontana bombing ====
-On 12 December 1969, people belonging to or sympathizing for Ordine Nuovo [[Piazza Fontana bombing|placed a bomb in Piazza Fontana]] in Milan, killing 16 and wounding 90. This bombing marked the beginning of the "[[strategy of tension]]" in Italy. ''Ordine Nuovo'' member [[Delfo Zorzi]] was among those convicted for the crime on June 20, 2001, together with [[Carlo Maria Maggi]] and Giancarlo Rognoni, but all were later found not guilty in 2004.<ref>[http://www.repubblica.it/2004/c/sezioni/politica/piazzafontana/piazzafontana/piazzafontana.html Repubblica.it/politica: Piazza Fontana, nessun colpevole Assolti in appello gli imputati]</ref>
+On 12 December 1969, unknown individuals [[Piazza Fontana bombing|placed a bomb in Piazza Fontana]] in Milan, killing 16 and wounding 90. This bombing marked the beginning of the "[[strategy of tension]]" in Italy. At various times groups from both left and right have been accused of being behind the attack. ''Ordine Nuovo'' member [[Delfo Zorzi]] was among those convicted for the crime on June 20, 2001, together with Carlo Maria Maggi and Giancarlo Rognoni, but all were later found not guilty in 2004.<ref>[http://www.repubblica.it/2004/c/sezioni/politica/piazzafontana/piazzafontana/piazzafontana.html Repubblica.it/politica: Piazza Fontana, nessun colpevole Assolti in appello gli imputati]</ref>
+== Notable members ==
-In July 1970, members of Ordine Nuovo bombed the Rome-Messina train, killing 6 and wounding 100.
+*[[Pierluigi Concutelli]] (leader of underground armed unit)
+*[[Carlo Cicuttini]] (member)
-==== 1974 Piazza della Loggia bombing in Brescia ====
+*[[Delfo Zorzi]] (member)
-In May 1974 [[Piazza della Loggia bombing|eight activists were killed]] in [[Brescia]] when an [[anti-fascist]] protest was taking place in the municipal square. Due to a bomb placed in a trash bin, 8 people died from the explosion, over a hundred were wounded. On May 19, 2005, the [[Corte di Cassazione]] confirmed the arrest warrant against [[Delfo Zorzi]], a former ''Ordine Nuovo'' member, who was also suspected of being the material perpetrator of the 1969 Piazza Fontana bombing. Alongside Delfo Zorzi, his neo-fascist comrades Carlo Maria Maggi and Maurizio Tramonte, all members of ''Ordine Nuovo'', are also suspected of having organized the Piazza della Loggia bombing in Brescia.
+*[[Pino Rauti]] (founder)
+*[[Vincenzo Vinciguerra]] (member)
-====Italicus Express bombing 1974====
-On 4 August 1974 a [[Ferrovie dello Stato]] [[Italicus Express bombing 1974|train was bombed]] in the early morning hours killing 12 and wounding 48. The following day, Ordine Nero (The new Ordine Nuovo)  claimed responsibility.<ref name="Independent-1990">{{cite journal
- | author      = Charles Richards
- | date        = 1990-12-01
- | title       = Gladio is still opening wounds
- | journal     = Independent
- | pages       = 12
- | url         = http://www.cambridgeclarion.org/press_cuttings/gladio.parliamentary.committee_indep_1dec1990.html
- | format      = PHP
- | access-date  = 2009-08-03
-}}</ref><ref name="Observer-2007">{{cite journal
- | author      = Ed Vulliamy
- | date        = 2007-03-04
- | title       = Blood and glory
- | journal     = The Observer
- | url         = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/mar/04/race.otherparties
- | format      = XHTML
- | access-date  = 2009-08-03
-}}</ref><ref name="Bocca">{{cite book
- | last       = Bocca
- | first      = Giorgio
- | title      = Gli anni del terrorismo
- | language   = it
- | pages      = 291–293
-}}</ref><ref name="Fasanella">{{cite book
- | last       = Fasanella
- | first      = Giovanni
- |author2=Antonella Grippo
- | title      = I Silenzi degli Innocenti
- | year       = 2006
- | publisher  = BUR
- | language   = it
- | page       = 114
-}}</ref><ref name="Moro">{{cite book
- | last       = Moro
- | first      = Maria Fida
- | title      = La Nebulosa del Caso Moro
- | year       = 2004
- | publisher  = Selene
- | location   = Milan, Italy
- | language   = it
-}}</ref>
-In a written statement they said
-<blockquote>We took revenge for Giancarlo Esposti. We wanted to show the nation that we can place a bomb anywhere we want, whenever and however we please. Let us see in autumn; we will drown democracy under a mountain of dead.</blockquote>
-Giancarlo Esposti was killed on 30 May 1974.<ref>
-{{cite web
- |title       = 30 Maggio: Giancarlo Esposti Presente!
- |url         = http://it.novopress.info/?p=4167
- |work        = In memoriam
- |publisher   = Novopress
- |location    = Paris, France
- |language    = it
- |trans-title = 30 May: Giancarlo Esposti Presente!
- |format      = XHTML
- |date        = 2006-05-30
- |access-date  = 2009-08-03
- |url-status     = dead
- |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20140815051446/http://it.novopress.info/?p=4167
- |archive-date = 2014-08-15
-}}<br/>Google translation into English: [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=it&u=http://it.novopress.info/%3Fp%3D4167&ei=ddvQSZTLIsXPjAfCzejaBQ&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=3&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3DGiancarlo%2BEsposti%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG 30 May: Giancarlo Esposti Presente!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011020223533/http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en |date=2001-10-20 }}
-</ref>
 == See also ==
-*[[Carlo Cicuttini]] (member)
-*[[Delfo Zorzi]] (member)
 *[[Franco Freda]] (sympathizer)
 *[[Konstantinos Plevris]] (sympathizer)
+*[[Operation Gladio]]
-*[[Pino Rauti]] (founder)
-*1969 [[Piazza Fontana bombing]]
+*[[Piazza Fontana bombing|1969 Piazza Fontana bombing]]
-*1974 [[Piazza della Loggia bombing]]
+*[[Piazza della Loggia bombing|1974 Piazza della Loggia bombing]]
 *[[Armed, far-right organizations in Italy]]
+*[[Jeune Europe]]
 ==References==
 {{Reflist|2}}
-==External links==
-*[http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x8jlvv_ordine-nuovo_news Anthem of Ordine Nuovo]
 {{Neo-Nazism}}
 {{Authority control}}
@@ Line 160: / Line 105: @@
 [[Category:Defunct organisations designated as terrorist in Italy]]
 [[Category:Factions of the Years of Lead (Italy)]]
-[[Category:Far-right politics in Italy]]
 [[Category:Neo-fascist organisations in Italy]]
 [[Category:Neo-fascist terrorism]]