Wali (administrative title): Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Title in the Muslim world for governors of administrative divisions}} |
{{Short description|Title in the Muslim world for governors of administrative divisions}} |
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{{ |
{{Hatnote|This is an article about an administrative title, meaning governor in [[Arabic language|Arabic]]. For the Islamic religious concept of Wali, see [[Wali]].}} |
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{{ |
{{For|a place in Afghanistan|Shah Wali Kot District}} |
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{{More citations needed|date=February 2018}} |
{{More citations needed|date=February 2018}} |
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[[File:ModernEgypt, Muhammad Ali by Auguste Couder, BAP 17996.jpg|thumb|''[[Muhammad Ali |
[[File:ModernEgypt, Muhammad Ali by Auguste Couder, BAP 17996.jpg|thumb|''[[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Mehemet Ali Viceroy of Egypt]]'', by [[Auguste Couder]], 1841.]] |
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[[File:როსტომ ხანი.gif|thumb|200px|[[Rostom of Kartli|Rostom]] (''Rustam Khan''), [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid]] ''viceroy'' of [[Kingdom of Kartli|Kartli]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].]] |
[[File:როსტომ ხანი.gif|thumb|200px|[[Rostom of Kartli|Rostom]] (''Rustam Khan''), [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid]] ''viceroy'' of [[Kingdom of Kartli|Kartli]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].]] |
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'''''Wāli''''', '''''Wā'lī''''' or '''''vali''''' (from {{ |
'''''Wāli''''', '''''Wā'lī''''' or '''''vali''''' (from {{langx|ar|والي}} ''Wālī'') is an administrative title that was used in the [[Muslim world]] (including the [[Rashidun Caliphate|Rashidun]], [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] and [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] [[caliphate]]s and the [[Ottoman Empire]]) to designate governors of [[administrative division]]s. It is still in use in some countries influenced by Arab or Muslim culture. The division that a ''Wāli'' governs is called ''[[Wilayah]]'', or ''[[Vilayet]]'' (Ottoman Empire). |
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The title currently also refers to the ceremonial head of the [[Bangsamoro]], a Muslim-majority autonomous region of the [[Philippines]]. |
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== Algerian term == |
== Algerian term == |
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In [[Algeria]], a ''wāli'' is the "[[governor]]" and administrative head of each of the [[provinces of Algeria| |
In [[Algeria]], a ''wāli'' is the "[[governor]]" and administrative head of each of the [[provinces of Algeria|58 provinces]] of the country, and is chosen by the [[president of Algeria|president]]. |
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== Iranian term == |
== Iranian term == |
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| ⚫ | In [[Iran]], ''Vāli'' refers to the governor-general or local lord of an important province. During the [[Safavid]] reign 1501-1722 the former rulers of the then subordinated provinces of the Georgian [[Kartli]] and [[Kakheti]] kingdom, the Kurdish emirate of [[Ardalan]], the chiefs of [[Lorestān Province]] and of [[Khuzestan Province]] in western [[Iran]] were regarded as hereditary governor-generals titled ''Vāli'' equal to the [[Beylerbeylik (Safavid Persia)]]. These "lords of the marches" should protect Iran's western borders against foreign powers. During the [[Qajar]] rule 1785-1925 the [[kingdom of Georgia]] was lost to Russia and the hereditary lords were replaced by officials of the central power. Mainly these officials came from the group of imperial princes and royal notables and were made Vāli of important provinces. For example, the [[crown prince]] bore traditionally the title of Vāli of [[Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan (Iran)]]. |
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| ⚫ | In [[Iran]] |
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== Ottoman Empire term == |
== Ottoman Empire term == |
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''''' |
'''''Vali''''' (translated as "gouverneur-général" in French,<ref name=Straussp4143>{{cite book |last=Strauss |first=Johann|url=https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/menalib/download/pdf/2734659?originalFilename=true |year=2010 |chapter=A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the ''Kanun-ı Esasi'' and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages | editor=Herzog, Christoph|editor2=Malek Sharif|title= The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy|publisher=[[Orient-Institut Istanbul]] |publication-place= [[Würzburg]]|pages= 21–51 }} ([http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/urn/urn:nbn:de:gbv:3:5-91645 info page on book] at [[Martin Luther University]]) // Cited: pp. 41–43 (PDF pp. 43–45/338).</ref><!--Note that French is an important language as per [[Languages of the Ottoman Empire]]-->{{#tag:ref|[[Languages of the Ottoman Empire|Some translations in languages used by ethnic minorities]]: |
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* [[Armenian language|Armenian]]: կուսակալ (''kusakal''; meaning "governor")<ref name=Straussp4143/> |
* [[Armenian language|Armenian]]: կուսակալ (''kusakal''; meaning "governor")<ref name=Straussp4143/> |
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*[[Bosnian language|Bosnian]]: the expression is adapted to the local idiom and read "valija" |
*[[Bosnian language|Bosnian]]: the expression is adapted to the local idiom and read "valija" |
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* [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]: The Bulgarian version of the [[Ottoman Constitution of 1876]] had used "vali", with glaven upravitel (meaning "governor-general") as an explanation.<ref name=Straussp48>{{cite book |last=Strauss |first=Johann|url=https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/menalib/download/pdf/2734659?originalFilename=true |year=2010 |chapter=A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the ''Kanun-ı Esasi'' and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages | editor=Herzog, Christoph|editor2=Malek Sharif|title= The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy|publisher=[[Orient-Institut Istanbul]] |publication-place= [[Würzburg]]|pages= 21–51 }} ([http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/urn/urn:nbn:de:gbv:3:5-91645 info page on book] at [[Martin Luther University]]) // |
* [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]: The Bulgarian version of the [[Ottoman Constitution of 1876]] had used "vali", with glaven upravitel (meaning "governor-general") as an explanation.<ref name=Straussp48>{{cite book |last=Strauss |first=Johann|url=https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/menalib/download/pdf/2734659?originalFilename=true |year=2010 |chapter=A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the ''Kanun-ı Esasi'' and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages | editor=Herzog, Christoph|editor2=Malek Sharif|title= The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy|publisher=[[Orient-Institut Istanbul]] |publication-place= [[Würzburg]]|pages= 21–51 }} ([http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/urn/urn:nbn:de:gbv:3:5-91645 info page on book] at [[Martin Luther University]]) // Cited: p. 48 (PDF p. 50/338).</ref> |
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* {{ |
* {{langx|el|γενικός διοικήτης}} (''genikos dioikētēs''), νομάρχης (''nomarchēs'', which may mean "[[nomarch]]" or "prefect of department") or also "valē",<ref name=Straussp4143/> βαλή<!--Found Greek characters for it in the Ottoman Const, inside the parenthenses--><ref name=Straussp45>{{cite book |last=Strauss |first=Johann|url=https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/menalib/download/pdf/2734659?originalFilename=true |year=2010 |chapter=A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the ''Kanun-ı Esasi'' and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages | editor=Herzog, Christoph|editor2=Malek Sharif|title= The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy|publisher=[[Orient-Institut Istanbul]] |publication-place= [[Würzburg]]|pages= 21–51 }} ([http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/urn/urn:nbn:de:gbv:3:5-91645 info page on book] at [[Martin Luther University]]) // Cited: p. 45 (PDF p. 47).</ref> |
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* {{ |
* {{langx|lad|governa<u>d</u>or de provinsiya}}<ref name=Straussp4143/> |
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|group=note}} such as in the [[:wikisource:fr:Constitution ottomane|Ottoman constitution]]) was the title in the Ottoman Empire of the most common type of Ottoman [[governor]], in charge of a |
|group=note}} such as in the [[:wikisource:fr:Constitution ottomane|Ottoman constitution]]) was the title in the Ottoman Empire of the most common type of Ottoman [[governor]], in charge of a ''[[vilayet]]'' (in [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]]), often a military officer such as a [[pasha]]; see [[Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire]]. The form used in some parts of the empire was ''Wali''. |
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== Omani Sultanate term == |
== Omani Sultanate term == |
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The [[Sultanate of Oman]], when it ruled [[Mombasa]], [[Kenya]], appointed a ''wali'' for the city known locally as ''LiWali''. The term is still used today to denote settlements of Oman, such as the ''Wilayat [[Madha]],'' a settlement |
The [[Sultanate of Oman]], when it ruled [[Mombasa]], [[Kenya]], appointed a ''wali'' for the city known locally as ''LiWali''. The term is still used today to denote settlements of Oman, such as the ''Wilayat [[Madha]],'' a settlement that intersects the road between [[Al Madam|Madam]] in [[Emirate of Sharjah|Sharjah]] and [[Hatta, United Arab Emirates|Hatta]] in [[Emirate of Dubai|Dubai]] in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Many Rulers of the [[Trucial States]] (also called Trucial Oman in the past) appointed ''walis'' to look after towns on their behalf, including employing slaves for that purpose. |
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== Moroccan term == |
== Moroccan term == |
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== Pakistani term == |
== Pakistani term == |
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{{main|Wali of Swat}} |
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In [[Pakistan]], the |
In [[Pakistan]], the rulers of the former princely state of [[Swat (princely state)|Swat]] were given the title of ''Wali''. |
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== Philippine term == |
== Philippine term == |
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In the [[Philippines]], the term ''Wa'lī'' is the name for the titular head of [[Bangsamoro|Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao]], an autonomous region in the large southern island of [[Mindanao]]. The ''Wa'lī'' have ceremonial functions and powers such as moral guardianship of the territory and convocation and dissolution of its [[Bangsamoro Parliament|parliament]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kabiling|first1=Genalyn|title=PNoy submits draft Bangsamoro law Entity to have 58 exclusive powers; UN, Canada hail move|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/pnoy-submits-draft-bangsamoro-law/|access-date=2 February 2015|agency=Manila Bulletin|publisher=Manila Bulletin|date=11 September 2014}}</ref> |
In the [[Philippines]], the term ''Wa'lī'' is the name for the titular head of [[Bangsamoro|Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao]], an autonomous region in the large southern island of [[Mindanao]]. The ''Wa'lī'' have ceremonial functions and powers such as moral guardianship of the territory and convocation and dissolution of its [[Bangsamoro Parliament|parliament]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kabiling|first1=Genalyn|title=PNoy submits draft Bangsamoro law Entity to have 58 exclusive powers; UN, Canada hail move|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/pnoy-submits-draft-bangsamoro-law/|access-date=2 February 2015|agency=Manila Bulletin|publisher=Manila Bulletin|date=11 September 2014}}</ref> |
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== Tunisian term == |
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In [[Tunisia]], a ''wāli'' is the "[[governor]]" and administrative head of each of the [[provinces of Tunisia|24 provinces]] of the country, and is chosen by the [[president of Tunisia|president]]. |
In [[Tunisia]], a ''wāli'' is the "[[governor]]" and administrative head of each of the [[provinces of Tunisia|24 provinces]] of the country, and is chosen by the [[president of Tunisia|president]]. |
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== Turkish term == |
== Turkish term == |
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In Turkey a Vali is a provincial governor of one of the 81 [[Provinces of Turkey|Turkish provinces]]. He is nominated by the interior minister and appointed by the president. A Vali supervises the functioning of the state functions such as security and maintenance and oversees also the elected provincial and municipal councils. During the [[OHAL]] State of emergency from 1987 to 2002, there existed a so called Super Vali who oversaw the Valis of up to 13 provinces in southeast Anatolia.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds|url=https://archive.org/details/settlementissuet00jong_169|url-access=limited|last=Jongerden|first=Joost|publisher=Brill|year=2007|isbn=978-90-47-42011-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/settlementissuet00jong_169/page/n167 138] |
In Turkey a Vali is a provincial governor of one of the 81 [[Provinces of Turkey|Turkish provinces]]. He is nominated by the interior minister and appointed by the president. A Vali supervises the functioning of the state functions such as security and maintenance and oversees also the elected provincial and municipal councils. During the [[OHAL]] State of emergency from 1987 to 2002, there existed a so called Super Vali who oversaw the Valis of up to 13 provinces in southeast Anatolia.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds|url=https://archive.org/details/settlementissuet00jong_169|url-access=limited|last=Jongerden|first=Joost|publisher=Brill|year=2007|isbn=978-90-47-42011-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/settlementissuet00jong_169/page/n167 138]–141}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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{{s-start}} |
{{s-start}} |
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{{s-reg}} |
{{s-reg}} |
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{{s-aft|after=[[Khedive]]}} |
{{s-aft|after=[[Khedive]]}} |
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{{s-end}} |
{{s-end}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Wali}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wali}} |
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[[Category:Arabic words and phrases]] |
[[Category:Arabic words and phrases]] |
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[[Category:Gubernatorial titles]] |
[[Category:Gubernatorial titles]] |
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[[Category:Civil servants |
[[Category:Civil servants from the Ottoman Empire]] |
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[[Category:Egyptian royal titles]] |
[[Category:Egyptian royal titles]] |
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[[Category:Ottoman titles]] |
[[Category:Ottoman titles]] |
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[[Category:Titles in Bangladesh]] |
[[Category:Titles in Bangladesh]] |
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[[Category:Titles in Pakistan]] |
[[Category:Titles in Pakistan]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Culture of Algeria]] |
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[[Category:Titles in Iran]] |
[[Category:Titles in Iran]] |
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[[Category:Turkish titles]] |
[[Category:Turkish titles]] |
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Latest revision as of 09:52, 22 October 2024
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2018) |
Wāli, Wā'lī or vali (from Arabic: والي Wālī) is an administrative title that was used in the Muslim world (including the Rashidun, Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates and the Ottoman Empire) to designate governors of administrative divisions. It is still in use in some countries influenced by Arab or Muslim culture. The division that a Wāli governs is called Wilayah, or Vilayet (Ottoman Empire).
Algerian term
[edit]In Algeria, a wāli is the "governor" and administrative head of each of the 58 provinces of the country, and is chosen by the president.
Iranian term
[edit]In Iran, Vāli refers to the governor-general or local lord of an important province. During the Safavid reign 1501-1722 the former rulers of the then subordinated provinces of the Georgian Kartli and Kakheti kingdom, the Kurdish emirate of Ardalan, the chiefs of Lorestān Province and of Khuzestan Province in western Iran were regarded as hereditary governor-generals titled Vāli equal to the Beylerbeylik (Safavid Persia). These "lords of the marches" should protect Iran's western borders against foreign powers. During the Qajar rule 1785-1925 the kingdom of Georgia was lost to Russia and the hereditary lords were replaced by officials of the central power. Mainly these officials came from the group of imperial princes and royal notables and were made Vāli of important provinces. For example, the crown prince bore traditionally the title of Vāli of Azerbaijan (Iran).
Ottoman Empire term
[edit]Vali (translated as "gouverneur-général" in French,[1][note 1] such as in the Ottoman constitution) was the title in the Ottoman Empire of the most common type of Ottoman governor, in charge of a vilayet (in Ottoman Turkish), often a military officer such as a pasha; see Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire. The form used in some parts of the empire was Wali.
Omani Sultanate term
[edit]The Sultanate of Oman, when it ruled Mombasa, Kenya, appointed a wali for the city known locally as LiWali. The term is still used today to denote settlements of Oman, such as the Wilayat Madha, a settlement that intersects the road between Madam in Sharjah and Hatta in Dubai in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Many Rulers of the Trucial States (also called Trucial Oman in the past) appointed walis to look after towns on their behalf, including employing slaves for that purpose.
Moroccan term
[edit]Since 1997 regionalisation reform, a Wāli is the governor of one of the twelve regions of Morocco.
Pakistani term
[edit]In Pakistan, the rulers of the former princely state of Swat were given the title of Wali.
Philippine term
[edit]In the Philippines, the term Wa'lī is the name for the titular head of Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, an autonomous region in the large southern island of Mindanao. The Wa'lī have ceremonial functions and powers such as moral guardianship of the territory and convocation and dissolution of its parliament.[4]
Tunisian term
[edit]In Tunisia, a wāli is the "governor" and administrative head of each of the 24 provinces of the country, and is chosen by the president.
Turkish term
[edit]In Turkey a Vali is a provincial governor of one of the 81 Turkish provinces. He is nominated by the interior minister and appointed by the president. A Vali supervises the functioning of the state functions such as security and maintenance and oversees also the elected provincial and municipal councils. During the OHAL State of emergency from 1987 to 2002, there existed a so called Super Vali who oversaw the Valis of up to 13 provinces in southeast Anatolia.[5]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Some translations in languages used by ethnic minorities:
- Armenian: կուսակալ (kusakal; meaning "governor")[1]
- Bosnian: the expression is adapted to the local idiom and read "valija"
- Bulgarian: The Bulgarian version of the Ottoman Constitution of 1876 had used "vali", with glaven upravitel (meaning "governor-general") as an explanation.[2]
- Greek: γενικός διοικήτης (genikos dioikētēs), νομάρχης (nomarchēs, which may mean "nomarch" or "prefect of department") or also "valē",[1] βαλή[3]
- Ladino: governador de provinsiya[1]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Strauss, Johann (2010). "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the Kanun-ı Esasi and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages". In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.). The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy. Würzburg: Orient-Institut Istanbul. pp. 21–51. (info page on book at Martin Luther University) // Cited: pp. 41–43 (PDF pp. 43–45/338).
- ^ Strauss, Johann (2010). "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the Kanun-ı Esasi and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages". In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.). The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy. Würzburg: Orient-Institut Istanbul. pp. 21–51. (info page on book at Martin Luther University) // Cited: p. 48 (PDF p. 50/338).
- ^ Strauss, Johann (2010). "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the Kanun-ı Esasi and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages". In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.). The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy. Würzburg: Orient-Institut Istanbul. pp. 21–51. (info page on book at Martin Luther University) // Cited: p. 45 (PDF p. 47).
- ^ Kabiling, Genalyn (11 September 2014). "PNoy submits draft Bangsamoro law Entity to have 58 exclusive powers; UN, Canada hail move". Manila Bulletin. Manila Bulletin. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
- ^ Jongerden, Joost (2007). The Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds. Brill. pp. 138–141. ISBN 978-90-47-42011-8.
