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|type=[[Abjad]]
|type=[[Abjad]]
|typedesc=
|typedesc=
|language=[[Ottoman Turkish]]
|language=Turkic
|phonemes={{IPAblink|ŋ}}
|phonemes={{IPAblink|ŋ}}
|unicode= U+0763, U+06AD
|unicode= U+0763, U+06AD
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|fam4=[[File:kaph.svg|20px|𐡊]]
|fam4=[[File:kaph.svg|20px|𐡊]]
|fam5=[[File:11 kaf.svg|200x30px|]]
|fam5=[[File:11 kaf.svg|200x30px|]]
|fam6={{Script|Arab|كـ ك}}
|fam6={{Script|Arab|ک ك}}
|usageperiod=
|usageperiod=
|children=
|children=
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{{Arabic alphabet}}
{{Arabic alphabet}}


'''Ng''' or '''Naf''' ({{script/Arabic|[[:wiktionary:ݣ|ݣ]]}} or {{script/Arabic|[[:wiktionary:ڭ|ڭ]]}}) is an additional letter of the [[Arabic script]], derived from [[kāf]] ({{script/Arabic|ك ک}}) with the addition of three [[dot (diacritic)|dots]] above the letter. The letter was used in [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]] to represent a velar {{IPAslink|ŋ}} and is still used for {{IPAslink|ŋ}} when writing [[Turkic languages]].
'''Ng''' or '''Naf''' ({{script/Arabic|[[:wiktionary:ݣ|ݣ]]}} or {{script/Arabic|[[:wiktionary:ڭ|ڭ]]}}) is an additional letter of the [[Arabic script]], derived from [[kāf]] ({{script/Arabic|ك ک}}) with the addition of three [[dot (diacritic)|dots]] above the letter. The letter is used in [[Ottoman Turkish language|Uyghur]] to represent a velar {{IPAslink|ŋ}} and is still used for {{IPAslink|ŋ}} when writing other [[Turkic languages]], including the obsolete [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]].
{{Arabic alphabet shapes|ݣ}}
{{Arabic alphabet shapes|ݣ}}
{{Arabic alphabet shapes|ڭ}}
{{Arabic alphabet shapes|ڭ}}


== Usage ==
== Usage ==
In [[Ottoman Turkish]], it represented the velar {{IPAslink|ŋ}}. An example is the word {{transl|ota|däŋiz}} ({{lang|ota|دݣز}}, 'sea'). The letter is used or has been used to write {{IPAslink|ŋ}} in:
In [[Ottoman Turkish|Uyghur]], it represented the velar {{IPAslink|ŋ}}. An example is the word {{lang|ug|دېڭىز}} ({{IPA-all|deŋiz}}, 'sea'). The letter is used or has been used to write {{IPAslink|ŋ}} in:
*[[Chagatai language|Chagatai]]
*[[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]
*[[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]
*[[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]
*[[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]
*[[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]
*[[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] (obsolete in Iran)
*[[Uyghur language|Uyghur]]
*[[Chagatai language|Chagatai]]
*[[Ottoman Turkish]]; e.g. {{transl|ota|däŋiz}} ({{lang|ota|دݣز}}, 'sea'), deniz in Modern Turkish.


It is also used in [[Moroccan Arabic]] for {{IPAslink|ɡ}}, it also appears in old Persian manuscripts for {{IPAslink|ɡ}} instead of the common variant {{script/Arabic|گ}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Orsatti |first=Paola |date=2019 |title=Persian Language in Arabic Script: The Formation of the Orthographic Standard and the Different Graphic Traditions of Iran in the First Centuries of the Islamic Era |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332517913 |journal=Creating Standards (Book)}}</ref>
It is also used in [[Moroccan Arabic]] for {{IPAslink|ɡ}}.


The [[Xiao'erjing]] script variant {{script/Arabic|ݣ}} is used to spell {{IPAslink|ŋ}} in [[Sinitic languages]] such as [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] (especially the [[Lanyin Mandarin|Lanyin]], [[Zhongyuan Mandarin|Zhongyuan]] and [[Northeastern Mandarin|Northeastern]] dialects) and the [[Dungan language]].
The [[Xiao'erjing]] script variant {{script/Arabic|ݣ}} is used to spell {{IPAslink|ŋ}} in [[Sinitic languages]] such as [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] (especially the [[Lanyin Mandarin|Lanyin]], [[Zhongyuan Mandarin|Zhongyuan]] and [[Northeastern Mandarin|Northeastern]] dialects) and the [[Dungan language]].
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This letter is also derived from {{transl|ar|ALA|ghayn}}. Called {{Transliteration|wo|ngōn}} ({{IPA-all|ŋɔːn}}), it is used in the [[Wolofal alphabet]] to represent {{IPAslink|ŋ}} in the [[Wolof language]].<ref name=proposal>{{cite web |first1=Lorna A |last1=Priest |first2=Martin |last2=Hosken |author3=SIL International |author3-link=SIL International |title=''Proposal to add Arabic script characters for African and Asian languages'' |date=12 August 2010 |url=http://www.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3882.pdf |pages=13–18, 34–37}}</ref><ref name=Currah>Currah, Galien (26 August 2015) ''ORTHOGRAPHE WOLOFAL''. [http://currah.download/pages/ajamisenegal/orthographe_wolofal_harmattan_26-aout-2015_a4.pdf Link] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20230512170510/http://currah.download/pages/ajamisenegal/orthographe_wolofal_harmattan_26-aout-2015_a4.pdf Archive])</ref> Two variants of ''kāf'' were also used: {{script/Arabic|ڭ}} as in Turkic, and {{script/Arabic|ݤ‎}} below.
This letter is also derived from {{transl|ar|ALA|ghayn}}. Called {{Transliteration|wo|ngōn}} ({{IPA-all|ŋɔːn}}), it is used in the [[Wolofal alphabet]] to represent {{IPAslink|ŋ}} in the [[Wolof language]].<ref name=proposal>{{cite web |first1=Lorna A |last1=Priest |first2=Martin |last2=Hosken |author3=SIL International |author3-link=SIL International |title=''Proposal to add Arabic script characters for African and Asian languages'' |date=12 August 2010 |url=http://www.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3882.pdf |pages=13–18, 34–37}}</ref><ref name=Currah>Currah, Galien (26 August 2015) ''ORTHOGRAPHE WOLOFAL''. [http://currah.download/pages/ajamisenegal/orthographe_wolofal_harmattan_26-aout-2015_a4.pdf Link] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20230512170510/http://currah.download/pages/ajamisenegal/orthographe_wolofal_harmattan_26-aout-2015_a4.pdf Archive])</ref> Two variants of ''kāf'' were also used: {{script/Arabic|ڭ}} as in Turkic, and {{script/Arabic|ݤ‎}} below.
{{Arabic alphabet shapes|ݤ}}
{{Arabic alphabet shapes|ݤ}}

=== Sindhi ''ngāf'' ===
{{Arabic alphabet shapes|ڱ‎‎}}
Derived from the Perso-Arabic {{transl|fa|gāf}} ({{lang|fa|[[گ]]}}) and called {{transl|sd|ngāf}} {{IPA-sd|ŋäːf|}}, is used in [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] for {{IPAslink|ŋ}} when written in the Arabic script.


=== Tamil ''nga'' ===
=== Tamil ''nga'' ===
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* [[Ghayn]]
* [[Ghayn]]
* [[Gaf]]
* [[Gaf]]
* [[Ayin]]
* [[Gueh]], used in Sindhi and Saraiki
* [[Gueh]], used in Sindhi and Saraiki



==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 12:43, 23 October 2024

"ݣ" redirects here. For the other letter this could refer to, see Gaf § Kaf with three dots.
Ng
ڭ‎ ݣ‎
Usage
Writing systemArabic script
TypeAbjad
Language of originTurkic
Sound values[ŋ]
In UnicodeU+0763, U+06AD
History
Development
D46
  • Khof
    • 𐤊
      • 𐡊
          • ک ك‎
            • ڭ‎ ݣ‎
Sisters
Other
Writing directionRight-to-left
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
Arabic alphabet
Arabic script

Ng or Naf (ݣ‎ or ڭ‎) is an additional letter of the Arabic script, derived from kāf (ك ک‎) with the addition of three dots above the letter. The letter is used in Uyghur to represent a velar /ŋ/ and is still used for /ŋ/ when writing other Turkic languages, including the obsolete Ottoman Turkish.

Position in word Isolated Final Medial Initial
Glyph form:
(Help) 		ݣ‎ ـݣ‎ ـݣـ‎ ݣـ‎
Position in word Isolated Final Medial Initial
Glyph form:
(Help) 		ڭ‎ ـڭ‎ ـڭـ‎ ڭـ‎

Usage

[edit]

In Uyghur, it represented the velar /ŋ/. An example is the word دېڭىز (IPA: [deŋiz], 'sea'). The letter is used or has been used to write /ŋ/ in:

It is also used in Moroccan Arabic for /ɡ/, it also appears in old Persian manuscripts for /ɡ/ instead of the common variant گ‎.[1]

The Xiao'erjing script variant ݣ‎ is used to spell /ŋ/ in Sinitic languages such as Mandarin (especially the Lanyin, Zhongyuan and Northeastern dialects) and the Dungan language.

Other characters used to represent /ŋ/

[edit]

Southeast Asian nga

[edit]
Position in word Isolated Final Medial Initial
Glyph form:
(Help) 		ڠ‎ ـڠ‎ ـڠـ‎ ڠـ‎

This letter, derived from ghayn (غ‎), is used to represent /ŋ/ in:

Wolof ngōn

[edit]
Position in word Isolated Final Medial Initial
Glyph form:
(Help) 		ݝ‎ ـݝ‎ ـݝـ‎ ݝـ‎

This letter is also derived from ghayn. Called ngōn (IPA: [ŋɔːn]), it is used in the Wolofal alphabet to represent /ŋ/ in the Wolof language.[3][4] Two variants of kāf were also used: ڭ‎ as in Turkic, and ݤ‎‎ below.

Position in word Isolated Final Medial Initial
Glyph form:
(Help) 		ݤ‎ ـݤ‎ ـݤـ‎ ݤـ‎

Sindhi ngāf

[edit]
Position in word Isolated Final Medial Initial
Glyph form:
(Help) 		ڱ‎‎‎ ـڱ‎‎‎ ـڱ‎‎ـ‎ ڱ‎‎ـ‎

Derived from the Perso-Arabic gāf (گ) and called ngāf [ŋäːf], is used in Sindhi for /ŋ/ when written in the Arabic script.

Tamil nga

[edit]
Position in word Isolated Final Medial Initial
Glyph form:
(Help) 		ࢳ‎ ـࢳ‎ ـࢳـ‎ ࢳـ‎

This letter is also derived from ghayn, with three dots inside the descender, to represent /ŋ/ in the Arwi script used for Tamil.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Orsatti, Paola (2019). "Persian Language in Arabic Script: The Formation of the Orthographic Standard and the Different Graphic Traditions of Iran in the First Centuries of the Islamic Era". Creating Standards (Book).
  2. ^ Daftar Kata Bahasa Melayu Rumi-Sebutan-Jawi, Dewan Bahasa Pustaka, 5th printing, 2006.
  3. ^ Priest, Lorna A; Hosken, Martin; SIL International (12 August 2010). "Proposal to add Arabic script characters for African and Asian languages" (PDF). pp. 13–18, 34–37.
  4. ^ Currah, Galien (26 August 2015) ORTHOGRAPHE WOLOFAL. Link (Archive)
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