Ng (Arabic letter): Difference between revisions

Ng
Ng
ڭ‎ ݣ‎
Usage
Writing system	Arabic script
Type	Abjad
Language of origin	Turkic
Sound values	[ŋ]
In Unicode	U+0763, U+06AD
History
Development	ک ك‎ ڭ‎ ݣ‎; ; ; ; ; ;
Sisters	ګ; ڬ; ڮ; گ; ݢ; ࢴ; ;
Other
Writing direction	Right-to-left
	This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

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Ng or Naf (ݣ‎ or ڭ‎) is an additional letter of the Arabic script, derived from kāf (ك ک‎) with the addition of three dots above the letter. The letter is used in Uyghur to represent a velar /ŋ/ and is still used for /ŋ/ when writing other Turkic languages, including the obsolete Ottoman Turkish.

Position in word	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
Glyph form: (Help)	ݣ‎	ـݣ‎	ـݣـ‎	ݣـ‎

Position in word	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
Glyph form: (Help)	ڭ‎	ـڭ‎	ـڭـ‎	ڭـ‎

Usage

In Uyghur, it represented the velar /ŋ/. An example is the word دېڭىز (IPA: [deŋiz], 'sea'). The letter is used or has been used to write /ŋ/ in:

Kazakh
Kyrgyz
Azerbaijani (obsolete in Iran)
Chagatai
Ottoman Turkish; e.g. däŋiz (دݣز, 'sea'), deniz in Modern Turkish.

It is also used in Moroccan Arabic for /ɡ/, it also appears in old Persian manuscripts for /ɡ/ instead of the common variant گ‎.^[1]

The Xiao'erjing script variant ݣ‎ is used to spell /ŋ/ in Sinitic languages such as Mandarin (especially the Lanyin, Zhongyuan and Northeastern dialects) and the Dungan language.

Other characters used to represent /ŋ/

Southeast Asian nga

Position in word	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
Glyph form: (Help)	ڠ‎	ـڠ‎	ـڠـ‎	ڠـ‎

This letter, derived from ghayn (غ‎), is used to represent /ŋ/ in:

the Jawi script,^[2] for
- Acehnese
- Banjarese
- Kerinci
- Maguindanaon
- Malay
- Minangkabau
- Tausūg
- Ternate
the Pegon script, for
- Javanese
- Sundanese
Arabic Afrikaans, for Afrikaans historically, called ngīn (IPA: [ŋiːn])

Wolof ngōn

Position in word	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
Glyph form: (Help)	ݝ‎	ـݝ‎	ـݝـ‎	ݝـ‎

This letter is also derived from ghayn. Called ngōn (IPA: [ŋɔːn]), it is used in the Wolofal alphabet to represent /ŋ/ in the Wolof language.^[3]^[4] Two variants of kāf were also used: ڭ‎ as in Turkic, and ݤ‎‎ below.

Position in word	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
Glyph form: (Help)	ݤ‎	ـݤ‎	ـݤـ‎	ݤـ‎

Sindhi ngāf

Position in word	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
Glyph form: (Help)	ڱ‎‎‎	ـڱ‎‎‎	ـڱ‎‎ـ‎	ڱ‎‎ـ‎

Derived from the Perso-Arabic gāf (گ) and called ngāf [ŋäːf], is used in Sindhi for /ŋ/ when written in the Arabic script.

Tamil nga

Position in word	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
Glyph form: (Help)	ࢳ‎	ـࢳ‎	ـࢳـ‎	ࢳـ‎

This letter is also derived from ghayn, with three dots inside the descender, to represent /ŋ/ in the Arwi script used for Tamil.

References

^ Orsatti, Paola (2019). "Persian Language in Arabic Script: The Formation of the Orthographic Standard and the Different Graphic Traditions of Iran in the First Centuries of the Islamic Era". Creating Standards (Book).
^ Daftar Kata Bahasa Melayu Rumi-Sebutan-Jawi, Dewan Bahasa Pustaka, 5th printing, 2006.
^ Priest, Lorna A; Hosken, Martin; SIL International (12 August 2010). "Proposal to add Arabic script characters for African and Asian languages" (PDF). pp. 13–18, 34–37.
^ Currah, Galien (26 August 2015) ORTHOGRAPHE WOLOFAL. Link (Archive)

[1] Orsatti, Paola (2019). "Persian Language in Arabic Script: The Formation of the Orthographic Standard and the Different Graphic Traditions of Iran in the First Centuries of the Islamic Era". Creating Standards (Book).

[2] Daftar Kata Bahasa Melayu Rumi-Sebutan-Jawi, Dewan Bahasa Pustaka, 5th printing, 2006.

[proposal-3] Priest, Lorna A; Hosken, Martin; SIL International (12 August 2010). "Proposal to add Arabic script characters for African and Asian languages" (PDF). pp. 13–18, 34–37.

[Currah-4] Currah, Galien (26 August 2015) ORTHOGRAPHE WOLOFAL. Link (Archive)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{redirect|ݣ|the other letter this could refer to|Gaf#Kaf with three dots}}
-{{Unreferenced|auto=yes|date=December 2009}}
+{{More references|date=December 2009}}
+{{Infobox grapheme
+|name= Ng
+|letter= {{Script/Arabic|ڭ}} {{Script/Arabic|ݣ}}
+|variations=
+|image=
+|imagesize=200
+|imagealt=
+|script=[[Arabic script]]
+|type=[[Abjad]]
+|typedesc=
+|language=Turkic
+|phonemes={{IPAblink|ŋ}}
+|unicode= U+0763, U+06AD
+|alphanumber=
+|number=
+|fam1=<hiero>D46</hiero>
+|fam2=[[File:Proto-semiticK-01.svg|20px|Khof]]
+|fam3=[[File:phoenician kaph.svg|20px|𐤊]]
+|fam4=[[File:kaph.svg|20px|𐡊]]
+|fam5=[[File:11 kaf.svg|200x30px|]]
+|fam6={{Script|Arab|ک ك}}
+|usageperiod=
+|children=
+|sisters={{grid list|
+* [[ګ]]
+* [[ڬ]]
+* [[ڮ]]
+* [[گ]]
+* [[ݢ]]
+* [[ࢴ]]
+}}
+|equivalents=
+|associates=
+|direction=Right-to-left
+}}
 {{Arabic alphabet}}
-'''<big>{{script/Arabic|ڭ}}</big>''' ('''Ng''' or '''Naf''') is an additional letter of the [[Arabic script]], derived from [[kāf]] (<big>{{script/Arabic|ك}}</big>) with the addition of three [[dot (diacritic)|dots]] above the letter. It is not used in the [[Arabic language]] itself, but is used to represent a velar {{IPAslink|ŋ}} when writing [[Turkic languages]].
-In [[Ottoman Turkish alphabet|Ottoman Turkish]], it represented the velar {{IPAslink|ŋ}}. An example is the word '''بوڭار‎''' (būŋār, “fountain, spring; wellhead”), compare '''pınar''' in modern [[Turkish language|Turkish]], and '''bunar''' in [[Bosnian Language|Bosnian]], [[Croatian language|Croatian]], [[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]], and [[Serbian language|Serbian]].
-Its initial and medial forms are identical to <big>{{script/Arabic|[[ݣ]]}}</big>, which represents {{IPAslink|ɡ}} in some languages. However, their final and isolated forms are different.
+'''Ng''' or '''Naf''' ({{script/Arabic|[[:wiktionary:ݣ|ݣ]]}} or {{script/Arabic|[[:wiktionary:ڭ|ڭ]]}}) is an additional letter of the [[Arabic script]], derived from [[kāf]] ({{script/Arabic|ك ک}}) with the addition of three [[dot (diacritic)|dots]] above the letter. The letter is used in [[Ottoman Turkish language|Uyghur]] to represent a velar {{IPAslink|ŋ}} and is still used for {{IPAslink|ŋ}} when writing other [[Turkic languages]], including the obsolete [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]].
+{{Arabic alphabet shapes|ݣ}}
 {{Arabic alphabet shapes|ڭ}}
-==Languages==
+== Usage ==
-The letter is used or has been used to write:
+In [[Ottoman Turkish|Uyghur]], it represented the velar {{IPAslink|ŋ}}. An example is the word {{lang|ug|دېڭىز}} ({{IPA-all|deŋiz}}, 'sea'). The letter is used or has been used to write {{IPAslink|ŋ}} in:
-*[[Chagatai language|Chagatai]]
 *[[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]
-*[[Kirghiz language|Kirghiz]]
+*[[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]
-*[[Azerbaijani language|Old Azeri]]
+*[[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] (obsolete in Iran)
-*[[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]]
+*[[Chagatai language|Chagatai]]
+*[[Ottoman Turkish]]; e.g. {{transl|ota|däŋiz}} ({{lang|ota|دݣز}}, 'sea'), deniz in Modern Turkish.
-*[[Uyghur language|Uyghur]]
+It is also used in [[Moroccan Arabic]] for {{IPAslink|ɡ}}, it also appears in old Persian manuscripts for {{IPAslink|ɡ}} instead of the common variant {{script/Arabic|گ}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Orsatti |first=Paola |date=2019 |title=Persian Language in Arabic Script: The Formation of the Orthographic Standard and the Different Graphic Traditions of Iran in the First Centuries of the Islamic Era |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332517913 |journal=Creating Standards (Book)}}</ref>
-==See also==
-* [[Gaf]]
+The [[Xiao'erjing]] script variant {{script/Arabic|ݣ}} is used to spell {{IPAslink|ŋ}} in [[Sinitic languages]] such as [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] (especially the [[Lanyin Mandarin|Lanyin]], [[Zhongyuan Mandarin|Zhongyuan]] and [[Northeastern Mandarin|Northeastern]] dialects) and the [[Dungan language]].
+== Other characters used to represent {{IPA|/ŋ/}} ==
+=== Southeast Asian ''nga'' ===
+{{Arabic alphabet shapes|ڠ}}
+This letter, derived from {{transl|ar|ALA|[[ghayn]]}} ({{script/Arabic|غ}}), is used to represent {{IPAslink|ŋ}} in:
+* the [[Jawi script]],<ref>Daftar Kata Bahasa Melayu Rumi-Sebutan-Jawi, Dewan Bahasa Pustaka,
+th printing, 2006.</ref> for
+**[[Acehnese language|Acehnese]]
+**[[Banjar language|Banjarese]]
+**[[Kerinci language|Kerinci]]
+**[[Maguindanao language|Maguindanaon]]
+**[[Malay language|Malay]]
+**[[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]]
+**[[Tausug language|Tausūg]]
+**[[Ternate language|Ternate]]
+* the [[Pegon script]], for
+**[[Javanese language|Javanese]]
+**[[Sundanese language|Sundanese]]
+* [[Arabic Afrikaans]], for [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]] historically, called ''ngīn'' ({{IPA-all|ŋiːn}})
+=== Wolof ''ngōn'' ===
+{{Arabic alphabet shapes|ݝ}}
+This letter is also derived from {{transl|ar|ALA|ghayn}}. Called {{Transliteration|wo|ngōn}} ({{IPA-all|ŋɔːn}}), it is used in the [[Wolofal alphabet]] to represent {{IPAslink|ŋ}} in the [[Wolof language]].<ref name=proposal>{{cite web |first1=Lorna A |last1=Priest |first2=Martin |last2=Hosken |author3=SIL International |author3-link=SIL International |title=''Proposal to add Arabic script characters for African and Asian languages'' |date=12 August 2010 |url=http://www.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3882.pdf |pages=13–18, 34–37}}</ref><ref name=Currah>Currah, Galien (26 August 2015) ''ORTHOGRAPHE WOLOFAL''. [http://currah.download/pages/ajamisenegal/orthographe_wolofal_harmattan_26-aout-2015_a4.pdf Link] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20230512170510/http://currah.download/pages/ajamisenegal/orthographe_wolofal_harmattan_26-aout-2015_a4.pdf Archive])</ref> Two variants of ''kāf'' were also used: {{script/Arabic|ڭ}} as in Turkic, and {{script/Arabic|ݤ‎}} below.
+{{Arabic alphabet shapes|ݤ}}
+=== Sindhi ''ngāf'' ===
+{{Arabic alphabet shapes|ڱ‎‎}}
+Derived from the Perso-Arabic {{transl|fa|gāf}} ({{lang|fa|[[گ]]}}) and called {{transl|sd|ngāf}} {{IPA-sd|ŋäːf|}}, is used in [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] for {{IPAslink|ŋ}} when written in the Arabic script.
+=== Tamil ''nga'' ===
+{{Arabic alphabet shapes|ࢳ}}
+This letter is also derived from {{transl|ar|ALA|ghayn}}, with three dots inside the descender, to represent {{IPAslink|ŋ}} in the [[Arwi]] script used for [[Tamil language|Tamil]].
+==See also==
+* [[Kāf]]
+* [[Ghayn]]
+* [[Gaf]]
+* [[Ayin]]
+* [[Gueh]], used in Sindhi and Saraiki
+==References==
+{{Reflist}}
-[[Category:Arabic alphabet]]
+[[Category:Arabic script]]