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{{Short description|Combined military forces of Qatar}}
{{Short description|Combined military forces of Qatar}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=May 2024}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2009}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2009}}
}}

{{Infobox national military
{{Infobox national military
| name = Qatar Armed Forces
| name = Qatar Armed Forces
| native_name = {{lang|ar|القوات المسلحة القطرية|italic=no}}
| native_name = {{lang|ar|القوات المسلحة القطرية|italic=no}}
| image = [[File:Seal_of_the_Qatar_Armed_Forces_General_Command.png|centre|170px]]
| image = [[File:Seal_of_the_Qatar_Armed_Forces_General_Command.png|centre|170px]]
| alt =
| alt =
| caption =
| caption =
| image2 =
| image2 =
| alt2 =
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| caption2 =
| motto =
⚫
| founded = 1971
| motto =
| current_form =
⚫
| founded = 1922
| current_form =
| disbanded =
⚫
| branches = {{army|Qatar}}<br />{{navy|Qatar}}<br />{{air force|Qatar}}<br>{{Flagicon image|Flag of Qatar.svg|size=24px}} [[Qatar Amiri Guard]]
| disbanded =
⚫
| headquarters = [[Doha]]
⚫
| branches = {{army|Qatar}}<br />{{navy|Qatar}}<br />{{air force|Qatar}}
⚫
| flying_hours =
⚫
| headquarters = [[Doha]]
⚫
| website = <!--{{URL|example.mil}}-->
⚫
| flying_hours =
⚫
<!-- Leadership -->| commander-in-chief = Sheikh [[Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani]]
⚫
| website = <!--{{URL|example.mil}}-->
<!-- Leadership -->
⚫
| commander-in-chief = Sheikh [[Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani]]
| commander-in-chief_title = [[Emir of Qatar|Commander-in-chief]]
| commander-in-chief_title = [[Emir of Qatar|Commander-in-chief]]
| chief minister = [[Khalid bin Khalifa bin Abdul Azi Al Thani]]
| chief minister = [[Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani]]
| chief minister_title = [[List of prime ministers of Qatar|Prime minister]]
| chief minister_title = [[List of prime ministers of Qatar|Prime minister]]
| minister = Dr. [[Khalid bin Mohammad Al Attiyah]]
| minister = Dr. [[Khalid bin Mohammad Al Attiyah]]
| minister_title = Minister of State for Defence Affairs
| minister_title = Minister of State for Defence Affairs
| chief_of_staff = Lieutenant General [[Salem bin Hamad bin Mohammed bin Aqeel Al Nabit]]
| chief_of_staff = Lieutenant General [[Salem bin Hamad bin Mohammed bin Aqeel Al Nabit]]
| chief_of_staff_title =
| chief_of_staff_title =
| notable_commanders = [[Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani]]
| notable_commanders = [[Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani]]
| age = 18 years of age
| age = 18 years of age
| conscription =
| conscription =
| manpower_data = 2010 est.
| manpower_data = 2010 est.
| manpower_age = 15–49
| manpower_age = 15–49
| available = 389,487
| available = 389,487
| available_f = 210,00
| available_f = 210,00
| fit = 321,974
| fit = 321,974
| fit_f = 140,176
| fit_f = 140,176
| reaching = 96,429
| reaching = 96,429
| reaching_f = 75,162
| reaching_f = 75,162
| active = 66,550<ref name="The Military Balance 2020">{{cite book|author=International Institute for Strategic Studies|author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies|title=The Military Balance 2020|publisher=Routledge|year=2020|page=371}}</ref>
| active = 26,550<ref name="The Military Balance 2020">{{cite book|author=International Institute for Strategic Studies|author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies|title=The Military Balance 2020|publisher=Routledge|year=2020|page=371}}</ref>
*Army 42,500
*Army 12,500
*Navy 4,500
*Navy 4,500
*Air Force 5,000
*Air Force 5,000
*Air Defense 2,650
*Air Defense 2,650
*Special Forces 1,900
*Special Forces 1,900
⚫
| ranked =
*ISF 9,000
| reserve = 4,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/958319/mena-reserve-military-personnel-by-country/|publisher=Statista|title=Number of reserve military personnel in the Middle East and North Africa in 2024, by country|access-date=30 July 2024|date=19 July 2024}}</ref>
⚫
| ranked =
⚫
| deployed = <!-- Financial -->
| reserve = 15,000
⚫
| amount = [[United States dollar|US$]]1.913 billion (2010, no data afterwards)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wezeman |first=Pieter |date=2019 |title=MILITARY SPENDING AND ARMS IMPORTS BY IRAN, SAUDI ARABIA, QATAR AND THE UAE |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2019-05/fs_1905_gulf_milex_and_arms_transfers.pdf |website=SIPRI}}</ref>
| deployed =
⚫
| percent_GDP = 2.5% (2016)
⚫
<!-- Financial -->
⚫
<!-- Industrial -->| domestic_suppliers = Barzan Holdings
⚫
| amount = [[United States dollar|US$]]2 billion (2010, no data afterwards)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wezeman |first=Pieter |date=2019 |title=MILITARY SPENDING AND ARMS IMPORTS BY IRAN, SAUDI ARABIA, QATAR AND THE UAE |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2019-05/fs_1905_gulf_milex_and_arms_transfers.pdf |url-status=live |website=SIPRI}}</ref>
⚫
| foreign_suppliers = {{AUS}}<br />{{BRA}}<br/>{{CAN}}<br />{{CHN}}<br/>{{FRA}}<br />{{GER}}<br />{{ITA}}<br />{{JAP}}<br />{{KOR}}<br />{{NED}}<br />{{TWN}}<br />{{TUR}}<br />{{UK}}<br />{{USA}}
⚫
| percent_GDP = 2.5% (2016)
⚫
| imports =
<!-- Industrial -->
⚫
| exports = <!-- Related articles -->
⚫
| domestic_suppliers = Barzan Holdings
⚫
| history = [[Gulf War]]<br>[[2011 Libyan Civil War|Libyan Civil War]]<br>[[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen]]<br>[[Syrian Civil War]]
⚫
| foreign_suppliers = {{AUS}}<br />{{BRA}}<br/>{{CAN}}<br />{{CHN}}<br/>{{FRA}}<br />{{GER}}<br />{{ITA}}<br />{{JAP}}<br />{{KOR}}<br />{{NED}}<br />{{TWN}}<br />{{TUR}}<br />{{UK}}<br />{{USA}}
⚫
| ranks = [[Military ranks of Qatar]]
⚫
| imports =
| exports =
⚫
<!-- Related articles -->
⚫
| history = [[Gulf War]]<br>[[2011 Libyan Civil War|Libyan Civil War]]<br>[[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen]]<br>[[Syrian Civil War]]
⚫
| ranks = [[Military ranks of Qatar]]
}}
}}


[[File:Soldiers at Military Parade on Qatar National Day on the 18th of December 2018. Photo by Ijas Muhammed Photography.jpg|thumb|Soldiers at Military Parade on Qatar National Day on the 18th of December 2018.]]
[[File:Soldiers at Military Parade on Qatar National Day on the 18th of December 2018. Photo by Ijas Muhammed Photography.jpg|thumb|Soldiers at Military Parade on Qatar National Day on the 18th of December 2018.]]
The '''Qatar Armed Forces''' ({{lang-ar|القوات المسلحة القطرية|Al-Quwwat Al-Musallahah Al-Qatariyyah}}) are the military forces of the [[Qatar|State of Qatar]]. Since 2015, Qatar has implemented mandatory military conscription with an average of 2,000 graduates per year.<ref>"[http://dohanews.co/qatars-national-service-program-puts-new-emphasis-on-military-training/amp/ Qatar’s national service program puts new emphasis on military training] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728200616/https://dohanews.co/qatars-national-service-program-puts-new-emphasis-on-military-training/amp/ |date=2017-07-28 }}", Doha News. Retrieved 25 June 2017</ref> As of 2010, Qatar's defence expenditures added up to a total of $1.913 billion, about 1.5% of the [[Gross national product|national GDP]], according to the [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute|SIPRI]].<ref name="milexdata.sipri.org">{{cite web |url=http://milexdata.sipri.org |title=The SIPRI Military Expenditure Database |publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |access-date=1 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328072123/http://milexdata.sipri.org/ |archive-date=28 March 2010 }}</ref> Qatar has recently signed defence pacts with the [[United States]] in 2002<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/12/world/threats-and-responses-us-and-qatar-sign-pact-to-update-bases.html U.S. and Qatar Sign Pact to Update Bases], December 12, 2002</ref> & 2013,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/12/world/middleeast/hagel-lifts-veil-on-major-military-center-in-qatar.html|title=Hagel Lifts Veil on Major Military Center in Qatar|first=Thom|last=Shanker|work=The New York Times}}</ref> with the [[United Kingdom]] in [https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-and-qatar-commit-to-a-stronger-defence-relationship--2 2020] , and with [[France]] in 1994. Slay
The '''Qatar Armed Forces''' ({{langx|ar|القوات المسلحة القطرية|Al-Quwwat Al-Musallahah Al-Qatariyyah}}) are the military forces of the [[Qatar|State of Qatar]]. Since 2015, Qatar has implemented mandatory military conscription with an average of 2,000 graduates per year.<ref>"[http://dohanews.co/qatars-national-service-program-puts-new-emphasis-on-military-training/amp/ Qatar’s national service program puts new emphasis on military training] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728200616/https://dohanews.co/qatars-national-service-program-puts-new-emphasis-on-military-training/amp/ |date=2017-07-28 }}", Doha News. Retrieved 25 June 2017</ref> As of 2010, Qatar's defence expenditures added up to a total of $1.913 billion, about 1.5% of the [[Gross national product|national GDP]], according to the [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute|SIPRI]].<ref name="milexdata.sipri.org">{{cite web |url=http://milexdata.sipri.org |title=The SIPRI Military Expenditure Database |publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |access-date=1 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328072123/http://milexdata.sipri.org/ |archive-date=28 March 2010 }}</ref> Qatar has recently signed defence pacts with the [[United States]] in 2002<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/12/world/threats-and-responses-us-and-qatar-sign-pact-to-update-bases.html U.S. and Qatar Sign Pact to Update Bases], December 12, 2002</ref> & 2013,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/12/world/middleeast/hagel-lifts-veil-on-major-military-center-in-qatar.html|title=Hagel Lifts Veil on Major Military Center in Qatar|first=Thom|last=Shanker|work=The New York Times|date=12 December 2013 }}</ref> with the [[United Kingdom]] in [https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-and-qatar-commit-to-a-stronger-defence-relationship--2 2020], and with [[France]] in 1994.


Qatar plays an active role in the collective defense efforts of the [[Gulf Cooperation Council]]; the other five members are [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]], the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], and [[Oman]]. Qatar also hosts the largest American [[Al Udeid Air Base|military base]] in the Middle East and in 2017 inaugurated a military attache office in Washington.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/06/qatar-diplomatic-crisis-latest-updates-170605105550769.html#qatar-defense-washington|title=Qatar-Gulf crisis: All the latest updates|website=aljazeera.com|access-date=2017-10-24}}</ref>
Qatar plays an active role in the collective defense efforts of the [[Gulf Cooperation Council]]; the other five members are [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Kuwait]], [[Bahrain]], the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], and [[Oman]]. Qatar also hosts the largest American [[Al Udeid Air Base|military base]] in the Middle East and in 2017 inaugurated a military attache office in Washington.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/06/qatar-diplomatic-crisis-latest-updates-170605105550769.html#qatar-defense-washington|title=Qatar-Gulf crisis: All the latest updates|website=aljazeera.com|access-date=2017-10-24}}</ref>


[[SIPRI]] states that Qatar's plans to transform and significantly enlarge its armed forces have accelerated in 2014, and in 2010-14 Qatar was the 46th largest arms importer in the world. Orders in 2013 for 562 tanks and 75 self-propelled guns from Germany were followed in 2014 by a number of other contracts, including 34 combat helicopters and 3 AEW aircraft from the US, and 6 tanker aircraft from Spain.<ref>{{cite web|title=Trends in International Arms Transfer, 2014|url=http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=495|website=sipri.org|publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute|access-date=18 March 2015|ref=SIPRI Fact Sheet, March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319023856/http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=495|archive-date=19 March 2015}}</ref> As of 2016, Qatar maintains advanced anti air and anti ship capabilities with deliveries of Patriot PAC-3 MSE Batteries,<ref>"[http://www.janes.com/article/66572 6/lockheed-martin-providing-additional-pac-3-mses-to-us-army-and-upgrading-pac-3-missiles-for-fms Lockheed Martin providing additional PAC-3 MSEs to US Army and upgrading PAC-3 missiles for FMS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728120545/http://www.janes.com/article/66576/lockheed-martin-providing-additional-pac-3-mses-to-us-army-and-upgrading-pac-3-missiles-for-fms |date=2017-07-28 }}", Jane's 360. 29 December 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2017.</ref> Exocet MM40 Block 3 and [[Otomat|Marte ER]] anti-ship missiles.<ref>"[http://www.janes.com/article/63403/qatar-signs-for-mbda-coastal-missile-system Qatar signs for MBDA coastal missile system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728160602/http://www.janes.com/article/63403/qatar-signs-for-mbda-coastal-missile-system |date=2017-07-28 }}", Jane's 360. 02 September 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2017.</ref>
[[SIPRI]] states that Qatar's plans to transform and significantly enlarge its armed forces have accelerated in 2014, and in 2010-14 Qatar was the 46th largest arms importer in the world. Orders in 2013 for 562 tanks and 75 self-propelled guns from Germany were followed in 2014 by a number of other contracts, including 34 combat helicopters and 3 AEW aircraft from the US, and 6 tanker aircraft from Spain.<ref>{{cite web|title=Trends in International Arms Transfer, 2014|url=http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=495|website=sipri.org|publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute|access-date=18 March 2015|ref=SIPRI Fact Sheet, March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319023856/http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=495|archive-date=19 March 2015}}</ref> As of 2016, Qatar maintains advanced anti air and anti ship capabilities with deliveries of Patriot PAC-3 MSE Batteries,<ref>"[http://www.janes.com/article/66572 6/lockheed-martin-providing-additional-pac-3-mses-to-us-army-and-upgrading-pac-3-missiles-for-fms Lockheed Martin providing additional PAC-3 MSEs to US Army and upgrading PAC-3 missiles for FMS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728120545/http://www.janes.com/article/66576/lockheed-martin-providing-additional-pac-3-mses-to-us-army-and-upgrading-pac-3-missiles-for-fms |date=2017-07-28 }}", Jane's 360. 29 December 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2017.</ref> Exocet MM40 Block 3 and [[Otomat|Marte ER]] anti-ship missiles.<ref>"[http://www.janes.com/article/63403/qatar-signs-for-mbda-coastal-missile-system Qatar signs for MBDA coastal missile system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728160602/http://www.janes.com/article/63403/qatar-signs-for-mbda-coastal-missile-system |date=2017-07-28 }}", Jane's 360. 02 September 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2017.</ref>
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=== Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen ===
=== Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen ===
{{See also|Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen}}
{{See also|Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen}}
According to [[Aljazeera]] news, in December 2016, Qatar deployed 1,000 ground troops in Yemen to fight on behalf of the ousted president [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi]]. Qatari soldiers, backed by 200 armoured vehicles and 30 Apache helicopters, headed to Yemen's Marib province.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/09/qatar-deploys-1000-ground-troops-fight-yemen-150907043020594.html|title=Qatar deploys 1,000 ground troops to fight in Yemen|website=aljazeera.com}}</ref>
According to [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Aljazeera]] news, in December 2016, Qatar deployed 1,000 ground troops in Yemen to fight on behalf of the ousted president [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi]]. Qatari soldiers, backed by 200 armoured vehicles and 30 Apache helicopters, headed to Yemen's Marib province.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/09/qatar-deploys-1000-ground-troops-fight-yemen-150907043020594.html|title=Qatar deploys 1,000 ground troops to fight in Yemen|website=aljazeera.com}}</ref>


The Armed Forces of Qatar have suffered 4 killed and 2 wounded during their deployment in Yemen.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://dohanews.co/three-qatari-soldiers-killed-yemen/|title=Three Qatar soldiers killed in Yemen|access-date=2017-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004035006/https://dohanews.co/three-qatari-soldiers-killed-yemen/|archive-date=2017-10-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The Armed Forces of Qatar have suffered 4 killed and 2 wounded during their deployment in Yemen.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://dohanews.co/three-qatari-soldiers-killed-yemen/|title=Three Qatar soldiers killed in Yemen|access-date=2017-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004035006/https://dohanews.co/three-qatari-soldiers-killed-yemen/|archive-date=2017-10-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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===Qatari Emiri Land Force===
===Qatari Emiri Land Force===
[[File:Allies train in Qatar to thwart terrorism 130430-F-CJ989-002.jpg|thumb|Qatar Armed Forces in training.]]
[[File:Allies train in Qatar to thwart terrorism 130430-F-CJ989-002.jpg|thumb|Qatar Armed Forces in training.]]
The Qatar Emiri Land Force is the largest branch of the Qatar Armed Forces.
The Qatar Emiri Land Force is the largest [[land warfare|land]] [[military branch|service branch]] of the Qatar Armed Forces.
Initially outfitted with British weaponry, Qatar shifted much of its procurement to France during the 1980s in response to French efforts to develop closer relations. The tank battalion was equipped with French-built [[AMX-30]] main battle tanks, before later being replaced by German [[leopard 2|Leopard 2A7's]].<ref name="Janes">{{cite web|title=Qatar takes delivery of Leopard 2A7+ MBTs {{!}} Jane's 360|url=http://www.janes.com/article/64957/qatar-takes-delivery-of-leopard-2a7-mbts|website=janes.com|access-date=13 June 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027163625/http://www.janes.com/article/64957/qatar-takes-delivery-of-leopard-2a7-mbts|archive-date=27 October 2016}}</ref> Other armored vehicles include French [[AMX-10P]] APCs and the French [[Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé|VAB]], adopted as the standard wheeled combat vehicle. The artillery unit has a few French 155mm self-propelled howitzers. The principal antitank weapons are French [[MILAN]] and [[HOT (missile)|HOT]] wire-guided missiles.
Initially outfitted with British weaponry, Qatar shifted much of its procurement to France during the 1980s in response to French efforts to develop closer relations. The tank battalion was equipped with French-built [[AMX-30]] main battle tanks, before later being replaced by German [[leopard 2|Leopard 2A7's]].<ref name="Janes">{{cite web|title=Qatar takes delivery of Leopard 2A7+ MBTs {{!}} Jane's 360|url=http://www.janes.com/article/64957/qatar-takes-delivery-of-leopard-2a7-mbts|website=janes.com|access-date=13 June 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027163625/http://www.janes.com/article/64957/qatar-takes-delivery-of-leopard-2a7-mbts|archive-date=27 October 2016}}</ref> Other armored vehicles include French [[AMX-10P]] APCs and the French [[Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé|VAB]], adopted as the standard wheeled combat vehicle. The artillery unit has a few French 155&nbsp;mm self-propelled howitzers. The principal antitank weapons are French [[MILAN]] and [[HOT (missile)|HOT]] wire-guided missiles.


Qatar had also illicitly acquired a few [[FIM-92 Stinger|Stinger]] shoulder-fired SAMs, possibly from Afghan rebel groups, at a time when the United States was trying to maintain tight controls on Stingers in the Middle East. When Qatar refused to turn over the missiles, the United States Senate in 1988 imposed a ban on the sale of all weapons to Qatar. The ban was repealed in late 1990 when Qatar satisfactorily accounted for its disposition of the Stingers.
Qatar had also illicitly acquired a few [[FIM-92 Stinger|Stinger]] shoulder-fired SAMs, possibly from Afghan rebel groups, at a time when the United States was trying to maintain tight controls on Stingers in the Middle East. When Qatar refused to turn over the missiles, the United States Senate in 1988 imposed a ban on the sale of all weapons to Qatar. The ban was repealed in late 1990 when Qatar satisfactorily accounted for its disposition of the Stingers.
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The Qatari Emiri Navy (QEN), also called the Qatari Emiri Naval Forces (QENF), is the naval branch of the armed forces of the State of Qatar.
The Qatari Emiri Navy (QEN), also called the Qatari Emiri Naval Forces (QENF), is the naval branch of the armed forces of the State of Qatar.


===Qatar Emiri Air Force===
===Qatari Emiri Air Force===
{{Main|Qatar Air Force}}
{{Main|Qatari Emiri Air Force}}

The '''Qatar Emiri Air Force''' was formed in 1974, three years after achieving independence from Great Britain in 1971. Initially equipped with ex-RAF [[Hawker Hunters]], the air force soon began expansion with six Dassault/Dornier [[Dassault-Breguet/Dornier Alpha Jet|Alpha Jets]] in 1979. Fourteen [[Dassault Mirage F1]] were delivered between 1980 and 1984. After the [[Gulf War]], Qatar's air force infrastructure was upgraded by France for $200 million, leading to the order of nine single seat [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000-5DEA]] multi-role combat aircraft and three two seat [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000-5DDA]] combat trainers in August 1994. Deliveries started in December 1997, and involved the buy back of the remaining 11 Mirage F1s by France that were later sold on to Spain.<ref>[http://www.scramble.nl/qa.htm Scramble on the Web – Qatar Emiri Air Force]. Scramble.nl. Retrieved on 2011-03-28. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428094054/http://www.scramble.nl/qa.htm |date=April 28, 2012 }}</ref> The current commander of the Qatar Emiri Air Force is Brigadier General Mubarak Mohammed Al Kumait Al Khayarin.
The '''Qatari Emiri Air Force''' was formed in 1974, three years after achieving independence from Great Britain in 1971. Initially equipped with ex-RAF [[Hawker Hunters]], the air force soon began expansion with six Dassault/Dornier [[Dassault-Breguet/Dornier Alpha Jet|Alpha Jets]] in 1979. Fourteen [[Dassault Mirage F1]] were delivered between 1980 and 1984. After the [[Gulf War]], Qatar's air force infrastructure was upgraded by France for $200 million, leading to the order of nine single seat [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000-5DEA]] multi-role combat aircraft and three two seat [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000-5DDA]] combat trainers in August 1994. Deliveries started in December 1997, and involved the buy back of the remaining 11 Mirage F1s by France that were later sold on to Spain.<ref>[http://www.scramble.nl/qa.htm Scramble on the Web – Qatar Emiri Air Force]. Scramble.nl. Retrieved on 2011-03-28. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428094054/http://www.scramble.nl/qa.htm |date=April 28, 2012 }}</ref> The current commander of the Qatar Emiri Air Force is Brigadier General Mubarak Mohammed Al Kumait Al Khayarin.


British pilots in Oman remain on duty with the air force, and French specialists are employed in a maintenance capacity. Nevertheless, an increasing number of young Qataris have been trained as pilots and technicians.
British pilots in Oman remain on duty with the air force, and French specialists are employed in a maintenance capacity. Nevertheless, an increasing number of young Qataris have been trained as pilots and technicians.
Line 149: Line 149:
* [[Qatar Amiri Flight]] – [[C-17 Globemaster III]]
* [[Qatar Amiri Flight]] – [[C-17 Globemaster III]]


== Humanitarian Aid ==
As of January 1993, all the air force's aircraft were based at [[Doha International Airport]].<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-14253.html United Arab Emirates], [[Library of Congress Country Study]], 1993</ref>
'''Gaza'''

Following the resumption of Israel's military operations in the enclave on October 7, a significant number of Palestinians in Gaza, estimated at 2.2 million, are now confronted with the imminent risk of famine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Qatar - Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) {{!}} Defense Security Cooperation Agency |url=https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/qatar-terminal-high-altitude-area-defense-thaad |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=www.dsca.mil}}</ref> The Qatari Armed Forces have played a significant role in offering assistance to the Palestinians in Gaza. Thus far, a grand total of 91 aircraft have been dispatched, each laden with numerous tons of much-needed assistance. In a significant development, on April 8, 2024, they accomplished the successful evacuation of the 22nd group of injured Palestinians, marking a significant milestone since the commencement of the Israel-Hamas conflict.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gulf States Requesting ABM-Capable Systems - Defense Industry Daily |url=https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/gulf-states-requesting-abm-capable-systems-04390/ |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=www.defenseindustrydaily.com/ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2013-04-21 |title=Qatari Army orders tanks and artillery systems from KMW |url=https://www.army-technology.com/news/newsqatari-army-orders-tanks-and-artillery-systems-from-kmw/ |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=Army Technology |language=en-US}}</ref>

'''Afghanistan'''

On May 16, 2024, a Qatar Armed Forces aircraft delivered 42 tons of food and shelter from the [[Qatar Red Crescent Society]] and [[Qatar Charity]] to Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan.Qatar Charity (QC) also sent three aircraft delivering sixty tons of relief goods to Balkh flood victims via the Qatar Emiri Air Force airlift. Additionally, Qatar Red Crescent Society (QRCS) will build 10 health centers in Afghanistan to serve hundreds of thousands of women and children.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newspaper |first=The Peninsula |date=2024-04-08 |title=Qatari aid plane for Palestinians arrives in Egypt, evacuates wounded to Doha |url=https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/08/04/2024/qatari-aid-plane-for-palestinians-arrives-in-egypt-evacuates-wounded-to-doha |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=thepeninsulaqatar.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-19 |title=Qatar Charity's delegation delivers relief aid to Afghanistan flood victims - Afghanistan {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/qatar-charitys-delegation-delivers-relief-aid-afghanistan-flood-victims |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref>

'''Sudan'''

On August 14, 2024, two Qatari Armed Forces aircraft arrived at Port Sudan Airport, delivering 27 tons of relief aid and shelter supplies to support flood victims in Sudan. The aid was provided by the [[Qatar Fund for Development]] (QFFD), [[Qatar Charity]], and the [[Qatar Red Crescent Society]]. This is part of Qatar's ongoing humanitarian air bridge to Sudan, initiated in May 2023 in response to the country's ongoing conflict and natural disasters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Qarjouli |first=Asmahan |date=2024-08-15 |title=Qatar sends flood relief to Sudan and Yemen |url=https://dohanews.co/qatar-sends-flood-relief-to-sudan-yemen/ |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=Doha News {{!}} Qatar |language=en-US}}</ref>


==Rank structure==
==Rank structure==
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*[[Military ranks of Qatar]]
*[[Military ranks of Qatar]]
*[[Qatar Air Force]]
*[[Qatar Air Force]]
*[[Qatar Armed Forces Band Regiment]]
*[[As Sayliyah Army Base]]
*[[As Sayliyah Army Base]]


Latest revision as of 00:53, 24 October 2024

Qatar Armed Forces
القوات المسلحة القطرية
Founded1971
Service branches Qatari Emiri Land Force
 Qatari Emiri Navy
 Qatar Emiri Air Force
Qatar Amiri Guard
HeadquartersDoha
Leadership
Commander-in-chiefSheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani
Prime ministerMohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani
Minister of State for Defence AffairsDr. Khalid bin Mohammad Al Attiyah
Chief of StaffLieutenant General Salem bin Hamad bin Mohammed bin Aqeel Al Nabit
Personnel
Military age18 years of age
Available for
military service		389,487 males, age 15–49 (2010 est.),
210,00 females, age 15–49 (2010 est.)
Fit for
military service		321,974 males, age 15–49 (2010 est.),
140,176 females, age 15–49 (2010 est.)
Reaching military
age annually		96,429 males (2010 est.),
75,162 females (2010 est.)
Active personnel26,550[1]
  • Army 12,500
  • Navy 4,500
  • Air Force 5,000
  • Air Defense 2,650
  • Special Forces 1,900
Reserve personnel4,000[2]
Expenditure
BudgetUS$1.913 billion (2010, no data afterwards)[3]
Percent of GDP2.5% (2016)
Industry
Domestic suppliersBarzan Holdings
Foreign suppliers Australia
 Brazil
 Canada
 China
 France
 Germany
 Italy
 Japan
 South Korea
 Netherlands
 Taiwan
 Turkey
 United Kingdom
 United States
Related articles
HistoryGulf War
Libyan Civil War
Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen
Syrian Civil War
RanksMilitary ranks of Qatar
Soldiers at Military Parade on Qatar National Day on the 18th of December 2018.

The Qatar Armed Forces (Arabic: القوات المسلحة القطرية, romanized: Al-Quwwat Al-Musallahah Al-Qatariyyah) are the military forces of the State of Qatar. Since 2015, Qatar has implemented mandatory military conscription with an average of 2,000 graduates per year.[4] As of 2010, Qatar's defence expenditures added up to a total of $1.913 billion, about 1.5% of the national GDP, according to the SIPRI.[5] Qatar has recently signed defence pacts with the United States in 2002[6] & 2013,[7] with the United Kingdom in 2020, and with France in 1994.

Qatar plays an active role in the collective defense efforts of the Gulf Cooperation Council; the other five members are Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, the UAE, and Oman. Qatar also hosts the largest American military base in the Middle East and in 2017 inaugurated a military attache office in Washington.[8]

SIPRI states that Qatar's plans to transform and significantly enlarge its armed forces have accelerated in 2014, and in 2010-14 Qatar was the 46th largest arms importer in the world. Orders in 2013 for 562 tanks and 75 self-propelled guns from Germany were followed in 2014 by a number of other contracts, including 34 combat helicopters and 3 AEW aircraft from the US, and 6 tanker aircraft from Spain.[9] As of 2016, Qatar maintains advanced anti air and anti ship capabilities with deliveries of Patriot PAC-3 MSE Batteries,[10] Exocet MM40 Block 3 and Marte ER anti-ship missiles.[11]

History

[edit]

The armed forces were founded in 1971 after the country gained independence from the United Kingdom.

With a personnel strength of 11,800, Qatar's armed forces are the second-smallest in the Middle East. France has provided approximately 80% of Qatar's arms inventory. Qatar took part in the Gulf War of 1991, with a battalion at the Battle of Khafji.[12] It also hosted the U.S. 614th Tactical Fighter Squadron[13] and the Canadian Air Task Group with 26 CF-18s both at Doha.

Since the Gulf War, Qatar has pursued a limited program of force modernization. Qatar has spent $12 billion to buy MIM-104 Patriot surface to air missiles. In July 2008, the US Defence Security Cooperation Agency announced Qatar's official request for logistics support, training, and associated equipment and services. The total value of the support arrangements could be as high as $400 million.

In March 2011, Qatar announced the participation of its Air Force in the enforcement of the Libyan no-fly zone.[14]

Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen

[edit]
See also: Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen

According to Aljazeera news, in December 2016, Qatar deployed 1,000 ground troops in Yemen to fight on behalf of the ousted president Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi. Qatari soldiers, backed by 200 armoured vehicles and 30 Apache helicopters, headed to Yemen's Marib province.[15]

The Armed Forces of Qatar have suffered 4 killed and 2 wounded during their deployment in Yemen.[16]

Military branches

[edit]

Qatari Emiri Land Force

[edit]
Qatar Armed Forces in training.

The Qatar Emiri Land Force is the largest land service branch of the Qatar Armed Forces. Initially outfitted with British weaponry, Qatar shifted much of its procurement to France during the 1980s in response to French efforts to develop closer relations. The tank battalion was equipped with French-built AMX-30 main battle tanks, before later being replaced by German Leopard 2A7's.[17] Other armored vehicles include French AMX-10P APCs and the French VAB, adopted as the standard wheeled combat vehicle. The artillery unit has a few French 155 mm self-propelled howitzers. The principal antitank weapons are French MILAN and HOT wire-guided missiles.

Qatar had also illicitly acquired a few Stinger shoulder-fired SAMs, possibly from Afghan rebel groups, at a time when the United States was trying to maintain tight controls on Stingers in the Middle East. When Qatar refused to turn over the missiles, the United States Senate in 1988 imposed a ban on the sale of all weapons to Qatar. The ban was repealed in late 1990 when Qatar satisfactorily accounted for its disposition of the Stingers.

Qatar Armed Forces in National Day celebrations on the Doha Corniche.

Qatari tank battalion fought in the Gulf war in 1991, their AMX-30s took part in the battle of Khafji. Qatari contingent, composed mostly of Pakistani recruits, acquitted itself well during the war.[18]

Qatar signed a contract with the German defence company Krauss-Maffei Wegmann (KMW) for the delivery of 24 artillery systems PzH 2000 and 62 LEOPARD 2 main battle tanks.[19]

The US DSCA announces that Qatar wants to join its neighbor the UAE, and field 2 medium-range THAAD batteries of its own.

Their request is worth up to $6.5 billion, and includes up to 12 THAAD Launchers, 150 THAAD missiles, 2 THAAD Fire Control and Communications units, 2 AN/TPY-2 THAAD Radars, and 1 Early Warning Radar (EWR). The USA would also sell them the required trucks, generators, electrical power units, trailers, communications equipment, fire unit test & maintenance equipment, system integration and checkout, repair and return, training, and other support.[20]

Major Army Units examples

[edit]

[21]

  • Royal Guard Brigade
    • 1st Infantry Battalion
    • 2nd Infantry Battalion
    • 3rd Infantry Battalion
  • Qatari Army
    • Special Forces Support Group Company
    • 1st Mechanized Infantry Battalion
    • 2nd Mechanized Infantry Battalion
    • 3d Mechanized Infantry Battalion
    • 4th Mechanized Infantry Battalion (Reserve)
    • Artillery Battalion
      • Artillery Battery
      • Artillery Battery
      • Artillery Battery
      • Artillery Battery
      • Anti-aircraft Battery
  • Armored Brigade
    • Mortar Company
    • Tank Battalion
    • Mechanized Infantry Battalion
    • Anti-tank Battalion

Qatari Emiri Navy

[edit]
Main article: Qatari Emiri Navy

The Qatari Emiri Navy (QEN), also called the Qatari Emiri Naval Forces (QENF), is the naval branch of the armed forces of the State of Qatar.

Qatari Emiri Air Force

[edit]
Main article: Qatari Emiri Air Force

The Qatari Emiri Air Force was formed in 1974, three years after achieving independence from Great Britain in 1971. Initially equipped with ex-RAF Hawker Hunters, the air force soon began expansion with six Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jets in 1979. Fourteen Dassault Mirage F1 were delivered between 1980 and 1984. After the Gulf War, Qatar's air force infrastructure was upgraded by France for $200 million, leading to the order of nine single seat Mirage 2000-5DEA multi-role combat aircraft and three two seat Mirage 2000-5DDA combat trainers in August 1994. Deliveries started in December 1997, and involved the buy back of the remaining 11 Mirage F1s by France that were later sold on to Spain.[22] The current commander of the Qatar Emiri Air Force is Brigadier General Mubarak Mohammed Al Kumait Al Khayarin.

British pilots in Oman remain on duty with the air force, and French specialists are employed in a maintenance capacity. Nevertheless, an increasing number of young Qataris have been trained as pilots and technicians.

Its units include:

Humanitarian Aid

[edit]

Gaza

Following the resumption of Israel's military operations in the enclave on October 7, a significant number of Palestinians in Gaza, estimated at 2.2 million, are now confronted with the imminent risk of famine.[23] The Qatari Armed Forces have played a significant role in offering assistance to the Palestinians in Gaza. Thus far, a grand total of 91 aircraft have been dispatched, each laden with numerous tons of much-needed assistance. In a significant development, on April 8, 2024, they accomplished the successful evacuation of the 22nd group of injured Palestinians, marking a significant milestone since the commencement of the Israel-Hamas conflict.[24][25]

Afghanistan

On May 16, 2024, a Qatar Armed Forces aircraft delivered 42 tons of food and shelter from the Qatar Red Crescent Society and Qatar Charity to Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan.Qatar Charity (QC) also sent three aircraft delivering sixty tons of relief goods to Balkh flood victims via the Qatar Emiri Air Force airlift. Additionally, Qatar Red Crescent Society (QRCS) will build 10 health centers in Afghanistan to serve hundreds of thousands of women and children.[26][27]

Sudan

On August 14, 2024, two Qatari Armed Forces aircraft arrived at Port Sudan Airport, delivering 27 tons of relief aid and shelter supplies to support flood victims in Sudan. The aid was provided by the Qatar Fund for Development (QFFD), Qatar Charity, and the Qatar Red Crescent Society. This is part of Qatar's ongoing humanitarian air bridge to Sudan, initiated in May 2023 in response to the country's ongoing conflict and natural disasters.[28]

Rank structure

[edit]

The rank insignia of commissioned officers.

Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
 Qatari Emiri Land Force
فريق أول‎‎
Fariq 'awal 		فريق
Fariq 		لواء
Liwa 		عميد
Amid 		عقيد
Aqid 		مقدم
Muqaddam 		رائد
Ra'id 		نقيب
Naqib 		ملازم أول
Mulazim awwal 		ملازم
Mulazim
 Qatari Emiri Navy
فريق أول‎‎
Fariq 'awal 		فريق
Fariq 		لواء
Liwa 		عميد
Amid 		عقيد
Aqid 		مقدم
Muqaddam 		رائد
Ra'id 		نقيب
Naqib 		ملازم أول
Mulazim awwal 		ملازم
Mulazim
 Qatar Emiri Air Force
فريق أول‎‎
Fariq 'awal 		فريق
Fariq 		لواء
Liwa 		عميد
Amid 		عقيد
Aqid 		مقدم
Muqaddam 		رائد
Ra'id 		نقيب
Naqib 		ملازم أول
Mulazim awwal 		ملازم
Mulazim
Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers

The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.

Rank group Senior NCOs Junior NCOs Enlisted
 Qatari Emiri Land Force
 No insignia
وكيل اول
Wakil awwal 		وكيل ثاني
Wakil thani 		رقيب
Raqib 		نائب
Nayib 		عريف
Earif 		وكيل عريف
Wakil earif 		جندي
Jundi
 Qatari Emiri Navy
 No insignia
وكيل اول
Wakil awwal 		وكيل ثاني
Wakil thani 		رقيب
Raqib 		نائب
Nayib 		عريف
Earif 		وكيل عريف
Wakil earif 		جندي
Jundi
 Qatar Emiri Air Force
 No insignia
وكيل اول
Wakil awwal 		وكيل ثاني
Wakil thani 		رقيب
Raqib 		نائب
Nayib 		عريف
Earif 		وكيل عريف
Wakil earif 		جندي
Jundi‎‎
Rank group Senior NCOs Junior NCOs Enlisted

Equipment

[edit]
Main article: List of equipment of the Qatar Armed Forces

See also

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Military of Qatar.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ International Institute for Strategic Studies (2020). The Military Balance 2020. Routledge. p. 371.
  2. ^ "Number of reserve military personnel in the Middle East and North Africa in 2024, by country". Statista. 19 July 2024. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
  3. ^ Wezeman, Pieter (2019). "MILITARY SPENDING AND ARMS IMPORTS BY IRAN, SAUDI ARABIA, QATAR AND THE UAE" (PDF). SIPRI.
  4. ^ "Qatar’s national service program puts new emphasis on military training Archived 2017-07-28 at the Wayback Machine", Doha News. Retrieved 25 June 2017
  5. ^ "The SIPRI Military Expenditure Database". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Archived from the original on 28 March 2010. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  6. ^ U.S. and Qatar Sign Pact to Update Bases, December 12, 2002
  7. ^ Shanker, Thom (12 December 2013). "Hagel Lifts Veil on Major Military Center in Qatar". The New York Times.
  8. ^ "Qatar-Gulf crisis: All the latest updates". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2017-10-24.
  9. ^ "Trends in International Arms Transfer, 2014". sipri.org. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  10. ^ "6/lockheed-martin-providing-additional-pac-3-mses-to-us-army-and-upgrading-pac-3-missiles-for-fms Lockheed Martin providing additional PAC-3 MSEs to US Army and upgrading PAC-3 missiles for FMS Archived 2017-07-28 at the Wayback Machine", Jane's 360. 29 December 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
  11. ^ "Qatar signs for MBDA coastal missile system Archived 2017-07-28 at the Wayback Machine", Jane's 360. 02 September 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
  12. ^ Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948-1991, University of Nebraska Press, 2002, ISBN 0-8032-3733-2
  13. ^ The Gulf War with the 401TFW/614TFS Lucky Devils Archived November 22, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Lucky-devils.net. Retrieved on 2011-03-28.
  14. ^ Qatar premier defends military participation. gulfnews.com (2011-03-22). Retrieved on 2013-09-26.
  15. ^ "Qatar deploys 1,000 ground troops to fight in Yemen". aljazeera.com.
  16. ^ "Three Qatar soldiers killed in Yemen". Archived from the original on 2017-10-04. Retrieved 2017-05-24.
  17. ^ "Qatar takes delivery of Leopard 2A7+ MBTs | Jane's 360". janes.com. Archived from the original on 27 October 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  18. ^ John Pike. "Qatari Amiri Land Force". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2015-09-19.
  19. ^ [1][dead link]
  20. ^ "Gulf States Requesting ABM-Capable Systems". Defense Industry Daily. 2 October 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  21. ^ Pike, John. "Qatari Amiri Land Force". globalsecurity.org.
  22. ^ Scramble on the Web – Qatar Emiri Air Force. Scramble.nl. Retrieved on 2011-03-28. Archived April 28, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  23. ^ "Qatar - Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) | Defense Security Cooperation Agency". www.dsca.mil. Retrieved 2024-06-01.
  24. ^ "Gulf States Requesting ABM-Capable Systems - Defense Industry Daily". www.defenseindustrydaily.com/. Retrieved 2024-06-01.
  25. ^ admin (2013-04-21). "Qatari Army orders tanks and artillery systems from KMW". Army Technology. Retrieved 2024-06-01.
  26. ^ Newspaper, The Peninsula (2024-04-08). "Qatari aid plane for Palestinians arrives in Egypt, evacuates wounded to Doha". thepeninsulaqatar.com. Retrieved 2024-06-01.
  27. ^ "Qatar Charity's delegation delivers relief aid to Afghanistan flood victims - Afghanistan | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 2024-05-19. Retrieved 2024-06-01.
  28. ^ Qarjouli, Asmahan (2024-08-15). "Qatar sends flood relief to Sudan and Yemen". Doha News | Qatar. Retrieved 2024-08-20.
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