Teutons: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Latest revision as of 12:05, 25 October 2024

The Teutons (Latin: Teutones, Teutoni, Ancient Greek: Τεύτονες) were an ancient northern European tribe mentioned by Roman authors. The Teutons are best known for their participation, together with the Cimbri and other groups, in the Cimbrian War with the Roman Republic in the late second century BC.^[1]

Some generations later, Julius Caesar compared them to the Germanic peoples of his own time, and used this term for all northern peoples located east of the Rhine. Later Roman authors followed his identification. However, there is no direct evidence about whether or not they spoke a Germanic language. Evidence such as the tribal name, and the names of their rulers, as they were written up by Roman historians, indicates a strong influence from Celtic languages. On the other hand, the indications that classical authors gave about the homeland of the Teutones is considered by many scholars to show that they lived in an area associated with early Germanic languages, and not in an area associated with Celtic languages.

Name

The ethnonym is attested in Latin as Teutonēs or Teutoni (plural) or, more rarely, as Teuton or Teutonus (singular).^[2] It transparently derives from the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) stem *tewtéh₂- ('people, tribe, crowd') attached to the suffix -ones, which is commonly found in both Celtic (Lingones, Senones, etc.) and Germanic (Ingvaeones, Semnones, etc.) tribal names during the Roman era. The stem apparently had a lower-class connotation, as opposed to an elite group or a ruling class and its original meaning in PIE times may have been 'the people under arms', as suggested by the Hittite tuzzi- and the Luwian tuta ('army').^[3]

The name Teutones may be interpreted as deriving from Proto-Celtic *towtā ('people, tribe'), or it may have been from a stage of Germanic language development prior to the first consonantal shift ("pre-Germanic"). (Compare the later-attested Germanic form *þeudō- 'nation, people, folk'; embodied for example by Gothic þiuda.) A possible corruption of the original name by Greek and Latin writers means however that the real pronunciation may not have been reflected in the spelling.^[3]

The much later use of Teuton to refer to speakers of West Germanic languages occurred in the Latin of monastic writers by the ninth century and has continued into modern times. It originally served as a learned classical Latin word to be used instead of the similar sounding "theodiscus", an older term that was a Latinization of the then-current pronunciations of the related West Germanic word meaning "of the people".^[4] By extension the word "Teutonic" is often also used in a broader way to mean the same as "Germanic".^[2]

Linguistic affiliations

The Teutons commonly are classified as a Germanic tribe and thought probably to have spoken a Germanic language, although the evidence is fragmentary. However, because of the non-Germanic, possibly Celtic, form of the names of both the Teutones and their associates the Cimbri, as well as the personal names known from these tribes, some historians have suggested a Celtic origin for the Teutones.^[5]^[6]

The earliest classical writers classified the Teutones as Celts; more generally, they did not distinguish between Celtic and Germanic peoples. Apparently, this distinction was first made by Julius Caesar, whose main concern was to argue that raids into southern Gaul and Italy by northern peoples who were less softened by Mediterranean civilization, should be seen in Rome as a systematic problem that can repeat in the future, and thereby demanded pre-emptive military action. This was his justification for invading northern Gaul.^[7]

After Caesar, Strabo (died circa AD 24)^[8] and Marcus Velleius Paterculus (died circa AD 31)^[9] classify Teutons as Germanic peoples.^[10] Pliny also classified them this way and specified that they were among the Ingaevones, related to the Cimbri and Chauci.^[11]

Homeland

Plutarch in his biography of Marius, who fought the Teutones, wrote that they and the Cimbri "had not had intercourse with other peoples, and had traversed a great stretch of country, so that it could not be ascertained what people it was nor whence they had set out". He reported that there were different conjectures: that they were "some of the German peoples which extended as far as the northern ocean"; that they were "Galloscythians", a mixture of Scythians and Celts who had lived as far east as the Black Sea, or that the Cimbri were Cimmerians, from even farther east.^[12]

The Fourth Century BC traveller, Pytheas, as reported by Pliny the Elder (died AD 79), described the Teutones as neighbours of the northern island of Abalus where amber washed up in the spring, and was traded by the Teutones. Abalus was one day's sail from a tidal marsh or estuary facing the ocean (aestuarium) called Metuonis inhabited by another Germanic people, the Guiones (probably either the Inguaeones, or Gutones).^[13]

Pomponius Mela (died circa 45 CE) stated that the Teutons lived on a large island, Codannovia, which was one of a group of islands in a large bay called Codanus, open to the ocean. Most scholars have interpreted this bay as being the Baltic Sea,^[14] and Codannovia as being Scandinavia.

31. On the other side of the Albis [Elbe], the huge Codanus Bay [Baltic Sea] is filled with big and small islands. For this reason, where the sea is received within the fold of the bay, it never lies wide open and never really looks like a sea but is sprinkled around, rambling and scattered like rivers, with water flowing in every direction and crossing many times. Where the sea comes into contact with the mainland, the sea is contained by the banks of islands, banks that are not far offshore and that are virtually equidistant everywhere. There the sea runs a narrow course like a strait, then, curving, it promptly adapts to a long brow of land. 32. On the bay are the Cimbri and the Teutoni; farther on, the farthest people of Germany, the Hermiones.

[...]

54. The thirty Orcades [Orkney Islands] are separated by narrow spaces between them; the seven Haemodae [Denmark] extend opposite Germany in what we have called Codanus Bay; of the islands there, Scandinavia [sic: the manuscript has Codannavia^[15]], which the Teutoni still hold, stands out as much for its size as for its fertility besides.

Surviving texts based on the work of the geographer Ptolemy mentioned both Teutones and "Teutonoaroi" in Germania, but this is in a part of his text that has become garbled in surviving copies. Gudmund Schütte proposed that the two peoples should be understood as one, but that different versions of works based on that of Ptolemy used literary sources such as Pliny and Mela to place them in different positions somewhere near the Cimbri, in a part of the landscape they did not have good information for – either in Zealand or Scandinavia, or else somewhere on the southern Baltic coast.^[16]

The name of the district of Thy in Jutland has been connected to the name of the Teutons, a proposal in line with ancient reports that they came from that area.^[3]

Cimbrian War

After achieving decisive victories over the Romans at Noreia and Arausio in 105 BC, the Cimbri and Teutones divided their forces. Gaius Marius then defeated them separately in 102 BC and 101 BC respectively, ending the Cimbrian War. The defeat of the Teutones occurred at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae (near present-day Aix-en-Provence).

According to the writings of Valerius Maximus and Florus, the king of the Teutones, Teutobod, was taken in irons after the Teutones were defeated by the Romans. Under the conditions of the surrender, three hundred married women were to be handed over to the victorious Romans as concubines and slaves. When the matrons of the Teutones heard of this stipulation, they begged the consul that they might instead be allowed to minister in the temples of Ceres and Venus. When their request was denied, the Teutonic women slew their own children. The next morning, all the women were found dead in each other's arms, having strangled each other during the night. Their joint martyrdom passed into Roman legends of Teutonic fury.^[17]

Reportedly, some surviving captives participated as the rebelling gladiators in the Third Servile War of 73-71 BC.^[18]

References

^ Thompson, Edward Arthur; Dobson, John Frederick (2012). "Teutones". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.). The Oxford Classical Dictionary (4 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191735257. Retrieved January 25, 2020. Teutones, a Germanic tribe, known chiefly from their migration with the Cimbri...
^ ^a ^b "Teuton, n." Oxford English Dictionary. 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c Zimmer, Stefan (2005). "Teutonen". Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde. Vol. 30. De Gruyter. ISBN 3-406-33733-3.
^ Haubrichs, Wolfgang; Wolfram, Herwig (2005), "Theodiscus", Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, vol. 30, De Gruyter, ISBN 3-406-33733-3
^ Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing. pp. 797–798. ISBN 1438129181. The Cimbri are generally believed to have been a tribe of GERMANICS
^ Hussey, Joan Mervyn (1957). The Cambridge Medieval History. CUP Archive. pp. 191–193. It was the Cimbri, along with their allies the Teutones and Ambrones, who for half a score of years kept the world in suspense. All three peoples were doubtless of Germanic stock. We may take it as established that the original home of the Cimbri was on the Jutish peninsula, that of the Teutones somewhere between the Ems and the Weser, and that of the Ambrones in the same neighbourhood, also on the North Sea coast.
^ See for example Pohl, Walter (2004), Die Germanen p.11: "Erst Caesar ordnete Kimbern und Teutonen den Germanen zu. Die Zeitgenossen hatten in den gefährlichen Nordbarbaren eher die direkten Nachfolger der Gallischen Invasoren um 400 v. Chr. gesehen." p. 51: "Vor Caesar hatten auch die Römer keinen umfassenden Germanenbegriff. In den älteren Quellen werden Kimbern und Teutonen nicht als Germanen bezeichnet, sondern als Kelten, Keltoskythen oder gar Kimmerier."
^ Strabo IV.4
^ Velleius Paterculus 2.12
^ Beck 1911, p. 673.
^ Pliny 4.28
^ Plutarch, Marius, ch. 11
^ Pliny the Elder 37.11. Modern analysis: Christensen, Arne Søby (2002). Cassiodorus, Jordanes and the History of the Goths. Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 27–31. ISBN 9788772897103.; Reichert, Hermann; Timpe, Dieter (1999), "Guiones", Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, vol. 13
^ Pomponius Mela, Pomponius Mela's description of the world, translated by Romer, F.E., pp. 109–117, hdl:2027/mdp.39015042048507. Comments: Christensen 2002, p. 256
^ Christensen 2002, p. 256.
^ Schütte, Gudmund (1917), Ptolemy's maps of northern Europe, a reconstruction of the prototypes, Kjøbenhavn, H. Hagerup, p. 60
^ Lucius Annaeus Florus, Epitome 1.38.16–17 and Valerius Maximus, Factorum et Dictorum Memorabilium 6.1.ext.3
^ Strauss, Barry (2009). The Spartacus War. Simon and Schuster. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-1-4165-3205-7.

Fick, August, Alf Torp and Hjalmar Falk: Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Indogermanischen Sprachen. Part 3, Wortschatz der Germanischen Spracheinheit. 4. Aufl. (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht), 1909.

Attribution:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Beck, Frederick George Meeson (1911). "Teutoni". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 673.

External links

"Teutones" . The New Student's Reference Work . 1914. p. 1895.

[1] Thompson, Edward Arthur; Dobson, John Frederick (2012). "Teutones". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.). The Oxford Classical Dictionary (4 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191735257. Retrieved January 25, 2020. Teutones, a Germanic tribe, known chiefly from their migration with the Cimbri...

[OED-2] "Teuton, n." Oxford English Dictionary. 2019.

[RGA-3] Zimmer, Stefan (2005). "Teutonen". Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde. Vol. 30. De Gruyter. ISBN 3-406-33733-3.

[theud-4] Haubrichs, Wolfgang; Wolfram, Herwig (2005), "Theodiscus", Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, vol. 30, De Gruyter, ISBN 3-406-33733-3

[5] Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing. pp. 797–798. ISBN 1438129181. The Cimbri are generally believed to have been a tribe of GERMANICS

[Hussey-6] Hussey, Joan Mervyn (1957). The Cambridge Medieval History. CUP Archive. pp. 191–193. It was the Cimbri, along with their allies the Teutones and Ambrones, who for half a score of years kept the world in suspense. All three peoples were doubtless of Germanic stock. We may take it as established that the original home of the Cimbri was on the Jutish peninsula, that of the Teutones somewhere between the Ems and the Weser, and that of the Ambrones in the same neighbourhood, also on the North Sea coast.

[7] See for example Pohl, Walter (2004), Die Germanen p.11: "Erst Caesar ordnete Kimbern und Teutonen den Germanen zu. Die Zeitgenossen hatten in den gefährlichen Nordbarbaren eher die direkten Nachfolger der Gallischen Invasoren um 400 v. Chr. gesehen." p. 51: "Vor Caesar hatten auch die Römer keinen umfassenden Germanenbegriff. In den älteren Quellen werden Kimbern und Teutonen nicht als Germanen bezeichnet, sondern als Kelten, Keltoskythen oder gar Kimmerier."

[8] Strabo IV.4

[9] Velleius Paterculus 2.12

[FOOTNOTEBeck1911673-10] Beck 1911, p. 673.

[11] Pliny 4.28

[12] Plutarch, Marius, ch. 11

[13] Pliny the Elder 37.11. Modern analysis: Christensen, Arne Søby (2002). Cassiodorus, Jordanes and the History of the Goths. Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 27–31. ISBN 9788772897103.; Reichert, Hermann; Timpe, Dieter (1999), "Guiones", Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, vol. 13

[14] Pomponius Mela, Pomponius Mela's description of the world, translated by Romer, F.E., pp. 109–117, hdl:2027/mdp.39015042048507. Comments: Christensen 2002, p. 256

[FOOTNOTEChristensen2002256-15] Christensen 2002, p. 256.

[16] Schütte, Gudmund (1917), Ptolemy's maps of northern Europe, a reconstruction of the prototypes, Kjøbenhavn, H. Hagerup, p. 60

[17] Lucius Annaeus Florus, Epitome 1.38.16–17 and Valerius Maximus, Factorum et Dictorum Memorabilium 6.1.ext.3

[strauss-18] Strauss, Barry (2009). The Spartacus War. Simon and Schuster. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-1-4165-3205-7.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{short description|Historical ethnic group}}
+{{short description|Ancient northern European tribe}}
 {{about|the tribe known in Latin as the ''Teutones''|text=The term "Teutons" also may refer to the [[Germanic peoples]] collectively or the [[Germans]] in particular. For other uses, see [[Teutonic (disambiguation)|Teutonic]]||}}
-[[File:Die Frauen der Teutonen verteidigen die Wagenburg by Heinrich Leutemann.jpg|thumb|"The Women of the Teutones Defend the [[Laager|Wagon Fort]]" (1882) by [[Heinrich Leutemann]]]]
+[[File:Die Frauen der Teutonen verteidigen die Wagenburg by Heinrich Leutemann.jpg|thumb|300px|"The Women of the Teutones Defend the [[Laager|Wagon Fort]]" (1882) by [[Heinrich Leutemann]]]]
-The '''Teutons''' ({{lang-la|Teutones}}, {{lang|la|Teutoni}}, {{lang-grc|Τεύτονες}}) were an ancient northern European tribe mentioned by [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] authors. The Teutons are best known for their participation, together with the [[Cimbri]] and other groups, in the [[Cimbrian War]] with the [[Roman Republic]] in the late 2nd century BC.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Edward Arthur |author-link1=E. A. Thompson |last2=Dobson |first2=John Frederick |author-link2=John Frederick Dobson |date=2012 |chapter=Teutones |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001/acref-9780199545568-e-6312 |editor1-last=Hornblower |editor1-first=Simon |editor1-link=Simon Hornblower |editor2-last=Spawforth |editor2-first=Antony |editor3-last=Eidinow |editor3-first=Esther |editor3-link=Esther Eidinow |title=[[The Oxford Classical Dictionary]] |edition=4 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780191735257 |access-date=January 25, 2020 |quote=Teutones, a Germanic tribe, known chiefly from their migration with the Cimbri... }}</ref>
+The '''Teutons''' ({{langx|la|Teutones}}, {{lang|la|Teutoni}}, {{langx|grc|Τεύτονες}}) were an ancient northern European tribe mentioned by [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] authors. The Teutons are best known for their participation, together with the [[Cimbri]] and other groups, in the [[Cimbrian War]] with the [[Roman Republic]] in the late second century BC.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Edward Arthur |author-link1=E. A. Thompson |last2=Dobson |first2=John Frederick |author-link2=John Frederick Dobson |date=2012 |chapter=Teutones |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001/acref-9780199545568-e-6312 |editor1-last=Hornblower |editor1-first=Simon |editor1-link=Simon Hornblower |editor2-last=Spawforth |editor2-first=Antony |editor3-last=Eidinow |editor3-first=Esther |editor3-link=Esther Eidinow |title=[[The Oxford Classical Dictionary]] |edition=4 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780191735257 |access-date=January 25, 2020 |quote=Teutones, a Germanic tribe, known chiefly from their migration with the Cimbri... }}</ref>
-[[Julius Caesar]] described them as a [[Germanic people]], a term he applied to all northern peoples from east of the Rhine, and later Roman authors followed him. On the other hand, there is no direct evidence that they spoke a [[Germanic language]], and evidence such as their name, and the names of their rulers, indicates at least a strong influence from [[Celtic languages]]. On the other hand the indications which classical authors gave about the homeland of the Teutones is considered by many scholars to show that they lived in an area associated with early Germanic languages, and not Celtic languages.
+Some generations later, [[Julius Caesar]] compared them to the [[Germanic peoples]] of his own time, and used this term for all northern peoples located east of the [[Rhine]]. Later Roman authors followed his identification. However, there is no direct evidence about whether or not they spoke a [[Germanic language]]. Evidence such as the tribal name, and the names of their rulers, as they were written up by Roman historians, indicates a strong influence from [[Celtic languages]]. On the other hand, the indications that classical authors gave about the homeland of the Teutones is considered by many scholars to show that they lived in an area associated with early Germanic languages, and not in an area associated with Celtic languages.
 == Name ==
-The [[ethnonym]] is attested in Latin as ''Teutonēs'' or ''Teutoni'' (plural) or, more rarely, as ''Teuton'' or ''Teutonus'' (singular).<ref name="OED">{{Cite web|date=2019|title=Teuton, n.|url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/199961|website=Oxford English Dictionary}}</ref> It transparently derives from the [[Proto-Indo-European]] (PIE) stem *''teuteh₂-'' ('people, tribe, crowd') attached to the suffix ''-ones'', which is commonly found in both Celtic (Lingones, Senones, etc.) and Germanic (Ingvaeones, Semnones, etc.) tribal names in the Roman era. The stem apparently had a lower-class connotation, as opposed to an elite group or a ruling class, and its original meaning in PIE times may have been 'the people under arms', as suggested by the [[Hittite language|Hittite]] ''tuzzi''- and the [[Luwian language|Luwian]] ''tuta'' ('army').<ref name="RGA">{{Cite book|last=Zimmer|first=Stefan|title=Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde|publisher=De Gruyter|year=2005|isbn=3-406-33733-3|volume=30|chapter=Teutonen|url=https://www.academia.edu/3669028/2005_Teutonen}}</ref>
+The [[ethnonym]] is attested in Latin as ''Teutonēs'' or ''Teutoni'' (plural) or, more rarely, as ''Teuton'' or ''Teutonus'' (singular).<ref name="OED">{{Cite web|date=2019|title=Teuton, n.|url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/199961|website=Oxford English Dictionary}}</ref> It transparently derives from the [[Proto-Indo-European]] (PIE) stem *''tewtéh₂-'' ('people, tribe, crowd') attached to the suffix ''-ones'', which is commonly found in both Celtic (Lingones, Senones, etc.) and Germanic (Ingvaeones, Semnones, etc.) tribal names during the Roman era. The stem apparently had a lower-class connotation, as opposed to an elite group or a ruling class and its original meaning in PIE times may have been 'the people under arms', as suggested by the [[Hittite language|Hittite]] ''tuzzi''- and the [[Luwian language|Luwian]] ''tuta'' ('army').<ref name="RGA">{{Cite book|last=Zimmer|first=Stefan|title=Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde|publisher=De Gruyter|year=2005|isbn=3-406-33733-3|volume=30|chapter=Teutonen|url=https://www.academia.edu/3669028}}</ref>
-The name ''Teutones'' can thus be interpreted as deriving from [[Proto-Celtic]] *''towtā'' ('people, tribe'), or it may have been from a stage of Germanic prior to the [[Grimm's law|first consonantal shift]] ("pre-Germanic") (compare the later form *''þeudō''- 'nation, people, folk'; cf. [[Gothic language|Gothic]] ''þiuda'', [[High German languages|German]] ''Deutsch''). A possible corruption of the original name by Greek and Latin writers makes the attribution less secure.<ref name="RGA"/>
+The name ''Teutones'' may be interpreted as deriving from [[Proto-Celtic]] *''towtā'' ('people, tribe'), or it may have been from a stage of Germanic language development prior to the [[Grimm's law|first consonantal shift]] ("pre-Germanic"). (Compare the later-attested Germanic form *''þeudō''- 'nation, people, folk'; embodied for example by [[Gothic language|Gothic]] ''þiuda''.) A possible corruption of the original name by Greek and Latin writers means however that the real pronunciation may not have been reflected in the spelling.<ref name="RGA"/>
-The much later use of ''Teuton'' as a synonym for ''German'' in an extended ethnic or linguistic sense, that is to refer to speakers of [[West Germanic]] languages, was being used in the Latin of monastic writers by the 9th century, and has continued into modern times. It originally served as a learned classical Latin word to be used instead of the similar sounding "[[theodiscus]]", an older term which was a Latinization of the then-current pronunciations of the West Germanic word for "of the people".<ref name="theud">{{Citation|first1=Wolfgang |last1=Haubrichs |first2=Herwig |last2=Wolfram|title=Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde|publisher=De Gruyter|year=2005|isbn=3-406-33733-3|volume=30|chapter=Theodiscus}}</ref> In modern English it has often been used in a still broader way to mean the same as "Germanic".<ref name="OED" />
+The much later use of ''Teuton'' to refer to speakers of [[West Germanic]] languages occurred in the Latin of monastic writers by the ninth century and has continued into modern times. It originally served as a learned classical Latin word to be used instead of the similar sounding "[[theodiscus]]", an older term that was a Latinization of the then-current pronunciations of the related West Germanic word meaning "of the people".<ref name="theud">{{Citation|first1=Wolfgang |last1=Haubrichs |first2=Herwig |last2=Wolfram|title=Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde|publisher=De Gruyter|year=2005|isbn=3-406-33733-3|volume=30|chapter=Theodiscus}}</ref> By extension the word "Teutonic" is often also used in a broader way to mean the same as "Germanic".<ref name="OED" />
-==Linguistic affiliations==
+== Linguistic affiliations ==
-The Teutons are commonly classified as a [[Germanic peoples|Germanic tribe]], and thought to have probably spoken a Germanic language, although the evidence is fragmentary. However, because of the non-Germanic, possibly Celtic, form of the names of both the Teutones and their associates the Cimbri, as well as the personal names known from these tribes, some historians have suggested a [[Celts|Celtic]] origin for the Teutones.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Waldman |first1=Carl |last2=Mason |first2=Catherine |date=2006 |title=Encyclopedia of European Peoples |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Encyclopedia+of+European+Peoples&hl=de&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwibu_nnh8fxAhXaGs0KHWzlAZ0Q6AEwAHoECAcQAg#v=onepage&q=Encyclopedia%20of%20European%20Peoples&f=false |publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]] |pages=797–798 |isbn=1438129181 |quote=The Cimbri are generally believed to have been a tribe of GERMANICS}}</ref><ref name="Hussey">{{cite book |last=Hussey |first=Joan Mervyn |date=1957 |title=The Cambridge Medieval History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zus8AAAAIAAJ |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press|CUP Archive]] |pages=191–193 |author-link=Joan M. Hussey |quote=It was the Cimbri, along with their allies the Teutones and Ambrones, who for half a score of years kept the world in suspense. All three peoples were doubtless of Germanic stock. We may take it as established that the original home of the Cimbri was on the Jutish peninsula, that of the Teutones somewhere between the Ems and the Weser, and that of the Ambrones in the same neighborhood, also on the North Sea coast.}}</ref>
+The Teutons commonly are classified as a [[Germanic peoples|Germanic tribe]] and thought probably to have spoken a Germanic language, although the evidence is fragmentary. However, because of the non-Germanic, possibly Celtic, form of the names of both the Teutones and their associates the [[Cimbri]], as well as the personal names known from these tribes, some historians have suggested a [[Celts|Celtic]] origin for the Teutones.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Waldman |first1=Carl |last2=Mason |first2=Catherine |date=2006 |title=Encyclopedia of European Peoples |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC&q=Encyclopedia+of+European+Peoples |publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]] |pages=797–798 |isbn=1438129181 |quote=The Cimbri are generally believed to have been a tribe of GERMANICS}}</ref><ref name="Hussey">{{cite book |last=Hussey |first=Joan Mervyn |date=1957 |title=The Cambridge Medieval History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zus8AAAAIAAJ |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press|CUP Archive]] |pages=191–193 |author-link=Joan M. Hussey |quote=It was the Cimbri, along with their allies the Teutones and Ambrones, who for half a score of years kept the world in suspense. All three peoples were doubtless of Germanic stock. We may take it as established that the original home of the Cimbri was on the Jutish peninsula, that of the Teutones somewhere between the Ems and the Weser, and that of the Ambrones in the same neighbourhood, also on the North Sea coast.}}</ref>
-The earliest classical writers classified the Teutones as [[Celts]], but more generally they did not distinguish between Celtic and Germanic peoples. This distinction was apparently first made by Julius Caesar, whose main concern was to argue that raids into southern Gaul and Italy by northern peoples who are less softened by Mediterranean civilization, should be seen in Rome as a systematic problem which can repeat in the future, and demands pre-emptive military action. This was his justification for invading northern Gaul.<ref>See for example {{citation|first=Walter |last=Pohl |title=Die Germanen |year=2004}} p.11: "Erst Caesar ordnete Kimbern und Teutonen den Germanen zu. Die Zeitgenossen hatten in den gefährlichen Nordbarbaren eher die direkten Nachfolger der Gallischen Invasoruen um 400 v. Chr. gesehen." p. 51: ""Vor Caesar hatten auch die Römer keinen umfassenden Germanenbegriff. In den älteren Quellen werden Kimbern und Teutonen nicht als Germanen bezeichnet, sondern als Kelten, Keltoskythen oder gar Kimmerier.</ref>
+The earliest classical writers classified the Teutones as [[Celts]]; more generally, they did not distinguish between Celtic and Germanic peoples. Apparently, this distinction was first made by Julius Caesar, whose main concern was to argue that raids into southern Gaul and Italy by northern peoples who were less softened by Mediterranean civilization, should be seen in Rome as a systematic problem that can repeat in the future, and thereby demanded pre-emptive military action. This was his justification for invading northern Gaul.<ref>See for example {{citation|last=Pohl|first=Walter|title=Die Germanen|year=2004}} p.11: "Erst Caesar ordnete Kimbern und Teutonen den Germanen zu. Die Zeitgenossen hatten in den gefährlichen Nordbarbaren eher die direkten Nachfolger der Gallischen Invasoren um 400 v. Chr. gesehen." p. 51: "Vor Caesar hatten auch die Römer keinen umfassenden Germanenbegriff. In den älteren Quellen werden Kimbern und Teutonen nicht als Germanen bezeichnet, sondern als Kelten, Keltoskythen oder gar Kimmerier."</ref>
-After Caesar, [[Strabo]] (died about AD 24)<ref>Strabo [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/strabo/4d*.html IV.4]</ref> and [[Marcus Velleius Paterculus]] (died about AD 31),<ref>Velleius Paterculus [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2A*.html 2.12]</ref> classify them as [[Germanic peoples]].{{sfn|Beck|1911|p= 673}} Pliny also classified them this way and specified that they were among the [[Ingaevones]], related to the Cimbri and [[Chauci]].<ref>Pliny [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=4:chapter=28&highlight=teutones 4.28]</ref>
+After Caesar, [[Strabo]] (died circa AD 24)<ref>Strabo [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/strabo/4d*.html IV.4]</ref> and [[Marcus Velleius Paterculus]] (died circa AD 31)<ref>Velleius Paterculus [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2A*.html 2.12]</ref> classify Teutons as [[Germanic peoples]].{{sfn|Beck|1911|p= 673}} Pliny also classified them this way and specified that they were among the [[Ingaevones]], related to the Cimbri and [[Chauci]].<ref>Pliny [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=4:chapter=28&highlight=teutones 4.28]</ref>
-==Homeland==
+== Homeland ==
+[[Plutarch]] in his biography of Marius, who fought the Teutones, wrote that they and the Cimbri "had not had intercourse with other peoples, and had traversed a great stretch of country, so that it could not be ascertained what people it was nor whence they had set out". He reported that there were different conjectures: that they were "some of the German peoples which extended as far as the northern ocean"; that they were "Galloscythians", a mixture of [[Scythians]] and Celts who had lived as far east as the Black Sea, or that the Cimbri were [[Cimmerians]], from even farther east.<ref>Plutarch, Marius, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0049:chapter=11&highlight=teutones ch. 11]</ref>
-The 4th century BC traveller, [[Pytheas]], as reported by [[Pliny the Elder]] (died AD 79), described the Teutones as neighbours of the northern island of Abalus where amber washes up in the spring, which was traded with these Teutones. Abalus is one day's sail from a tidal marsh or estuary facing the ocean (an ''aestuarium'') called ''Metuonis'' where the Germanic "Guiones" (probably an error for [[Inguaeones]], [[Gutones]], or the Teutones themselves) lived.<ref>Pliny the Elder [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=37:chapter=11&highlight=teutones 37.11]. Modern analysis: {{cite book |last1=Christensen |first1=Arne Søby |author-link1=Arne Søby Christensen |year=2002 |title=Cassiodorus, Jordanes and the History of the Goths |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AcLDHOqOt4cC |publisher=[[Museum Tusculanum Press]] |isbn=9788772897103 |page=27-31}}; {{citation|last1=Reichert |first1=Hermann |last2=Timpe |first2= Dieter| chapter=Guiones | url=https://www-degruyter-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/document/database/GAO/entry/RGA_2132/html |volume=13 |title=Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde |year=1999}}</ref>
+The Fourth Century BC traveller, [[Pytheas]], as reported by [[Pliny the Elder]] (died AD 79), described the Teutones as neighbours of the northern island of Abalus where amber washed up in the spring, and was traded by the Teutones. Abalus was one day's sail from a [[tidal marsh]] or estuary facing the ocean (''aestuarium'') called ''Metuonis'' inhabited by another Germanic people, the ''Guiones'' (probably either the [[Inguaeones]], or [[Gutones]]).<ref>Pliny the Elder [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=37:chapter=11&highlight=teutones 37.11]. Modern analysis: {{cite book |last1=Christensen |first1=Arne Søby |author-link1=Arne Søby Christensen |year=2002 |title=Cassiodorus, Jordanes and the History of the Goths |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AcLDHOqOt4cC |publisher=[[Museum Tusculanum Press]] |isbn=9788772897103 |pages=27–31}}; {{citation|last1=Reichert |first1=Hermann |last2=Timpe |first2= Dieter| chapter=Guiones | chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/database/GAO/entry/RGA_2132/html |volume=13 |title=Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde |year=1999}}</ref>
-[[Pomponius Mela]] (died about AD 45) placed them on the largest island, Codannovia, presumed to be Scandinavia, which was one of a group of islands in a large bay called Codanus, open to the ocean. Traditionally, scholars interpret this bay as the [[Baltic sea]].<ref>{{citation|title=Pomponius Mela's description of the world |translator-first=F.E. |translator-last=Romer|url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015042048507?urlappend=%3Bseq=121|author=Pomponius Mela|pages=109-117}}. Comments: {{harvnb|Christensen|2002|p=256}}</ref>
+[[Pomponius Mela]] (died circa 45 CE) stated that the Teutons lived on a large island, ''Codannovia'', which was one of a group of islands in a large bay called ''Codanus'', open to the ocean. Most scholars have interpreted this bay as being the [[Baltic Sea]],<ref>{{citation|title=Pomponius Mela's description of the world |translator-first=F.E. |translator-last=Romer|url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015042048507?urlappend=%3Bseq=121|author=Pomponius Mela|pages=109–117|hdl=2027/mdp.39015042048507?urlappend=%3Bseq=121 }}. Comments: {{harvnb|Christensen|2002|p=256}}</ref> and ''Codannovia'' as being Scandinavia.
 :31. On the other side of the Albis [Elbe], the huge Codanus Bay [Baltic Sea] is filled with big and small islands. For this reason, where the sea is received within the fold of the bay, it never lies wide open and never really looks like a sea but is sprinkled around, rambling and scattered like rivers, with water flowing in every direction and crossing many times. Where the sea comes into contact with the mainland, the sea is contained by the banks of islands, banks that are not far offshore and that are virtually equidistant everywhere. There the sea runs a narrow course like a strait, then, curving, it promptly adapts to a long brow of land. 32. On the bay are the Cimbri and the Teutoni; farther on, the farthest people of Germany, the [[Hermiones]].
 :[...]
-:54. The thirty Orcades [Orkney Islands] are separated by narrow spaces between them; the seven Haemodae [Denmark] extend opposite Germany in what we have called Codanus Bay; of the islands there, Scadinavia [sic: the manuscript has ''Codannavia''{{sfn|Christensen|2002|p=256}}], which the Teutoni still hold, stands out as much for its size as for its fertility besides.
+:54. The thirty Orcades [Orkney Islands] are separated by narrow spaces between them; the seven Haemodae [Denmark] extend opposite Germany in what we have called Codanus Bay; of the islands there, Scandinavia [sic: the manuscript has ''Codannavia''{{sfn|Christensen|2002|p=256}}], which the Teutoni still hold, stands out as much for its size as for its fertility besides.
+Surviving texts based on the work of the geographer [[Ptolemy]] mentioned both Teutones and "''Teutonoaroi''" in [[Germania]], but this is in a part of his text that has become garbled in surviving copies. Gudmund Schütte proposed that the two peoples should be understood as one, but that different versions of works based on that of Ptolemy used literary sources such as Pliny and Mela to place them in different positions somewhere near the Cimbri, in a part of the landscape they did not have good information for – either in [[Zealand]] or Scandinavia, or else somewhere on the southern Baltic coast.<ref>{{citation|last=Schütte |title=Ptolemy's maps of northern Europe, a reconstruction of the prototypes |year=1917 |first=Gudmund |page=60|publisher=Kjøbenhavn, H. Hagerup | url=https://archive.org/details/ptolemysmapsofno00schrich/page/60/mode/2up?q=teutones}}</ref>
-[[Plutarch]] in his biography of Marius, who fought the Teutones, wrote that they and Cimbri "had not had intercourse with other peoples, and had traversed a great stretch of country, so that it could not be ascertained what people it was nor whence they had set out". He reported that there were different conjectures: that they were "they were some of the German peoples which extended as far as the northern ocean"; that they were "Galloscythians", a mixture of [[Scythians]] and Celts who had lived as far east as the Black Sea, or that the Cimbri were actually [[Cimmerians]], from even further east.<ref>Plutarch, Marius, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0049:chapter=11&highlight=teutones ch. 11]</ref>
-Surviving texts based on the work of the geographer [[Ptolemy]] mentioned both Teutones and "''Teutonoaroi''" in [[Germania]], but this is in a part of his text which has become garbled in surviving copies. Gudmund Schütte proposed that the two peoples should be understood as one, but that different versions of works based on Ptolemy's used literary sources like Pliny and Mela to place them in different positions somewhere near the Cimbri, in a part of the landscape they did not have good information for - either in Zealand or Scandinavia, or else somewhere on the southern Baltic coast.<ref>{{citation|last=Schütte |title=Ptolemy's maps of northern Europe, a reconstruction of the prototypes |year=1917 |first=Gudmund |page=60| url=https://archive.org/details/ptolemysmapsofno00schrich/page/60/mode/2up?q=teutones}}</ref>
 The name of the district of [[Thy (district)|Thy]] in [[Jutland]] has been connected to the name of the Teutons, a proposal in line with ancient reports that they came from that area.<ref name="RGA"/>
-==Cimbrian War==
+== Cimbrian War ==
 {{Main|Cimbrian War}}
 After achieving decisive victories over the Romans at [[Battle of Noreia|Noreia]] and [[Battle of Arausio|Arausio]] in 105 BC, the Cimbri and Teutones divided their forces. [[Gaius Marius]] then defeated them separately in 102 BC and 101 BC respectively, ending the [[Cimbrian War]]. The defeat of the Teutones occurred at the [[Battle of Aquae Sextiae]] (near present-day [[Aix-en-Provence]]).
@@ Line 42: / Line 42: @@
 According to the writings of [[Valerius Maximus]] and [[Florus]], the king of the Teutones, Teutobod, was taken in irons after the Teutones were defeated by the Romans. Under the conditions of the surrender, three hundred married women were to be handed over to the victorious Romans as [[concubine]]s and [[slave]]s. When the [[matron]]s of the Teutones heard of this stipulation, they begged the consul that they might instead be allowed to minister in the temples of [[Ceres (mythology)|Ceres]] and [[Venus (mythology)|Venus]]. When their request was denied, the Teutonic women slew their own children. The next morning, all the women were found dead in each other's arms, having strangled each other during the night. Their joint martyrdom passed into Roman legends of [[Furor Teutonicus|Teutonic fury]].<ref>[[Lucius Annaeus Florus]], Epitome 1.38.16–17 and Valerius Maximus, Factorum et Dictorum Memorabilium 6.1.ext.3</ref>
-Some surviving captives reportedly participated as the rebelling [[gladiator]]s in the [[Third Servile War]] of 73-71 BC.<ref name=strauss>{{cite book |last=Strauss |first=Barry |title=The Spartacus War |url=https://archive.org/details/spartacuswar00stra |url-access=registration |year=2009 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4165-3205-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/spartacuswar00stra/page/21 21]–22 }}</ref>
+Reportedly, some surviving captives participated as the rebelling [[gladiator]]s in the [[Third Servile War]] of 73-71 BC.<ref name=strauss>{{cite book |last=Strauss |first=Barry |title=The Spartacus War |url=https://archive.org/details/spartacuswar00stra |url-access=registration |year=2009 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4165-3205-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/spartacuswar00stra/page/21 21]–22 }}</ref>
-==See also==
+== See also ==
 * [[Furor Teutonicus]]
-==References==
+== References ==
 {{reflist}}
 * Fick, August, Alf Torp and Hjalmar Falk: ''Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Indogermanischen Sprachen''. Part 3, Wortschatz der Germanischen Spracheinheit. 4. Aufl. (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht), 1909.
@@ Line 54: / Line 53: @@
 *{{EB1911 |last=Beck |first=Frederick George Meeson |wstitle=Teutoni |volume=26|pages=673}}
-==External links==
+== External links ==
 {{Commons category|Teutons}}
 * {{Cite NSRW|wstitle=Teutones |p=1895 |short=x}}
+{{Germanic peoples}}
 [[Category:Pre-Roman Iron Age]]

v t e Germanic peoples
Ethnolinguistic group of Northern European origin primarily identified as speakers of Germanic languages
History	Nordic Bronze Age Germania Pre-Roman Iron Age Roman Iron Age Romano-Germanic culture Germanic Iron Age Viking Age
Early culture	Architecture Art Calendar Clothing Family Festivals Folklore Proto-Germanic folklore Anglo-Saxon mythology Continental Germanic mythology Norse mythology) Funerary practices Anglo-Saxon Norse Law Anglo-Saxon Norse Literature Anglo-Saxon Norse Names Gothic Numbers Paganism Anglo-Saxon Gothic Norse Rings Scripts Gothic alphabet Runes Symbology Warfare Anglo-Saxon Gothic and Vandal Viking
Languages	Germanic parent language Proto-Germanic language East Germanic languages North Germanic languages West Germanic languages
Groups	Alemanni Brisgavi Bucinobantes Lentienses Raetovari Adrabaecampi Angles Anglo-Saxons Ambrones Ampsivarii Angrivarii Armalausi Auiones Avarpi Baemi Baiuvarii Banochaemae Bastarnae Batavi Belgae Germani cisrhenani Atuatuci Caeroesi Condrusi Eburones Paemani Segni Morini Nervii Bateinoi Betasii Brondings Bructeri Burgundians Buri Cananefates Caritni Casuari Chaedini Chaemae Chamavi Chali Charudes Chasuarii Chattuarii Chatti Chauci Cherusci Cimbri Cobandi Corconti Cugerni Danes Dauciones Dulgubnii Favonae Firaesi Fosi Franks Ripuarian Franks Salian Franks Frisiavones Frisii Gambrivii Geats Gepids Goths Crimean Goths Greuthungi Gutones Ostrogoths Thervingi Thracian Goths Visigoths Gutes Harii Hermunduri Heruli Hilleviones Ingaevones Irminones Istvaeones Jutes Juthungi Lacringi Lemovii Lombards Heaðobards Lugii Diduni Helisii Helveconae Manimi Nahanarvali Marcomanni Marsacii Marsi Mattiaci Nemetes Njars Nuithones Osi Quadi Reudigni Rugii Rugini Saxons Semnones Sicambri Sciri Sitones Suarines Suebi Sunici Swedes Taifals Tencteri Teutons Thelir Thuringii Toxandri Treveri Triboci Tubantes Tulingi Tungri Ubii Usipetes Vagoth Vandals Hasdingi Silingi Vangiones Varisci Victohali Vidivarii Vinoviloth Warini
Christianization	Gothic Christianity Christianization of the Franks Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England Christianization of Scandinavia Christianization of Iceland
Category