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Peri-urbanisation relates to the processes of scattered and dispersive urban growth that create hybrid landscapes of fragmented and mixed urban and rural characteristics. Such areas may be referred to as the rural–urban fringe, the outskirts or the urban hinterland.

Etymology

The expression originates from the French word périurbanisation ("peri-urban" meaning "around urban"), which is used by the INSEE^[1] (the French statistics agency) to describe spaces—between the city and the countryside—that are shaped by the fragmented urbanisation of former rural areas in the urban fringe, both in a qualitative (e.g. diffusion of urban lifestyle) and in a quantitative (e.g. new residential zones) sense. It is frequently seen as a result of post-modernity. In science, the term was used initially in France and Switzerland.

Structure and function

Peri-urban areas (also called urban space, outskirts or the hinterland) are defined by the structure resulting from the process of peri-urbanisation. It can be described as the landscape interface or ecotone between town and countryside,^[2]^[3] or also as the rural—urban transition zone where urban and rural uses and functions mix and often clash.^[4] It can thus be viewed as a new landscape type in its own right, one forged from an interaction of urban and rural land use.

Its definition shifts depending on the global location, but typically in Europe where suburban areas are intensively managed to prevent urban sprawl and protect agricultural land, the urban fringe will be characterised by certain land uses which have either purposely moved from the urban area or require much larger tracts of land. As examples:

Roads, especially motorways and bypasses
Waste transfer stations, recycling facilities and landfill sites
Park and ride sites
Airports
Large hospitals
Power, water and sewerage facilities
Factories
Large out-of-town shopping facilities, e.g. large supermarkets
High-density residential buildings

Despite these urban uses, the fringe remains largely open with the majority of the land for agricultural, woodland or other rural uses. The quality of living of the countryside around urban areas tends to be low with severance between areas of open land and poorly maintained woodlands and hedgerows with the scattered urban facilities.

"Peri-urbanisation" is also sometimes used to fill the gap between suburbanisation and exurbanisation, and thus relates moreover to the movement of people in space. In this case, it implies the expansion of functional rural-urban linkages such as by commuting.

In the United States urban areas are defined as contiguous territory having a density of at least 1,000 persons per square mile, though in some areas the density may be as low as 500 per square mile. Urban areas also include outlying territory of less density if it is connected to the core of the contiguous area by road and within 2.5 road miles of that core, or within 5 road miles but separated by water or other undevelopable territory. Territory with population density below 1,000 people per square mile is included in the urban fringe if it eliminates an enclave or closes an indentation in the boundary of the urbanized area.^[5]

References

^ "Définition - Couronne | Insee". www.insee.fr.
^ Verstoep, Timon (2022). "ECOTONE URBANISM". Wageningen University Landscape Architecture Group.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-03-11. Retrieved 2011-07-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Griffiths, Michael B.; Chapman, Malcolm; Christiansen, Flemming (2010). "Chinese consumers: The Romantic reappraisal". Ethnography. 11 (3): 331–357. doi:10.1177/1466138110370412. S2CID 144152261.
^ Department of Commerce - Census Bureau (August 24, 2011). "Urban Area Criteria for the 2010 Census; Notice" (PDF). Federal Register. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved August 3, 2017.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Type of urban growth}}
+{{Use British English|date=December 2018}}
 [[File:Inn river running through the Tyrol west of Innsbruck.jpg|thumb|270px|right|Mountain valleys of industrialised countries (e.g. [[Inn valley]]) are often periurbanised.]]
 [[File:Rangierbahnhof Limmattal 071.jpg|thumb|270px|right|The periurbanised Swiss [[Limmat valley]].]]
 [[File:Hospital de Cabueñes3.jpg|thumb|Hospital in a peri-urban area in [[Gijón]].]]
-'''Peri-urbanisation''' relates to those processes of [[urban sprawl|dispersive urban growth]] that creates hybrid [[landscape]]s of fragmented urban and rural characteristics.
+'''Peri-urbanisation''' relates to the processes of scattered and dispersive [[Urban sprawl|urban growth]] that create hybrid [[landscape]]s of fragmented and mixed urban and rural characteristics. Such areas may be referred to as the '''rural–urban fringe''', the '''outskirts''' or the '''urban hinterland'''.
-== Origin ==
+== Etymology ==
-The expression originates from the [[French language|French]] word ''{{lang|fr|périurbanisation}}'', which is even used by [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]]<ref>http://www.insee.fr/fr/methodes/default.asp?page=definitions/couronne-periurbaine.htm INSSE Définition</ref> (the French statistics agency) to describe spaces—between the city and the countryside—that are shaped by the urbanisation of former rural areas in the [[urban fringe]], both in a qualitative (e.g. diffusion of urban lifestyle) and in a quantitative (e.g. new residential zones) sense. It is frequently seen as a result of [[post-modernity]] (not [[post-modernism]]). In science, the term was used initially in [[France]] and [[Switzerland]].
+The expression originates from the [[French language|French]] word ''{{lang|fr|périurbanisation}}'' ("peri-urban" meaning "around urban"), which is used by the [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/definition/c1305|title=Définition - Couronne &#124; Insee|website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> (the French statistics agency) to describe spaces—between the city and the countryside—that are shaped by the fragmented urbanisation of former rural areas in the urban fringe, both in a qualitative (e.g. diffusion of urban lifestyle) and in a quantitative (e.g. new residential zones) sense. It is frequently seen as a result of [[post-modernity]]. In science, the term was used initially in [[France]] and [[Switzerland]].
 == Structure and function ==
+Peri-urban areas (also called ''urban space'', ''outskirts'' or the ''hinterland'') are defined by the structure resulting from the process of peri-urbanisation. It can be described as the landscape interface or [[ecotone]] between town and countryside,<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://edepot.wur.nl/572178|title=ECOTONE URBANISM|first=Timon|last=Verstoep|journal=Wageningen University Landscape Architecture Group|year=2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.teignbridge.gov.uk/index.cfm?Articleid=2803 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-07-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311091656/http://www.teignbridge.gov.uk/index.cfm?Articleid=2803 |archive-date=2007-03-11 }}</ref> or also as the rural—urban transition zone where urban and rural uses and functions mix and often clash.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Griffiths |first1=Michael B. |last2=Chapman |first2=Malcolm |last3=Christiansen |first3=Flemming |title=Chinese consumers: The Romantic reappraisal |journal=Ethnography |date=2010 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=331–357 |doi=10.1177/1466138110370412|s2cid=144152261 }}</ref> It can thus be viewed as a new landscape type in its own right, one forged from an interaction of urban and rural [[land use]].
-{{Main|Rural–urban fringe}}
+Its definition shifts depending on the global location, but typically in [[Europe]] where suburban areas are intensively managed to prevent [[urban sprawl]] and protect agricultural land, the urban fringe will be characterised by certain land uses which have either purposely moved from the urban area or require much larger tracts of land. As examples:
-Peri-urban areas (also called ''rurban space'', ''outskirts'' or the ''hinterland'') are defined by the structure resulting from the process of peri-urbanisation. It can be described as the ''landscape interface between town and country'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.teignbridge.gov.uk/index.cfm?Articleid=2803 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-07-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311091656/http://www.teignbridge.gov.uk/index.cfm?Articleid=2803 |archivedate=2007-03-11 |df= }}</ref> or also as the ''rural—urban transition zone'' where urban and rural uses mix and often clash.<ref>Griffiths, Michael. B., Flemming Christiansen, and Malcolm Chapman. (2010) 'Chinese Consumers: The Romantic Reappraisal’. Ethnography, Sept 2010, 11, 331-357.</ref> It can thus be viewed as a landscape type in its own right, one forged from an interaction of urban and rural [[land use]].
-Its definition shifts depending on the global location, but typically in [[Europe]] where urban areas are intensively managed to prevent [[urban sprawl]] and protect agricultural land, the urban fringe will be characterised by certain land uses which have either purposely moved away from the urban area, or require much larger tracts of land. As examples:
 * Roads, especially [[motorway]]s and bypasses
@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 * Factories
 * Large out-of-town shopping facilities, e.g. large supermarkets
+* High-density residential buildings
-Despite these urban uses, the fringe remains largely open with the majority of the land agricultural, woodland or other rural use. However, the quality of the countryside around urban areas tends to be low with severance between areas of open land and badly maintained woodlands and hedgerows.
+Despite these urban uses, the fringe remains largely open with the majority of the land for agricultural, woodland or other rural uses. The quality of living of the countryside around urban areas tends to be low with severance between areas of open land and poorly maintained woodlands and hedgerows with the scattered urban facilities.
-Apart from the structural definition dominating English-speaking literature, the concept is sometimes used to fill the gap between [[suburbanization|suburbanisation]] and [[exurbanization|exurbanisation]], and thus relates moreover to the movement of people in space. In this case, peri-urbanisation is seen as the expansion of functional rural-urban linkages such as [[commuting]].
+"Peri-urbanisation" is also sometimes used to fill the gap between [[suburbanization|suburbanisation]] and [[exurbanization|exurbanisation]], and thus relates moreover to the movement of people in space. In this case, it implies the expansion of functional rural-urban linkages such as by [[commuting]].
+In the [[United States]] urban areas are defined as contiguous territory having a density of at least 1,000 persons per square mile, though in some areas the density may be as low as 500 per square mile. Urban areas also include outlying territory of less density if it is connected to the core of the contiguous area by road and within 2.5 road miles of that core, or within 5 road miles but separated by water or other undevelopable territory. Territory with population density below 1,000 people per square mile is included in the urban fringe if it eliminates an enclave or closes an indentation in the boundary of the urbanized area.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/reference/fedreg/fedregv76n164.pdf| title=Urban Area Criteria for the 2010 Census; Notice| author=Department of Commerce - Census Bureau| work=Federal Register| publisher=National Archives and Records Administration| date=August 24, 2011| access-date=August 3, 2017}}</ref>
 == See also ==
-* [[Peri-urban agriculture]]
+* [[Desakota]]
-* [[Peri Urban Regions Platform Europe]]
-* [[Urban village]]
 * [[FEDENATUR - European Association of Periurban Parks]]
+* [[Peri Urban Regions Platform Europe]]
+* [[Peri-urban agriculture]]
 * [[Urban sprawl]]
+* [[Urban village]]
+* [[Urban vitality]]
 == References ==
-{{reflist}}
+{{Reflist}}
 == Further reading ==
+* {{cite journal |last1=Astrade |first1=Laurent |last2=Lutoff |first2=Céline |last3=Nedjai |first3=Rachid |last4=Philippe |first4=Céline |last5=Loison |first5=Delphine |last6=Bottollier-Depois |first6=Sandrine |title=Periurbanisation and natural hazards |journal=Revue de géographie alpine |date=2007 |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=19–28 |doi=10.4000/rga.132|url=http://rga.revues.org/index132.html|doi-access=free }}
-* [http://rga.revues.org/index132.html Laurent Astrade ''et al.'' 2007: Periurbanisation and natural hazards. In: Journal of Alpine Research '''95''' (2), pp. 19–28.]
+* {{cite journal |last1=Zasada |first1=Ingo |last2=Fertner |first2=Christian |last3=Piorr |first3=Annette |last4=Nielsen |first4=Thomas Sick |title=Peri-urbanisation and multifunctional adaptation of agriculture around Copenhagen |journal=Danish Journal of Geography |date=2011 |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=59–72 |doi=10.1080/00167223.2011.10669522|s2cid=53548764 |url=http://rdgs.dk/djg/pdfs/111/1/DJG_1-2011_WEB_59-72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719130934/http://rdgs.dk/djg/pdfs/111/1/DJG_1-2011_WEB_59-72.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-07-19 }}
-* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110719130934/http://rdgs.dk/djg/pdfs/111/1/DJG_1-2011_WEB_59-72.pdf Ingo Zasada ''et al.'' 2011: Peri-urbanisation and multifunctional adaptation of agriculture around Copenhagen. In: Danish Journal of Geography '''111'''(1), pp. 59–72.]
 * [http://www.metropolitiques.eu/The-mis-measurement-of.html Anne Lambert 2011: The (mis)measurement of periurbanization. In: Metropolitics, 11 May 2011. URL: ''http://www.metropolitiques.eu'']
+{{Authority control}}
 [[Category:Urbanization]]