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{{Short description|First-level administrative division of the Ottoman Empire}}
{{other uses|Van Province (disambiguation)}}
{{other uses|Van Province (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox Former Subdivision
{{Infobox Former Subdivision
|native_name = {{rtl-lang|ota|ولايت وان}}<br />''Vilâyet-i Van''
|native_name = {{lang|ota|ولايت وان}}<br />''Vilâyet-i Van''
|common_name = Van Vilayet
|common_name = Van Vilayet
|subdivision = [[Vilayet]]
|subdivision = [[Vilayet]]
Line 7: Line 8:
|year_start = 1875
|year_start = 1875
|year_end = 1922
|year_end = 1922
|date_start =
|date_end =
|event_start =
|event_end =
|p1 = Van Eyalet
|p1 = Van Eyalet
|flag_p1 =
|s1 = Turkey
|s1 = Turkey
|flag_s1 = Flag of Turkey.svg
|flag_s1 = Flag of Turkey.svg
|image_flag =
|flag_type =
|image_coat =
|image_map = Van Vilayet, Ottoman Empire (1900).svg
|image_map = Van Vilayet, Ottoman Empire (1900).svg
|image_map_caption = The Van Vilayet in 1900
|image_map_caption = The Van Vilayet in 1900
|capital = [[Van, Turkey|Van]]<ref name="geodict">{{Google books|cVQDZFM1T2IC|page=1909|Geographical Dictionary of the World}}</ref>
|capital = [[Van, Turkey|Van]]<ref name="geodict">{{Google books|cVQDZFM1T2IC|page=1909|Geographical Dictionary of the World}}</ref>
|today = {{flag|Turkey}}
|today = [[Turkey]]
⚫
|stat_year1 = Muslim, 1914<ref name="1914-census">{{cite web | url =http://www.tsk.tr/8_TARIHTEN_KESITLER/8_1_Ermeni_Sorunu/konular/ermeni_faaliyetleri_pdf/Arsiv_Belgeleriyle_Ermeni_Faaliyetleri_Cilt_1.pdf | title =1914 Census Statistics | publisher =[[Turkish General Staff]] | pages =605–606 | access-date =29 January 2011 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20111007185405/http://www.tsk.tr/8_TARIHTEN_KESITLER/8_1_Ermeni_Sorunu/konular/ermeni_faaliyetleri_pdf/Arsiv_Belgeleriyle_Ermeni_Faaliyetleri_Cilt_1.pdf | archive-date =7 October 2011 | url-status =dead | df =dmy-all }}</ref>
<!--- Area and population of a given year --->
⚫
|stat_year1 = Muslim, 1914<ref name="1914-census">{{cite web | url =http://www.tsk.tr/8_TARIHTEN_KESITLER/8_1_Ermeni_Sorunu/konular/ermeni_faaliyetleri_pdf/Arsiv_Belgeleriyle_Ermeni_Faaliyetleri_Cilt_1.pdf | title =1914 Census Statistics | publisher =[[Turkish General Staff]] | pages =605–606 | accessdate =29 January 2011 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20111007185405/http://www.tsk.tr/8_TARIHTEN_KESITLER/8_1_Ermeni_Sorunu/konular/ermeni_faaliyetleri_pdf/Arsiv_Belgeleriyle_Ermeni_Faaliyetleri_Cilt_1.pdf | archive-date =7 October 2011 | url-status =dead | df =dmy-all }}</ref>
|stat_area1 =
|stat_pop1 = 179,982
|stat_pop1 = 179,982
|stat_year2 = Armenian, 1914<ref name="1914-census"/>
|stat_year2 = Armenian, 1914<ref name="1914-census"/>
|stat_area2 =
|stat_pop2 = 67,792
|stat_pop2 = 67,792
|stat_year3 = Jewish, 1914<ref name="1914-census"/>
|stat_year3 = Jewish, 1914<ref name="1914-census"/>
|stat_area3 =
|stat_pop3 = 1,383
|stat_pop3 = 1,383
|footnotes =
}}
}}
The '''Vilayet of Van'''<ref name="geodict"/> ({{lang-ota|ولايت وان|Vilâyet-i Van}}; {{lang-hy|Վանի վիլայեթ|Vani vilayet'}}) was a first-level administrative division ([[vilayet]]) of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. At the beginning of the 20th century it reportedly had a population of about 400,000 and an area of {{convert|15000|sqmi|km2}}.<ref name="geodict"/> It was one of the so-called [[six Armenian vilayets]] and held, prior to World War I, many [[Armenian people|Armenians]], as well as [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]] and [[Azerbaijani people|Azeri]] minorities.
The '''Vilayet of Van'''<ref name="geodict"/> ({{langx|ota|ولايت وان|Vilâyet-i Van}}; {{langx|hy|Վանի վիլայեթ|Vani vilayet}}) was a first-level administrative division ([[vilayet]]) of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. At the beginning of the 20th century, it reportedly had a population of about 400,000 and an area of {{convert|15000|sqmi|km2}}.<ref name="geodict"/>


== History ==
== History ==
In 1875, the [[eyalet of Erzurum]] was divided in six vilayets: [[Erzurum Vilayet|Erzurum]], Van, [[Hakkari Vilayet|Hakkari]], [[Bitlis Vilayet|Bitlis]], [[Hozat Vilayet|Hozat]] (Dersim) and [[Kars Vilayet|Kars-Çildir]]. In 1888 by an imperial order Hakkari was joined to the vilayet of Van, and Hozat to [[Vilayet of Mamuret-ul-Aziz|Mamuret ul-Aziz]].<ref name=asoe>{{cite book|last=Krikorian|first=Mesrob K.|title=Armenians in the Service of the Ottoman Empire: 1860-1908|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=do89AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA39|isbn=9780710085641|date=1977-01-01}}</ref>
In 1875, the [[eyalet of Erzurum]] was divided in six vilayets: [[Erzurum Vilayet|Erzurum]], Van, Hakkari, [[Bitlis Vilayet|Bitlis]], Hozat (Dersim) and Kars-Çildir. In 1888, by an imperial order [[Hakkâri Province|Hakkari]] was joined to the vilayet of Van, and [[Hozat]] to [[Vilayet of Mamuret-ul-Aziz|Mamuret ul-Aziz]].<ref name=asoe>{{cite book|last=Krikorian|first=Mesrob K.|title=Armenians in the Service of the Ottoman Empire: 1860-1908|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=do89AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA39|isbn=9780710085641|date=1977-01-01|publisher=Routledge and Kegan Paul }}</ref>


The economic center of province was the city of [[Van, Turkey|Van]]. As the border province of the north-eastern frontier, towards both Russian and Persian territory, it contained a number of garrisons. It was divided into the [[Sanjak of Van]] and the [[Sanjak of Hakkari]] and covered the present-day provinces of [[Van Province|Van]], [[Hakkâri Province|Hakkari]] and parts of [[Şırnak Province|Şırnak]], [[Muş Province|Muş]] and [[Bingöl Province|Bingöl]] ones.
As the border province of the north-eastern frontier, towards both the [[Russian Empire]] and [[Qajar Iran]], it contained a number of garrisons. It was divided into the Sanjak of Van and the [[Sanjak of Hakkari]] and covered the present-day provinces of [[Van Province|Van]], [[Hakkâri Province|Hakkari]] and parts of [[Şırnak Province|Şırnak]], [[Muş Province|Muş]] and [[Bingöl Province|Bingöl]] ones.

During the [[Caucasus campaign]] of [[World War I]], the Russians planned to invade the province after the breakdown of the [[Ottoman Army (1861–1922)|Ottoman Army]]'s offensive into Russia. The invasion threat led the [[Committee of Union and Progress]] to begin the [[Armenian genocide]] out of fear that Armenians in Van would support the [[Caucasus Army (Russian Empire, 1914–1917)|Russian Caucasus Army]].


== Demographics ==
== Demographics ==
[[File:CUINET(1892) 2.664 Van Vilayet.jpg|280px|thumb|right|The Van Vilayet in 1892]]
[[File:CUINET(1892) 2.664 Van Vilayet.jpg|280px|thumb|right|The Van Vilayet in 1892]]
[[File:Armenian population of Van province in 1896.png|150px|thumb|left|Armenian population of the Van province in 1896]]
[[File:Armenian population of Van province in 1896.png|150px|thumb|left|Armenian population of the Van province in 1896]]
At the beginning of the 20th century it reportedly had an area of {{convert|15440|sqmi|km2}}, while the preliminary results of the first Ottoman census of 1885 (published in 1908) gave the population as 376,297.<ref name="asia">[https://archive.org/stream/asiakeane00kean#page/460/mode/1up Asia] by [[A. H. Keane]], page 460</ref> The accuracy of the population figures ranges from "approximate" to "merely conjectural" depending on the region from which they were gathered.<ref name="asia"/>
At the beginning of the 20th century, Van Vilayet reportedly had an area of {{convert|15440|sqmi|km2}}, while the preliminary results of the first Ottoman census of 1885 (published in 1908) gave the population as 376,297.<ref name="asia">[https://archive.org/stream/asiakeane00kean#page/460/mode/1up Asia] by [[A. H. Keane]], page 460</ref> The accuracy of the population figures ranges from "approximate" to "merely conjectural" depending on the region from which they were gathered.<ref name="asia"/>


Based on the official 1914 Ottoman Census the population of Van province consisted of 179,422 Muslims and 67,797 Armenians.<ref>Values as printed on [[:Image:Proportions des populations en Asie Mineure statistique officielle d1914.png]]</ref> The Ottoman Census figures include only male citizens, excluding women and children.{{citation needed|date=September 2011}} According to [[Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople]], the corrected estimates for Van province (including women and children) was; 313,000 Muslims, 130,000 Armenians, and 65,000 others, including Syriac Christians and Nestorians.<ref>Muslims and Minorities, Justin McCarthy, New York University Press, 1983, pp. 110-111</ref>
Based on the official [[1914 Ottoman census|1914 Ottoman Census]], the population of Van province consisted of 179,422 Muslims and 67,797 Armenians.<ref>Values as printed on [[:Image:Proportions des populations en Asie Mineure statistique officielle d1914.png]]</ref> The Ottoman Census figures include only male citizens, excluding women and children.{{citation needed|date=September 2011}} According to [[Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople]], the corrected estimates for Van province (including women and children) was; 313,000 Muslims, 130,000 Armenians, and 65,000 others, including Syriac Christians and Nestorians.<ref>Muslims and Minorities, Justin McCarthy, New York University Press, 1983, pp. 110-111</ref>


== Geography ==
== Geography ==
Vilayet of Van lay along the Persian frontier between the vilayets of [[Vilayet of Erzurum|Erzurum]] and [[Mosul Province, Ottoman Empire|Mosul]]. The northern [[sanjak]] comprised open plateau country N. and E. of the lake (with a large [[Armenians in the Ottoman Empire|Armenian]] agricultural population and [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] seminomad tribes occupied chiefly in cattle and sheep raising), also of several fertile districts along the south shore of the lake. The southern sanjak was entirely mountainous, little developed and having the tribes only partly under government control. This comprised most of the upper basin of the [[Great Zab]], with the country of the [[Nestorianism|Nestorian Christians]] and many districts inhabited by Kurdish tribes, some of them large [[nomad]] tribes who descended for the winter to the plains of the [[Tigris]].
Vilayet of Van lay along the [[Iran–Turkey border|Persian frontier]] between the vilayets of [[Vilayet of Erzurum|Erzurum]] and [[Mosul Province, Ottoman Empire|Mosul]]. The northern [[sanjak]] comprised open plateau country N. and E. of the lake (with a large [[Armenians in the Ottoman Empire|Armenian]] agricultural population and [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] seminomad tribes occupied chiefly in cattle and sheep raising), also of several fertile districts along the south shore of the lake. The southern sanjak was entirely mountainous, little developed and having the tribes only partly under government control. This comprised most of the upper basin of the [[Great Zab]], with the country of the [[Hakkari (historical region)|Hakkari]] [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] and many districts inhabited by [[Kurdish tribes]], some of them large [[nomad]] tribes who descended for the winter to the plains of the [[Tigris]].


The mineral wealth of the vilayet was never fully explored, but was believed to be great. There were [[petroleum]] springs at Kordzot, deposits of [[lignite]] at Sivan (now Avnik village in Bingöl) and Nurduz, several [[hot spring]]s at Zilan Creek and Julamerk (Now [[Hakkari]]). Excellent [[tobacco]] was grown in Shemsdinan for export to [[Persian Empire|Persia]].
The mineral wealth of the vilayet was never fully explored, but was believed to be great. There were [[petroleum]] springs at Kordzot, deposits of [[lignite]] at Sivan (now Avnik village in Bingöl) and Nurduz, several [[hot spring]]s at Zilan Creek and Julamerk (Now [[Hakkâri (city)|Hakkari]]). Excellent [[tobacco]] was grown in [[Şemdinli|Shemsdinan]] for export to [[Persian Empire|Persia]].


==Administrative divisions==
==Administrative divisions==
Sanjaks of the Vilayet:<ref name="a-ids">[http://tarihvemedeniyet.org/2009/10/van-vilayeti/ Van Vilayeti | Tarih ve Medeniyet]</ref>
Sanjaks of the Vilayet:<ref name="a-ids">[http://tarihvemedeniyet.org/2009/10/van-vilayeti/ Van Vilayeti | Tarih ve Medeniyet]</ref>
# Sanjak of Van ([[Van, Turkey|Van]], [[Erciş]], [[Çatak]], [[Adilcevaz]], [[Gevaş]])
# Sanjak of Van ([[Van, Turkey|Van]], [[Erciş]], [[Çatak]], [[Adilcevaz]], [[Gevaş]])
# Sanjak of Hakkari ([[Başkale]], [[Hakkâri]], [[Özalp, Van|Özalp]], [[Şemdinli]], [[Yüksekova]], [[Gürpınar (District), Van|Gürpınar]])
# Sanjak of Hakkari ([[Başkale]], [[Hakkâri (city)|Hakkâri]], [[Özalp, Van|Özalp]], [[Şemdinli]], [[Yüksekova]], [[Gürpınar (District), Van|Gürpınar]])


==Economy==
==Economy==


Historically, Vilayet produced [[millet]].<ref name=Prothero60>{{cite book|last=Prothero|first=W.G.|title=Armenia and Kurdistan|year=1920|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|location=London|page=60|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11768/view/1/60/}}</ref> It was also a major [[wine production|wine producer]]. Both [[wine]] and [[brandy]] were made in small amounts. The vilayet also produced [[flax]] and [[hemp]].<ref name=Prothero62>{{cite book|last=Prothero|first=W.G.|title=Armenia and Kurdistan|year=1920|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|location=London|page=62|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11768/view/1/62/}}</ref> Van also had a major [[Shepherd|sheep herding]] industry. As of 1906, there were over 3 million [[sheep]] in the vilayet. As of 1920, those numbers were reduced.<ref name=Prothero63>{{cite book|last=Prothero|first=W.G.|title=Armenia and Kurdistan|year=1920|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|location=London|page=63|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11768/view/1/63/}}</ref> [[Beekeeping]] was done by [[peasant]]s, with [[honey]] being frozen and sold.<ref name=Prothero64>{{cite book|last=Prothero|first=W.G.|title=Armenia and Kurdistan|year=1920|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|location=London|page=64|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11768/view/1/64/}}</ref> The area also produced [[coal]], [[lead]], [[copper]] and [[borax]], [[orpiment]], [[gas]], [[granite]], [[lime (material)|lime]], [[chalk]], [[gypsum]], [[gold]], and [[salt]].<ref name=Prothero7071>{{cite book|last=Prothero|first=W.G.|title=Armenia and Kurdistan|year=1920|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|location=London|pages=70–71}}</ref>
Historically, the Van Vilayet produced [[millet]].<ref name=Prothero60>{{cite book|last=Prothero|first=W.G.|title=Armenia and Kurdistan|year=1920|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|location=London|page=60|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11768/view/1/60/}}</ref> The economic center of the province was the city of [[Van, Turkey|Van]]. It was also a major [[wine production|wine producer]]. Both [[wine]] and [[brandy]] were made in small amounts. The vilayet also produced [[flax]] and [[hemp]].<ref name=Prothero62>{{cite book|last=Prothero|first=W.G.|title=Armenia and Kurdistan|year=1920|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|location=London|page=62|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11768/view/1/62/}}</ref> Van also had a major [[Shepherd|sheep herding]] industry. As of 1906, there were over 3 million [[sheep]] in the vilayet. As of 1920, those numbers were reduced.<ref name=Prothero63>{{cite book|last=Prothero|first=W.G.|title=Armenia and Kurdistan|year=1920|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|location=London|page=63|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11768/view/1/63/}}</ref> [[Beekeeping]] was done by [[peasant]]s, with [[honey]] being frozen and sold.<ref name=Prothero64>{{cite book|last=Prothero|first=W.G.|title=Armenia and Kurdistan|year=1920|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|location=London|page=64|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11768/view/1/64/}}</ref> The area also produced [[coal]], [[lead]], [[copper]] and [[borax]], [[orpiment]], [[Natural gas|gas]], [[granite]], [[lime (material)|lime]], [[chalk]], [[gypsum]], [[gold]], and [[salt]].<ref name=Prothero7071>{{cite book|last=Prothero|first=W.G.|title=Armenia and Kurdistan|year=1920|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|location=London|pages=70–71}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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{{coord missing|Turkey}}
{{coord missing|Turkey}}


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[[Category:Van vilayet| ]]
[[Category:Vilayets of the Ottoman Empire in Anatolia]]
[[Category:Vilayets of the Ottoman Empire in Anatolia]]
[[Category:Ottoman period in Armenia]]
[[Category:Ottoman period in Armenia]]
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[[Category:History of Şırnak Province]]
[[Category:History of Şırnak Province]]
[[Category:History of Van Province]]
[[Category:History of Van Province]]
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[[Category:Van Vilayet| ]]
[[Category:1875 establishments in the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:1875 establishments in the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:1922 disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:1922 disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire]]

Latest revision as of 03:56, 2 November 2024

For other uses, see Van Province (disambiguation).
ولايت وان
Vilâyet-i Van
Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire
1875–1922

The Van Vilayet in 1900
CapitalVan[1]
Population 
• Muslim, 1914[2]
179,982
• Armenian, 1914[2]
67,792
• Jewish, 1914[2]
1,383
History 
• Established
1875
• Disestablished
1922
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Van Eyalet
Turkey
Today part ofTurkey

The Vilayet of Van[1] (Ottoman Turkish: ولايت وان, romanized: Vilâyet-i Van; Armenian: Վանի վիլայեթ, romanized: Vani vilayet) was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire. At the beginning of the 20th century, it reportedly had a population of about 400,000 and an area of 15,000 square miles (39,000 km2).[1]

History

[edit]

In 1875, the eyalet of Erzurum was divided in six vilayets: Erzurum, Van, Hakkari, Bitlis, Hozat (Dersim) and Kars-Çildir. In 1888, by an imperial order Hakkari was joined to the vilayet of Van, and Hozat to Mamuret ul-Aziz.[3]

As the border province of the north-eastern frontier, towards both the Russian Empire and Qajar Iran, it contained a number of garrisons. It was divided into the Sanjak of Van and the Sanjak of Hakkari and covered the present-day provinces of Van, Hakkari and parts of Şırnak, Muş and Bingöl ones.

During the Caucasus campaign of World War I, the Russians planned to invade the province after the breakdown of the Ottoman Army's offensive into Russia. The invasion threat led the Committee of Union and Progress to begin the Armenian genocide out of fear that Armenians in Van would support the Russian Caucasus Army.

Demographics

[edit]
The Van Vilayet in 1892
Armenian population of the Van province in 1896

At the beginning of the 20th century, Van Vilayet reportedly had an area of 15,440 square miles (40,000 km2), while the preliminary results of the first Ottoman census of 1885 (published in 1908) gave the population as 376,297.[4] The accuracy of the population figures ranges from "approximate" to "merely conjectural" depending on the region from which they were gathered.[4]

Based on the official 1914 Ottoman Census, the population of Van province consisted of 179,422 Muslims and 67,797 Armenians.[5] The Ottoman Census figures include only male citizens, excluding women and children.[citation needed] According to Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople, the corrected estimates for Van province (including women and children) was; 313,000 Muslims, 130,000 Armenians, and 65,000 others, including Syriac Christians and Nestorians.[6]

Geography

[edit]

Vilayet of Van lay along the Persian frontier between the vilayets of Erzurum and Mosul. The northern sanjak comprised open plateau country N. and E. of the lake (with a large Armenian agricultural population and Kurdish seminomad tribes occupied chiefly in cattle and sheep raising), also of several fertile districts along the south shore of the lake. The southern sanjak was entirely mountainous, little developed and having the tribes only partly under government control. This comprised most of the upper basin of the Great Zab, with the country of the Hakkari Assyrians and many districts inhabited by Kurdish tribes, some of them large nomad tribes who descended for the winter to the plains of the Tigris.

The mineral wealth of the vilayet was never fully explored, but was believed to be great. There were petroleum springs at Kordzot, deposits of lignite at Sivan (now Avnik village in Bingöl) and Nurduz, several hot springs at Zilan Creek and Julamerk (Now Hakkari). Excellent tobacco was grown in Shemsdinan for export to Persia.

Administrative divisions

[edit]

Sanjaks of the Vilayet:[7]

  1. Sanjak of Van (Van, Erciş, Çatak, Adilcevaz, Gevaş)
  2. Sanjak of Hakkari (Başkale, Hakkâri, Özalp, Şemdinli, Yüksekova, Gürpınar)

Economy

[edit]

Historically, the Van Vilayet produced millet.[8] The economic center of the province was the city of Van. It was also a major wine producer. Both wine and brandy were made in small amounts. The vilayet also produced flax and hemp.[9] Van also had a major sheep herding industry. As of 1906, there were over 3 million sheep in the vilayet. As of 1920, those numbers were reduced.[10] Beekeeping was done by peasants, with honey being frozen and sold.[11] The area also produced coal, lead, copper and borax, orpiment, gas, granite, lime, chalk, gypsum, gold, and salt.[12]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Geographical Dictionary of the World, p. 1909, at Google Books
  2. ^ a b c "1914 Census Statistics" (PDF). Turkish General Staff. pp. 605–606. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
  3. ^ Krikorian, Mesrob K. (1977-01-01). Armenians in the Service of the Ottoman Empire: 1860-1908. Routledge and Kegan Paul. ISBN 9780710085641.
  4. ^ a b Asia by A. H. Keane, page 460
  5. ^ Values as printed on Image:Proportions des populations en Asie Mineure statistique officielle d1914.png
  6. ^ Muslims and Minorities, Justin McCarthy, New York University Press, 1983, pp. 110-111
  7. ^ Van Vilayeti | Tarih ve Medeniyet
  8. ^ Prothero, W.G. (1920). Armenia and Kurdistan. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 60.
  9. ^ Prothero, W.G. (1920). Armenia and Kurdistan. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 62.
  10. ^ Prothero, W.G. (1920). Armenia and Kurdistan. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 63.
  11. ^ Prothero, W.G. (1920). Armenia and Kurdistan. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 64.
  12. ^ Prothero, W.G. (1920). Armenia and Kurdistan. London: H.M. Stationery Office. pp. 70–71.
[edit]

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