Lake Michigan: Difference between revisions

Lake Michigan
Lake Michigan
Ininwewi-gichigami (Ojibwe)
	Lake Michigan viewed from the International Space Station (August 19, 2019). Chicago sits at the extreme S.W. of the lake.
	Lake Michigan
	Lake Michigan bathymetric map. The deepest point is marked with "×".
Location	United States
Group	Great Lakes
Coordinates	44°N 87°W / 44°N 87°W
Lake type	Glacial
Primary inflows	Straits of Mackinac, Fox River, Grand River, Menominee River, Milwaukee River, Muskegon River, Kalamazoo River, St. Joseph River
Primary outflows	Straits of Mackinac; also, controlled discharge through locks on the Chicago River (and its North Shore Channel), and Calumet River
Basin countries	United States
Max. length	307 mi (494 km)
Max. width	118 mi (190 km)
Min. width	91 mi (146 km)
Surface area	22,404 sq mi (58,030 km2)
Average depth	279 ft (85 m)
Max. depth	923 ft (281 m)
Water volume	1,183 cu mi (4,930 km3)
Residence time	99 years
Shore length1	1,400 mi (2,300 km) plus 238 mi (383 km) for islands
Surface elevation	577 ft (176 m)
Islands	see list
Settlements	see list
References
	1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure.

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Lake Michigan (/ˈmɪʃɪɡən/ ^ⓘ MISH-ig-ən) is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. It is the second-largest of the Great Lakes by volume^[5] (1,180 cu mi (4,900 km³)) and the third-largest by surface area (22,405 sq mi (58,030 km²)), after Lake Superior and Lake Huron. To the east, its basin is conjoined with that of Lake Huron through the wide and deep Straits of Mackinac, giving it the same surface elevation as its easterly counterpart; geologically, the two bodies are a single lake that is, by area, the largest freshwater lake in the world.^[8]

Lake Michigan is the only Great Lake located fully in the United States; the other four are shared between the U.S. and Canada. It is the world's largest lake, by area, located fully in one country,^[9] and is shared, from west to east, by the U.S. states of Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan. Ports along its shores include Chicago, Illinois, Gary, Indiana, Milwaukee and Green Bay, Wisconsin, and Muskegon, Michigan. To the north, the lake is flanked by long bays, including Green Bay in the northwest, and Grand Traverse and Little Traverse bays in the northeast. The word michigan is believed to come from the Ojibwe ᒥᓯᑲᒥ^[10] (michi-gami or mishigami), meaning "great water".^[11]

History

Some of the most well-studied early human inhabitants of the Lake Michigan region were the Hopewell Native Americans. Their culture declined after 800 AD, when, for the following few hundred years, the region was the home of peoples known as the Late Woodland Native Americans. In the early 17th century, when Western European explorers made their first forays into the region, they encountered descendants of the Late Woodland Native Americans, mainly the historic Chippewa, Menominee, Sauk, Fox, Winnebago, Miami, Ottawa and Potawatomi peoples. The French explorer Jean Nicolet is believed to have been the first European to reach Lake Michigan, possibly in 1634 or 1638.^[12] In the earliest European maps of the region, the name of Lake Illinois has been found (named for the Illinois Confederation of tribes),^[13] in addition to that of "Michigan". During the 1640s and 1650s, the Beaver Wars (over the fur trade with the European colonies), initiated by the Iroquois, forced a massive demographic-shift, as their western neighbors fled the violence. The Iroquois sought refuge to the west and north of Lake Michigan.^[14]

The Straits of Mackinac were an important Native American travel corridor and fur-trade route. Located on the southern side of the straits sits the town of Mackinaw City, Michigan, the site of Fort Michilimackinac (a reconstructed French fort founded in 1715); on the northern side is St. Ignace, Michigan, site of a French Catholic mission to the Indians (founded in 1671). In 1673, Jacques Marquette, Louis Jolliet, and their crew of five Métis voyageurs followed Lake Michigan to Green Bay and up the Fox River, nearly to its headwaters, in their search for the Mississippi River. By the late 18th century, the eastern portions of the straits were controlled by Fort Mackinac on Mackinac Island, a British colonial and early American military base and fur trade center, founded in 1781.^[15]

With the advent of European exploration into the area in the late 17th century, Lake Michigan became used as part of a line of waterways leading from the Saint Lawrence River to the Mississippi River and thence to the Gulf of Mexico.^[16] French coureurs des bois and voyageurs established small ports and trading communities, such as Green Bay, on the lake during the late 17th and early 18th centuries.^[17] In the 19th century, Lake Michigan was integral to the development of Chicago and the Midwestern United States west of the lake. For example, 90% of the grain shipped from Chicago traveled by ships east over Lake Michigan during the antebellum years. The volume rarely fell below 50% after the Civil War even with the major expansion of railroad shipping.^[18]

The first person to reach the deep bottom of Lake Michigan was J. Val Klump, a scientist at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee in 1985. Klump reached the bottom via submersible as part of a research expedition.^[19] The warming of Lake Michigan was the subject of a 2018 report by Purdue University. In each decade since 1980, steady increases in obscure surface temperature have occurred. This is likely to lead to decreasing native habitat and to adversely affect native species survival, including game fish.^[20]

Hydrology

The Milwaukee Reef, running under Lake Michigan from a point between Milwaukee and Racine to a point between Grand Haven and Muskegon, divides the lake into northern and southern basins. Each basin has a clockwise flow of water, deriving from rivers and winds. Prevailing westerly winds tend to move the surface water toward the east, producing a moderating effect on the climate of western Michigan. There is a mean difference in summer water temperatures of 5 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit (2 to 5 degrees Celsius) between the Wisconsin and Michigan shores.^[21]

Hydrologically Michigan and Huron are the same body of water (sometimes called Lake Michigan-Huron) but are normally considered distinct. Counted together, it is the largest body of fresh water in the world by surface area. The Mackinac Bridge is generally considered the dividing line between them. The main inflow to Lake Michigan from Lake Superior, through Lake Huron, is controlled by the locks operated by the bi-national Lake Superior Board of Control.^[22]

Statistics

Map of Great Lakes (Lake Michigan in darker blue)

Lake Michigan is the only Great Lake that is wholly within the borders of the United States; the others are shared with Canada.^[23] Lake Michigan has a surface area of 22,404 sq mi (58,030 km²); (13,237 square miles (34,280 km²) lying in Michigan,^[6] 7,358 square miles (19,060 km²) in Wisconsin, 234 square miles (610 km²) in Indiana, & 1,576 square miles (4,080 km²) in Illinois) making it the largest lake entirely within one country by surface area (Lake Baikal in Russia is larger by water volume) and the fifth-largest lake in the world.^[6]^[24]

It is the larger half of Lake Michigan–Huron, which is the largest body of fresh water in the world by surface area. It is 307 miles (494 km) long by 118 miles (190 km) wide with a shoreline 1,640 miles (2,640 km) long. The lake's average depth is 46 fathoms 3 feet (279 ft; 85 m), while its greatest depth is 153 fathoms 5 feet (923 ft; 281 m).^[6]^[24] It contains a volume of 1,183 cubic miles (4,932 km³) of water. Green Bay in the northwest is its largest bay. Grand Traverse Bay in its northeast is another large bay. Lake Michigan's deepest region, which lies in its northern half, is called Chippewa Basin (named after prehistoric Lake Chippewa) and is separated from South Chippewa Basin by a relatively shallower area called the Mid Lake Plateau.^[25]^[26]

Islands

At 55.8 sq mi (145 km²), Beaver Island is the largest island in Lake Michigan; it is the namesake of an archipelago in Charlevoix County, Michigan, which includes Garden Island, Grape Island, Gull Island, Hat Island, High Island, Hog Island, Horseshoe Island, Little Island, Pismire Island, Shoe Island, Ojibwa Island, Trout Island, and Whiskey Island. Fisherman's Island is also found in Charlevoix County.
The Fox Islands in Leelanau County, Michigan, consist of North Fox Island and South Fox Island.
The Manitou Islands in Leelanau County, Michigan, consist of North Manitou Island and South Manitou Island.
Islands within Grand Traverse Bay include Bassett Island, Bellow Island, and Power Island.
Islands south of the Garden Peninsula in Delta County, Michigan include Gravelly Island, Gull Island, Little Gull Island, Little Summer Island, Poverty Island, Rocky Island, St. Martin Island, and Summer Island.
Islands in Big Bay de Noc in Delta County, Michigan include Round Island, St. Vital Island, and Snake Island.
Islands in Little Bay de Noc in Delta County, Michigan include Butlers Island and Sand Island.
Wilderness State Park in Emmet County, Michigan contains Temperance Island and Waugoshance Island. Ile Aux Galets is also found in Emmet County.
Epoufette Island, Gravel Island, Little Hog Island, and Naubinway Island are located in Mackinac County, Michigan, in the area of Epoufette, Michigan and Naubinway, Michigan.
Green Island and St. Helena Island are in the vicinity of the Mackinac Bridge, in Mackinac County, Michigan.
Islands surrounding the Door Peninsula in Wisconsin include Chambers Island, Fish Island, Gravel Island, Spider Island, Horseshoe Island, the Sister Islands, Detroit Island, Green Island, Hog Island, Pilot Island, Plum Island, Rock Island, the Strawberry Islands and Washington Island. The northern half of the peninsula is technically an island itself, due to the Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal.
Northerly Island is a 91-acre (37 ha) human-made peninsula in Chicago. It is the home of the Adler Planetarium, the former site of Meigs Field, and the current site of the temporary concert venue Huntington Bank Pavilion each summer.

Connection to other water bodies

In the mid 20th century, construction of the Saint Lawrence Seaway and Great Lakes Waterway opened the Great Lakes to ocean-going vessels. But the wider ocean-going container ships that were developed later do not fit through the locks on these routes, which limits shipping on the lakes. Lake freighters are used on the lakes that are too large to pass the locks and enter the ocean. Despite their vast size, large sections of the Great Lakes freeze in winter, interrupting most shipping. Some icebreakers ply the lakes.

Lake Michigan is connected by the Illinois Waterway to the Gulf of Mexico via the Illinois River and the Mississippi River. Commercial tug-and-barge traffic on these waterways is heavy. Pleasure boats can enter or exit the Great Lakes by way of the Erie Canal and Hudson River in New York. The Erie Canal connects to the Great Lakes at the east end of Lake Erie (at Buffalo, New York) and at the south side of Lake Ontario (at Oswego, New York).

Water level

The lake fluctuates from month to month with the highest lake levels typically occurring in summer. The normal high-water mark is 2.00 feet (0.61 m) above datum (577.5 ft (176.0 m)). In October 1986, Lakes Michigan and Huron reached their highest level at 5.92 feet (1.80 m) above datum.^[27] The monthly average high-water records were broken for several months in a row in 2020.^[28]

Lake levels tend to be the lowest in winter. The normal low-water mark is 1.00 foot (30 cm) below datum (577.5 ft or 176.0 m). In the winter of 1964, Lakes Michigan and Huron reached their lowest level at 1.38 feet (42 cm) below datum.^[27] As with the high-water records, monthly low-water records were set each month from February 1964 through January 1965. During this twelve-month period, water levels ranged from 1.38 to 0.71 feet (42–22 cm) below Chart Datum.^[27] The all-time low-water mark was eclipsed in January 2013.^[28]

In January 2013, Lake Michigan's monthly mean water levels dipped to an all-time low of 576.2 ft (175.6 m),^[29] reaching their lowest ebb since record keeping began in 1918. The lakes were 29 in (0.74 m) below their long-term average and had declined 17 inches since January 2012.^[30] Keith Kompoltowicz, chief of watershed hydrology for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' district office in Detroit, explained that biggest factors leading to the lower water levels in 2013 were a combination of the "lack of a large snowpack" in the winter of 2011/2012 coupled with very hot and dry conditions in the summer of 2012.^[29] Since then water levels rebounded, rising more than 6 feet (1.8 meters) to historical record high levels.^[31]^[28]

Drinking water

Lake Michigan, like the other Great Lakes, supplies drinking water to millions of people in bordering areas.

The Great Lakes are collectively administered by the Conference of Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Governors and Premiers, intergovernmental organization led by the governing chief executives of the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Québec, and by the governors of the U.S. states of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. The Conference came into force, in December 2008, with the enactment of laws in all of the states and the two provinces, and the enactment of a United States federal law.

Environmental problems can still plague the lake. Steel mills and refineries operate near the Indiana shoreline. The Chicago Tribune reported that BP is a major polluter, dumping thousands of pounds of raw sludge into the lake every day from its Whiting, Indiana, oil refinery.^[32] In March 2014 BP's Whiting refinery was responsible for spilling more than 1,600 US gallons (6,100 L) of oil into the lake.^[33]

Shoreline

Beaches

View of Lake Michigan from Indiana Dunes National Park

Lake Michigan has many beaches. The region is often referred to as the "Third Coast"^[34] of the United States, after those of the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The sand is often soft and off-white, known as "singing sands" because of the squeaking noise (caused by high quartz content) it emits when walked upon. Some beaches have sand dunes covered in green beach grass and sand cherries, and the water is usually clear and cool, between 55 and 80 °F (13 and 27 °C),^[35] even in the late summer months. However, because prevailing westerly winds tend to move the surface water toward the east, there is a flow of warmer water to the Michigan shore in the summer.^[21]

The sand dunes located on the east shore of Lake Michigan are the largest freshwater dune system in the world. In multiple locations along the shoreline, the dunes rise several hundred feet above the lake surface. Large dune formations can be seen in many state parks, national forests and national parks along the Indiana and Michigan shoreline. Some of the most expansive and unique dune formations can be found at Indiana Dunes National Park, Saugatuck Dunes State Park, Warren Dunes State Park, Hoffmaster State Park, Silver Lake State Park, Ludington State Park, and Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore. Small dune formations can be found on the western shore of Lake Michigan at Illinois Beach State Park, and moderate-sized dune formations can be found in Kohler-Andrae State Park and Point Beach State Forest in Wisconsin. A large dune formation can be found in Whitefish Dunes State Park in Wisconsin in the Door Peninsula. Lake Michigan beaches in Northern Michigan are the only place in the world, aside from a few inland lakes in that region, where Petoskey stones, the Michigan state stone, can be found.^[36]

The beaches of the western coast and the northernmost part of the east coast are often rocky, with some sandy beaches. The southern and eastern beaches are typically sandy and dune-covered. This is partly because of the prevailing winds from the west (which also cause thick layers of ice to build on the eastern shore in winter). The Chicago city waterfront has been developed for parks, beaches, harbors and marinas, and residential developments connected by the Chicago Lakefront Trail. Where there are no beaches or marinas, stone or concrete revetments protect the shoreline from erosion. The Chicago lakefront is accessible for about 24 miles (39 km) between the city's southern and northern limits along the lake.

Cities

Twelve million people live along Lake Michigan's shores, mainly in the Chicago and Milwaukee metropolitan areas. The economy of many communities in northern Michigan and Door County, Wisconsin, is supported by tourism, with large seasonal populations attracted by Lake Michigan.^[37] Many seasonal residents have summer homes along the waterfront and return to other homes for the winter. The southern tip of the lake near Gary, Indiana, is heavily industrialized.

Cities on the shores of Lake Michigan include:

Illinois

Indiana

Michigan

Wisconsin

The Milwaukee lakefront
Silhouette of Chicago at the horizon
Chicago's Oak Street Beach

Parks

The National Park Service maintains the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore and Indiana Dunes National Park. Parts of the shoreline are within the Hiawatha National Forest and the Manistee National Forest. The Manistee National Forest section of the shoreline includes the Nordhouse Dunes Wilderness. The Lake Michigan division of the Michigan Islands National Wildlife Refuge is also within the lake, as are the Green Bay National Wildlife Refuge and the Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary.

There are numerous state and local parks located on the shores of the lake or on islands within the lake:

Big Sable Point, Michigan in Ludington State Park
Lake view from the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, with people climbing uphill
Sleeping Bear Dunes from the Empire Bluffs Trail near Empire, Michigan
Eichelman Park in Kenosha, Wisconsin, with Lake Michigan in the background
Lake Michigan and the Chicago skyline from Portage, Indiana
Sunset at Nordhouse Dunes

Human activities

Fishing

Lake Michigan is home to a small variety of fish species and other organisms. It was originally home to lake whitefish, lake trout, yellow perch, panfish, largemouth bass, smallmouth bass and bowfin, as well as some species of catfish. As a result of improvements to the Welland Canal in 1918, an invasion of sea lampreys and overharvesting, there has been a decline in native lake trout populations, ultimately causing an increase in the population of another invasive species, the alewife. As a result, salmonids, including various strains of brown trout, steelhead (rainbow trout), coho and chinook salmon, were introduced as predators in order to decrease the wildlife population. This program was so successful that the introduced population of trout and salmon exploded, resulting in the creation of a large sport fishery for these introduced species. Lake Michigan is now stocked annually with steelhead, brown trout, and coho and chinook salmon, which have also begun natural reproduction in some Lake Michigan tributaries. However, several introduced invasive species, such as lampreys, round goby, zebra mussels and quagga mussels, continue to cause major changes in water clarity and fertility, resulting in knock-on changes to Lake Michigan's ecosystem, threatening the vitality of native fish populations.

Fisheries in inland waters of the United States are small compared to marine fisheries. The largest fisheries are the landings from the Great Lakes, worth about $14 million in 2001.^[38] Michigan's commercial fishery today consists mainly of 150 tribe-licensed commercial fishing operations through the Chippewa-Ottawa Resource Authority and tribes belonging to the Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission, which harvest 50 percent of the Great Lakes commercial catch in Michigan waters, and 45 state-licensed commercial fishing enterprises.^[39] The prime commercial species is the lake whitefish. The annual harvest declined from an average of 11 million pounds (5,000,000 kg) from 1981 through to 1999 to more recent annual harvests of 8 to 9.5 million pounds (3,600,000 to 4,300,000 kg). The price for lake whitefish dropped from $1.04/lb. to as low as $0.40/lb during periods of high production.^[39]

Sports fishing includes salmon, whitefish, smelt, lake trout and walleye as major catches. In the late 1960s, successful stocking programs for Pacific salmon led to the development of Lake Michigan's charter fishing industry.^[40]

Shipping

Like all of the Great Lakes, Lake Michigan is today used as a major mode of transport for bulk goods. In 2002, 162 million net tons of dry bulk cargo were moved via the Lakes. This was, in order of volume: iron ore, grain and potash.^[41] The iron ore and much of the stone and coal are used in the steel industry. There is also some shipping of liquid and containerized cargo, but most container vessels cannot pass the locks on the Saint Lawrence Seaway because the ships are too wide. The total amount of shipping on the lakes has been on a downward trend for several years. The Port of Chicago, operated by the Illinois International Port District, has grain (14 million bushels) and bulk liquid (800,000 barrels) storage facilities along Lake Calumet. The central element of the Port District, Calumet Harbor, is maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.^[42]

Ferries

Two passenger and vehicle ferries operate ferry services across Lake Michigan, both connecting Wisconsin on the western shore with Michigan on the east. From May to October, the historic steamship, SS Badger, operates daily between Manitowoc, Wisconsin, and Ludington, Michigan,^[43] connecting U.S. Highway 10 between the two cities. The Lake Express, established in 2004, carries passengers and vehicles across the lake between Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and Muskegon, Michigan.

Tourism and recreation

Tourism and recreation are major industries on all of the Great Lakes. A few small cruise ships operate on Lake Michigan, including a couple of sailing ships. Many other water sports are practiced on the lakes, such as yachting, sea kayaking, diving, kitesurfing and lake surfing. Great Lakes passenger steamers have been operating since the mid-19th century. Several ferries currently operate on the Great Lakes to carry passengers to various islands, including Beaver Island and Bois Blanc Island (Michigan). Currently, two car ferry services traverse Lake Michigan from around April to November: the SS Badger, a steamer from Ludington, Michigan, to Manitowoc, Wisconsin, and the Lake Express, a high speed catamaran from Milwaukee to Muskegon, Michigan.

The Great Lakes Circle Tour, a designated scenic road system, connects all of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.^[44] The lake is a great place to view ice volcanoes,^[45] which typically occur at the start of the winter season.

Lake Michigan beach at Holland State Park in Park Township, Michigan
Chicago's North Avenue Beach, Lincoln Park

References

^ National Geophysical Data Center Archived April 3, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, 1996. Bathymetry of Lake Michigan. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA. doi:10.7289/V5B85627 [access date: March 23, 2015].
^ National Geophysical Data Center Archived April 3, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, 1999. Bathymetry of Lake Huron. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA. doi:10.7289/V5G15XS5 [access date: March 23, 2015]. (only small portion of this map)
^ National Geophysical Data Center, 1999. Global Land One-kilometer Base Elevation (GLOBE) v.1. Archived February 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Hastings, D. and P.K. Dunbar. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA. doi:10.7289/V52R3PMS [access date: March 16, 2015].
^ "About Our Great Lakes: Tour". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL). Archived from the original on May 7, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
^ ^a ^b "Lake Michigan". Great-lakes.net. June 18, 2009. Archived from the original on January 1, 2010. Retrieved January 14, 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Wright 2006, p. 64
^ Shorelines of the Great Lakes Archived April 5, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Great Lakes Map". Michigan Department of Environmental Quality. 2013. Archived from the original on November 26, 2011. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
^ Routley, Nick (February 23, 2019). "The World's 25 Largest Lakes, Side by Side". Visual Capitalist. Archived from the original on June 21, 2021. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
^ first form is as spelled in Ojibwe native syllabics
^ "Superior Watershed Partnership Projects". Archived from the original on September 28, 2007.
^ Bogue 1985, pp. 7–13
^ "1733d4". Archived from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved November 6, 2004.
^ White, Richard (2011) [1991]. The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815. Cambridge studies in North American Indian history (Twentieth Anniversary ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-00562-4.
^ "Colonial Fort Michilimackinac". Mighty Mac. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
^ Bogue 1985, pp. 14–16
^ Shelak 2003, p. 3
^ Cronon, William (1991). Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. New York, NY: W. W. Norton and Company. p. 87. ISBN 9780393072457.
^ Klump, J. Val; Paddock, Robert; Remsen, Charles C.; Fitzgerald, Sharon; Boraas, Martin; Anderson, Patrick (1989). "Variations in Sediment Accumulation Rates and the Flux of Labile Organic Matter in Eastern Lake Superior Basins". The Journal of Great Lakes Research. 15 (1): 104. Bibcode:1989JGLR...15..104K. doi:10.1016/S0380-1330(89)71465-9. Archived from the original on December 3, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
^ Briscoe, Tony (September 16, 2018). "Lake Michigan is warming. A new report says that could mean trouble for game fish". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2018.
^ ^a ^b Hilton 2002, pp. 3–5
^ Briscoe, Tony (July 13, 2018). "What happens when Lake Superior has too much water?". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on June 26, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2018.
^ "Geophysical Lake Michigan". US Environmental Protection Agency. September 25, 2015. Archived from the original on January 12, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
^ ^a ^b "Chart: 14901 Edition: 15 Edition Date: August 2006 Clear Dates: NM – 12/17/2011 LNM – 12/6/2011";"Soundings in feet and fathoms". NOAA. Archived from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
^ "michiganlarge". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
^ "Bathymetry of Lake Michigan". www.ngdc.noaa.gov. Archived from the original on July 15, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c Monthly bulletin of Lake Levels for The Great Lakes; September 2009; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Detroit District
^ ^a ^b ^c "Great Lakes Water Level Data". February 3, 2021. Archived from the original on May 27, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
^ ^a ^b Bivins, Larry (April 3, 2013). "Low Great Lakes water levels plague shipping, recreation". USA Today. Archived from the original on February 28, 2020. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
^ Flesher, John (February 5, 2013). "Two Great Lakes hit lowest water levels since record keeping began nearly a century ago". Vancouver Sun. Archived from <ury/7923713/story.html#ixzz2RxYTXcZr the original on February 12, 2013.
^ "Lake Michigan at Near-Record High Water Levels". National Weather Service. Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
^ Hawthorne, Michael (July 15, 2007). "BP gets break on dumping in lake". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
^ Hawthorne, Michael (March 28, 2014). "BP raises estimate of Lake Michigan oil spill". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
^ "NOAA Great Lakes Region". NOAA. Archived from the original on April 21, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2015.
^ "Michigan Sea Grant Coastwatch". Coastwatch.msu.edu. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. Retrieved January 14, 2010.
^ Wolgamott, K. (May 17, 2018). "Where to Find Petoskey Stones in Michigan." Retrieved from https://www.michigan.org/article/trip-idea/where-find-petoskey-stones-michigan Archived June 24, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Economic Vitality and the Great Lakes | Michigan Sea Grant". Archived from the original on December 19, 2017. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
^ NOAA/NMFS: (2001) Fisheries of the United States, 2003 Archived August 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
^ ^a ^b Michigan Commercial Fisheries Marketing and Product Development (PDF) (Report). Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Sea Grant. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 12, 2013. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
^ O'Keefe, Dan (2009). Charter Fishing in Michigan: A Profile of Customers and Economic Impacts (PDF) (Report). Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Sea Grant. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 13, 2017. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
^ Great Lakes Shipping Study (PDF) (Report). U.S. Department of Homeland Security. January 13, 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 11, 2020. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
^ U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (November 2007). "Calumet Harbor, IL and IN" Archived October 23, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on July 31, 2014.
^ "Schedule and Fares". SS Badger. Archived from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
^ "Great Lakes Circle Tour". Great-lakes.net. July 5, 2005. Archived from the original on July 25, 2010. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
^ "Ice Volcanoes Explode Along Lake Michigan as Ice Balls Line Shoreline: NWS". February 17, 2020. Archived from the original on March 1, 2021. Retrieved February 18, 2020.

External links

Geographic data related to Lake Michigan at OpenStreetMap
EPA's Great Lakes Atlas Archived October 29, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
Great Lakes Coast Watch Archived May 11, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
Michigan DNR map of Lake Michigan Archived June 21, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
Official Michigan DNR Freshwater Fishing Regulations Archived January 29, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
Bathymetry of Lake Michigan Archived May 9, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
"Michigan, Lake" . Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
Anderson, William P. (1911). "Michigan, Lake" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.).
"Michigan, Lake" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.

Lighthouses

Bibliography on Michigan lighthouses
Interactive map of lighthouses in area (northern Lake Michigan)
Interactive map of lighthouses in area (southern Lake Michigan)^{[permanent dead link‍]}
Terry Pepper on lighthouses of the western Great Lakes
Wagner, John L., Beacons Shining in the Night Archived August 22, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, Michigan lighthouse bibliography, chronology, history, and photographs, Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University

[GLBathMich-1] National Geophysical Data Center Archived April 3, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, 1996. Bathymetry of Lake Michigan. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA. doi:10.7289/V5B85627 [access date: March 23, 2015].

[GLBathHur-2] National Geophysical Data Center Archived April 3, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, 1999. Bathymetry of Lake Huron. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA. doi:10.7289/V5G15XS5 [access date: March 23, 2015]. (only small portion of this map)

[GLOBE-3] National Geophysical Data Center, 1999. Global Land One-kilometer Base Elevation (GLOBE) v.1. Archived February 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Hastings, D. and P.K. Dunbar. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA. doi:10.7289/V52R3PMS [access date: March 16, 2015].

[NOAA_GLERL-4] "About Our Great Lakes: Tour". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL). Archived from the original on May 7, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2017.

[LakeMichigan2009-5] "Lake Michigan". Great-lakes.net. June 18, 2009. Archived from the original on January 1, 2010. Retrieved January 14, 2010.

[nyt-6] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Wright 2006, p. 64

[7] Shorelines of the Great Lakes Archived April 5, 2015, at the Wayback Machine

[8] "Great Lakes Map". Michigan Department of Environmental Quality. 2013. Archived from the original on November 26, 2011. Retrieved August 26, 2013.

[9] Routley, Nick (February 23, 2019). "The World's 25 Largest Lakes, Side by Side". Visual Capitalist. Archived from the original on June 21, 2021. Retrieved December 19, 2020.

[10] rst form is as spelled in Ojibwe native syllabics

[11] "Superior Watershed Partnership Projects". Archived from the original on September 28, 2007.

[12] Bogue 1985, pp. 7–13

[13] "1733d4". Archived from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved November 6, 2004.

[14] White, Richard (2011) [1991]. The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815. Cambridge studies in North American Indian history (Twentieth Anniversary ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-00562-4.

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[16] Bogue 1985, pp. 14–16

[17] Shelak 2003, p. 3

[18] Cronon, William (1991). Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. New York, NY: W. W. Norton and Company. p. 87. ISBN 9780393072457.

[19] Klump, J. Val; Paddock, Robert; Remsen, Charles C.; Fitzgerald, Sharon; Boraas, Martin; Anderson, Patrick (1989). "Variations in Sediment Accumulation Rates and the Flux of Labile Organic Matter in Eastern Lake Superior Basins". The Journal of Great Lakes Research. 15 (1): 104. Bibcode:1989JGLR...15..104K. doi:10.1016/S0380-1330(89)71465-9. Archived from the original on December 3, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2009.

[20] Briscoe, Tony (September 16, 2018). "Lake Michigan is warming. A new report says that could mean trouble for game fish". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2018.

[hilton-21] Hilton 2002, pp. 3–5

[22] Briscoe, Tony (July 13, 2018). "What happens when Lake Superior has too much water?". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on June 26, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2018.

[23] "Geophysical Lake Michigan". US Environmental Protection Agency. September 25, 2015. Archived from the original on January 12, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2017.

[NOAAchart-24] "Chart: 14901 Edition: 15 Edition Date: August 2006 Clear Dates: NM – 12/17/2011 LNM – 12/6/2011";"Soundings in feet and fathoms". NOAA. Archived from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved September 18, 2013.

[25] "michiganlarge". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2017.

[26] "Bathymetry of Lake Michigan". www.ngdc.noaa.gov. Archived from the original on July 15, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2017.

[COE-2009-27] Monthly bulletin of Lake Levels for The Great Lakes; September 2009; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Detroit District

[armymilGreatLakesData-28] "Great Lakes Water Level Data". February 3, 2021. Archived from the original on May 27, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2021.

[USAtoday3Apr2013-29] Bivins, Larry (April 3, 2013). "Low Great Lakes water levels plague shipping, recreation". USA Today. Archived from the original on February 28, 2020. Retrieved September 2, 2017.

[Flesher5feb2013-30] Flesher, John (February 5, 2013). "Two Great Lakes hit lowest water levels since record keeping began nearly a century ago". Vancouver Sun. Archived from <ury/7923713/story.html#ixzz2RxYTXcZr the original on February 12, 2013.

[31] "Lake Michigan at Near-Record High Water Levels". National Weather Service. Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved December 9, 2019.

[32] Hawthorne, Michael (July 15, 2007). "BP gets break on dumping in lake". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2020.

[33] Hawthorne, Michael (March 28, 2014). "BP raises estimate of Lake Michigan oil spill". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved October 14, 2020.

[34] "NOAA Great Lakes Region". NOAA. Archived from the original on April 21, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2015.

[35] "Michigan Sea Grant Coastwatch". Coastwatch.msu.edu. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. Retrieved January 14, 2010.

[36] Wolgamott, K. (May 17, 2018). "Where to Find Petoskey Stones in Michigan." Retrieved from https://www.michigan.org/article/trip-idea/where-find-petoskey-stones-michigan Archived June 24, 2021, at the Wayback Machine

[37] "Economic Vitality and the Great Lakes | Michigan Sea Grant". Archived from the original on December 19, 2017. Retrieved February 3, 2018.

[NMFS_2001-38] NOAA/NMFS: (2001) Fisheries of the United States, 2003 Archived August 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine

[miseagrant7jan2013-39] Michigan Commercial Fisheries Marketing and Product Development (PDF) (Report). Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Sea Grant. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 12, 2013. Retrieved April 30, 2013.

[miseagrant2009-40] O'Keefe, Dan (2009). Charter Fishing in Michigan: A Profile of Customers and Economic Impacts (PDF) (Report). Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Sea Grant. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 13, 2017. Retrieved April 30, 2013.

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@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 {{Use American English|date=January 2023}}
 {{Use mdy dates|date=January 2023}}
 {{Infobox body of water
-| name = Lake Michigan
+| name               = Lake Michigan
-| native_name       ={{native name|oj|Ininwewi-gichigami}}
+| native_name        = {{native name|oj|Ininwewi-gichigami}}
-| image = Lake Michigan in true color.jpg
+| image              = Lake Michigan in true color.jpg
-| caption = Lake Michigan taken from the [[International Space Station]] on August 19, 2019. [[Chicago]] sits at the extreme southwestern portion of the lake.
+| caption            = Lake Michigan viewed from the [[International Space Station]] (August 19, 2019). [[Chicago]] sits at the extreme S.W. of the lake.
-| image_bathymetry = Lake Michigan bathymetry map.png
+| image_bathymetry   = Lake Michigan bathymetry map.png
-| caption_bathymetry = Lake Michigan [[Bathymetry|bathymetric]] map.<ref name="GLBathMich">[http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/greatlakes/greatlakes.html National Geophysical Data Center], 1996. Bathymetry of Lake Michigan. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA. doi:10.7289/V5B85627 [access date: March 23, 2015].</ref><ref name="GLBathHur">[http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/greatlakes/greatlakes.html National Geophysical Data Center], 1999. Bathymetry of Lake Huron. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA. doi:10.7289/V5G15XS5 [access date: March 23, 2015]. (only small portion of this map)</ref><ref name="GLOBE">National Geophysical Data Center, 1999. [http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/topo/gltiles.html Global Land One-kilometer Base Elevation (GLOBE) v.1.] Hastings, D. and P.K. Dunbar. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA. doi:10.7289/V52R3PMS [access date: March 16, 2015].</ref> The deepest point is marked with "×".<ref name="NOAA_GLERL">{{cite web |url=https://www.glerl.noaa.gov/education/ourlakes/gl_tour.html |title=About Our Great Lakes: Tour |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL) |access-date=December 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507173208/https://www.glerl.noaa.gov/education/ourlakes/gl_tour.html |archive-date=May 7, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+| caption_bathymetry = Lake Michigan [[Bathymetry|bathymetric]] map.<ref name="GLBathMich">[http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/greatlakes/greatlakes.html National Geophysical Data Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403230341/http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/greatlakes/greatlakes.html |date=April 3, 2015 }}, 1996. Bathymetry of Lake Michigan. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA. doi:10.7289/V5B85627 [access date: March 23, 2015].</ref><ref name="GLBathHur">[http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/greatlakes/greatlakes.html National Geophysical Data Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403230341/http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/greatlakes/greatlakes.html |date=April 3, 2015 }}, 1999. Bathymetry of Lake Huron. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA. doi:10.7289/V5G15XS5 [access date: March 23, 2015]. (only small portion of this map)</ref><ref name="GLOBE">National Geophysical Data Center, 1999. [http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/topo/gltiles.html Global Land One-kilometer Base Elevation (GLOBE) v.1.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210142322/http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/topo/gltiles.html |date=February 10, 2011 }} Hastings, D. and P.K. Dunbar. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA. doi:10.7289/V52R3PMS [access date: March 16, 2015].</ref> The deepest point is marked with "×".<ref name="NOAA_GLERL">{{cite web |url=https://www.glerl.noaa.gov/education/ourlakes/gl_tour.html |title=About Our Great Lakes: Tour |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL) |access-date=December 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507173208/https://www.glerl.noaa.gov/education/ourlakes/gl_tour.html |archive-date=May 7, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-| location = United States
+| location           = United States
-| group = [[Great Lakes]]
+| group              = [[Great Lakes]]
-| coords = {{Coord|44|N|87|W|region:US_type:waterbody_scale:5000000|display=inline,title}}
+| coords             = {{Coord|44|N|87|W|region:US_type:waterbody_scale:5000000|display=inline,title}}
-| lake_type = [[Glacial lake|Glacial]]
+| lake_type          = [[Glacial lake|Glacial]]
-| inflow = [[Straits of Mackinac]], [[Fox River (Wisconsin)|Fox River]], [[Grand River (Michigan)|Grand River]], [[Menominee River]], [[Milwaukee River]], [[Muskegon River]], [[Kalamazoo River]], [[St. Joseph River (Lake Michigan)|St. Joseph River]]
+| inflow             = [[Straits of Mackinac]], [[Fox River (Wisconsin)|Fox River]], [[Grand River (Michigan)|Grand River]], [[Menominee River]], [[Milwaukee River]], [[Muskegon River]], [[Kalamazoo River]], [[St. Joseph River (Lake Michigan)|St. Joseph River]]
-| outflow = [[Straits of Mackinac]]; also, controlled discharge through locks on the [[Chicago River]] (and its [[North Shore Channel]]), and [[Calumet River]]
+| outflow            = [[Straits of Mackinac]]; also, controlled discharge through locks on the [[Chicago River]] (and its [[North Shore Channel]]), and [[Calumet River]]
-| catchment =
+| catchment          =
-|basin_countries = [[United States]]
+| basin_countries    = [[United States]]
-| length = {{convert|307|mi|km|abbr=on}}
+| length             = {{convert|307|mi|km|abbr=on}}
-| width = {{convert|118|mi|km|abbr=on}}
+| width              = {{convert|118|mi|km|abbr=on}}
-| min_width = {{convert|91|mi|km|abbr=on}}
+| min_width          = {{convert|91|mi|km|abbr=on}}
-| area = {{convert|22404|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}}<ref name="LakeMichigan2009">{{cite web|url=http://www.great-lakes.net/lakes/michigan.html#overview|title=Lake Michigan |publisher=Great-lakes.net |date=June 18, 2009 |access-date=January 14, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100101170911/http://www.great-lakes.net/lakes/michigan.html#overview |archive-date=January 1, 2010}}</ref>
+| area               = {{convert|22404|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}}<ref name="LakeMichigan2009">{{cite web|url=http://www.great-lakes.net/lakes/michigan.html#overview|title=Lake Michigan |publisher=Great-lakes.net |date=June 18, 2009 |access-date=January 14, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100101170911/http://www.great-lakes.net/lakes/michigan.html#overview |archive-date=January 1, 2010}}</ref>
-| depth = {{convert|279|ft|m|abbr=on}}
+| depth              = {{convert|279|ft|m|abbr=on}}
-| max-depth = {{convert|923|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="nyt" />
+| max-depth          = {{convert|923|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="nyt" />
-| volume = {{convert|1183|cumi|km3|abbr=on}}
+| volume             = {{convert|1183|cumi|km3|abbr=on}}
-| residence_time = 99 years
+| residence_time     = 99 years
-| shore = {{convert|1400|mi|km|abbr=on}} plus {{convert|238|mi|km|abbr=on}} for islands<ref>[https://www.michigan.gov/deq/0,4561,7-135-3313_3677-15959--,00.html Shorelines of the Great Lakes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405211915/https://www.michigan.gov/deq/0%2C4561%2C7-135-3313_3677-15959--%2C00.html|date=April 5, 2015}}</ref>
+| shore              = {{convert|1400|mi|km|abbr=on}} plus {{convert|238|mi|km|abbr=on}} for islands<ref>[https://www.michigan.gov/deq/0,4561,7-135-3313_3677-15959--,00.html Shorelines of the Great Lakes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405211915/https://www.michigan.gov/deq/0%2C4561%2C7-135-3313_3677-15959--%2C00.html|date=April 5, 2015}}</ref>
-| elevation = {{convert|577|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="nyt" />
+| elevation          = {{convert|577|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="nyt" />
-| islands = ''see [[#Islands|list]]''
+| islands            = ''see [[#Islands|list]]''
-| islands_category = Islands of the Great Lakes
+| islands_category   = Islands of the Great Lakes
-| cities = ''see [[#Cities|list]]''
+| cities             = ''see [[#Cities|list]]''
-<!--      Map      -->
+<!--      Map      -->| pushpin_map        = North America
+| pushpin_label_position =
-| pushpin_map             = North America
+| pushpin_map_alt    = Location of Lake Michigan in North America.
-| pushpin_label_position  =
+| pushpin_map_caption = <!--   Below       -->
-| pushpin_map_alt         = Location of Lake Michigan in North America.
-| pushpin_map_caption     =
-<!--   Below       -->
 | website            =
-| reference =<ref name="nyt">{{harvnb|Wright|2006|p=64}}</ref>
+| reference          = <ref name="nyt">{{harvnb|Wright|2006|p=64}}</ref>
 }}
-'''Lake Michigan''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɪ|ʃ|ᵻ|g|ən|audio=en-us-Michigan.ogg}} {{respell|MISH|ig|ən}}) is one of the five [[Great Lakes]] of [[North America]]. It is the second-largest of the Great Lakes by volume<ref name="LakeMichigan2009" /> ({{convert|1180|cumi|km3|abbr=on}}) and the third-largest by surface area ({{convert|22404|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}}), after [[Lake Superior]] and [[Lake Huron]]. To the east, its basin is conjoined with that of Lake Huron through the {{convert|3+1/2|mi|km|abbr=off|adj=on|sp=us}} wide, {{convert|295|ft|m fathom|0|abbr=off|adj=on|sp=us}} deep<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mackinacbridge.org/history/facts-figures/|title=Mackinac Bridge History, Facts and Figures}}</ref> [[Straits of Mackinac]], giving it the same surface elevation as its easterly counterpart; the two are geologically [[Lake Michigan–Huron|a single lake]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Great Lakes Map|publisher=[[Michigan Department of Environmental Quality]] |year=2013 |url=http://www.michigan.gov/deq/0,1607,7-135-3313_3677-15926--,00.html |access-date=August 26, 2013}}
+'''Lake Michigan''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɪ|ʃ|ᵻ|g|ən|audio=en-us-Michigan.ogg}} {{respell|MISH|ig|ən}}) is one of the five [[Great Lakes]] of [[North America]]. It is the second-largest of the Great Lakes by volume<ref name="LakeMichigan2009" /> ({{convert|1180|cumi|km3|abbr=on}}) and the third-largest by surface area ({{convert|22405|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}}), after [[Lake Superior]] and [[Lake Huron]]. To the east, its basin is conjoined with that of Lake Huron through the wide and deep [[Straits of Mackinac]], giving it the same surface elevation as its easterly counterpart; geologically, the two bodies are [[Lake Michigan–Huron|a single lake]] that is, by area, the largest freshwater lake in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Great Lakes Map |publisher=[[Michigan Department of Environmental Quality]] |year=2013 |url=http://www.michigan.gov/deq/0,1607,7-135-3313_3677-15926--,00.html |access-date=August 26, 2013 |archive-date=November 26, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126121350/http://www.michigan.gov/deq/0,1607,7-135-3313_3677-15926--,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
-</ref>
-Lake Michigan is the only one of the five Great Lakes located fully in the [[United States]]; the other four are shared between the United States and [[Canada]]. Lake Michigan is the world's [[List of lakes by area|largest lake]] by area located fully in one country.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Routley|first=Nick|date=February 23, 2019|title=The World's 25 Largest Lakes, Side by Side|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/worlds-25-largest-lakes/|access-date=December 19, 2020|website=Visual Capitalist|language=en-US}}</ref> It is shared, from west to east, by the U.S. [[U.S. state|states]] of [[Wisconsin]], [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], and [[Michigan]]. Ports along its shores include [[Chicago]] in Illinois, [[Gary, Indiana|Gary]] in Indiana, [[Milwaukee]] and [[Green Bay, Wisconsin|Green Bay]] in Wisconsin, and [[Muskegon, Michigan|Muskegon]] in Michigan. In the north the lake is flanked by long [[bay]]s, including [[Green Bay (Lake Michigan)|Green Bay]] in the northwest, and [[Grand Traverse Bay|Grand Traverse]] and [[Little Traverse Bay|Little Traverse]] bays in the northeast. The word "Michigan" is believed to come from the [[Ojibwe language|Ojibwe]] word {{lang|oj|ᒥᓯᑲᒥ}}<ref>first form is as spelled in [[Ojibwe writing systems#Ojibwe syllabics|Ojibwe native syllabics]]</ref> (''michi-gami'' or ''mishigami'') meaning "great water".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.superiorwatersheds.org/projects.php?id=6 |title=Superior Watershed Partnership Projects |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928221658/http://www.superiorwatersheds.org/projects.php?id=6  |archive-date=September 28, 2007}}</ref>
+Lake Michigan is the only Great Lake located fully in the United States; the other four are shared between the U.S. and Canada. It is the world's [[List of lakes by area|largest lake]], by area, located fully in one country,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Routley|first=Nick|date=February 23, 2019|title=The World's 25 Largest Lakes, Side by Side|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/worlds-25-largest-lakes/|access-date=December 19, 2020|website=Visual Capitalist|language=en-US|archive-date=June 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621034711/https://www.visualcapitalist.com/worlds-25-largest-lakes/|url-status=live}}</ref> and is shared, from west to east, by the U.S. states of [[Wisconsin]], [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], and [[Michigan]]. Ports along its shores include [[Chicago]], Illinois, [[Gary, Indiana|Gary]], Indiana, [[Milwaukee]] and [[Green Bay, Wisconsin|Green Bay]], Wisconsin, and [[Muskegon, Michigan|Muskegon]], Michigan. To the north, the lake is flanked by long [[bay]]s, including [[Green Bay (Lake Michigan)|Green Bay]] in the northwest, and [[Grand Traverse Bay|Grand Traverse]] and [[Little Traverse Bay|Little Traverse]] bays in the northeast. The word ''michigan'' is believed to come from the [[Ojibwe language|Ojibwe]] {{lang|oj|ᒥᓯᑲᒥ}}<ref>first form is as spelled in [[Ojibwe writing systems#Ojibwe syllabics|Ojibwe native syllabics]]</ref> (''michi-gami'' or ''mishigami''), meaning "great water".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.superiorwatersheds.org/projects.php?id=6 |title=Superior Watershed Partnership Projects |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928221658/http://www.superiorwatersheds.org/projects.php?id=6  |archive-date=September 28, 2007}}</ref>
 == History ==
 {{Further|Lake Chicago|Lake Algonquin|Lake Chippewa|Nipissing Great Lakes}}
-Some of the most studied early human inhabitants of the Lake Michigan region were the [[Hopewell tradition|Hopewell Native Americans]]. Their culture declined after 800 AD and for the next few hundred years, the region was the home of peoples known as the [[Woodland period|Late Woodland Native Americans]]. In the early 17th century, when western European explorers made their first forays into the region, they encountered descendants of the Late Woodland Native Americans: the historic [[Ojibwe|Chippewa]]; [[Menominee]]; [[Sauk people|Sauk]]; [[Meskwaki|Fox]]; [[Ho-Chunk|Winnebago]]; [[Miami people|Miami]]; [[Odawa|Ottawa]]; and [[Potawatomi]] peoples. The French explorer [[Jean Nicolet]] is believed to have been the first European to reach Lake Michigan, possibly in 1634 or 1638.<ref>{{harvnb|Bogue|1985|pp=7–13}}</ref> In the earliest European maps of the region, the name of '''Lake Illinois''' has been found in addition to that of "Michigan", named for the [[Illinois Confederation]] of tribes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.libs.uga.edu/darchive/hargrett/maps/1733d4.jpg |title=1733d4 |access-date=November 6, 2004 |archive-date=May 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507211114/https://www.libs.uga.edu/darchive/hargrett/maps/1733d4.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref> During the 1640s and 1650s, the [[Beaver Wars]] over the fur trade with the European colonies, initiated by the [[Iroquois]], forced a massive demographic shift as their western neighbors fled the violence. They sought refuge west and north of Lake Michigan.<ref>{{cite book |first=Richard |last=White |author-link=Richard White (historian) |title=The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815 |url={{google books|fHLfiOZVzmMC|plainurl=yes}} |series=Cambridge studies in North American Indian history |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2011 |orig-year=1991 |edition=Twentieth Anniversary |isbn=978-1-107-00562-4 }}</ref>
+Some of the most well-studied early human inhabitants of the Lake Michigan region were the [[Hopewell tradition|Hopewell Native Americans]]. Their culture declined after 800 AD, when, for the following few hundred years, the region was the home of peoples known as the [[Woodland period|Late Woodland Native Americans]]. In the early 17th century, when Western European explorers made their first forays into the region, they encountered descendants of the Late Woodland Native Americans, mainly the historic [[Ojibwe|Chippewa]], [[Menominee]], [[Sauk people|Sauk]], [[Meskwaki|Fox]], [[Ho-Chunk|Winnebago]], [[Miami people|Miami]],
+[[Odawa|Ottawa]] and [[Potawatomi]] peoples. The [[French people|French]] explorer [[Jean Nicolet]] is believed to have been the first European to reach Lake Michigan, possibly in 1634 or 1638.<ref>{{harvnb|Bogue|1985|pp=7–13}}</ref> In the earliest European maps of the region, the name of '''Lake Illinois''' has been found (named for the [[Illinois Confederation]] of tribes),<ref>{{Cite web |title=1733d4 |url=http://www.libs.uga.edu/darchive/hargrett/maps/1733d4.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507211114/https://www.libs.uga.edu/darchive/hargrett/maps/1733d4.jpg |archive-date=May 7, 2021 |access-date=November 6, 2004}}</ref> in addition to that of "Michigan". During the 1640s and 1650s, the [[Beaver Wars]] (over the [[North American fur trade|fur trade]] with the European colonies), initiated by the [[Iroquois]], forced a massive demographic-shift, as their western neighbors fled the violence. The Iroquois sought refuge to the west and north of Lake Michigan.<ref>{{cite book |first=Richard |last=White |author-link=Richard White (historian) |title=The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815 |url={{google books|fHLfiOZVzmMC|plainurl=yes}} |series=Cambridge studies in North American Indian history |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2011 |orig-year=1991 |edition=Twentieth Anniversary |isbn=978-1-107-00562-4 }}</ref>
-The Straits of Mackinac were an important Native American and [[fur trade]] route. Located on the southern side of the straits is the town of [[Mackinaw City, Michigan]], the site of [[Fort Michilimackinac]], a reconstructed French fort founded in 1715, and on the northern side is [[St. Ignace, Michigan]], site of a French [[Catholic missions|Catholic mission]] to the Indians, founded in 1671. In 1673, [[Jacques Marquette]], [[Louis Jolliet]] and their crew of five [[Métis]] [[voyageurs]] followed Lake Michigan to Green Bay and up the [[Fox River (Green Bay tributary)|Fox River]], [[Fox–Wisconsin Waterway|nearly to its headwaters]], in their search for the [[Mississippi River]]. By the late 18th century, the eastern end of the straits was controlled by [[Fort Mackinac]] on [[Mackinac Island]], a British colonial and early American military base and fur trade center, founded in 1781.<ref>{{cite web|title=Colonial Fort Michilimackinac|url=http://www.mightymac.org/michilimackinac.htm|website=Mighty Mac|access-date=July 6, 2014}}</ref>
+The Straits of Mackinac were an important Native American travel corridor and fur-trade route. Located on the southern side of the straits sits the town of [[Mackinaw City, Michigan]], the site of [[Fort Michilimackinac]] (a reconstructed French fort founded in 1715); on the northern side is [[St. Ignace, Michigan]], site of a French Catholic mission to the Indians (founded in 1671). In 1673, [[Jacques Marquette]], [[Louis Jolliet]], and their crew of five [[Métis]] [[voyageurs]] followed Lake Michigan to Green Bay and up the [[Fox River (Green Bay tributary)|Fox River]], [[Fox–Wisconsin Waterway|nearly to its headwaters]], in their search for the [[Mississippi River]]. By the late 18th century, the eastern portions of the straits were controlled by [[Fort Mackinac]] on [[Mackinac Island]], a [[Colonial history of the United States|British colonial]] and early [[United States Armed Forces|American military]] base and fur trade center, founded in 1781.<ref>{{cite web|title=Colonial Fort Michilimackinac|url=http://www.mightymac.org/michilimackinac.htm|website=Mighty Mac|access-date=July 6, 2014|archive-date=November 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127013927/http://www.mightymac.org/michilimackinac.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
 With the advent of European exploration into the area in the late 17th century, Lake Michigan became used as part of a line of waterways leading from the [[Saint Lawrence River]] to the Mississippi River and thence to the [[Gulf of Mexico]].<ref>{{harvnb|Bogue|1985|pp=14–16}}</ref> French [[coureurs des bois]] and voyageurs established small ports and trading communities, such as Green Bay, on the lake during the late 17th and early 18th centuries.<ref>{{harvnb|Shelak|2003|p=3}}</ref> In the 19th century, Lake Michigan was integral to the development of [[Chicago]] and the [[Midwestern United States]] west of the lake. For example, 90% of the grain shipped from Chicago traveled by ships east over Lake Michigan during the [[Wiktionary: antebellum|antebellum]] years. The volume rarely fell below 50% after the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] even with the [[Rail transportation in the United States|major expansion of railroad shipping]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Cronon|first=William|title=Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West|year=1991|publisher=W. W. Norton and Company|location=New York, NY|pages=87|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7OCQAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA87|isbn=9780393072457}}</ref>
-The first person to reach the deep bottom of Lake Michigan was [[J. Val Klump]], a scientist at the [[University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee]] in 1985. Klump reached the bottom via [[submersible]] as part of a research expedition.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Variations in Sediment Accumulation Rates and the Flux of Labile Organic Matter in Eastern Lake Superior Basins |year=1989 |journal=[[The Journal of Great Lakes Research]] |url=http://loracsevents.com/dev/iaglr/dev/jglr/db/view_contents.php?pub_id=965&mode=view&table=yes&topic_id=30&mode=topic_section&volume=15&issue=1 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121203024023/http://loracsevents.com/dev/iaglr/dev/jglr/db/view_contents.php?pub_id=965&mode=view&table=yes&topic_id=30&mode=topic_section&volume=15&issue=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 3, 2012 |access-date=August 9, 2009 }}</ref> In 2007, a row of stones paralleling an ancient shoreline was discovered by [[Mark Holley]], professor of underwater archeology at [[Northwestern Michigan College]]. This formation lies {{convert|40|ft}} below the surface of the lake. One of the stones is said to have a carving resembling a [[mastodon]]. The formation needed more study before it could be authenticated.<ref>{{cite news|last=Flesher|first=John |title=Possible mastodon carving found on rock |agency=Associated Press |date=September 4, 2007 |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=2146413265 |access-date =May 25, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Flesher |first=John |title=Rock brings history to surface (pictures) |agency=Associated Press |date=September 5, 2007 |url=http://www.record-eagle.com/local/local_story_248101751.html |access-date=May 25, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120915062705/http://www.record-eagle.com/local/local_story_248101751.html |archive-date=September 15, 2012}}</ref> The warming of Lake Michigan was the subject of a 2018 report by [[Purdue University]]. In each decade since 1980, steady increases in obscure surface temperature have occurred. This is likely to lead to decreasing native habitat and to adversely affect native species survival, including game fish.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-met-lake-michigan-warming-20180913-story.html |title=Lake Michigan is warming. A new report says that could mean trouble for game fish. |last=Briscoe |first=Tony |date=September 16, 2018 |work=Chicago Tribune |access-date=September 17, 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref>
+The first person to reach the deep bottom of Lake Michigan was [[J. Val Klump]], a scientist at the [[University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee]] in 1985. Klump reached the bottom via [[submersible]] as part of a research expedition.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Variations in Sediment Accumulation Rates and the Flux of Labile Organic Matter in Eastern Lake Superior Basins |year=1989 |journal=[[The Journal of Great Lakes Research]] |bibcode=1989JGLR...15..104K |url=http://loracsevents.com/dev/iaglr/dev/jglr/db/view_contents.php?pub_id=965&mode=view&table=yes&topic_id=30&mode=topic_section&volume=15&issue=1 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121203024023/http://loracsevents.com/dev/iaglr/dev/jglr/db/view_contents.php?pub_id=965&mode=view&table=yes&topic_id=30&mode=topic_section&volume=15&issue=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 3, 2012 |access-date=August 9, 2009 |last1=Klump |first1=J. Val |last2=Paddock |first2=Robert |last3=Remsen |first3=Charles C. |last4=Fitzgerald |first4=Sharon |last5=Boraas |first5=Martin |last6=Anderson |first6=Patrick |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=104 |doi=10.1016/S0380-1330(89)71465-9 }}</ref> The warming of Lake Michigan was the subject of a 2018 report by [[Purdue University]]. In each decade since 1980, steady increases in obscure surface temperature have occurred. This is likely to lead to decreasing native habitat and to adversely affect native species survival, including game fish.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-met-lake-michigan-warming-20180913-story.html |title=Lake Michigan is warming. A new report says that could mean trouble for game fish. |last=Briscoe |first=Tony |date=September 16, 2018 |work=Chicago Tribune |access-date=September 17, 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=June 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630121908/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-met-lake-michigan-warming-20180913-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 == Hydrology ==
 {{Anchor|Geography}}
-The [[Milwaukee Reef]], running under Lake Michigan from a point between Milwaukee and Racine to a point between Grand Haven and Muskegon, divides the lake into northern and southern basins. Each basin has a clockwise flow of water, deriving from rivers, winds, and the [[Coriolis effect]]. Prevailing westerly winds tend to move the surface water toward the east, producing a moderating effect on the climate of western Michigan. There is a mean difference in summer water temperatures of 5 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit (2 to 5 degrees Celsius) between the Wisconsin and Michigan shores.<ref name="hilton">{{harvnb|Hilton|2002|pp=3–5}}</ref>
+The [[Milwaukee Reef]], running under Lake Michigan from a point between Milwaukee and Racine to a point between Grand Haven and Muskegon, divides the lake into northern and southern basins. Each basin has a clockwise flow of water, deriving from rivers and winds. Prevailing westerly winds tend to move the surface water toward the east, producing a moderating effect on the climate of western Michigan. There is a mean difference in summer water temperatures of 5 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit (2 to 5 degrees Celsius) between the Wisconsin and Michigan shores.<ref name="hilton">{{harvnb|Hilton|2002|pp=3–5}}</ref>
-Hydrologically Michigan and Huron are the same body of water (sometimes called Lake Michigan-Huron) but are normally considered distinct. Counted together, it is the largest body of fresh water in the world by surface area. The [[Mackinac Bridge]] is generally considered the dividing line between them. The main inflow to Lake Michigan from Lake Superior, through Lake Huron, is controlled by the locks operated by the bi-national [[International Joint Commission|Lake Superior Board of Control]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Briscoe |first=Tony |date=July 13, 2018 |title=What happens when Lake Superior has too much water? |language=en-US |work=Chicago Tribune |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-met-lake-michigan-superior-water-levels-20180709-story.html |access-date=July 15, 2018}}</ref>
+Hydrologically Michigan and Huron are the same body of water (sometimes called [[Lake Michigan-Huron]]) but are normally considered distinct. Counted together, it is the largest body of fresh water in the world by surface area. The [[Mackinac Bridge]] is generally considered the dividing line between them. The main inflow to Lake Michigan from Lake Superior, through Lake Huron, is controlled by the locks operated by the bi-national [[International Joint Commission|Lake Superior Board of Control]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Briscoe |first=Tony |date=July 13, 2018 |title=What happens when Lake Superior has too much water? |language=en-US |work=Chicago Tribune |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-met-lake-michigan-superior-water-levels-20180709-story.html |access-date=July 15, 2018 |archive-date=June 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626121817/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-met-lake-michigan-superior-water-levels-20180709-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 ===Statistics===
 [[File:Lake-Michigan.svg|thumb|right| Map of [[Great Lakes]] (Lake Michigan in darker blue)]]
-{{Anchor|Statistics and bathymetry}}Lake Michigan is the only Great Lake that is wholly within the borders of the United States; the others are shared with Canada.<ref>{{cite web|title=Geophysical Lake Michigan |url=https://www.epa.gov/greatlakes/geophysical-lake-michigan|website=US Environmental Protection Agency|date=September 25, 2015}}</ref> Lake Michigan has a surface area of {{convert|22,404|mi2|km2|abbr=on}}; ({{convert|13,237|mi2|km2}} lying in Michigan,<ref name="nyt" /> {{convert|7,358|mi2|km2}} in Wisconsin, {{convert|234|mi2|km2}} in Indiana, & {{convert|1,576|mi2|km2}} in Illinois) making it the largest lake entirely within one country by surface area ([[Lake Baikal]] in Russia is larger by water volume) and the fifth-largest lake in the world.<ref name="nyt" /><ref name="NOAAchart" />
+{{Anchor|Statistics and bathymetry}}Lake Michigan is the only Great Lake that is wholly within the borders of the United States; the others are shared with Canada.<ref>{{cite web|title=Geophysical Lake Michigan|url=https://www.epa.gov/greatlakes/geophysical-lake-michigan|website=US Environmental Protection Agency|date=September 25, 2015|access-date=March 16, 2017|archive-date=January 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112063439/https://www.epa.gov/greatlakes/geophysical-lake-michigan|url-status=live}}</ref> Lake Michigan has a surface area of {{convert|22,404|mi2|km2|abbr=on}}; ({{convert|13,237|mi2|km2}} lying in Michigan,<ref name="nyt" /> {{convert|7,358|mi2|km2}} in Wisconsin, {{convert|234|mi2|km2}} in Indiana, & {{convert|1,576|mi2|km2}} in Illinois) making it the largest lake entirely within one country by surface area ([[Lake Baikal]] in Russia is larger by water volume) and the fifth-largest lake in the world.<ref name="nyt" /><ref name="NOAAchart" />
-It is the larger half of [[Lake Michigan–Huron]], which is the largest body of fresh water in the world by surface area. It is {{convert|307|mi|km}} long by {{convert|118|mi|km}} wide with a shoreline {{convert|1640|mi|km}} long. The lake's average depth is 46 [[fathom]]s 3 feet (279&nbsp;ft; 85 m), while its greatest depth is 153 fathoms 5 feet (923&nbsp;ft; 281&nbsp;m).<ref name="nyt" /><ref name="NOAAchart">{{cite web |url=http://www.charts.noaa.gov/OnLineViewer/14901.shtml  |title=Chart: 14901 Edition: 15 Edition Date: August 2006 Clear Dates: NM – 12/17/2011 LNM – 12/6/2011";"Soundings in feet and fathoms |publisher=[[NOAA]] |access-date=September 18, 2013}}</ref> It contains a volume of 1,183 cubic miles (4,932&nbsp;km³) of water. Green Bay in the northwest is its largest bay. Grand Traverse Bay in its northeast is another large bay.  Lake Michigan's deepest region, which lies in its northern half, is called Chippewa Basin (named after prehistoric [[Lake Chippewa]]) and is separated from South Chippewa Basin by a relatively shallower area called the Mid Lake Plateau.<ref>{{Cite web |title=michiganlarge |url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/image/michiganlarge.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321172726/https://ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/image/michiganlarge.jpg |archive-date=March 21, 2021 |access-date=March 16, 2017 |website=NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/greatlakes/lakemich_cdrom/html/geomorph.htm|title=Bathymetry of Lake Michigan|website=www.ngdc.noaa.gov}}</ref>
+It is the larger half of [[Lake Michigan–Huron]], which is the largest body of fresh water in the world by surface area. It is {{convert|307|mi|km}} long by {{convert|118|mi|km}} wide with a shoreline {{convert|1640|mi|km}} long. The lake's average depth is 46 [[fathom]]s 3 feet (279&nbsp;ft; 85 m), while its greatest depth is 153 fathoms 5 feet (923&nbsp;ft; 281&nbsp;m).<ref name="nyt" /><ref name="NOAAchart">{{cite web |url=http://www.charts.noaa.gov/OnLineViewer/14901.shtml |title=Chart: 14901 Edition: 15 Edition Date: August 2006 Clear Dates: NM – 12/17/2011 LNM – 12/6/2011";"Soundings in feet and fathoms |publisher=[[NOAA]] |access-date=September 18, 2013 |archive-date=April 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422163943/https://www.charts.noaa.gov/OnLineViewer/14901.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> It contains a volume of 1,183 cubic miles (4,932&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup>) of water. Green Bay in the northwest is its largest bay. Grand Traverse Bay in its northeast is another large bay.  Lake Michigan's deepest region, which lies in its northern half, is called Chippewa Basin (named after prehistoric [[Lake Chippewa]]) and is separated from South Chippewa Basin by a relatively shallower area called the Mid Lake Plateau.<ref>{{Cite web |title=michiganlarge |url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/image/michiganlarge.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321172726/https://ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/image/michiganlarge.jpg |archive-date=March 21, 2021 |access-date=March 16, 2017 |website=NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/greatlakes/lakemich_cdrom/html/geomorph.htm|title=Bathymetry of Lake Michigan|website=www.ngdc.noaa.gov|access-date=March 16, 2017|archive-date=July 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715181542/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/greatlakes/lakemich_cdrom/html/geomorph.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
 === Islands ===
@@ Line 87: / Line 85: @@
 === Connection to other water bodies ===
-In the mid 20th century, construction of the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] and [[Great Lakes Waterway]] opened the Great Lakes to ocean-going vessels. But the wider ocean-going [[container ships]] that were developed later do not fit through the locks on these routes, which limits shipping on the lakes. [[Lake freighter]]s are used on the lakes that are too large to pass the locks and enter the ocean. Despite their vast size, large sections of the Great Lakes freeze in winter, interrupting most shipping. Some icebreakers ply the lakes.
+In the mid 20th century, construction of the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] and [[Great Lakes Waterway]] opened the Great Lakes to ocean-going vessels. But the wider ocean-going container ships that were developed later do not fit through the locks on these routes, which limits shipping on the lakes. [[Lake freighter]]s are used on the lakes that are too large to pass the locks and enter the ocean. Despite their vast size, large sections of the Great Lakes freeze in winter, interrupting most shipping. Some icebreakers ply the lakes.
 Lake Michigan is connected by the [[Illinois Waterway]] to the [[Gulf of Mexico]] via the [[Illinois River]] and the Mississippi River. Commercial tug-and-barge traffic on these waterways is heavy. Pleasure boats can enter or exit the Great Lakes by way of the [[Erie Canal]] and Hudson River in New York. The Erie Canal connects to the Great Lakes at the east end of [[Lake Erie]] (at [[Buffalo, New York]]) and at the south side of [[Lake Ontario]] (at [[Oswego, New York]]).
 === Water level ===
-The lake fluctuates from month to month with the highest lake levels typically occurring in summer. The normal high-water mark is {{convert|2.00|ft|m}} above datum (''{{convert|577.5|ft|m|abbr=on}}''). In October 1986, Lakes Michigan and Huron reached their highest level at {{convert|5.92|ft|m}} above datum.<ref name="COE-2009">Monthly bulletin of Lake Levels for The Great Lakes; September 2009; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Detroit District</ref> The monthly average high-water records were broken for several months in a row in 2020.<ref name="armymilGreatLakesData">{{Cite web|date=February 3, 2021|title=Great Lakes Water Level Data |url=https://www.lre.usace.army.mil/Missions/Great-Lakes-Information/Great-Lakes-Information-2/Water-Level-Data/ |access-date=February 9, 2021}}</ref>
+The lake fluctuates from month to month with the highest lake levels typically occurring in summer. The normal high-water mark is {{convert|2.00|ft|m}} above datum (''{{convert|577.5|ft|m|abbr=on}}''). In October 1986, Lakes Michigan and Huron reached their highest level at {{convert|5.92|ft|m}} above datum.<ref name="COE-2009">Monthly bulletin of Lake Levels for The Great Lakes; September 2009; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Detroit District</ref> The monthly average high-water records were broken for several months in a row in 2020.<ref name="armymilGreatLakesData">{{Cite web|date=February 3, 2021|title=Great Lakes Water Level Data|url=https://www.lre.usace.army.mil/Missions/Great-Lakes-Information/Great-Lakes-Information-2/Water-Level-Data/|access-date=February 9, 2021|archive-date=May 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527020105/https://www.lre.usace.army.mil/Missions/Great-Lakes-Information/Great-Lakes-Information-2/Water-Level-Data/|url-status=live}}</ref>
 Lake levels tend to be the lowest in winter. The normal low-water mark is {{convert|1.00|ft|cm}} below datum (''577.5 ft or 176.0 m''). In the winter of 1964, Lakes Michigan and Huron reached their lowest level at {{convert|1.38|ft|cm}} below datum.<ref name="COE-2009" /> As with the high-water records, monthly low-water records were set each month from February 1964 through January 1965. During this twelve-month period, water levels ranged from {{convert|1.38|to(-)|0.71|ft|cm}} below Chart Datum.<ref name="COE-2009" /> The all-time low-water mark was eclipsed in January 2013.<ref name="armymilGreatLakesData" />
-In January 2013, Lake Michigan's monthly mean water levels dipped to an all-time low of {{convert|576.2|ft|m|abbr=on}},<ref name="USAtoday3Apr2013">{{cite news|last=Bivins|first=Larry |date=April 3, 2013 |title=Low Great Lakes water levels plague shipping, recreation |newspaper=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/04/03/great-lakes-low-water-levels/2050811}}</ref> reaching their lowest ebb since record keeping began in 1918. The lakes were {{convert|29|in|m|abbr=on}} below their long-term average and had declined 17 inches since January 2012.<ref name="Flesher5feb2013">{{cite news|last=Flesher|first=John |date=February 5, 2013 |title=Two Great Lakes hit lowest water levels since record keeping began nearly a century ago |newspaper=Vancouver Sun |url=https://vancouversun.com/technology/Great+Lakes+lowest+water+levels+since+record+keeping+began+nearly+cent<ury/7923713/story.html#ixzz2RxYTXcZr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212060009/http://www.vancouversun.com/technology/Great+Lakes+lowest+water+levels+since+record+keeping+began+nearly+century/7923713/story.html#ixzz2RxYTXcZr |archive-date=February 12, 2013}}</ref> Keith Kompoltowicz, chief of [[Drainage basin|watershed]] [[hydrology]] for the [[U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]]' district office in [[Detroit]], explained that biggest factors leading to the lower water levels in 2013 were a combination of the "lack of a large snowpack" in the winter of 2011/2012 coupled with very hot and dry conditions in the summer of 2012.<ref name="USAtoday3Apr2013" />  Since then water levels rebounded, rising more than {{convert|6|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}} to historical record high levels.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lake Michigan at Near-Record High Water Levels|url=https://www.weather.gov/lot/2019LakeMI |access-date=December 9, 2019 |publisher=National Weather Service}}</ref><ref name="armymilGreatLakesData" />
+In January 2013, Lake Michigan's monthly mean water levels dipped to an all-time low of {{convert|576.2|ft|m|abbr=on}},<ref name="USAtoday3Apr2013">{{cite news |last=Bivins |first=Larry |date=April 3, 2013 |title=Low Great Lakes water levels plague shipping, recreation |newspaper=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/04/03/great-lakes-low-water-levels/2050811 |access-date=September 2, 2017 |archive-date=February 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228015847/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/04/03/great-lakes-low-water-levels/2050811/ |url-status=live }}</ref> reaching their lowest ebb since record keeping began in 1918. The lakes were {{convert|29|in|m|abbr=on}} below their long-term average and had declined 17 inches since January 2012.<ref name="Flesher5feb2013">{{cite news|last=Flesher|first=John |date=February 5, 2013 |title=Two Great Lakes hit lowest water levels since record keeping began nearly a century ago |newspaper=Vancouver Sun |url=https://vancouversun.com/technology/Great+Lakes+lowest+water+levels+since+record+keeping+began+nearly+cent<ury/7923713/story.html#ixzz2RxYTXcZr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212060009/http://www.vancouversun.com/technology/Great+Lakes+lowest+water+levels+since+record+keeping+began+nearly+century/7923713/story.html#ixzz2RxYTXcZr |archive-date=February 12, 2013}}</ref> Keith Kompoltowicz, chief of [[Drainage basin|watershed]] [[hydrology]] for the [[U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]]' district office in [[Detroit]], explained that biggest factors leading to the lower water levels in 2013 were a combination of the "lack of a large snowpack" in the winter of 2011/2012 coupled with very hot and dry conditions in the summer of 2012.<ref name="USAtoday3Apr2013" />  Since then water levels rebounded, rising more than {{convert|6|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}} to historical record high levels.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lake Michigan at Near-Record High Water Levels|url=https://www.weather.gov/lot/2019LakeMI|access-date=December 9, 2019|publisher=National Weather Service|archive-date=January 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118234505/https://www.weather.gov/lot/2019LakeMI|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="armymilGreatLakesData" />
 ===Drinking water===
@@ Line 104: / Line 102: @@
 The Great Lakes are collectively administered by the [[Conference of Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Governors and Premiers]], intergovernmental organization led by the governing chief executives of the Canadian provinces of [[Ontario]] and [[Québec]], and by the governors of the U.S. states of [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], [[Michigan]], [[Minnesota]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Ohio]], [[Pennsylvania]], and [[Wisconsin]]. The Conference came into force, in December 2008, with the enactment of laws in all of the states and the two provinces, and the enactment of a United States federal law.
-Environmental problems can still plague the lake. [[Steel mill]]s and refineries operate near the Indiana shoreline. The ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' reported that [[BP]] is a major polluter, dumping thousands of pounds of raw [[sludge]] into the lake every day from its [[Whiting, Indiana]], oil refinery.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hawthorne |first=Michael |date=July 15, 2007 |title=BP gets break on dumping in lake |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/chi-pollute_15jul15-story.html |access-date=October 14, 2020}}</ref> In March 2014 BP's Whiting refinery was responsible for spilling more than {{convert|1600|USgal|L}} of oil into the lake.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hawthorne|first=Michael |date=March 28, 2014 |title=BP raises estimate of Lake Michigan oil spill |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2014-03-28-chi-bp-oil-spill-lake-michigan-20140327-story.html |access-date=October 14, 2020}}</ref>
+Environmental problems can still plague the lake. [[Steel mill]]s and refineries operate near the Indiana shoreline. The ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' reported that [[BP]] is a major polluter, dumping thousands of pounds of raw [[sludge]] into the lake every day from its [[Whiting, Indiana]], oil refinery.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hawthorne |first=Michael |date=July 15, 2007 |title=BP gets break on dumping in lake |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/chi-pollute_15jul15-story.html |access-date=October 14, 2020 |archive-date=June 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622010856/https://www.chicagotribune.com/chi-pollute_15jul15-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2014 BP's Whiting refinery was responsible for spilling more than {{convert|1600|USgal|L}} of oil into the lake.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hawthorne |first=Michael |date=March 28, 2014 |title=BP raises estimate of Lake Michigan oil spill |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2014-03-28-chi-bp-oil-spill-lake-michigan-20140327-story.html |access-date=October 14, 2020 |archive-date=November 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117003355/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2014-03-28-chi-bp-oil-spill-lake-michigan-20140327-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 == Shoreline ==
@@ Line 110: / Line 108: @@
 === Beaches ===
 [[File:Gfp-indiana-dunes-national-lakeshore-lake-michigan-lakeshore.jpg|thumb|View of Lake Michigan from [[Indiana Dunes National Park]]]]
-Lake Michigan has many beaches. The region is often referred to as the "[[Third Coast]]"<ref>{{cite web |title=NOAA Great Lakes Region |url=http://www.regions.noaa.gov/great-lakes/index.php/regional-statistics/ |access-date=September 15, 2015 |publisher=[[NOAA]]}}</ref> of the United States, after those of the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Pacific Ocean]]. The sand is often soft and off-white, known as "[[singing sand]]s" because of the squeaking noise (caused by high [[quartz]] content) it emits when walked upon. Some beaches have sand [[dune]]s covered in green [[Ammophila breviligulata|beach grass]] and [[Prunus pumila|sand cherries]], and the water is usually clear and cool, between {{convert|55|and|80|F|C}},<ref>{{cite web|title=Michigan Sea Grant Coastwatch|url=http://www.coastwatch.msu.edu/twomichigans.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212190032/http://coastwatch.msu.edu/twomichigans.html |archive-date=February 12, 2010 |access-date=January 14, 2010 |publisher=Coastwatch.msu.edu}}</ref> even in the late summer months. However, because prevailing westerly winds tend to move the surface water toward the east, there is a flow of warmer water to the Michigan shore in the summer.<ref name="hilton" />
+Lake Michigan has many beaches. The region is often referred to as the "[[Third Coast]]"<ref>{{cite web |title=NOAA Great Lakes Region |url=http://www.regions.noaa.gov/great-lakes/index.php/regional-statistics/ |access-date=September 15, 2015 |publisher=[[NOAA]] |archive-date=April 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421111440/https://www.regions.noaa.gov/great-lakes/index.php/regional-statistics/ |url-status=live }}</ref> of the United States, after those of the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Pacific Ocean]]. The sand is often soft and off-white, known as "[[singing sand]]s" because of the squeaking noise (caused by high [[quartz]] content) it emits when walked upon. Some beaches have sand dunes covered in green [[Ammophila breviligulata|beach grass]] and [[Prunus pumila|sand cherries]], and the water is usually clear and cool, between {{convert|55|and|80|F|C}},<ref>{{cite web|title=Michigan Sea Grant Coastwatch|url=http://www.coastwatch.msu.edu/twomichigans.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212190032/http://coastwatch.msu.edu/twomichigans.html |archive-date=February 12, 2010 |access-date=January 14, 2010 |publisher=Coastwatch.msu.edu}}</ref> even in the late summer months. However, because prevailing westerly winds tend to move the surface water toward the east, there is a flow of warmer water to the Michigan shore in the summer.<ref name="hilton" />
-The sand dunes located on the east shore of Lake Michigan are the largest freshwater dune system in the world. In multiple locations along the shoreline, the dunes rise several hundred feet above the lake surface. Large dune formations can be seen in many state parks, national forests and national parks along the Indiana and Michigan shoreline. Some of the most expansive and unique dune formations can be found at [[Indiana Dunes National Park]], [[Saugatuck Dunes State Park]], [[Warren Dunes State Park]], [[Hoffmaster State Park]], [[Silver Lake State Park (Michigan)|Silver Lake State Park]], [[Ludington State Park]], and [[Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore]]. Small dune formations can be found on the western shore of Lake Michigan at [[Illinois Beach State Park]], and moderate-sized dune formations can be found in [[Kohler-Andrae State Park]] and [[Point Beach State Forest]] in Wisconsin. A large dune formation can be found in [[Whitefish Dunes State Park]] in Wisconsin in the [[Door Peninsula]]. Lake Michigan beaches in [[Northern Michigan]] are the only place in the world, aside from a few inland lakes in that region, where [[Petoskey stone]]s, the Michigan state stone, can be found.<ref>Wolgamott, K. (May 17, 2018). "Where to Find Petoskey Stones in Michigan." Retrieved from https://www.michigan.org/article/trip-idea/where-find-petoskey-stones-michigan</ref>
+The sand dunes located on the east shore of Lake Michigan are the largest freshwater dune system in the world. In multiple locations along the shoreline, the dunes rise several hundred feet above the lake surface. Large dune formations can be seen in many state parks, national forests and national parks along the Indiana and Michigan shoreline. Some of the most expansive and unique dune formations can be found at [[Indiana Dunes National Park]], [[Saugatuck Dunes State Park]], [[Warren Dunes State Park]], [[Hoffmaster State Park]], [[Silver Lake State Park (Michigan)|Silver Lake State Park]], [[Ludington State Park]], and [[Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore]]. Small dune formations can be found on the western shore of Lake Michigan at [[Illinois Beach State Park]], and moderate-sized dune formations can be found in [[Kohler-Andrae State Park]] and [[Point Beach State Forest]] in Wisconsin. A large dune formation can be found in [[Whitefish Dunes State Park]] in Wisconsin in the [[Door Peninsula]]. Lake Michigan beaches in [[Northern Michigan]] are the only place in the world, aside from a few inland lakes in that region, where [[Petoskey stone]]s, the Michigan state stone, can be found.<ref>Wolgamott, K. (May 17, 2018). "Where to Find Petoskey Stones in Michigan." Retrieved from https://www.michigan.org/article/trip-idea/where-find-petoskey-stones-michigan {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624222145/https://www.michigan.org/article/trip-idea/where-find-petoskey-stones-michigan |date=June 24, 2021 }}</ref>
 The beaches of the western coast and the northernmost part of the east coast are often rocky, with some sandy beaches. The southern and eastern beaches are typically sandy and dune-covered. This is partly because of the prevailing winds from the west (which also cause thick layers of ice to build on the eastern shore in winter). The Chicago city waterfront has been developed for parks, [[List of beaches in Chicago|beaches]], harbors and marinas, and residential developments connected by the [[Chicago Lakefront Trail]]. Where there are no beaches or marinas, stone or concrete revetments protect the shoreline from erosion. The Chicago lakefront is accessible for about {{convert|24|mi|km}} between the city's southern and northern limits along the lake.
@@ Line 266: / Line 264: @@
 Fisheries in inland waters of the United States are small compared to marine fisheries. The largest fisheries are the landings from the Great Lakes, worth about $14&nbsp;million in 2001.<ref name="NMFS 2001">[[NOAA]]/[[NMFS]]: (2001) [http://www.st.nmfs.gov/st1/fus/fus03/index.html Fisheries of the United States, 2003] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810195334/http://www.st.nmfs.gov/st1/fus/fus03/index.html |date=August 10, 2007 }}</ref> Michigan's commercial fishery today consists mainly of 150 tribe-licensed commercial fishing operations through the Chippewa-Ottawa Resource Authority and tribes belonging to the Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission, which harvest 50 percent of the Great Lakes commercial catch in Michigan waters, and 45 state-licensed commercial fishing enterprises.<ref name=miseagrant7jan2013>{{cite report |url=http://www.miseagrant.umich.edu/files/2013/01/07-701-fs-whitefish-marketing.pdf |title=Michigan Commercial Fisheries Marketing and Product Development |publisher=University of Michigan Sea Grant |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan |access-date=April 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412020407/http://www.miseagrant.umich.edu/files/2013/01/07-701-fs-whitefish-marketing.pdf |archive-date=April 12, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The prime commercial species is the lake whitefish. The annual harvest declined from an average of {{convert|11|e6lb|kg}} from 1981 through to 1999 to more recent annual harvests of {{convert|8|to|9.5|e6lb|kg}}. The price for lake whitefish dropped from $1.04/lb. to as low as $0.40/lb during periods of high production.<ref name=miseagrant7jan2013 />
-Sports fishing includes salmon, whitefish, [[smelt (fish)|smelt]], lake trout and [[walleye]] as major catches. In the late 1960s, successful stocking programs for Pacific salmon led to the development of Lake Michigan's charter fishing industry.<ref name=miseagrant2009>{{cite report |url=http://www.miseagrant.umich.edu/downloads/fisheries/economy/Michigan-Charter-Fishing-Fact-Sheet.pdf |first=Dan |last=O'Keefe |year=2009 |title=Charter Fishing in Michigan: A Profile of Customers and Economic Impacts |publisher=University of Michigan Sea Grant |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan }}</ref>
+Sports fishing includes salmon, whitefish, [[smelt (fish)|smelt]], lake trout and [[walleye]] as major catches. In the late 1960s, successful stocking programs for Pacific salmon led to the development of Lake Michigan's charter fishing industry.<ref name=miseagrant2009>{{cite report |url=http://www.miseagrant.umich.edu/downloads/fisheries/economy/Michigan-Charter-Fishing-Fact-Sheet.pdf |first=Dan |last=O'Keefe |year=2009 |title=Charter Fishing in Michigan: A Profile of Customers and Economic Impacts |publisher=University of Michigan Sea Grant |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan |access-date=April 30, 2013 |archive-date=May 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513222024/http://www.miseagrant.umich.edu/downloads/fisheries/economy/Michigan-Charter-Fishing-Fact-Sheet.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 === Shipping ===
-Like all of the Great Lakes, Lake Michigan is today used as a major [[mode of transport]] for bulk goods. In 2002, 162&nbsp;million net [[ton]]s of dry bulk cargo were moved via the Lakes. This was, in order of volume: iron ore, grain and [[potash]].<ref>{{Cite report |url=http://www.portdetroit.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Great-Lakes-Shipping-Study-Final.pdf|title=Great Lakes Shipping Study |publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security |date=January 13, 2014}}</ref> The iron ore and much of the stone and coal are used in the steel industry. There is also some shipping of liquid and containerized cargo, but most container vessels cannot pass the locks on the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] because the ships are too wide. The total amount of shipping on the lakes has been on a downward trend for several years. The [[Port of Chicago]], operated by the [[Illinois International Port District]], has grain (14&nbsp;million bushels) and bulk liquid (800,000 barrels) storage facilities along [[Lake Calumet]]. The central element of the Port District, [[Calumet Harbor]], is maintained by the [[U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]].<ref>U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (November 2007). [http://www.lrc.usace.army.mil/Portals/36/docs/navigation/calumet.pdf "Calumet Harbor, IL and IN"]. Retrieved on July 31, 2014.</ref>
+Like all of the Great Lakes, Lake Michigan is today used as a major [[mode of transport]] for bulk goods. In 2002, 162&nbsp;million net [[ton]]s of dry bulk cargo were moved via the Lakes. This was, in order of volume: iron ore, grain and [[potash]].<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.portdetroit.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Great-Lakes-Shipping-Study-Final.pdf|title=Great Lakes Shipping Study|publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security|date=January 13, 2014|access-date=May 30, 2018|archive-date=November 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111204840/http://www.portdetroit.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Great-Lakes-Shipping-Study-Final.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The iron ore and much of the stone and coal are used in the steel industry. There is also some shipping of liquid and containerized cargo, but most container vessels cannot pass the locks on the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] because the ships are too wide. The total amount of shipping on the lakes has been on a downward trend for several years. The [[Port of Chicago]], operated by the [[Illinois International Port District]], has grain (14&nbsp;million bushels) and bulk liquid (800,000 barrels) storage facilities along [[Lake Calumet]]. The central element of the Port District, [[Calumet Harbor]], is maintained by the [[U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]].<ref>U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (November 2007). [http://www.lrc.usace.army.mil/Portals/36/docs/navigation/calumet.pdf "Calumet Harbor, IL and IN"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023114544/https://www.lrc.usace.army.mil/Portals/36/docs/navigation/calumet.pdf |date=October 23, 2020 }}. Retrieved on July 31, 2014.</ref>
 === Ferries ===
 [[File:SS Badger CloseUP.png|alt=The SS Badger departing Manitowoc for Ludington|thumb|SS ''Badger'' operates ferry services between Manitowoc and Ludington]]
-Two passenger and vehicle [[Ferry|ferries]] operate ferry services across Lake Michigan, both connecting Wisconsin on the western shore with Michigan on the east. From May to October, the historic [[steamship]], {{SS|Badger}}, operates daily between Manitowoc, Wisconsin, and Ludington, Michigan,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schedule and Fares |url=http://www.ssbadger.com/schedule-fares/ |access-date=April 1, 2018 |publisher=SS Badger}}</ref> connecting [[U.S. Route 10|U.S. Highway 10]] between the two cities. The ''[[Lake Express]]'', established in 2004, carries passengers and vehicles across the lake between Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and Muskegon, Michigan.
+Two passenger and vehicle ferries operate ferry services across Lake Michigan, both connecting Wisconsin on the western shore with Michigan on the east. From May to October, the historic steamship, {{SS|Badger}}, operates daily between Manitowoc, Wisconsin, and Ludington, Michigan,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schedule and Fares |url=http://www.ssbadger.com/schedule-fares/ |access-date=April 1, 2018 |publisher=SS Badger |archive-date=May 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507040819/https://www.ssbadger.com/schedule-fares/ |url-status=live }}</ref> connecting [[U.S. Route 10|U.S. Highway 10]] between the two cities. The ''[[Lake Express]]'', established in 2004, carries passengers and vehicles across the lake between Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and Muskegon, Michigan.
 === Tourism and recreation ===
-Tourism and recreation are major industries on all of the Great Lakes. A few small cruise ships operate on Lake Michigan, including a couple of [[schooners|sailing ships]]. Many other [[List of water sports|water sports]] are practiced on the lakes, such as [[yachting]], [[sea kayak]]ing, [[Recreational diving|diving]], [[kitesurfing]] and [[lake surfing]]. [[Great Lakes passenger steamers]] have been operating since the mid-19th century. Several ferries currently operate on the Great Lakes to carry passengers to various islands, including [[Beaver Island (Lake Michigan)|Beaver Island]] and [[Bois Blanc Island (Michigan)]]. Currently, two car ferry services traverse Lake Michigan from around April to November: the [[SS Badger]], a steamer from Ludington, Michigan, to Manitowoc, Wisconsin, and the [[Lake Express]], a high speed catamaran from Milwaukee to Muskegon, Michigan.
+Tourism and recreation are major industries on all of the Great Lakes. A few small cruise ships operate on Lake Michigan, including a couple of sailing ships. Many other water sports are practiced on the lakes, such as yachting, sea kayaking, diving, kitesurfing and lake surfing. [[Great Lakes passenger steamers]] have been operating since the mid-19th century. Several ferries currently operate on the Great Lakes to carry passengers to various islands, including [[Beaver Island (Lake Michigan)|Beaver Island]] and [[Bois Blanc Island (Michigan)]]. Currently, two car ferry services traverse Lake Michigan from around April to November: the SS Badger, a steamer from Ludington, Michigan, to Manitowoc, Wisconsin, and the [[Lake Express]], a high speed catamaran from Milwaukee to Muskegon, Michigan.
-The [[Great Lakes Circle Tour]], a designated scenic road system, connects all of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.great-lakes.net/tourism/circletour/ |title=Great Lakes Circle Tour |publisher=Great-lakes.net |date=July 5, 2005 |access-date=February 19, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725204133/http://www.great-lakes.net/tourism/circletour/ |archive-date=July 25, 2010 }}</ref> The lake is a great place to view ice volcanoes,<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.nbcchicago.com/weather/ice-volcanoes-explode-along-lake-michigan-as-ice-balls-line-shoreline-nws/2220759/| title = Ice Volcanoes Explode Along Lake Michigan as Ice Balls Line Shoreline: NWS}}</ref> which typically occur at the start of the [[winter]] season.
+The [[Great Lakes Circle Tour]], a designated scenic road system, connects all of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.great-lakes.net/tourism/circletour/ |title=Great Lakes Circle Tour |publisher=Great-lakes.net |date=July 5, 2005 |access-date=February 19, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725204133/http://www.great-lakes.net/tourism/circletour/ |archive-date=July 25, 2010 }}</ref> The lake is a great place to view ice volcanoes,<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.nbcchicago.com/weather/ice-volcanoes-explode-along-lake-michigan-as-ice-balls-line-shoreline-nws/2220759/| title = Ice Volcanoes Explode Along Lake Michigan as Ice Balls Line Shoreline: NWS| date = February 17, 2020| access-date = February 18, 2020| archive-date = March 1, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210301231244/https://www.nbcchicago.com/weather/ice-volcanoes-explode-along-lake-michigan-as-ice-balls-line-shoreline-nws/2220759/| url-status = live}}</ref> which typically occur at the start of the [[winter]] season.
 {{gallery|mode=packed|align=center|width=135|height=135
@@ Line 295: / Line 293: @@
 * [[Little Traverse Bay]]
 * [[Port of Milwaukee]]
+* [[Wind power in the United States#Great Lakes|Great Lakes offshore wind power potential]]
 {{Div col end}}
@@ Line 316: / Line 315: @@
 {{AmCyc Poster|Michigan, Lake|Lake Michigan}}
 * {{osmrelation|1205149}}
-* [https://www.epa.gov/greatlakes EPA's Great Lakes Atlas]
+* [https://www.epa.gov/greatlakes EPA's Great Lakes Atlas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029215637/http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/physfacts.html |date=October 29, 2010 }}
-* [http://www.coastwatch.msu.edu/ Great Lakes Coast Watch]
+* [http://www.coastwatch.msu.edu/ Great Lakes Coast Watch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511230142/http://www.coastwatch.msu.edu/ |date=May 11, 2008 }}
-* [http://www.michigan.gov/documents/lake-trout-refuge-lake_michigan_151629_7.pdf Michigan DNR map of Lake Michigan]
+* [http://www.michigan.gov/documents/lake-trout-refuge-lake_michigan_151629_7.pdf Michigan DNR map of Lake Michigan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621142339/http://www.michigan.gov/documents/lake-trout-refuge-lake_michigan_151629_7.pdf |date=June 21, 2007 }}
 * [http://www.eregulations.com/michigan/fishing/ Official Michigan DNR Freshwater Fishing Regulations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129191806/http://www.eregulations.com/michigan/fishing/ |date=January 29, 2021 }}
-* [http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/greatlakes/michigan.html Bathymetry of Lake Michigan]
+* [http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/greatlakes/michigan.html Bathymetry of Lake Michigan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509154325/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/greatlakes/michigan.html |date=May 9, 2021 }}
 * {{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Michigan, Lake|short=x}}
 * {{Cite EB1911 |last=Anderson |first=William P.|author-link=William P. Anderson|wstitle=Michigan, Lake|short=x}}
@@ Line 367: / Line 366: @@
 [[Category:Bodies of water of Racine County, Wisconsin|Michigan]]
 [[Category:Lakes of Sheboygan County, Wisconsin|Michigan]]
+[[Category:Michigan State Historic Sites in Mackinac County]]

v t e Northern Michigan
Central cities	Alpena Cadillac Charlevoix Gaylord Petoskey Traverse City
Counties	Alcona Alpena Antrim Arenac Benzie Charlevoix Cheboygan Clare Crawford Emmet Gladwin Grand Traverse Iosco Kalkaska Lake Leelanau Manistee Missaukee Montmorency Ogemaw Osceola Oscoda Otsego Presque Isle Roscommon Wexford
Geography	Au Sable River Cheboygan River Elk River watershed Grand Traverse Bay Houghton Lake Inland Waterway Leelanau Peninsula Lake Charlevoix Lake Huron Lake Michigan Little Traverse Bay Manistee River Straits of Mackinac Thunder Bay Walloon Lake
Transportation	BATA Charlevoix Municipal Airport Cherry Capital Airport Great Lakes Central Railroad Lake State Railway Mackinac Bridge Pellston Regional Airport SS Badger
Economy	Cherry production in Michigan East Jordan Iron Works Georgia-Pacific Holcim Lafarge Cement Michigan Limestone and Chemical Company Michigan wine USG Corporation Weyerhaeuser
Michigan Central Michigan Southeast Michigan Upper Peninsula West Michigan

v t e Upper Peninsula of Michigan
Central cities	Escanaba Hancock Houghton Iron Mountain Iron River Marquette Menominee Munising Sault Ste. Marie St. Ignace
Counties	Alger Baraga Chippewa Delta Dickinson Gogebic Houghton Iron Keweenaw Luce Mackinac Marquette Menominee Ontonagon Schoolcraft
Geography	Copper Country Gogebic Range Grand Island Keweenaw Peninsula Keweenaw Waterway Lake Superior Lake Huron Lake Michigan Menominee River Mount Arvon Pictured Rocks Porcupine Mountains St. Marys River Straits of Mackinac
Transportation	Chippewa County International Airport Delta County Airport Ford Airport Gogebic–Iron County Airport Houghton County Memorial Airport International Bridge International Rail Bridge Mackinac Bridge MarqTran Portage Lake Lift Bridge Sawyer International Airport Soo Locks
Economy	Cleveland-Cliffs Copper mining in Michigan Verso Corporation
Michigan Central Michigan Northern Michigan Southeast Michigan West Michigan

Authority control databases
International	VIAF FAST WorldCat
National	Germany United States Spain Israel
Other	NARA