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| image_caption = Restoration
| image_caption = Restoration
| taxon = Chinlea
| taxon = Chinlea
| authority =
| authority = Schaeffer, 1967
| subdivision_ranks =
| subdivision_ranks =
| subdivision = * †''Chinlea sorenseni''<ref>Schaeffer, B. 1967. Late Triassic Fishes from the western United States. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 135:322-328.</ref>
| subdivision =
}}'''''Chinlea''''' is an extinct genus of late [[Triassic]] [[Mawsoniidae|Mawsoniid]] [[coelacanth]] fish found in and named after the [[Chinle Formation]] that crops out in the southwestern states of [[Arizona]] and [[New Mexico]].  The word “Chinle” comes from the Navajo word meaning "flowing out", referencing the location where water flows out of the Canyon de Chelly. They were also possibly found in the [[Dockum Group]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Schaeffer |first=B. |date=1967 |title=Late Triassic Fishes from the western United States. |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=135 |pages=322–328}}</ref>
* †''Chinlea campii''
* †''Chinlea sorenseni''<ref>A New Specimen of Chinlea sorenseni from the Chinle Formation, Dolores River, Colorado. David K. Elliott, Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, Vol. 22, No. 1, Triassic Continental Deposits of the American Southwest (1987), pp. 47-52 (|[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40024383 Stable URL] retrieved 04 May 2016)</ref>
}}
[[File:Chinle fish.jpg|thumb|left|''Chinlea'' (middle left) and other fish from the [[Chinle Formation]]]]


== Discovery and description ==
'''''Chinlea''''' is an extinct genus of [[Triassic]] [[mawsoniidae|mawsoniid]] [[coelacanth]] fish found in and named after the [[Chinle Formation]] that crops out in the [[Southwestern United States|southwestern]] states of [[Arizona]] and [[New Mexico]].<ref name= "PBDB">[http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_name=Chinlea&is_real_user=1 The paleobiology Database]</ref> The length of ''Chinlea'' was about {{convert|80|cm|ft}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cavin|first=Lionel|last2=Piuz|first2=André|last3=Ferrante|first3=Christophe|last4=Guinot|first4=Guillaume|date=2021-06-03|title=Giant Mesozoic coelacanths (Osteichthyes, Actinistia) reveal high body size disparity decoupled from taxic diversity|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-90962-5|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=11812|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-90962-5|issn=2045-2322}}</ref>. ''Chinlea'' had lobed fins and a slender tail. The teeth were large and sharp.
[[File:Chinle fish.jpg|thumb|left|''Chinlea'' (middle left) compared to some other prehistoric fish.]]''Chinlea'' was described by Schaeffer in 1967 from type specimen ''Chinlea sorenseni'' (A.M.N.H No. 5652) found in the upper part of the Chinle Formation, Little Valley, [[San Juan County, Utah|San Juan County]], Utah.<ref name=":1" /> When it was described ''Chinlea'' was thought to be most closely related to ''Dilpurus'' from the Dockum Group because of their similar basisphenoid, long ossified pleural ribs, pelvic plate and unpaired basal plate shape, and supplementary caudal lobe length. Their long ossified ribs might have been mechanically related to more efficient swimming.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Elliot |first=D. K |date=1987 |title=A New Specimen of Chinlea sorenseni from the Chinle Formation, Dolores River, Colorado |journal=Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science |volume=22 |pages=47–52}}</ref> However Schaeffer differentiated ''Chinlea'' from ''Dilpurus'' by its greater posterior extension of the supratemporal; increased [[ossification]] of the extrascapulars; a robust antroventral process on the lateral rostral; larger and triangular postorbital; longer dentary with notched posterior border; anteriorly narrowed angular; small, numerous, closely spaced teeth on dentary; large, tusk-like teeth on premaxilla dermopalatine, possibly ectopterygoid, and precoracoid; and no denticles on anterior borders of the dorsal and caudal fins.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

''Chinlea'' was originally described as being 32-100 mm and an estimated 160-500 mm in length, but a later ''C. sorenseni'' skull collected in the same area confirmed that some undetermined remains belonged to ''Chinlea'' and that they could get at least up to 200, possibly 800 mm.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schaeffer |first1=B. |last2=Gregory |first2=G. T. |date=1961 |title=Coelacanth fishes from the continental Triassic of the western United States |journal=American Museum Novitates |issue=2036}}</ref>

== Phylogeny ==
Mawsoniids had two main episodes of diversification; Chinlea occurred during the Triassic episode in North America which also has a younger taxon in South America (''[[Parnaibaia]]'').<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Cavin |first1=L |last2=Cupello |first2=C. |last3=Yabumoto |first3=Y. |last4=Fragoso |first4=L. |last5=Deesri |first5=U. |last6=Brito |first6=P.M. |date=2019 |title=Phylogeny and evolutionary history of mawsoniid coelacanths |journal=Bulletin of the Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History and Human History |volume=17 |pages=3–13}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> ''Chinlea'' and the Mawsoniid taxa after it all have extrascapulars integrated to the postparietal shield covering the neurocranium. ''Chinlea'' and ''[[Mawsonia (fish)|Mawsonia]]'' also have an even number of extrascapulars. Compared to ''Mawsonia'' and [[Axelrodichthys]], the bifurcated region of the dentary on ''Chinlea'' is longer and angles upwards. ''Mawsonia'' and ''Axelrodichtys'' also have a high coronoid eminence that ''Chinlea'' does not.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fragoso |first1=L.G.C. |last2=Brito |first2=P.M. |last3=Yabumoto |first3=Y. |date=2018 |title=Axelrodichthys araripensis Maisey, 1986 revisited |journal=Historical Biology |pages=1350–1372}}</ref> Of the species on the cladogram, ''Chinlea'' is the only one not known to continue into the Jurassic, and ''Mawsonia'' and ''Axelrodichthys'' did not even evolve until the Jurassic.<ref name=":4" />

The following cladogram is based on Cavin et al. (2019).
{{clade| style=font-size:100%; line-height:100%
|label1=
|1={{clade
|1=Outgroup
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Diplurus]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Parnaibaia]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''Chinlea''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Mawsonia (fish)|Mawsonia]]''
|2=''[[Axelrodichthys]]''}} }}
}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

== Paleoenvironment and paleoecology ==
''Chinlea'' likely lived in North and South America close to the equator.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Miguel |first1=R. |last2=Gallo |first2=V. |last3=Morrone |first3=J.J. |date=2014 |title=Distributional patterns of Mawsoniidae (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia) |journal=Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências |volume=86 |issue=1 |pages=159–170|doi=10.1590/0001-3765201420130035 |pmid=24519009 |s2cid=37141000 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Unlike marine [[Latimeriidae|Latimeriids]] which include the one genus of extant coelacanths, Mawsoniids could also inhabit fresh or brackish water.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Yabumoto |first=Y. |date=2008 |title=A new Mesozoic coelacanth from Brazil (Sarcopterygii, Actinistia). |journal=Paleontological Research |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=329–343|doi=10.2517/prpsj.12.329 |s2cid=86403064 }}</ref> The fluvial and lacustrine depositions in the Chinle Formation suggest an area with large bodies of water and a seasonal monsoonal climate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dubiel |first1=R. F. |last2=Parrish |first2=J. T. |last3=Parrish |first3=J. M. |last4=Good |first4=S.C. |date=1991 |title=The Pangaean Megamonsoon: Evidence from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation, Colorado Plateau. |journal=PALAIOS |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=347|doi=10.2307/3514963 |jstor=3514963 |bibcode=1991Palai...6..347D |s2cid=54856289 |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1227&context=usgsstaffpub }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Parrish |first=J. M. |date=1989 |title=Vertebrate paleoecology of the Chinle formation (Late Triassic) of the Southwestern United States |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=72 |pages=227–247|doi=10.1016/0031-0182(89)90144-2 |bibcode=1989PPP....72..227M }}</ref> ''Chinlea'' lived alongside their likely prey ''[[Ceratodus (genus)|Ceratodus]]'' (lungfish) that made burrows to avoid desiccation and lie dormant, giving evidence of a dry season.<ref name=":3" /> The postorbital bone bridging across the intercranial joint, which is characteristic of Mawsoniids, suggests they had a smaller gape for suction feeding than other coelacanths and would have to eat relatively smaller prey.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Grandstaff |first1=B. S. |last2=Smith |first2=J.B. |last3=Lamanna |first3=M. |last4=Tumarkin-Deratzian |first4=A. |last5=Lacovara |first5=K.J. |date=2004 |title=Cranial Kinesis and Diet in Mawsonia (Actinistia, Coelacanthiformes) |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=66}}</ref> ''Chinlea'' also lived with at least 10 species of [[Osteichthyes]] (bony fish), [[Hybodontidae|Hybodontids]] (shark), [[Metoposauridae|Metoposaurids]] (amphibian), and [[Phytosaur|Phytosaurids]] (reptile). While there were changes to the terrestrial and aquatic tetrapod taxa, fish fauna did not have any major change throughout the formation.<ref name=":3" />


== References ==
== References ==
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[[Category:Mawsoniidae]]
[[Category:Mawsoniidae]]
[[Category:Triassic bony fish]]
[[Category:Triassic bony fish]]
[[Category:Prehistoric bony fish genera]]
[[Category:Prehistoric lobe-finned fish genera]]
[[Category:Chinle fauna]]
[[Category:Chinle fauna]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1967]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1967]]

{{Triassic-fish-stub}}
{{paleo-lobefinned-fish-stub}}

Latest revision as of 07:41, 7 November 2024

Chinlea
Temporal range: 228.0–203.6 Ma Late Triassic
Restoration
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Sarcopterygii
Class: Actinistia
Order: Coelacanthiformes
Family: †Mawsoniidae
Genus: †Chinlea
Schaeffer, 1967
Species
  • †Chinlea sorenseni[1]

Chinlea is an extinct genus of late Triassic Mawsoniid coelacanth fish found in and named after the Chinle Formation that crops out in the southwestern states of Arizona and New Mexico.  The word “Chinle” comes from the Navajo word meaning "flowing out", referencing the location where water flows out of the Canyon de Chelly. They were also possibly found in the Dockum Group.[2]

Discovery and description

[edit]
Chinlea (middle left) compared to some other prehistoric fish.

Chinlea was described by Schaeffer in 1967 from type specimen Chinlea sorenseni (A.M.N.H No. 5652) found in the upper part of the Chinle Formation, Little Valley, San Juan County, Utah.[2] When it was described Chinlea was thought to be most closely related to Dilpurus from the Dockum Group because of their similar basisphenoid, long ossified pleural ribs, pelvic plate and unpaired basal plate shape, and supplementary caudal lobe length. Their long ossified ribs might have been mechanically related to more efficient swimming.[3] However Schaeffer differentiated Chinlea from Dilpurus by its greater posterior extension of the supratemporal; increased ossification of the extrascapulars; a robust antroventral process on the lateral rostral; larger and triangular postorbital; longer dentary with notched posterior border; anteriorly narrowed angular; small, numerous, closely spaced teeth on dentary; large, tusk-like teeth on premaxilla dermopalatine, possibly ectopterygoid, and precoracoid; and no denticles on anterior borders of the dorsal and caudal fins.[2][3]

Chinlea was originally described as being 32-100 mm and an estimated 160-500 mm in length, but a later C. sorenseni skull collected in the same area confirmed that some undetermined remains belonged to Chinlea and that they could get at least up to 200, possibly 800 mm.[2][3][4]

Phylogeny

[edit]

Mawsoniids had two main episodes of diversification; Chinlea occurred during the Triassic episode in North America which also has a younger taxon in South America (Parnaibaia).[5][6] Chinlea and the Mawsoniid taxa after it all have extrascapulars integrated to the postparietal shield covering the neurocranium. Chinlea and Mawsonia also have an even number of extrascapulars. Compared to Mawsonia and Axelrodichthys, the bifurcated region of the dentary on Chinlea is longer and angles upwards. Mawsonia and Axelrodichtys also have a high coronoid eminence that Chinlea does not.[7] Of the species on the cladogram, Chinlea is the only one not known to continue into the Jurassic, and Mawsonia and Axelrodichthys did not even evolve until the Jurassic.[5]

The following cladogram is based on Cavin et al. (2019).

Paleoenvironment and paleoecology

[edit]

Chinlea likely lived in North and South America close to the equator.[6][8] Unlike marine Latimeriids which include the one genus of extant coelacanths, Mawsoniids could also inhabit fresh or brackish water.[6] The fluvial and lacustrine depositions in the Chinle Formation suggest an area with large bodies of water and a seasonal monsoonal climate.[9][10] Chinlea lived alongside their likely prey Ceratodus (lungfish) that made burrows to avoid desiccation and lie dormant, giving evidence of a dry season.[10] The postorbital bone bridging across the intercranial joint, which is characteristic of Mawsoniids, suggests they had a smaller gape for suction feeding than other coelacanths and would have to eat relatively smaller prey.[11] Chinlea also lived with at least 10 species of Osteichthyes (bony fish), Hybodontids (shark), Metoposaurids (amphibian), and Phytosaurids (reptile). While there were changes to the terrestrial and aquatic tetrapod taxa, fish fauna did not have any major change throughout the formation.[10]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Schaeffer, B. 1967. Late Triassic Fishes from the western United States. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 135:322-328.
  2. ^ a b c d Schaeffer, B. (1967). "Late Triassic Fishes from the western United States". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 135: 322–328.
  3. ^ a b c Elliot, D. K (1987). "A New Specimen of Chinlea sorenseni from the Chinle Formation, Dolores River, Colorado". Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science. 22: 47–52.
  4. ^ Schaeffer, B.; Gregory, G. T. (1961). "Coelacanth fishes from the continental Triassic of the western United States". American Museum Novitates (2036).
  5. ^ a b Cavin, L; Cupello, C.; Yabumoto, Y.; Fragoso, L.; Deesri, U.; Brito, P.M. (2019). "Phylogeny and evolutionary history of mawsoniid coelacanths". Bulletin of the Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History and Human History. 17: 3–13.
  6. ^ a b c Yabumoto, Y. (2008). "A new Mesozoic coelacanth from Brazil (Sarcopterygii, Actinistia)". Paleontological Research. 12 (4): 329–343. doi:10.2517/prpsj.12.329. S2CID 86403064.
  7. ^ Fragoso, L.G.C.; Brito, P.M.; Yabumoto, Y. (2018). "Axelrodichthys araripensis Maisey, 1986 revisited". Historical Biology: 1350–1372.
  8. ^ Miguel, R.; Gallo, V.; Morrone, J.J. (2014). "Distributional patterns of Mawsoniidae (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia)". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 86 (1): 159–170. doi:10.1590/0001-3765201420130035. PMID 24519009. S2CID 37141000.
  9. ^ Dubiel, R. F.; Parrish, J. T.; Parrish, J. M.; Good, S.C. (1991). "The Pangaean Megamonsoon: Evidence from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation, Colorado Plateau". PALAIOS. 6 (4): 347. Bibcode:1991Palai...6..347D. doi:10.2307/3514963. JSTOR 3514963. S2CID 54856289.
  10. ^ a b c Parrish, J. M. (1989). "Vertebrate paleoecology of the Chinle formation (Late Triassic) of the Southwestern United States". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 72: 227–247. Bibcode:1989PPP....72..227M. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(89)90144-2.
  11. ^ Grandstaff, B. S.; Smith, J.B.; Lamanna, M.; Tumarkin-Deratzian, A.; Lacovara, K.J. (2004). "Cranial Kinesis and Diet in Mawsonia (Actinistia, Coelacanthiformes)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24 (3): 66.
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