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{{Short description|American surgeon (born 1980)}}
{{Short description|American surgeon (born 1980)}}
{{use mdy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Arghavan Salles
| name = Arghavan Salles
| image = Arghavan salles.jpg
| image = Arghavan salles.jpg
| image_size =
| image_size =
| caption =
| caption = Salles in 2020
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1980|02|23|mf=y}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1980|02|23}}<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1231677906977353728|user=arghavan_salles|title=Continuing my series of travel workouts, #ThisIs40, friends! What better way to celebrate than some self-care?…<!-- full text of tweet that Twitter returned to the bot (excluding links) added by TweetCiteBot. This may be better truncated or may need expanding (TW limits responses to 140 characters) or case changes. --> |date=23 February 2020}}</ref>
| birth_place = Iran
| birth_place = [[Iran]]
| nationality = American
| nationality = American
| fields = Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Medicine, Bariatric Surgery
| fields = [[Bariatric surgery]], [[Diversity, equity, and inclusion]] in medicine
| workplaces = [[Stanford University School of Medicine]]
| workplaces = [[Stanford University School of Medicine]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Southern California]]<br />[[Stanford University School of Medicine]]<br />[[Washington University School of Medicine]]<br />[[Stanford Graduate School of Education]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Southern California]]<br />[[Stanford University School of Medicine]]<br />[[Washington University School of Medicine]]<br />[[Stanford Graduate School of Education]]
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| awards = 2020 ABIM Top Research Article Award on Medical Professionalism, 2019 Exceptional Mentor Award, American Medical Women's Association, 2018 Joan F. Giambalvo Fund for the Advancement of Women
| awards = 2020 ABIM Top Research Article Award on Medical Professionalism, 2019 Exceptional Mentor Award, American Medical Women's Association, 2018 Joan F. Giambalvo Fund for the Advancement of Women
}}
}}

{{Notability|date=February 2022}}
'''Arghavan Salles''' ({{lang-fa| ارغوان ثالث}}; born February 23, 1980)<ref name=2019-Tweet-DMV-Iran>{{cite tweet|last=Salles|first=Arghavan|user=arghavan_salles|number=1166002171139067904|date=26 August 2019|title=I’ll play. Came to the US at age 5 with Mom. Didn’t speak English. We lived in a basement for two years. Had no car. Mom get her PhD when I was 10. I graduated from @StanfordMed 16 yrs later. This is happiness. #HappyImmigrantDocs|language=en}}</ref> is an [[Iranian Americans|Iranian American]]<ref name=2020-Tweet-DMV-Iran>{{cite tweet|last=Salles|first=Arghavan|user=arghavan_salles|number=1214979975205384192|date=8 January 2020|title=Standing in line at the DMV with too much time on my hands. So here’s a thread about being an immigrant from an “axis of evil” country.1/|language=en}}</ref> [[Bariatric surgery|bariatric surgeon]]. Salles is the Special Advisor for DEI Programs in the Department of Medicine at [[Stanford University School of Medicine]] and a Senior Research Scholar at the Clayman Institute for Gender Research. Salles’ research focuses on gender equity, well-being, and the challenges women face in the workplace. Salles works as an advocate for equity and inclusion and as an activist against sexual harassment. Salles is an international speaker who supported health professionals during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] through social media.
'''Arghavan Salles''' ({{langx|fa| ارغوان ثالث}}; born February 23, 1980) is an [[Iranian Americans|Iranian American]]<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Getahun-Hawkins |first=Helena |date=2022-11-17 |title=Stanford's Iranian community grapples with ongoing violence, protests in Iran |url=https://stanforddaily.com/2022/11/17/stanfords-iranian-community-grapples-with-ongoing-violence-protests-in-iran/ |access-date=2023-10-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Bariatric surgery|bariatric surgeon]]. Salles is a Director of the American Medical Women's Association, a Special Advisor for DEI Programs in the Department of Medicine at [[Stanford University School of Medicine]] and a Senior Research Scholar at the [[Michelle R. Clayman Institute for Gender Research|Clayman Institute for Gender Research]]. Salles' research focuses on [[gender equity]], well-being, and the challenges women face in the workplace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arghavan Salles, MD, PhD |url=https://www.amwa-doc.org/about-amwa/leadership/arghavan-salles-md-phd/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=American Medical Women's Association |language=en-US}}</ref> Salles works as an advocate for equity and inclusion and as an activist against sexual harassment. Salles is an international speaker who worked on the front lines and supported health professionals during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] through social media.


== Early life and education ==
== Early life and education ==
Salles was born in [[Iran]]. In 1985, when she was five years old, she emigrated to the United States with her mother.<ref name=2019-Tweet-DMV-Iran /> She became a U.S. citizen when she was 21.<ref name=2020-Tweet-DMV-Iran /> While in high school Salles loved math.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://blog.womensurgeons.org/women/fighting-sexism-workplace/|title=Association of Women Surgeons » Blog Archive » Strategies for Fighting Subtle Sexism in the Workplace|language=en|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2020/03/09/identifying-and-addressing-gender-bias-in-health-care/|title=Identifying and addressing gender bias in health care|last=Huber|first=Author Jennifer|date=2020-03-09|website=Scope|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref>
Salles was born in [[Iran]] and emigrated to the United States with her mother when she was five years old.<ref name=":11" /> While in high school Salles loved math.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://blog.womensurgeons.org/women/fighting-sexism-workplace/|title=Association of Women Surgeons » Blog Archive » Strategies for Fighting Subtle Sexism in the Workplace|language=en|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2020/03/09/identifying-and-addressing-gender-bias-in-health-care/|title=Identifying and addressing gender bias in health care|last=Huber|first=Jennifer|date=2020-03-09|website=Scope|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref>


In 2002, Salles received a B.S. in Biomedical Engineering and a B.A. in French from the [[University of Southern California]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://profiles.stanford.edu/arghavan-salles?tab=bio|title=Stanford Profiles: Arghavan Salles|website=Stanford University|language=en|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref> In 2006, Salles received an M.D. from [[Stanford University School of Medicine]].<ref name=":2" /> Salles did a residency in general surgery from Stanford University School of Medicine from 2006 to 2015.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://time.com/4012840/doctors-on-life-support/|title=Doctors on Life Support|website=Time|language=en|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref> In 2014, Salles completed a PhD [[social psychology]] from [[Stanford University]], after which she finished her last two years of surgical residency, going on to become a Board Certified Surgeon in 2016.<ref name=":2" /> After finishing her residency and PhD in 2016, Salles then completed a year long fellowship training in minimally invasive surgery at [[Washington University School of Medicine]] in St. Louis.<ref name=":2" />
In 2002, Salles received a B.S. in Biomedical Engineering and a B.A. in French from the [[University of Southern California]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://profiles.stanford.edu/arghavan-salles?tab=bio|title=Stanford Profiles: Arghavan Salles|website=Stanford University|language=en|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref> In 2006, Salles received an M.D. from [[Stanford University School of Medicine]].<ref name=":2" /> Salles did a residency in general surgery from Stanford University School of Medicine from 2006 to 2015.<ref name=":3">{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/4012840/doctors-on-life-support/|title=Doctors on Life Support|magazine=Time|language=en|access-date=2020-04-21|first=Mandy|last=Oaklander|pages=43–50|date=September 7, 2015}}</ref> In 2014, Salles completed a PhD [[social psychology]] from [[Stanford University]], after which she finished her last two years of surgical residency, going on to become a Board Certified Surgeon in 2016.<ref name=":2" /> After finishing her residency and PhD in 2016, Salles then completed a year-long fellowship training in minimally invasive surgery at [[Washington University School of Medicine]] in St. Louis.<ref name=":2" />


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While Salles was Chief Resident of General Surgery at Stanford,<ref name=":3" /> a graduate of the surgery program took his life just six months after graduating.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-14 |title=Ep 12: Arghavan Salles {{!}} Family Medicine {{!}} Michigan Medicine |url=https://medicine.umich.edu/dept/family-medicine/programs/mdisability/transforming-medical-education/ep-12-arghavan-salles |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607070945/https://medicine.umich.edu/dept/family-medicine/programs/mdisability/transforming-medical-education/ep-12-arghavan-salles |archive-date=June 7, 2020 |access-date=2020-04-21 |website=Family Medicine |language=en}}</ref> Salles has said that this event dramatically impacted the program to enact changes and educate the community about burnout, depression, and wellbeing in medicine.<ref name=":4" /> In 2011, she and a professor of surgery at Stanford at the time, [[Ralph S. Greco|Ralph Greco]], created a "Balance in Life" program for surgery residents. This program included weekly psychotherapy session, mentor-mentee pairing between senior and junior residents, and support for residents in their search to find their own doctors and dentists for medical needs. The [[Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education]] (ACGME) has since tried to model a nationwide wellness program after the Stanford program.<ref name=":3" />
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==Career==
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While Chief Resident of General Surgery at Stanford,<ref name=":3" /> a graduate of the surgery program took his life just 6 months after graduating.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://medicine.umich.edu/dept/family-medicine/programs/mdisability/transforming-medical-education/ep-12-arghavan-salles|title=Ep 12: Arghavan Salles {{!}} Family Medicine {{!}} Michigan Medicine|date=2020-01-14|website=Family Medicine|language=en|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref> Salles has said that this event dramatically impacted and motivated Salles and her peers to enact changes and educate the community about burnout, depression, and wellbeing in medicine.<ref name=":4" /> In 2011, Salles and a professor of surgery at Stanford at the time, Dr. [[Ralph S. Greco|Ralph Greco]], created the "Balance in Life" program for surgery residents.<ref name=":3" /> This program included weekly psychotherapy session, mentor-mentee pairing between senior and junior residents, and support for residents in their search to find their own doctors and dentists for medical needs.<ref name=":3" /> [[Ralph S. Greco|Greco]] and Salles created one of the most innovative and progressive resident surgery wellness program in the country at the time, underscoring the need for programs like these to be in place.<ref name=":3" /> The [[Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education]] (ACGME) has since tried to model a nationwide wellness program after the Balance in Life program Salles helped start at Stanford.<ref name=":3" />


In addition to issues of mental health burden due to burnout, Salles also began to see glaring evidence of inequities, bias, and gender harassment in medicine, specifically in surgery.<ref name=":0" /> These observations made her question the meritocratic society she once thought existed in her field.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/voices/2018/10/24/angry-women-voting-discrimination-column/1696287002/|title=I am an angry woman. From workplace bias to sexist politics, we have a lot to be angry about.|last=Salles|first=Arghavan|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref> These experiences pushed her to take a break from her residency to pursue a PhD in education.<ref name=":5" />
In addition to issues of mental health burden due to burnout, Salles also began to see evidence of inequities, bias, and gender harassment in medicine, specifically in surgery,<ref name=":0" /> so she took a break from her residency to pursue a PhD in education.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Salles |first=Arghavan |title=I am an angry woman. From workplace bias to sexist politics, we have a lot to be angry about. |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/voices/2018/10/24/angry-women-voting-discrimination-column/1696287002/ |access-date=2020-04-21 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref>


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==Career==
From September 2016 to June 2019, at the same time she was completing a fellowship at Washington University School of Medicine, Sallas was an assistant professor in the Department of Surgery at Washington University, where her lab conducted research on gender bias and inequities in medicine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.emedevents.com/speaker-profile/arghavan-salles|title=Arghavan Salles - Assistant Professor of Surgery, Bariatric Surgery in Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America {{!}} eMedEvents|website=www.emedevents.com|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref>
From September 2016 to June 2019, Salles was an assistant professor in the Department of Surgery at Washington University, where her lab conducted research on gender bias and inequities in medicine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.emedevents.com/speaker-profile/arghavan-salles|title=Arghavan Salles - Assistant Professor of Surgery, Bariatric Surgery in Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America {{!}} eMedEvents|website=www.emedevents.com|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref> In 2017, she developed an online wellness resource for Washington University residents that offered counselling and crisis lines.<ref name="surgery2017.wustl.edu">{{Cite web|url=https://surgery2017.wustl.edu/missions/education/education-news/|title=Education News {{!}} Surgery Annual Report 2017 {{!}} Washington University in St. Louis|website=surgery2017.wustl.edu|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref>


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In 2018, Salles became a founding member of [[Time's Up (organization)|Time's Up]] Healthcare, part of the organization's initiative which supports "safe, fair, and dignified" work for women around the world and helps to prevent sexual assault and gender-based discrimination in the workplace.<ref name="timesupfoundation.org">{{Cite web|url=https://timesupfoundation.org/work/times-up-healthcare/meet-our-founding-members-in-health-care/|title=Meet our Founding Members in Health Care|website=TIME'S UP Foundation|language=en|access-date=2020-04-21|archive-date=June 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617092120/https://timesupfoundation.org/work/times-up-healthcare/meet-our-founding-members-in-health-care/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.womeninmedicinesummit.org/faculty|title=2019 FACULTY|website=Women in medicine|language=en|access-date=2020-04-21|archive-date=2020-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713130346/https://www.womeninmedicinesummit.org/faculty|url-status=dead}}</ref> This same year, she and five other female medical trainees at [[Washington University in St. Louis|Washington University]], helped start 500 Women in Medicine, a satellite of [[500 Women Scientists]]<ref name="2019-ClinicalOncology-500WomenMed">{{cite news |last1=McCook |first1=Alison |date=28 March 2019 |title=New Group Aims To Give Voice to Women in Medicine |work=Clinical Oncology |url=https://www.clinicaloncology.com/Current-Practice/Article/03-19/New-Group-Aims-To-Give-Voice-to-Women-in-Medicine/54396 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713164818/https://www.clinicaloncology.com/Current-Practice/Article/03-19/New-Group-Aims-To-Give-Voice-to-Women-in-Medicine/54396 |archive-date=July 13, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Blythe |first=Bernhard |date=13 January 2019 |title=Five St. Louis medical students launch 500 Women in Medicine advocacy project |pages=[https://www.newspapers.com/article/st-louis-post-dispatch-medical-students/134016248/],[https://www.newspapers.com/article/st-louis-post-dispatch/134016388/] |work=St. Louis Post - Dispatch; St. Louis, Mo. |via=[[Proquest]]}}</ref> established to make medicine more inclusive and reflect the true diversity of society.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://500womenscientists.org/updates/2018/12/2/500-women-in-medicine|title=500 Women in Medicine|website=500 Women Scientists|date=December 3, 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref>
As part of that teaching, in 2017 Salles developed an online wellness resource for Washington University residents that offered counselling, crisis lines, and information on how to cope with adverse life events.<ref name="surgery2017.wustl.edu">{{Cite web|url=https://surgery2017.wustl.edu/missions/education/education-news/|title=Education News {{!}} Surgery Annual Report 2017 {{!}} Washington University in St. Louis|website=surgery2017.wustl.edu|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref> Her efforts were featured in the Surgery Annual Report for 2017.<ref name="surgery2017.wustl.edu"/>


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In 2019, Salles became a Board Certified Physician of Obesity Medicine, and returned to Stanford to develop Educational Programs and Services at the medical school.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://med.stanford.edu/eps/contacts.html|title=Leadership and Staff Contact Information|website=Educational Programs and Services (EPS)|language=en|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Her research focused on the representation of women at surgical conferences, implicit and explicit gender bias in healthcare and in performance evaluations, and how to maintain the health and wellbeing of physicians and medical trainees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.physiciansweekly.com/gender-bias-narratives-in-medicine/|title=Gender Bias Narratives in Medicine {{!}} Physician's Weekly|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref> She has also advocated against [[Social stigma of obesity|weight bias]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/918967|title=Fat Shaming Is Just Bullying|website=Medscape|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref> and spoken publicly about the challenges faced by female doctors who want to have children.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mroz |first=Jacqueline |date=2021-09-13 |title=A Medical Career, at a Cost: Infertility |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/13/health/women-doctors-infertility.html |access-date=2023-10-15 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
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In 2018, Salles became a founding member of [[Time's Up (organization)|Time's Up]] Healthcare, part of the [[Time's Up (organization)|Time's Up]] initiative which supports “safe, fair, and dignified” work for women around the world and helps to prevent sexual assault and gender based discrimination in the workplace.<ref name="timesupfoundation.org">{{Cite web|url=https://timesupfoundation.org/work/times-up-healthcare/meet-our-founding-members-in-health-care/|title=Meet our Founding Members in Health Care|website=TIME'S UP Foundation|language=en|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.womeninmedicinesummit.org/faculty|title=2019 FACULTY|website=Women in medicine|language=en|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref> This same year, in 2018, Salles, along with 5 other female medical trainees at [[Washington University in St. Louis|Washington University]], helped start 500 Women in Medicine, a satellite of 500 Women Scientists.<ref name=2019-ClinicalOncology-500WomenMed>{{cite news|last1=McCook|first1=Alison|title=New Group Aims To Give Voice to Women in Medicine|url=https://www.clinicaloncology.com/Current-Practice/Article/03-19/New-Group-Aims-To-Give-Voice-to-Women-in-Medicine/54396|work=Clinical Oncology|date=28 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="ama-assn.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ama-assn.org/education/medical-school-diversity/6-women-awarded-research-gender-bias-medical-training|title=6 women awarded for research on gender bias in medical training|website=American Medical Association|language=en|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref> 500 Women in Medicine works to make medicine more inclusive and reflect the true diversity of society in order to best address the healthcare needs of the population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://500womenscientists.org/updates/2018/12/2/500-women-in-medicine|title=500 Women in Medicine|website=500 Women Scientists|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref>


During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]],<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2020/04/07/social-distancing-fitness-challenge-and-other-ways-doctors-offer-support-during-the-pandemic/|title=Fitness challenge, meal donations and more: Stanford Medicine during social distancing|last=Sashin|first=Daphne|date=2020-04-07|website=Scope|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref> Salles created fitness challenges, free weekly yoga classes, and daily videos on Twitter and Instagram to engage her followers and bring together a supportive community.<ref name=":6" /> She also shared challenges women in medical fields face in getting [[personal protective equipment]] in sizes appropriate for a wide range of body sizes,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kleinman |first=Zoe |date=2020-04-29 |title=PPE 'designed for women' needed on frontline |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-52454741 |access-date=2023-10-24}}</ref> and issues associated with the requirements for in-persons admissions testing during the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Aspegren |first=Elinor |date=2020-07-28 |title=High-stakes exams in-person only |pages=A7 |work=The Burlington Free Press |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-burlington-free-press-high-stakes-ex/134016736/ |access-date=2023-10-24}}</ref> In 2022 Salles expressed her concern that the United States has moved on from COVID too rapidly, and people are still at risk if they contract COVID.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yang |first=Maya |date=August 19, 2022 |title='Most have thrown their hands up': has the US forgotten about Covid? |work=The Guardian (Online)Guardian News & Media Limited. |via=[[Proquest]]}}</ref>
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Salles completed her fellowship in 2019, becoming a Board Certified Physician of Obesity Medicine, and was recruited back to Stanford to hold a position in the Educational Programs and Services at the medical school.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://med.stanford.edu/eps/contacts.html|title=Leadership and Staff Contact Information|website=Educational Programs and Services (EPS)|language=en|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref> As a Scholar in Residence, Salles is specializes in Medical Education Research.<ref name=":2" /> Salles’ research now focuses on the representation of women at surgical conferences, implicit and explicit gender bias in healthcare and in performance evaluations, as well as how to maintain the health and wellbeing of physicians and medical trainees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.physiciansweekly.com/gender-bias-narratives-in-medicine/|title=Gender Bias Narratives in Medicine {{!}} Physician's Weekly|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref> Since Salles is also a trained bariatric surgeon, she also advocates against weight bias highlighting its negative impact on the lives of individuals suffering from obesity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/918967|title=Fat Shaming Is Just Bullying|website=Medscape|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref>


In 2022, Salles was selected as a Director on the Board of Directors for the [[American Medical Women's Association]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arghavan Salles, MD, PhD |url=https://www.amwa-doc.org/about-amwa/leadership/arghavan-salles-md-phd/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=American Medical Women's Association |language=en-US}}</ref> a nationally recognized organization, founded in 1915 that is committed to the advancement of women in medicine.
During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Salles has been a voice of support and comfort to healthcare professions through Twitter.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2020/04/07/social-distancing-fitness-challenge-and-other-ways-doctors-offer-support-during-the-pandemic/|title=Fitness challenge, meal donations and more: Stanford Medicine during social distancing|last=Sashin|first=Author Daphne|date=2020-04-07|website=Scope|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref> She says that fitness, in this case through yoga, help people to regain a sense of control in the uncertainty of COVID-19, and as such she has created fitness challenges, free weekly yoga classes, and daily videos on Twitter and Instagram to engage her followers and bring together a supportive community.<ref name=":6" />


==Research==
==Research==
=== Stereotype threat ===
=== Stereotype threat ===
It was during her PhD that Salles learned for the first time about [[stereotype threat]].<ref name=":0" /> This not only shaped her thesis work but directed her career path as well.<ref name=":1" />  Salles began to realize the ways in which stereotype threat might be affecting her and her female peers in their evaluations during her surgery residency.<ref name=":1" /> Interested in exploring gender bias in surgery, Salles' dissertation research focused on the negative stereotypes about women in surgery and how those affect women training to become surgeons.<ref name=":0" />
During her PhD, Salles learned about [[stereotype threat]].<ref name=":0" /> Salles began to realize the ways in which stereotype threat might be affecting her and her female peers in their evaluations during her surgery residency.<ref name=":1" /> Salles' dissertation research focused on the negative stereotypes about women in surgery and how those affect women training to become surgeons.<ref name=":0" />


Due to strongly ingrained gender biases in society, both patients and medical peers hold strong misconceptions that women are not as competent surgeons as men.<ref name=":0" /> This is exemplified by the old "surgeon riddle" which unveils strong gender stereotypes in medicine such that the majority of the population much more easily associate surgeons with being male than being female.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bu.edu/articles/2014/bu-research-riddle-reveals-the-depth-of-gender-bias/|title=BU Research: A Riddle Reveals Depth of Gender Bias {{!}} BU Today|website=Boston University|language=en|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref> These stereotypes that society holds, about women being less competent surgeons than men, leads to a phenomenon called stereotype threat which Salles explored in her work.<ref name=":7"/> Salles hypothesized that stereotype threat, the fear of affirming a negative stereotype about ones' group, causes women increased stress and leads to decreased performance in surgical residency.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last1=Salles|first1=Arghavan|last2=Mueller|first2=Claudia M.|last3=Cohen|first3=Geoffrey L.|date=July 2016|title=A Values Affirmation Intervention to Improve Female Residents' Surgical Performance|journal=Journal of Graduate Medical Education|volume=8|issue=3|pages=378–383|doi=10.4300/JGME-D-15-00214.1|issn=1949-8349|pmc=4936856|pmid=27413441}}</ref> Salles tested this hypothesis by implementing methods to combat stress and stereotype threat through value affirmations.<ref name=":7" />
Due to strongly ingrained gender biases in society, both patients and medical peers hold strong misconceptions that women are not as competent surgeons as men.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Stamp |first=Nikki |date=2019-08-01 |title=I’m a female surgeon. I feel uncomfortable telling girls they can be one, too. |language=en-US |work=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/07/29/im-female-surgeon-i-feel-uncomfortable-telling-girls-they-can-be-one-too/ |access-date=2023-10-21 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> This is exemplified by the old "surgeon riddle" which unveils strong gender stereotypes in medicine such that the majority of the population much more easily associate surgeons with being male than being female.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bu.edu/articles/2014/bu-research-riddle-reveals-the-depth-of-gender-bias/|title=BU Research: A Riddle Reveals Depth of Gender Bias {{!}} BU Today|website=Boston University|language=en|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref> These stereotypes that society holds, about women being less competent surgeons than men, leads to a phenomenon called stereotype threat which Salles explored in her work.<ref name=":7"/> Salles hypothesized that stereotype threat, the fear of affirming a negative stereotype about one's group, causes women increased stress and leads to decreased performance in surgical residency.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last1=Salles|first1=Arghavan|last2=Mueller|first2=Claudia M.|last3=Cohen|first3=Geoffrey L.|date=July 2016|title=A Values Affirmation Intervention to Improve Female Residents' Surgical Performance|journal=Journal of Graduate Medical Education|volume=8|issue=3|pages=378–383|doi=10.4300/JGME-D-15-00214.1|issn=1949-8349|pmc=4936856|pmid=27413441}}</ref> Salles tested this hypothesis by implementing methods to combat stress and stereotype threat through value affirmations.<ref name=":7" />


Salles saw increases in the performance of female surgeons who had done value affirmation exercises compared to those who had not, suggesting that low cost interventions targeted towards social-psychological well-being can improve female residents’ performance.<ref name=":7" /> Salles later also showed that women surgeons who have higher stereotype perception have worse psychological health.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last1=Salles|first1=Arghavan|last2=Mueller|first2=Claudia M.|last3=Cohen|first3=Geoffrey L.|date=January 2016|title=Exploring the Relationship Between Stereotype Perception and Residents' Well-Being|journal=Journal of the American College of Surgeons|volume=222|issue=1|pages=52–58|doi=10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2015.10.004|issn=1879-1190|pmc=4862580|pmid=26616033}}</ref> Fascinatingly, this correlation was only significant for female surgeons and not male surgeons or non-surgeons, further confirming the existence of stereotype threat in female surgeons and the importance of addressing the negative psychological impacts women face in order to level the playing field.<ref name=":8" />
Salles saw increases in the performance of female surgeons who had done value affirmation exercises compared to those who had not, suggesting that low-cost interventions targeted towards social-psychological well-being can improve female residents' performance.<ref name=":7" /> Salles later also showed that women surgeons who have higher stereotype perception have worse psychological health.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last1=Salles|first1=Arghavan|last2=Mueller|first2=Claudia M.|last3=Cohen|first3=Geoffrey L.|date=January 2016|title=Exploring the Relationship Between Stereotype Perception and Residents' Well-Being|journal=Journal of the American College of Surgeons|volume=222|issue=1|pages=52–58|doi=10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2015.10.004|issn=1879-1190|pmc=4862580|pmid=26616033}}</ref>


=== Gender bias in surgery ===
=== Gender bias in surgery ===
Continuing her research on gender bias at [[Washington University in St. Louis|Washington University]], Salles and her colleagues explored gender bias in clinical evaluations of surgical residents.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last1=Gerull|first1=Katherine M.|last2=Loe|first2=Maren|last3=Seiler|first3=Kristen|last4=McAllister|first4=Jared|last5=Salles|first5=Arghavan|date=2019-02-01|title=Assessing gender bias in qualitative evaluations of surgical residents|url=https://www.americanjournalofsurgery.com/article/S0002-9610(18)30631-7/abstract|journal=The American Journal of Surgery|language=English|volume=217|issue=2|pages=306–313|doi=10.1016/j.amjsurg.2018.09.029|issn=0002-9610|pmid=30343879}}</ref> Their results, published in [[The American Journal of Surgery]] in 2018, showed that evaluations display gendered differences and the overall tones of men's evaluations were more positive and included more standout words than women's.<ref name=":9" /> These findings highlight the severe impact of biases on the potential for career success in surgery.<ref name=":9" />
At [[Washington University in St. Louis|Washington University]], Salles explored gender bias in clinical evaluations of surgical residents.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last1=Gerull|first1=Katherine M.|last2=Loe|first2=Maren|last3=Seiler|first3=Kristen|last4=McAllister|first4=Jared|last5=Salles|first5=Arghavan|date=2019-02-01|title=Assessing gender bias in qualitative evaluations of surgical residents|url=https://www.americanjournalofsurgery.com/article/S0002-9610(18)30631-7/abstract|journal=The American Journal of Surgery|language=English|volume=217|issue=2|pages=306–313|doi=10.1016/j.amjsurg.2018.09.029|issn=0002-9610|pmid=30343879|pmc=8687875 }}</ref> Their results, published in ''[[The American Journal of Surgery]]'' in 2018, showed that evaluations display gendered differences and the overall tones of men's evaluations were more positive and included more standout words than women's.<ref name=":9" /> Salles and her colleagues then used the [[Implicit-association test|Implicit Association Test]] (IAT) to assess implicit biases in the medical field.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last1=Salles|first1=Arghavan|last2=Awad|first2=Michael|last3=Goldin|first3=Laurel|last4=Krus|first4=Kelsey|last5=Lee|first5=Jin Vivian|last6=Schwabe|first6=Maria T.|last7=Lai|first7=Calvin K.|date=2019-07-03|title=Estimating Implicit and Explicit Gender Bias Among Health Care Professionals and Surgeons|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2737309|journal=JAMA Network Open|language=en|volume=2|issue=7|pages=e196545|doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.6545|pmid=31276177|doi-access=free}}</ref> They found that respondents associated men with career and surgery while they associated women with family and family medicine.<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mathias |first=Tamara |date=2019-08-10 |title=Study suggests gender bias in doctors |pages=C7 |work=The Vancouver Sun |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-vancouver-sun-study-suggests-gender/133466602/ |access-date=2023-10-15}}</ref>

Interested in the extent to which gender bias exists in surgery, Salles and her colleagues used the [[Implicit-association test|Implicit Association Test]] (IAT) to assess implicit biases in the medical field.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last1=Salles|first1=Arghavan|last2=Awad|first2=Michael|last3=Goldin|first3=Laurel|last4=Krus|first4=Kelsey|last5=Lee|first5=Jin Vivian|last6=Schwabe|first6=Maria T.|last7=Lai|first7=Calvin K.|date=2019-07-03|title=Estimating Implicit and Explicit Gender Bias Among Health Care Professionals and Surgeons|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2737309|journal=JAMA Network Open|language=en|volume=2|issue=7|pages=e196545|doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.6545|pmid=31276177|doi-access=free}}</ref> They found that respondents associated men with career and surgery while they associated women with family and family medicine.<ref name=":10" /> These results are a critical step since they bring about awareness of the gender bias that exists in medicine, even in 2018, and this awareness will hopefully lead to conscious efforts as well as interventions to improve the current medical climate and bring it towards equality.<ref name=":10" />

One way that Salles and her students have discovered to address inequities in medicine, is creating networks for women physicians and trainees as well as increasing their visibility.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucelee/2018/12/22/what-this-new-500-women-in-medicine-initiative-aims-to-do/|title=What This New 500 Women In Medicine Initiative Aims To Do|last=Lee|first=Bruce Y.|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref> Highlighting the achievements of women in medicine and ensuring a supportive community of fellow female physicians is exactly what Salles and her colleagues strived to do by creating 500 Women in Medicine in 2018.<ref name=":11" /> This community has since grown and exists as a support for women and platform for effecting positive change.<ref name=":11" />


=== Well-being in surgery ===
=== Well-being in surgery ===
Salles also explores different facets of how well-being impacts retention of residents in the progression towards careers in surgery. In 2018, Salles found that feelings of social belonging were positively correlated with well-being and negatively correlated with thoughts of leaving surgery.<ref name="researchgate.net">{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327773263|title=Social Belonging as a Predictor of Surgical Resident Well-being and Attrition {{!}} Request PDF|website=ResearchGate|language=en|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref> She then explored how general self-efficacy impacted retention in surgical specialties and found that self-efficacy was a strong predictor of well-being, which prevents physician burnout and improves retention in the medical field.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Milam|first1=Laurel|last2=Cohen|first2=Geoffrey|last3=Mueller|first3=Claudia|last4=Salles|first4=Arghavan|date=2018-09-01|title=The Relationship Between Self-Efficacy and Well-Being Among Surgical Residents|journal=Journal of Surgical Education|volume=76|issue=2|pages=321–328|doi=10.1016/j.jsurg.2018.07.028|pmid=30245061|pmc=6380924}}</ref>
Salles also explores different facets of how well-being impacts the retention of residents in the progression towards careers in surgery. In 2018, Salles found that feelings of social belonging were positively correlated with well-being and negatively correlated with thoughts of leaving surgery.<ref name="researchgate.net">{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327773263|title=Social Belonging as a Predictor of Surgical Resident Well-being and Attrition {{!}} Request PDF|website=ResearchGate|language=en|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref> She then explored how general self-efficacy impacted retention in surgical specialties and found that self-efficacy was a strong predictor of well-being, which prevents physician burnout and improves retention in the medical field.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Milam|first1=Laurel|last2=Cohen|first2=Geoffrey|last3=Mueller|first3=Claudia|last4=Salles|first4=Arghavan|date=2018-09-01|title=The Relationship Between Self-Efficacy and Well-Being Among Surgical Residents|journal=Journal of Surgical Education|volume=76|issue=2|pages=321–328|doi=10.1016/j.jsurg.2018.07.028|pmid=30245061|pmc=6380924}}</ref>


==Awards and honors==
==Awards and honors==
* 2019: Women in Medicine Summit, #IStandWithHer Award Honorable Mention<ref>{{Cite web |title=WIM Award Winners |url=https://www.womeninmedicinesummit.org/wim-award-winners |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=Women in Medicine |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2018: Joan F. Giambalvo Fund for the Advancement of Women - Grant to study gender bias in medicine<ref name="ama-assn.org"/>
* 2019: Women in Medicine Summit, #IStandWithHer Award Honorable Mention<ref name=":2" />
* 2019: American Medical Women's Association, Exceptional Mentor Award<ref name=":2" />
* 2019: American Medical Women's Association, Exceptional Mentor Award<ref name=":2" />
* 2019: Society of Asian American Surgeons, Visiting Professor<ref name=":2" />
* 2019: Society of Asian American Surgeons, Visiting Professor<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kim |first=Eugene |title=Visiting Professors {{!}} The Society of Asian Academic Surgeons (SAAS) |url=https://www.asiansurgeon.org/awards/saas-visiting-professors/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2020: ABIM Top Research Article Award on Medical Professionalism Estimating Implicit and Explicit Gender Bias Among Health Care Professionals and Surgeons{{cn|date=March 2022}}
* 2020: ABIM Top Research Article Award on Medical Professionalism Estimating Implicit and Explicit Gender Bias Among Health Care Professionals and Surgeons<ref>{{cite web |title=ABIM Foundation Recognizes Top Articles on Medical Professionalism |url=https://abimfoundation.org/pressrelease/abim-foundation-recognizes-top-articles-on-medical-professionalism |website=ABIM Foundation}}</ref>


==Membership==
==Memberships==
* 2018–present: 500 Women in Medicine, co-founder; advisor (2018-2019)<ref name="ama-assn.org">{{Cite web |date=September 12, 2018 |title=6 women awarded for research on gender bias in medical training |url=https://www.ama-assn.org/education/medical-school-diversity/6-women-awarded-research-gender-bias-medical-training |access-date=2020-04-21 |website=American Medical Association |language=en}}</ref>
* 2011–present: [[American Educational Research Association]], member<ref name=":2" />
* 2017–present; [[Association for Academic Surgery]], Publications Committee, Member<ref name=":2" />
* 2017–present: SAGES, WE R SAGES Task Force, member<ref name=":2" />
* 2018–present: 500 Women in Medicine, co-founder; advisor (2018-2019)<ref name="ama-assn.org "/>
* 2018–present: [[American College of Surgeons]], fellow<ref name=":2" />
* 2018–present: [[American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery]], co-chair Communications Committee<ref name=":2" />
* 2018–present: Association for Surgical Education, chair Surgical Education Research Group<ref name=":2" />
* 2018–present: [[Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases]], Creative Director and Associate Editor<ref name=":2" />
* 2018–present: [[Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases]], Creative Director and Associate Editor<ref name=":2" />
* 2018–present: [[Time's Up (organization)|TIME'S UP]] Healthcare, Founding Member<ref name="timesupfoundation.org"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.womeninmedicinesummit.org/faculty|title=2019 FACULTY|website=Women in medicine|language=en|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref>
* 2018–present: [[Time's Up (organization)|TIME'S UP]] Healthcare, Founding Member<ref name="timesupfoundation.org"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.womeninmedicinesummit.org/faculty|title=2019 FACULTY|website=Women in medicine|language=en|access-date=2020-04-21|archive-date=2020-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713130346/https://www.womeninmedicinesummit.org/faculty|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2022-present: Director on Board of Directors of [[American Medical Women's Association]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=About AMWA |url=https://www.amwa-doc.org/about-amwa/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=American Medical Women's Association |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2019–present: Association for Surgical Education, vice chair Awards Committee<ref name=":2" />
* 2019–present: Western Surgical Association, Member<ref name=":2" />


==Selected works and publications==
==Selected publications==
===Selected work===
{{Scholia|author}}
{{Scholia|author}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Salles|first1=Arghavan|last2=Cohen|first2=Geoffrey L.|last3=Mueller|first3=Claudia M.|title=The relationship between grit and resident well-being|journal=Association for Surgical Education|date=February 2014|volume=207|issue=2|pages=251–4|doi=10.1016/j.amjsurg.2013.09.006|pmid=24238604|url=https://www.americanjournalofsurgery.com/article/S0002-9610(13)00603-X/fulltext}} {{Wikidata+icon|Q28302035|y}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Salles|first1=Arghavan|last2=Cohen|first2=Geoffrey L.|last3=Mueller|first3=Claudia M.|title=The relationship between grit and resident well-being|journal=Association for Surgical Education|date=February 2014|volume=207|issue=2|pages=251–4|doi=10.1016/j.amjsurg.2013.09.006|pmid=24238604|url=https://www.americanjournalofsurgery.com/article/S0002-9610(13)00603-X/fulltext}} {{Wikidata+icon|Q28302035|y}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Salles|first1=Arghavan|last2=Liebert|first2=Cara A.|last3=Greco|first3=Ralph S.|title=Promoting Balance in the Lives of Resident Physicians|journal=JAMA Surgery|date=1 July 2015|volume=150|issue=7|pages=607–8|doi=10.1001/jamasurg.2015.0257|pmid=25992632|url=https://www.wafp.org/assets/files/pdfs/wafp_health-well-salles_2015_promoting_balance_in_the_lives_of_resident_physicians.pdf}} {{Wikidata+icon|Q38493659|y}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Salles |first1=Arghavan |last2=Awad |first2=Michael |last3=Goldin |first3=Laurel |last4=Krus |first4=Kelsey |last5=Lee |first5=Jin Vivian |last6=Schwabe |first6=Maria T. |last7=Lai |first7=Calvin K. |title=Estimating Implicit and Explicit Gender Bias Among Health Care Professionals and Surgeons |journal=JAMA Network Open |date=5 July 2019 |volume=2 |issue=7 |pages=e196545 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.6545 |pmid=31276177 |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2737309 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Lin|first1=Dana T.|last2=Liebert|first2=Cara A.|last3=Tran|first3=Jennifer|last4=Lau|first4=James N.|last5=Salles|first5=Arghavan|title=Emotional Intelligence as a Predictor of Resident Well-Being|journal=Journal of the American College of Surgeons|date=August 2016|volume=223|issue=2|pages=352–358|doi=10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2016.04.044|pmid=27182037|url=https://www.journalacs.org/article/S1072-7515(16)30142-9/fulltext}} {{Wikidata+icon|Q46989434|y}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gerull |first1=Katherine M. |last2=Loe |first2=Maren |last3=Seiler |first3=Kristen |last4=McAllister |first4=Jared |last5=Salles |first5=Arghavan |title=Assessing gender bias in qualitative evaluations of surgical residents |journal=The American Journal of Surgery |date=February 2019 |volume=217 |issue=2 |pages=306–313 |doi=10.1016/j.amjsurg.2018.09.029 |pmid=30343879 |pmc=8687875 |url=https://www.americanjournalofsurgery.com/article/S0002-9610(18)30631-7/fulltext}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Salles|first1=Arghavan|last2=Milam|first2=Laurel|last3=Cohen|first3=Geoffrey|last4=Mueller|first4=Claudia|title=The relationship between perceived gender judgment and well-being among surgical residents|journal=The American Journal of Surgery|date=February 2018|volume=215|issue=2|pages=233–237|doi=10.1016/j.amjsurg.2017.08.049|pmid=29223304|url=https://www.americanjournalofsurgery.com/article/S0002-9610(17)30817-6/fulltext}} {{Wikidata+icon|Q47567269|y}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Salles |first1=Arghavan |last2=Choo |first2=Esther K |title=Queen Bee phenomenon: a consequence of the hive |journal=The Lancet |date=March 2020 |volume=395 |issue=10228 |pages=940 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30597-3 |pmid=32199482 |url=https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(20)30597-3.pdf |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Milam|first1=Laurel A.|last2=Cohen|first2=Geoffrey L.|last3=Mueller|first3=Claudia|last4=Salles|first4=Arghavan|title=Stereotype threat and working memory among surgical residents|journal=The American Journal of Surgery|date=October 2018|volume=216|issue=4|pages=824–829|doi=10.1016/j.amjsurg.2018.07.064|pmid=30249337|url=https://www.americanjournalofsurgery.com/article/S0002-9610(18)30062-X/fulltext|pmc=6716970}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lin |first1=Dana T. |last2=Liebert |first2=Cara A. |last3=Tran |first3=Jennifer |last4=Lau |first4=James N. |last5=Salles |first5=Arghavan |title=Emotional Intelligence as a Predictor of Resident Well-Being |journal=Journal of the American College of Surgeons |date=August 2016 |volume=223 |issue=2 |pages=352–358 |doi=10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2016.04.044 |pmid=27182037 |url=https://www.journalacs.org/article/S1072-7515(16)30142-9/fulltext}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Gerull|first1=Katherine M.|last2=Loe|first2=Maren|last3=Seiler|first3=Kristen|last4=McAllister|first4=Jared|last5=Salles|first5=Arghavan|title=Assessing gender bias in qualitative evaluations of surgical residents|journal=The American Journal of Surgery|date=February 2019|volume=217|issue=2|pages=306–313|doi=10.1016/j.amjsurg.2018.09.029|pmid=30343879|url=https://www.americanjournalofsurgery.com/article/S0002-9610(18)30631-7/fulltext}} {{Wikidata+icon|Q57820906|y}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Salles|first1=Arghavan|last2=Wright|first2=Robert C.|last3=Milam|first3=Laurel|last4=Panni|first4=Roheena Z.|last5=Liebert|first5=Cara A.|last6=Lau|first6=James N.|last7=Lin|first7=Dana T.|last8=Mueller|first8=Claudia M.|title=Social Belonging as a Predictor of Surgical Resident Well-being and Attrition|journal=Journal of Surgical Education|date=March 2019|volume=76|issue=2|pages=370–377|doi=10.1016/j.jsurg.2018.08.022|pmid=30243929|url= |pmc=6380922}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Salles|first1=Arghavan|last2=Awad|first2=Michael|last3=Goldin|first3=Laurel|last4=Krus|first4=Kelsey|last5=Lee|first5=Jin Vivian|last6=Schwabe|first6=Maria T.|last7=Lai|first7=Calvin K.|title=Estimating Implicit and Explicit Gender Bias Among Health Care Professionals and Surgeons|journal=JAMA Network Open|date=5 July 2019|volume=2|issue=7|pages=e196545|doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.6545|pmid=31276177|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2737309|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Gerull|first1=Katherine M.|last2=Wahba|first2=Brandon Malik|last3=Goldin|first3=Laurel M.|last4=McAllister|first4=Jared|last5=Wright|first5=Andrew|last6=Cochran|first6=Amalia|last7=Salles|first7=Arghavan|title=Representation of women in speaking roles at surgical conferences|journal=The American Journal of Surgery|date=September 2019|volume=220|issue=1|pages=20–26|doi=10.1016/j.amjsurg.2019.09.004|pmid=31530377|url=https://www.americanjournalofsurgery.com/article/S0002-9610(19)30598-7/fulltext}} {{Wikidata+icon|Q90146587|y}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Salles|first1=Arghavan|last2=Choo|first2=Esther K|title=Queen Bee phenomenon: a consequence of the hive|journal=The Lancet|date=March 2020|volume=395|issue=10228|pages=940|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30597-3|pmid=32199482|url=https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(20)30597-3.pdf|doi-access=free}} {{Wikidata+icon|Q90564355|y}}

===Selected publications===
* {{cite news|last1=Salles|first1=Arghavan|title=I am an angry woman. From workplace bias to sexist politics, we have a lot to be angry about.|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/voices/2018/10/24/angry-women-voting-discrimination-column/1696287002/|work=USA TODAY|date=24 October 2018}}
* {{cite news|last1=Gold|first1=Jessica|last2=Salles|first2=Arghavan|title=A plea for partnership and change regarding gun violence|url=https://www.stltoday.com/opinion/columnists/a-plea-for-partnership-and-change-regarding-gun-violence/article_8ffe75f5-fd90-54d0-a97c-60591ca981fc.html|work=St. Louis Post-Dispatch|date=28 November 2018|language=en}}
* {{cite news|last1=Salles|first1=Arghavan|title=I Spent My Fertile Years Training to Be a Surgeon. Now, It Might Be Too Late For Me to Have a Baby|url=https://time.com/5484506/fertility-egg-freezing/|work=Time|date=3 January 2019|language=en}}
* {{cite news|last1=Salles|first1=Arghavan|title=Opinion: Sexual Harassment Is Still the Norm in Health Care|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/voices/sexual-harassment-is-still-the-norm-in-health-care/|work=Scientific American|date=24 October 2019|language=en}}
* {{cite news|last1=Salles|first1=Arghavan|last2=Gold|first2=Jessica|title=Health care workers aren't just 'heroes.' We're also scared and exposed.|url=https://www.vox.com/2020/4/2/21204402/coronavirus-covid-19-doctors-nurses-health-care-workers|work=Vox|date=2 April 2020|language=en}}


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite news|last1=Lee|first1=Bruce Y.|title=What Happens After Bariatric Surgery Makes A Big Difference|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucelee/2018/10/22/what-happens-after-bariatric-surgery-makes-a-big-difference/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106173939/https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucelee/2018/10/22/what-happens-after-bariatric-surgery-makes-a-big-difference/|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 6, 2018|work=Forbes|date=22 October 2018|language=en}}
* {{cite news|last1=Gerull|first1=Kate|title=Amplifying the Voices of Women in Medicine|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/voices/amplifying-the-voices-of-women-in-medicine/|work=Scientific American|date=18 December 2018|language=en}}
* {{cite news|last1=McCook|first1=Alison|title=New Group Aims To Give Voice to Women in Medicine|url=https://www.clinicaloncology.com/Current-Practice/Article/03-19/New-Group-Aims-To-Give-Voice-to-Women-in-Medicine/54396|work=Clinical Oncology|date=28 March 2019}}
* {{cite news|last1=Stamp|first1=Nikki|title=Opinions: I'm a female surgeon. I feel uncomfortable telling girls they can be one, too.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/07/29/im-female-surgeon-i-feel-uncomfortable-telling-girls-they-can-be-one-too/|work=The Washington Post|date=29 July 2019|language=en}}
* {{cite news|last1=Sathya|first1=Chethan|title=Female Surgeons Are Still Treated as Second-Class Citizens|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/voices/female-surgeons-are-still-treated-as-second-class-citizens/|work=Scientific American|date=14 January 2020|language=en}}


==External links==
==External links==
* [https://profiles.stanford.edu/arghavan-salles Arghavan Salles] at [[Stanford University School of Medicine]]
* [https://profiles.stanford.edu/arghavan-salles Arghavan Salles] at [[Stanford University School of Medicine]]
* {{Google Scholar ID|id=cjPaFa0AAAAJ&hl}}


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Latest revision as of 14:28, 10 November 2024

Arghavan Salles
Salles in 2020
Born (1980-02-23) February 23, 1980 (age 44)
Iran
NationalityAmerican
Alma materUniversity of Southern California
Stanford University School of Medicine
Washington University School of Medicine
Stanford Graduate School of Education
Known forAdvocacy for gender equity and well-being in surgery residency
Awards2020 ABIM Top Research Article Award on Medical Professionalism, 2019 Exceptional Mentor Award, American Medical Women's Association, 2018 Joan F. Giambalvo Fund for the Advancement of Women
Scientific career
FieldsBariatric surgery, Diversity, equity, and inclusion in medicine
InstitutionsStanford University School of Medicine

Arghavan Salles (Persian: ارغوان ثالث; born February 23, 1980) is an Iranian American[1] bariatric surgeon. Salles is a Director of the American Medical Women's Association, a Special Advisor for DEI Programs in the Department of Medicine at Stanford University School of Medicine and a Senior Research Scholar at the Clayman Institute for Gender Research. Salles' research focuses on gender equity, well-being, and the challenges women face in the workplace.[2] Salles works as an advocate for equity and inclusion and as an activist against sexual harassment. Salles is an international speaker who worked on the front lines and supported health professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic through social media.

Early life and education

[edit]

Salles was born in Iran and emigrated to the United States with her mother when she was five years old.[1] While in high school Salles loved math.[3][4]

In 2002, Salles received a B.S. in Biomedical Engineering and a B.A. in French from the University of Southern California.[3][5] In 2006, Salles received an M.D. from Stanford University School of Medicine.[5] Salles did a residency in general surgery from Stanford University School of Medicine from 2006 to 2015.[6] In 2014, Salles completed a PhD social psychology from Stanford University, after which she finished her last two years of surgical residency, going on to become a Board Certified Surgeon in 2016.[5] After finishing her residency and PhD in 2016, Salles then completed a year-long fellowship training in minimally invasive surgery at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis.[5]

While Salles was Chief Resident of General Surgery at Stanford,[6] a graduate of the surgery program took his life just six months after graduating.[7] Salles has said that this event dramatically impacted the program to enact changes and educate the community about burnout, depression, and wellbeing in medicine.[7] In 2011, she and a professor of surgery at Stanford at the time, Ralph Greco, created a "Balance in Life" program for surgery residents. This program included weekly psychotherapy session, mentor-mentee pairing between senior and junior residents, and support for residents in their search to find their own doctors and dentists for medical needs. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) has since tried to model a nationwide wellness program after the Stanford program.[6]

In addition to issues of mental health burden due to burnout, Salles also began to see evidence of inequities, bias, and gender harassment in medicine, specifically in surgery,[3] so she took a break from her residency to pursue a PhD in education.[8]

Career

[edit]

From September 2016 to June 2019, Salles was an assistant professor in the Department of Surgery at Washington University, where her lab conducted research on gender bias and inequities in medicine.[9] In 2017, she developed an online wellness resource for Washington University residents that offered counselling and crisis lines.[10]

In 2018, Salles became a founding member of Time's Up Healthcare, part of the organization's initiative which supports "safe, fair, and dignified" work for women around the world and helps to prevent sexual assault and gender-based discrimination in the workplace.[11][12] This same year, she and five other female medical trainees at Washington University, helped start 500 Women in Medicine, a satellite of 500 Women Scientists[13][14] established to make medicine more inclusive and reflect the true diversity of society.[15]

In 2019, Salles became a Board Certified Physician of Obesity Medicine, and returned to Stanford to develop Educational Programs and Services at the medical school.[16][5] Her research focused on the representation of women at surgical conferences, implicit and explicit gender bias in healthcare and in performance evaluations, and how to maintain the health and wellbeing of physicians and medical trainees.[17] She has also advocated against weight bias,[18] and spoken publicly about the challenges faced by female doctors who want to have children.[19]

During the COVID-19 pandemic,[20] Salles created fitness challenges, free weekly yoga classes, and daily videos on Twitter and Instagram to engage her followers and bring together a supportive community.[20] She also shared challenges women in medical fields face in getting personal protective equipment in sizes appropriate for a wide range of body sizes,[21] and issues associated with the requirements for in-persons admissions testing during the pandemic.[22] In 2022 Salles expressed her concern that the United States has moved on from COVID too rapidly, and people are still at risk if they contract COVID.[23]

In 2022, Salles was selected as a Director on the Board of Directors for the American Medical Women's Association,[24] a nationally recognized organization, founded in 1915 that is committed to the advancement of women in medicine.

Research

[edit]

Stereotype threat

[edit]

During her PhD, Salles learned about stereotype threat.[3] Salles began to realize the ways in which stereotype threat might be affecting her and her female peers in their evaluations during her surgery residency.[4] Salles' dissertation research focused on the negative stereotypes about women in surgery and how those affect women training to become surgeons.[3]

Due to strongly ingrained gender biases in society, both patients and medical peers hold strong misconceptions that women are not as competent surgeons as men.[3][25] This is exemplified by the old "surgeon riddle" which unveils strong gender stereotypes in medicine such that the majority of the population much more easily associate surgeons with being male than being female.[26] These stereotypes that society holds, about women being less competent surgeons than men, leads to a phenomenon called stereotype threat which Salles explored in her work.[27] Salles hypothesized that stereotype threat, the fear of affirming a negative stereotype about one's group, causes women increased stress and leads to decreased performance in surgical residency.[27] Salles tested this hypothesis by implementing methods to combat stress and stereotype threat through value affirmations.[27]

Salles saw increases in the performance of female surgeons who had done value affirmation exercises compared to those who had not, suggesting that low-cost interventions targeted towards social-psychological well-being can improve female residents' performance.[27] Salles later also showed that women surgeons who have higher stereotype perception have worse psychological health.[28]

Gender bias in surgery

[edit]

At Washington University, Salles explored gender bias in clinical evaluations of surgical residents.[29] Their results, published in The American Journal of Surgery in 2018, showed that evaluations display gendered differences and the overall tones of men's evaluations were more positive and included more standout words than women's.[29] Salles and her colleagues then used the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to assess implicit biases in the medical field.[30] They found that respondents associated men with career and surgery while they associated women with family and family medicine.[30][31]

Well-being in surgery

[edit]

Salles also explores different facets of how well-being impacts the retention of residents in the progression towards careers in surgery. In 2018, Salles found that feelings of social belonging were positively correlated with well-being and negatively correlated with thoughts of leaving surgery.[32] She then explored how general self-efficacy impacted retention in surgical specialties and found that self-efficacy was a strong predictor of well-being, which prevents physician burnout and improves retention in the medical field.[33]

Awards and honors

[edit]
  • 2019: Women in Medicine Summit, #IStandWithHer Award Honorable Mention[34]
  • 2019: American Medical Women's Association, Exceptional Mentor Award[5]
  • 2019: Society of Asian American Surgeons, Visiting Professor[35]
  • 2020: ABIM Top Research Article Award on Medical Professionalism Estimating Implicit and Explicit Gender Bias Among Health Care Professionals and Surgeons[36]

Memberships

[edit]

Selected publications

[edit]
Scholia has an author profile for Arghavan Salles.
  • Salles, Arghavan; Cohen, Geoffrey L.; Mueller, Claudia M. (February 2014). "The relationship between grit and resident well-being". Association for Surgical Education. 207 (2): 251–4. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2013.09.006. PMID 24238604. Wikidata ()
  • Salles, Arghavan; Awad, Michael; Goldin, Laurel; Krus, Kelsey; Lee, Jin Vivian; Schwabe, Maria T.; Lai, Calvin K. (July 5, 2019). "Estimating Implicit and Explicit Gender Bias Among Health Care Professionals and Surgeons". JAMA Network Open. 2 (7): e196545. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.6545. PMID 31276177.
  • Gerull, Katherine M.; Loe, Maren; Seiler, Kristen; McAllister, Jared; Salles, Arghavan (February 2019). "Assessing gender bias in qualitative evaluations of surgical residents". The American Journal of Surgery. 217 (2): 306–313. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2018.09.029. PMC 8687875. PMID 30343879.
  • Salles, Arghavan; Choo, Esther K (March 2020). "Queen Bee phenomenon: a consequence of the hive" (PDF). The Lancet. 395 (10228): 940. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30597-3. PMID 32199482.
  • Lin, Dana T.; Liebert, Cara A.; Tran, Jennifer; Lau, James N.; Salles, Arghavan (August 2016). "Emotional Intelligence as a Predictor of Resident Well-Being". Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 223 (2): 352–358. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2016.04.044. PMID 27182037.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Getahun-Hawkins, Helena (November 17, 2022). "Stanford's Iranian community grapples with ongoing violence, protests in Iran". Retrieved October 21, 2023.
  2. ^ "Arghavan Salles, MD, PhD". American Medical Women's Association. Retrieved September 28, 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d e f "Association of Women Surgeons » Blog Archive » Strategies for Fighting Subtle Sexism in the Workplace". Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  4. ^ a b Huber, Jennifer (March 9, 2020). "Identifying and addressing gender bias in health care". Scope. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g "Stanford Profiles: Arghavan Salles". Stanford University. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  6. ^ a b c Oaklander, Mandy (September 7, 2015). "Doctors on Life Support". Time. pp. 43–50. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  7. ^ a b "Ep 12: Arghavan Salles | Family Medicine | Michigan Medicine". Family Medicine. January 14, 2020. Archived from the original on June 7, 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  8. ^ Salles, Arghavan. "I am an angry woman. From workplace bias to sexist politics, we have a lot to be angry about". USA TODAY. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  9. ^ "Arghavan Salles - Assistant Professor of Surgery, Bariatric Surgery in Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America | eMedEvents". www.emedevents.com. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  10. ^ "Education News | Surgery Annual Report 2017 | Washington University in St. Louis". surgery2017.wustl.edu. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  11. ^ a b "Meet our Founding Members in Health Care". TIME'S UP Foundation. Archived from the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  12. ^ "2019 FACULTY". Women in medicine. Archived from the original on July 13, 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  13. ^ McCook, Alison (March 28, 2019). "New Group Aims To Give Voice to Women in Medicine". Clinical Oncology. Archived from the original on July 13, 2020.
  14. ^ Blythe, Bernhard (January 13, 2019). "Five St. Louis medical students launch 500 Women in Medicine advocacy project". St. Louis Post - Dispatch; St. Louis, Mo. pp. [1], [2] – via Proquest.
  15. ^ "500 Women in Medicine". 500 Women Scientists. December 3, 2018. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  16. ^ "Leadership and Staff Contact Information". Educational Programs and Services (EPS). Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  17. ^ "Gender Bias Narratives in Medicine | Physician's Weekly". Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  18. ^ "Fat Shaming Is Just Bullying". Medscape. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  19. ^ Mroz, Jacqueline (September 13, 2021). "A Medical Career, at a Cost: Infertility". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 15, 2023.
  20. ^ a b Sashin, Daphne (April 7, 2020). "Fitness challenge, meal donations and more: Stanford Medicine during social distancing". Scope. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  21. ^ Kleinman, Zoe (April 29, 2020). "PPE 'designed for women' needed on frontline". BBC News. Retrieved October 24, 2023.
  22. ^ Aspegren, Elinor (July 28, 2020). "High-stakes exams in-person only". The Burlington Free Press. pp. A7. Retrieved October 24, 2023.
  23. ^ Yang, Maya (August 19, 2022). "'Most have thrown their hands up': has the US forgotten about Covid?". The Guardian (Online)Guardian News & Media Limited. – via Proquest.
  24. ^ "Arghavan Salles, MD, PhD". American Medical Women's Association. Retrieved September 28, 2023.
  25. ^ Stamp, Nikki (August 1, 2019). "I'm a female surgeon. I feel uncomfortable telling girls they can be one, too". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
  26. ^ "BU Research: A Riddle Reveals Depth of Gender Bias | BU Today". Boston University. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  27. ^ a b c d Salles, Arghavan; Mueller, Claudia M.; Cohen, Geoffrey L. (July 2016). "A Values Affirmation Intervention to Improve Female Residents' Surgical Performance". Journal of Graduate Medical Education. 8 (3): 378–383. doi:10.4300/JGME-D-15-00214.1. ISSN 1949-8349. PMC 4936856. PMID 27413441.
  28. ^ Salles, Arghavan; Mueller, Claudia M.; Cohen, Geoffrey L. (January 2016). "Exploring the Relationship Between Stereotype Perception and Residents' Well-Being". Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 222 (1): 52–58. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2015.10.004. ISSN 1879-1190. PMC 4862580. PMID 26616033.
  29. ^ a b Gerull, Katherine M.; Loe, Maren; Seiler, Kristen; McAllister, Jared; Salles, Arghavan (February 1, 2019). "Assessing gender bias in qualitative evaluations of surgical residents". The American Journal of Surgery. 217 (2): 306–313. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2018.09.029. ISSN 0002-9610. PMC 8687875. PMID 30343879.
  30. ^ a b Salles, Arghavan; Awad, Michael; Goldin, Laurel; Krus, Kelsey; Lee, Jin Vivian; Schwabe, Maria T.; Lai, Calvin K. (July 3, 2019). "Estimating Implicit and Explicit Gender Bias Among Health Care Professionals and Surgeons". JAMA Network Open. 2 (7): e196545. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.6545. PMID 31276177.
  31. ^ Mathias, Tamara (August 10, 2019). "Study suggests gender bias in doctors". The Vancouver Sun. pp. C7. Retrieved October 15, 2023.
  32. ^ "Social Belonging as a Predictor of Surgical Resident Well-being and Attrition | Request PDF". ResearchGate. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  33. ^ Milam, Laurel; Cohen, Geoffrey; Mueller, Claudia; Salles, Arghavan (September 1, 2018). "The Relationship Between Self-Efficacy and Well-Being Among Surgical Residents". Journal of Surgical Education. 76 (2): 321–328. doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2018.07.028. PMC 6380924. PMID 30245061.
  34. ^ "WIM Award Winners". Women in Medicine. Retrieved October 24, 2023.
  35. ^ Kim, Eugene. "Visiting Professors | The Society of Asian Academic Surgeons (SAAS)". Retrieved October 24, 2023.
  36. ^ "ABIM Foundation Recognizes Top Articles on Medical Professionalism". ABIM Foundation.
  37. ^ "6 women awarded for research on gender bias in medical training". American Medical Association. September 12, 2018. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  38. ^ "2019 FACULTY". Women in medicine. Archived from the original on July 13, 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  39. ^ "About AMWA". American Medical Women's Association. Retrieved September 28, 2023.
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