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|elevation_max =825
|elevation_max =825
|area_total = 319.02
|area_total = 319.02
|population_as_of = 2011
|population_as_of = 2021
|population_total = 88725
|population_total = 85778
|patron = [[Blessed Virgin Mary|Nossa Senhora da Agonia]]
|patron = [[Blessed Virgin Mary|Nossa Senhora da Agonia]]
|postal_code = 4900
|postal_code = 4900
|area_code = 258
|area_code = 258
|website = http://www.cm-viana-castelo.pt
|website = {{URL|http://www.cm-viana-castelo.pt}}
}}
}}


'''Viana do Castelo''' ({{IPA-pt|viˈɐnɐ du kɐʃˈtɛlu|-|Pt-pt Viana do Castelo FF.ogg}}) is a [[concelho|municipality]] and seat of the district of [[Viana do Castelo District|Viana do Castelo]] in the [[Norte Region, Portugal|Norte Region]] of [[Portugal]]. The population in 2011 was 88,725,<ref name=ine>[http://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xlang=en&xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0005889&contexto=pi&selTab=tab0 Instituto Nacional de Estatística]</ref> in an area of 319.02&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name=dgt>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dgterritorio.pt/cartografia_e_geodesia/cartografia/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal_caop_/caop__download_/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal___versao_2017__em_vigor_/ |title=Áreas das freguesias, concelhos, distritos e país |access-date=5 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105172426/http://www.dgterritorio.pt/cartografia_e_geodesia/cartografia/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal_caop_/caop__download_/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal___versao_2017__em_vigor_/ |archive-date=5 November 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The urbanized area of the municipality, comprising the city, has a population of approximately 36,148 inhabitants, although the extended densely populated region reaches surrounding municipalities like [[Caminha]] and [[Ponte de Lima]] with a population above 150,000 inhabitants. It is located on [[the Portuguese Way]] path, an alternative path of the [[Camino de Santiago]], and at the mouth of the [[Lima river]].
'''Viana do Castelo''' ({{IPA|pt-PT|viˈɐnɐ ðu kɐʃˈtɛlu|-|Pt-pt Viana do Castelo FF.ogg}}) is a [[concelho|municipality]] and seat of the district of [[Viana do Castelo District|Viana do Castelo]] in the [[Norte Region, Portugal|Norte Region]] of [[Portugal]]. The population in 2021 was 85,778,<ref name="ine">{{Cite web |last=INE |date=2021 |title=Censos |url=https://tabulador.ine.pt/indicador/?id=0011609 |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estatística}}</ref> in an area of 319.02&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name=dgt>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dgterritorio.pt/cartografia_e_geodesia/cartografia/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal_caop_/caop__download_/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal___versao_2017__em_vigor_/ |title=Áreas das freguesias, concelhos, distritos e país |access-date=5 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105172426/http://www.dgterritorio.pt/cartografia_e_geodesia/cartografia/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal_caop_/caop__download_/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal___versao_2017__em_vigor_/ |archive-date=5 November 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The urbanized area of the municipality, comprising the city, has a population of approximately 36,148 inhabitants, although the extended densely populated region reaches surrounding municipalities like [[Caminha]] and [[Ponte de Lima]] with a population above 150,000 inhabitants. It is located at the mouth of the [[Lima river]], on [[the Portuguese Way]] path, an alternative path of the [[Camino de Santiago]].


==History==
==History==
Human settlement in the region of Viana began during the [[Mesolithic#Europe|Mesolithic era]], from discoveries and archaeological excavations. Even around the Roman occupation the area was settled along the Mount of Santa Luzia.
Human settlement in the region of Viana began during the [[Mesolithic#Europe|Mesolithic era]], from discoveries and archaeological excavations. Even around the Roman occupation the area was settled along the Mount of Santa Luzia.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Viver |url=https://www.cm-viana-castelo.pt/viver/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Câmara Municipal de Viana do Castelo |language=pt-PT}}</ref>


The settlement of ''Viana da Foz do [[Lima River|Lima]]'', which it was called when King [[Afonso III of Portugal]] issued a [[foral]] (''charter'') on 18 July 1258, was a formalization of the 1253 ''Viana'' that the area was named.
The settlement of ''Viana da Foz do [[Lima River|Lima]]'', which it was called when King [[Afonso III of Portugal]] issued a [[foral]] (''charter'') on 18 July 1258, was a formalization of the 1253 ''Viana'' that the area was named.<ref name=":1" />


The port in Viana do Castelo played an important role in the city's development. In the 15th century, it was on the trade routes between the Mediterranean and the North Atlantic, when textiles, fruits, wood and iron were headed south while salt and agricultural products were northbound.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Moreira |first=Manuel Antônio Fernandes |date=2002 |title=О porto de Viana do Castelo na Epoca dos Descobrimentos. |url=https://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/8046.pdf |journal=O Litoral em Perspectiva Histórica (Séculos XVI a XVIII): Um ponto da situação historiográfica}}</ref> In 1455, a cathedral was inaugurated in Viana do Castelo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sé Catedral de Viana do Castelo {{!}} www.visitportugal.com |url=https://www.visitportugal.com/en/content/se-catedral-de-viana-do-castelo |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=www.visitportugal.com}}</ref> During the later part of the century, the city becomes an important supplier of textiles to the newly established colonies in [[Madeira]] and the [[Azores]].<ref name=":2" />
In the 16th century, its port gained great importance as one of the entry-points for Portuguese explorers and traders, involved in the [[Age of Discovery|Portuguese discoveries]]. Many of the historical buildings originated during this period.


However, the port's importance grew substantially from the 16th century, during the [[Age of Discovery|age of discoveries]], when the sugar trade from Brazil emerges in Viana. Merchants from Northern Europe establish themselves in the city, trading in sugar and selling bread from the Baltic. In parallel, the fishing industry developed, due to cod fishing off the coast of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and [[Greenland]], an important foodstuff for cross Atlantic voyages.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Faria Viana |first=Rui Alberto |date=2022 |title=The port of Viana do Castelo across the ages |url=https://portusonline.org/the-port-of-viana-do-castelo-across-the-ages/ |website=Portus}}</ref>
The prosperity that continued developed from the town's role as a port, protected by defensive structures (such as the Tower of Roqueta) to repel pirates from Galicia and north Africa. The port's ties to northern Europe came primarily from exports of wine, fruits and salt, and imports of tile, textiles and glass.

During this period of prosperity, a number of religious institutions installed themselves in the city and a via sacra (sacred way) was created, through the city's northern edge.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Abreu |first=Alberto A. |date=1994 |title=A devoção vianense a Nossa Senhora da Agonia |url=https://revistas.ucp.pt/index.php/theologica/article/view/12308/11734 |journal=Theologica |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=343 345 346}}</ref> In 1576, a [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] convent and church is inaugurated to São Domingos ([[Saint Dominic|St. Dominic]]), designed by monk Julião Romero. In 1612, a [[Franciscans|Franciscan]] convent to [[Anthony of Padua|St. Anthony]] was founded to the north of the city by the [[Order of Friars Minor]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Convento de Santo António de Viana do Castelo - Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo - DigitArq |url=https://digitarq.arquivos.pt/details?id=1379022 |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=digitarq.arquivos.pt}}</ref> The parish of Nossa Senhora de Monserrate ([[Virgin of Montserrat|Our Lady of Monserrat]]) was founded in 1621 next to the old barracks named Batalhão de Caçadores 9.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-26 |title=História:: Pmcomunicacao |url=https://www.paroquiamonserrate.com/historia2/ |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=www.paroquiamonserrate.com |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Batalhão caçadores 9 (BC9) |url=https://curiosidadesdeviana.blogs.sapo.pt/batalhao-cacadores-9-bc9-78847 |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=curiosidadesdeviana.blogs.sapo.pt}}</ref> In 1627 a decision was taken to establish a monastery of the [[Order of Saint Augustine]] to [[Theotonius of Coimbra|St. Theotonius]]. The monastery was inaugurated in 1630, but construction work continued for several years.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Ribeiro T. de Pinho |first=Isabel Maria |date=2007 |title=Os crúzios de Viana do Castelo e a sua expressão artística |url=https://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/6638.pdf |journal=Revista da Faculdade de Letras |volume=6 |issue=1}}</ref> In 1678, a chapel was built to the Holy Sepulchre, which by 1744 had originated a [[Marian devotions|Marian devotion]] to Nossa Senhora da Agonia (our Lady of Agony), a large worship figure in Viana, especially among fishermen.<ref name=":3" />

Viana do Castelo had coastal defenses on its western side, at the mouth of the river since the reign of [[Afonso III of Portugal|Alfonso III]] in the 13th century. During the 15th century, these would be upgraded, including Torre da Roqueta (tower of Roqueta), to protect from pirates. In the 16th century, defenses were again boosted, to protect the prosperous city, with the start of the construction of Castelo de Santiago da Barra (Castle of Santiago of the sandbar).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Viana Correia |first=Jorge Alexandre |date=2011 |title=As defesas litorais de Viana do Castelo durante o século XVI |url=https://lm.redeescolardeciencia.pt/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/CV45_NET_pg-101-a-121.pdf }}</ref>


After the maritime discoveries and trade, the commercial life of Viana reached its greatest proportions during the reign of [[Maria II of Portugal|Queen Maria II of Portugal]], when the monarch established the ''Associação Comercial de Viana do Castelo'' in 1852 (the fourth oldest public company of its type). The queen, in order to reward the loyalty of its citizens, who did not surrender to the Count of Antas, elevated the town to the status of city on 20 January 1848, renaming the settlement with its current name.
After the maritime discoveries and trade, the commercial life of Viana reached its greatest proportions during the reign of [[Maria II of Portugal|Queen Maria II of Portugal]], when the monarch established the ''Associação Comercial de Viana do Castelo'' in 1852 (the fourth oldest public company of its type). The queen, in order to reward the loyalty of its citizens, who did not surrender to the Count of Antas, elevated the town to the status of city on 20 January 1848, renaming the settlement with its current name.


In 1878, the railway line [[Linha do Minho]] reached Viana do Castelo connecting it to [[Porto]] to the south. The railway crossed the Lima river on a new railway bridge, [[Ponte Eiffel]], designed by [[Gustave Eiffel]]. In 1882, the line was completed, reaching the border with Spain to the north and Viana's railway station was completed. During the construction process, the monastery of the Order of Saint Augustine was demolished to make way for the project and much of its stonework was repurposed for viaducts and the station building.<ref name=":0" />

In 1884, the veneration of Santa Luzia ([[Saint Lucy|St. Lucy]]) strengthened after a cavalry commander Luis de Andrade e Sousa founded the Confraternity of Santa Luzia. It was founded after his poor eyesight improved following two years visiting a chapel atop the mountain of Santa Luzia. The confraternity improved the state of the chapel and its accessibility.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Confraria {{!}} Confraria de Santa Luzia {{!}} Monumento Viana Castelo |url=https://templosantaluzia.org/confraria/ |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=templosantaluzia.org}}</ref>

In 1904, construction started on the Sanctuary of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, commonly referred to as the church or sanctuary of Santa Luzia, on top of the mountain of Santa Luzia. Construction on its exterior ended in 1943, but works continue on its interior until 1959. The cult in Viana do Castelo dates back to 1743, but it grew in popularity during a pandemic in 1918. In 1926, the chapel of Santa Luzia would be demolished and its image transferred to the sanctuary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Santuário {{!}} Confraria de Santa Luzia {{!}} Monumento Viana Castelo |url=https://templosantaluzia.org/templo/ |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=templosantaluzia.org}}</ref>
{{clear}}
==Geography==
==Geography==


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| 2001 | 88631
| 2001 | 88631
| 2011 | 88725
| 2011 | 88725
| 2021 | 85778
}}
}}
}}
}}
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{{Div col end}}
{{Div col end}}
{{wide image|Panorâmica de Viana.jpg|1000px|Panoramic view of Viana do Castelo, Portugal}}
{{wide image|Panorâmica de Viana.jpg|1000px|Panoramic view of Viana do Castelo, Portugal}}

===Climate===
===Climate===
Viana do Castelo has a [[warm-summer Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Csb''; [[Thornthwaite climate classification|Thornthwaite]]: ''ArB’2a’'')<ref>{{cite web |title=Plano de Gestão da Região Hidrográfica do Minho e Lima |url=https://apambiente.pt/sites/default/files/_SNIAMB_Agua/DRH/PlaneamentoOrdenamento/PGRH/2010-2015/PTRH1/PGRH_1_RH1_Parte2.pdf |publisher=apambiente.pt |access-date=18 October 2021 |page=151}}</ref> with substantial [[oceanic climate|oceanic]] influences characterized by warm, relatively dry summers and mild, rainy winters. It is also one of the rainiest cities in [[Continental Portugal]].
Viana do Castelo has a [[warm-summer Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Csb''; [[Thornthwaite climate classification|Thornthwaite]]: ''ArB'2a''')<ref>{{cite web |title=Plano de Gestão da Região Hidrográfica do Minho e Lima |url=https://apambiente.pt/sites/default/files/_SNIAMB_Agua/DRH/PlaneamentoOrdenamento/PGRH/2010-2015/PTRH1/PGRH_1_RH1_Parte2.pdf |publisher=apambiente.pt |access-date=18 October 2021 |page=151}}</ref> with substantial [[oceanic climate|oceanic]] influences characterized by warm, relatively dry summers and mild, rainy winters. It is also one of the rainiest cities in [[Continental Portugal]].

Temperatures above 30&nbsp;°C are relatively rare during summertime, happening on about 20 days per year on average; while in the cold months there are on average 29 days with frost.<ref name=IPMA />


{{Weather box
{{Weather box
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|year sun =
|year sun =


|source 1 = [[Instituto de Meteorologia]]<ref name=ipma>{{cite web|url =http://www.ipma.pt/en/oclima/normais.clima/1981-2010/021/|title=Climate Normals - Viana do Castelo 1981-2010|publisher=Portuguese Institute of Meteorology|access-date = 11 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ipma.pt/bin/file.data/climate-normal/cn_71-00_VIANA_CASTELO.pdf|title=Climate Normals - Viana do Castelo 1971-2000|publisher=Portuguese Institute of Meteorology|access-date = 14 September 2020}}</ref> (1981-2010 temperature normals, 1971-2000 precipitation and sunshine hours)
|source 1 = [[Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera|Instituto de Meteorologia]]<ref name=ipma>{{cite web|url =http://www.ipma.pt/en/oclima/normais.clima/1981-2010/021/|title=Climate Normals - Viana do Castelo 1981-2010|publisher=Portuguese Institute of Meteorology|access-date = 11 February 2016}}</ref><ref name=IPMA>{{cite web|url=https://www.ipma.pt/bin/file.data/climate-normal/cn_71-00_VIANA_CASTELO.pdf|title=Climate Normals - Viana do Castelo 1971-2000|publisher=Portuguese Institute of Meteorology|access-date = 14 September 2020}}</ref> (1981-2010 temperature normals, 1971-2000 precipitation and sunshine hours)
}}
}}


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[[File:Viana do Castelo - Praça da República.jpg|thumb|Republic Square: historical centre of Viana do Castelo]]
[[File:Viana do Castelo - Praça da República.jpg|thumb|Republic Square: historical centre of Viana do Castelo]]
[[File:Santa_Lucia_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|Sanctuary of ''Santa Luzia'']]
[[File:Santa_Lucia_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|Sanctuary of the Sacred Heart of Jesus]]
[[File:Viana do Castelo-Sé-20140911.jpg|thumb|Cathedral of Viana do Castelo]]
[[File:Viana do Castelo-Sé-20140911.jpg|thumb|Cathedral of Viana do Castelo]]


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===Religious===
===Religious===
*''Church of São Domingos'' (1576)
*''Church of São Domingos'' (1576)
* ''Chapel of the Holy Family'' ({{lang-pt|Capela da Sagrada Família e Portal da Quinta dos Espregueira}})
* ''Chapel of the Holy Family'' ({{langx|pt|Capela da Sagrada Família e Portal da Quinta dos Espregueira}})
* ''Chapel of Our Lady of the Agony'' ({{lang-pt|Capela de Nossa Senhora da Agonia}}), church in Roccoco style
* ''Chapel of Our Lady of the Agony'' ({{langx|pt|Capela de Nossa Senhora da Agonia}}), church in Roccoco style
* ''Cathedral of Viana do Castelo'' ({{lang-pt|Igreja Matriz de Viana do Castelo/Catedral de Viana do Castelo/Sé de Viana do Castelo}}), the 15th-century parochial church and cathedral, was constructed in the [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] style, comprising a façade flanked by two large towers with merlons, while the middle [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] portal with [[archivolt]]s is decorated by sculptures depicting the ''Passion of Christ'' and of the Apostles. The interior designed in the form of the Latin cross, includes a nave and two aisles (separated by arches supported by pillars), as well as two ancillary chapels dedicated to São Bernardo and the Holy Sacrament, both attributed to João Lopes "the Elder".
* ''Cathedral of Viana do Castelo'' ({{langx|pt|Igreja Matriz de Viana do Castelo/Catedral de Viana do Castelo/Sé de Viana do Castelo}}), the 15th-century parochial church and cathedral, was constructed in the [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] style, comprising a façade flanked by two large towers with merlons, while the middle [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] portal with [[archivolt]]s is decorated by sculptures depicting the ''Passion of Christ'' and of the Apostles. The interior designed in the form of the Latin cross, includes a nave and two aisles (separated by arches supported by pillars), as well as two ancillary chapels dedicated to São Bernardo and the Holy Sacrament, both attributed to João Lopes "the Elder".
* ''Church of Mercy of Viana do Castelo'' ({{lang-pt|Igreja da Misericórdia de Viana do Castelo}}), designed in the [[Flemish Region|Flemish]]-style. The building dates back to 1589.
* ''Church of Mercy of Viana do Castelo'' ({{langx|pt|Igreja da Misericórdia de Viana do Castelo}}), designed in the [[Flemish Region|Flemish]]-style. The building dates back to 1589.
* ''Sanctuary of Saint Lucy'' ({{lang-pt|Santuário de Santa Luzia}}), designed by [[Miguel Ventura Terra]] and dedicated to the cult of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and Saint Lucy of Syracuse.
* ''Sanctuary of Saint Lucy'' ({{langx|pt|Santuário de Santa Luzia}}), designed by [[Miguel Ventura Terra]] and dedicated to the cult of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and Saint Lucy of Syracuse.


==Culture==
==Culture==


In 2010, Viana do Castelo started to implement a project of rehabilitation of the city called Viana Criativa<ref>[http://vianacriativa.com] A PROJECT TO CHANGE A CITY</ref> which is based on an investigation made by Paulo Caldeira along 4 years. Such project has the main purpose to attract more residents to a city where, during the last 500 years, many people around the world arrived to trade. Once upon a time, Viana was the second center of commerce of Portugal and some investigators are now recognising that ''[[fado]]'' music was born based on the typical songs of Minho region.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}
In 2010, Viana do Castelo started to implement a project of rehabilitation of the city called Viana Criativa<ref>[http://vianacriativa.com] A PROJECT TO CHANGE A CITY</ref> which is based on an investigation made by Paulo Caldeira along 4 years. Such project has the main purpose to attract more residents to a city where, during the last 500 years, many people around the world arrived to trade. Once upon a time, Viana was the second center of commerce of Portugal and some investigators are now recognising that ''[[fado]]'' music was born based on the typical songs of Minho region.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} Since 1985 the [[Teatro Sá de Miranda]] has been owned by the municipality, which has restored it to its former glory as one of the leading theatres in the provinces of Portugal.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sousa Bastos |first1=António de |title=Diccionario do Theatro Portuguez |date=1908 |publisher=Imprensa Libanio da Silva |page=361 |url=https://dn790002.ca.archive.org/0/items/diccionariodothe00sousuoft/diccionariodothe00sousuoft.pdf |access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="TMSM">{{cite web |title=História |url=https://tmsm.pt/historia/ |website=Teatro Municipal Sá de Miranda |access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref>


==Sport==
==Sport==
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* [[Sofia Aparício]] (born 1970) a Portuguese model and actress.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0031973/ Sofia Aparício, IMDb Database].</ref>
* [[Sofia Aparício]] (born 1970) a Portuguese model and actress.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0031973/ Sofia Aparício, IMDb Database].</ref>
* [[Tânia Carvalho]] (born 1976) a choreographer and works in music, drawing and film.
* [[Tânia Carvalho]] (born 1976) a choreographer and works in music, drawing and film.

=== Sport ===
=== Sport ===
[[File:Tiago Mendes - 01.jpg|thumb|140px|Tiago Mendes, 2013]]
[[File:Tiago Mendes - 01.jpg|thumb|140px|Tiago Mendes, 2013]]
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==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Viana do Castelo (10637953793).jpg|Viana do Castelo, Portugal
File:Viana do Castelo (10638219126).jpg|Sanctuary of the Sacred Heart of Jesus
File:Viana do Castelo - Portugal 01.JPG|Viana do Castelo, Portugal
File:Viana do Castelo (10637953793).jpg|City view from the top of the sanctuary of the Sacred Heart of Jesus
⚫
File:Viana do Castelo (10638203985).jpg|Sanctuary of the Sacred Heart of Jesus
⚫
File:Viana do Castelo - Portugal 01.JPG|Monument to the 25th of April
File:Viana do Castelo (6103772777).jpg|Viana do Castelo, Portugal
File:Viana do Castelo (6103772777).jpg|Viana do Castelo, Portugal
File:VianaPT HPIM8295 (2961412680).jpg|Viana do Castelo, Portugal
File:VianaPT HPIM8295 (2961412680).jpg|Viana do Castelo, Portugal
⚫
File:Viana do Castelo (10638203985).jpg|Viana do Castelo, Portugal
File:VianaPT HPIM8299 (2961414324).jpg|Viana do Castelo, Portugal
File:VianaPT HPIM8299 (2961414324).jpg|Viana do Castelo, Portugal
File:VianaPT HPIM8376 (2961439444).jpg|Viana do Castelo, Portugal
File:VianaPT HPIM8376 (2961439444).jpg|Viana do Castelo, Portugal
⚫
File:Viana do Castelo (10638219126).jpg|Viana do Castelo, Portugal
File:VianaPT HPIM8318 (2961420770).jpg|Viana do Castelo, Portugal
⚫
File:Viana do Castelo 4.JPG|Viana do Castelo, Portugal
File:Viana do Castelo at night (5708533558).jpg|Viana do Castelo, Portugal
File:Viana do Castelo at night (5708533558).jpg|Viana do Castelo, Portugal
File:VianaPT HPIM8318 (2961420770).jpg|Avenida dos Combatentes da Grande Guerra (Avenue of Combatants of the Great War)
⚫
File:Monte de Santa Luzia basilica from Viana do Castela (5707961821).jpg|Viana do Castelo, Portugal
File:Viana do Castelo 4.JPG|Avenida dos Combatentes da Grande Guerra (Avenue of Combatants of the Great War)
File:Viana_do_Castelo_-_panoramio_(43).jpg|Viana do Castelo, Portugal
⚫
File:Monte de Santa Luzia basilica from Viana do Castela (5707961821).jpg|Avenida dos Combatentes da Grande Guerra (Avenue of Combatants of the Great War)
File:Viana_do_Castelo_-_panoramio_(27).jpg|Viana do Castelo, Portugal
File:Viana do Castelo - panoramio (43).jpg|Avenida dos Combatentes da Grande Guerra (Avenue of Combatants of the Great War)
⚫
File:Viana do Castelo - panoramio (27).jpg|Viana do Castelo, Portugal
</gallery>
</gallery>


Latest revision as of 02:53, 12 November 2024

For other uses, see Viana do Castelo (disambiguation).

Viana do Castelo
Municipality
Panoramic, Santa Lucia Church, Republic Square, Sé Cathedral, Fountain
Flag of Viana do Castelo
Flag
Coat of arms of Viana do Castelo
Coat of arms
Coordinates: 41°42′N 8°50′W / 41.700°N 8.833°W / 41.700; -8.833
Country Portugal
RegionNorte
Intermunic. comm.Alto Minho
DistrictViana do Castelo
Government
 • PresidentLuís Nobre (PS)
Area
 • Total319.02 km2 (123.17 sq mi)
Elevation
12 m (39 ft)
Highest elevation
825 m (2,707 ft)
Lowest elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Population
 (2021)
 • Total85,778
 • Density270/km2 (700/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+00:00 (WET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+01:00 (WEST)
Postal code
4900
Area code258
PatronNossa Senhora da Agonia
Websitewww.cm-viana-castelo.pt

Viana do Castelo (European Portuguese pronunciation: [viˈɐnɐ ðu kɐʃˈtɛlu] ⓘ) is a municipality and seat of the district of Viana do Castelo in the Norte Region of Portugal. The population in 2021 was 85,778,[1] in an area of 319.02 km2.[2] The urbanized area of the municipality, comprising the city, has a population of approximately 36,148 inhabitants, although the extended densely populated region reaches surrounding municipalities like Caminha and Ponte de Lima with a population above 150,000 inhabitants. It is located at the mouth of the Lima river, on the Portuguese Way path, an alternative path of the Camino de Santiago.

History

[edit]

Human settlement in the region of Viana began during the Mesolithic era, from discoveries and archaeological excavations. Even around the Roman occupation the area was settled along the Mount of Santa Luzia.[3]

The settlement of Viana da Foz do Lima, which it was called when King Afonso III of Portugal issued a foral (charter) on 18 July 1258, was a formalization of the 1253 Viana that the area was named.[3]

The port in Viana do Castelo played an important role in the city's development. In the 15th century, it was on the trade routes between the Mediterranean and the North Atlantic, when textiles, fruits, wood and iron were headed south while salt and agricultural products were northbound.[4] In 1455, a cathedral was inaugurated in Viana do Castelo.[5] During the later part of the century, the city becomes an important supplier of textiles to the newly established colonies in Madeira and the Azores.[4]

However, the port's importance grew substantially from the 16th century, during the age of discoveries, when the sugar trade from Brazil emerges in Viana. Merchants from Northern Europe establish themselves in the city, trading in sugar and selling bread from the Baltic. In parallel, the fishing industry developed, due to cod fishing off the coast of Newfoundland and Greenland, an important foodstuff for cross Atlantic voyages.[4][6]

During this period of prosperity, a number of religious institutions installed themselves in the city and a via sacra (sacred way) was created, through the city's northern edge.[4][7] In 1576, a Dominican convent and church is inaugurated to São Domingos (St. Dominic), designed by monk Julião Romero. In 1612, a Franciscan convent to St. Anthony was founded to the north of the city by the Order of Friars Minor.[8] The parish of Nossa Senhora de Monserrate (Our Lady of Monserrat) was founded in 1621 next to the old barracks named Batalhão de Caçadores 9.[9][10] In 1627 a decision was taken to establish a monastery of the Order of Saint Augustine to St. Theotonius. The monastery was inaugurated in 1630, but construction work continued for several years.[11] In 1678, a chapel was built to the Holy Sepulchre, which by 1744 had originated a Marian devotion to Nossa Senhora da Agonia (our Lady of Agony), a large worship figure in Viana, especially among fishermen.[7]

Viana do Castelo had coastal defenses on its western side, at the mouth of the river since the reign of Alfonso III in the 13th century. During the 15th century, these would be upgraded, including Torre da Roqueta (tower of Roqueta), to protect from pirates. In the 16th century, defenses were again boosted, to protect the prosperous city, with the start of the construction of Castelo de Santiago da Barra (Castle of Santiago of the sandbar).[12]

After the maritime discoveries and trade, the commercial life of Viana reached its greatest proportions during the reign of Queen Maria II of Portugal, when the monarch established the Associação Comercial de Viana do Castelo in 1852 (the fourth oldest public company of its type). The queen, in order to reward the loyalty of its citizens, who did not surrender to the Count of Antas, elevated the town to the status of city on 20 January 1848, renaming the settlement with its current name.

In 1878, the railway line Linha do Minho reached Viana do Castelo connecting it to Porto to the south. The railway crossed the Lima river on a new railway bridge, Ponte Eiffel, designed by Gustave Eiffel. In 1882, the line was completed, reaching the border with Spain to the north and Viana's railway station was completed. During the construction process, the monastery of the Order of Saint Augustine was demolished to make way for the project and much of its stonework was repurposed for viaducts and the station building.[11]

In 1884, the veneration of Santa Luzia (St. Lucy) strengthened after a cavalry commander Luis de Andrade e Sousa founded the Confraternity of Santa Luzia. It was founded after his poor eyesight improved following two years visiting a chapel atop the mountain of Santa Luzia. The confraternity improved the state of the chapel and its accessibility.[13]

In 1904, construction started on the Sanctuary of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, commonly referred to as the church or sanctuary of Santa Luzia, on top of the mountain of Santa Luzia. Construction on its exterior ended in 1943, but works continue on its interior until 1959. The cult in Viana do Castelo dates back to 1743, but it grew in popularity during a pandemic in 1918. In 1926, the chapel of Santa Luzia would be demolished and its image transferred to the sanctuary.[14]

Geography

[edit]
  • Population of
  • Viana do Castelo
  • (1801–2011)
YearPop.±%
1801 17,889—    
1849 36,084+101.7%
1900 47,311+31.1%
1930 53,380+12.8%
1960 75,320+41.1%
1981 81,009+7.6%
1991 83,095+2.6%
2001 88,631+6.7%
2011 88,725+0.1%
2021 85,778−3.3%

Administratively, the municipality is divided into 27 civil parishes (freguesias):[15]

  • Afife
  • Alvarães
  • Amonde
  • Anha
  • Areosa
  • Barroselas e Carvoeiro
  • Cardielos e Serreleis
  • Carreço
  • Castelo do Neiva
  • Chafé
  • Darque
  • Freixieiro de Soutelo
  • Geraz do Lima (Santa Maria, Santa Leocádia e Moreira) e Deão
  • Lanheses
  • Mazarefes e Vila Fria
  • Montaria
  • Mujães
  • Nogueira, Meixedo e Vilar de Murteda
  • Outeiro
  • Perre
  • Santa Marta de Portuzelo
  • São Romão de Neiva
  • Subportela, Deocriste e Portela Susã
  • Torre e Vila Mou
  • Viana do Castelo (Santa Maria Maior e Monserrate) e Meadela
  • Vila de Punhe
  • Vila Franca
Panoramic view of Viana do Castelo, Portugal

Climate

[edit]

Viana do Castelo has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csb; Thornthwaite: ArB'2a')[16] with substantial oceanic influences characterized by warm, relatively dry summers and mild, rainy winters. It is also one of the rainiest cities in Continental Portugal.

Temperatures above 30 °C are relatively rare during summertime, happening on about 20 days per year on average; while in the cold months there are on average 29 days with frost.[17]

Climate data for Viana do Castelo (Meadela)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 24.0
(75.2) 		25.0
(77.0) 		30.5
(86.9) 		31.6
(88.9) 		35.6
(96.1) 		38.6
(101.5) 		38.0
(100.4) 		39.5
(103.1) 		36.4
(97.5) 		32.6
(90.7) 		26.2
(79.2) 		24.6
(76.3) 		39.5
(103.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 14.6
(58.3) 		15.5
(59.9) 		17.9
(64.2) 		18.5
(65.3) 		20.7
(69.3) 		24.5
(76.1) 		26.3
(79.3) 		26.4
(79.5) 		24.8
(76.6) 		20.9
(69.6) 		17.4
(63.3) 		15.2
(59.4) 		20.2
(68.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 9.8
(49.6) 		10.5
(50.9) 		12.7
(54.9) 		13.7
(56.7) 		15.9
(60.6) 		19.2
(66.6) 		20.8
(69.4) 		20.8
(69.4) 		19.2
(66.6) 		16.1
(61.0) 		12.8
(55.0) 		10.8
(51.4) 		15.2
(59.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 4.9
(40.8) 		5.5
(41.9) 		7.4
(45.3) 		8.8
(47.8) 		11.1
(52.0) 		13.9
(57.0) 		15.3
(59.5) 		15.1
(59.2) 		13.7
(56.7) 		11.2
(52.2) 		8.1
(46.6) 		6.4
(43.5) 		10.1
(50.2)
Record low °C (°F) −3.9
(25.0) 		−2.8
(27.0) 		−3.7
(25.3) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		0.8
(33.4) 		5.5
(41.9) 		9.0
(48.2) 		8.0
(46.4) 		7.0
(44.6) 		2.4
(36.3) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		−5.1
(22.8) 		−5.1
(22.8)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 189.9
(7.48) 		168.0
(6.61) 		105.3
(4.15) 		117.7
(4.63) 		105.5
(4.15) 		56.1
(2.21) 		28.4
(1.12) 		30.6
(1.20) 		95.7
(3.77) 		163.9
(6.45) 		180.8
(7.12) 		228.3
(8.99) 		1,470.2
(57.88)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) 16.3 15.0 13.9 15.3 14.5 9.2 6.6 6.5 9.0 15.0 15.0 17.3 153.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours 127.9 130.0 182.5 206.9 234.7 270.6 300.5 285.9 211.8 167.0 136.5 114.9 2,369.2
Source: Instituto de Meteorologia[18][17] (1981-2010 temperature normals, 1971-2000 precipitation and sunshine hours)

Economy

[edit]

Home to a modern service based economy, the city, along with its region, has a seaport with naval repairing facilities. Its major industries are related to naval construction and repair, with the Estaleiros da Viana do Castelo remaining one of the few large shipyards still in operation. Home to a large cluster of wind green electricity and car-parts industries it has become one of the most dynamic exporting regions in the country.

Architecture

[edit]
Republic Square: historical centre of Viana do Castelo
Sanctuary of the Sacred Heart of Jesus
Cathedral of Viana do Castelo

Civic

[edit]

Since the early 1990s the city started a wide urban renewal plan, pioneering the "Polis program", and including enlarging the pedestrian areas, building new modern architecture and creating new public spaces and parks. Architects such as Siza Vieira, Eduardo Souto de Moura and Fernando Távora have participated in the construction of a modern, well preserved and lively city center.

  • Geraz do Lima carriage museum
  • Renaissance fountain (1535) in the Major Square
  • Palacio de Tavoras, a noble residence from the 16th and 17th centuries
  • Municipal Museum, housed in an 18th-century building and home to
  • Paços do Conselho ("Palace of the Council", 1502), of which only the façade remains today

Religious

[edit]
  • Church of São Domingos (1576)
  • Chapel of the Holy Family (Portuguese: Capela da Sagrada Família e Portal da Quinta dos Espregueira)
  • Chapel of Our Lady of the Agony (Portuguese: Capela de Nossa Senhora da Agonia), church in Roccoco style
  • Cathedral of Viana do Castelo (Portuguese: Igreja Matriz de Viana do Castelo/Catedral de Viana do Castelo/Sé de Viana do Castelo), the 15th-century parochial church and cathedral, was constructed in the Romanesque style, comprising a façade flanked by two large towers with merlons, while the middle Gothic portal with archivolts is decorated by sculptures depicting the Passion of Christ and of the Apostles. The interior designed in the form of the Latin cross, includes a nave and two aisles (separated by arches supported by pillars), as well as two ancillary chapels dedicated to São Bernardo and the Holy Sacrament, both attributed to João Lopes "the Elder".
  • Church of Mercy of Viana do Castelo (Portuguese: Igreja da Misericórdia de Viana do Castelo), designed in the Flemish-style. The building dates back to 1589.
  • Sanctuary of Saint Lucy (Portuguese: Santuário de Santa Luzia), designed by Miguel Ventura Terra and dedicated to the cult of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and Saint Lucy of Syracuse.

Culture

[edit]

In 2010, Viana do Castelo started to implement a project of rehabilitation of the city called Viana Criativa[19] which is based on an investigation made by Paulo Caldeira along 4 years. Such project has the main purpose to attract more residents to a city where, during the last 500 years, many people around the world arrived to trade. Once upon a time, Viana was the second center of commerce of Portugal and some investigators are now recognising that fado music was born based on the typical songs of Minho region.[citation needed] Since 1985 the Teatro Sá de Miranda has been owned by the municipality, which has restored it to its former glory as one of the leading theatres in the provinces of Portugal.[20][21]

Sport

[edit]

SC Vianense is the local football club. Founded in 1898, it is one of the oldest clubs in Portugal. They play their home matches at the 3000 capacity Estádio do Dr. José de Matos.

Notable people

[edit]
Óscar de Lemos, 1944

Sport

[edit]
Tiago Mendes, 2013

International relations

[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Portugal

Viana do Castelo is twinned with:[24]

[edit]
  • Sanctuary of the Sacred Heart of Jesus
    Sanctuary of the Sacred Heart of Jesus
  • City view from the top of the sanctuary of the Sacred Heart of Jesus
    City view from the top of the sanctuary of the Sacred Heart of Jesus
  • Sanctuary of the Sacred Heart of Jesus
    Sanctuary of the Sacred Heart of Jesus
  • Monument to the 25th of April
    Monument to the 25th of April
  • Viana do Castelo, Portugal
    Viana do Castelo, Portugal
  • Viana do Castelo, Portugal
    Viana do Castelo, Portugal
  • Viana do Castelo, Portugal
    Viana do Castelo, Portugal
  • Viana do Castelo, Portugal
    Viana do Castelo, Portugal
  • Viana do Castelo, Portugal
    Viana do Castelo, Portugal
  • Avenida dos Combatentes da Grande Guerra (Avenue of Combatants of the Great War)
    Avenida dos Combatentes da Grande Guerra (Avenue of Combatants of the Great War)
  • Avenida dos Combatentes da Grande Guerra (Avenue of Combatants of the Great War)
    Avenida dos Combatentes da Grande Guerra (Avenue of Combatants of the Great War)
  • Avenida dos Combatentes da Grande Guerra (Avenue of Combatants of the Great War)
    Avenida dos Combatentes da Grande Guerra (Avenue of Combatants of the Great War)
  • Avenida dos Combatentes da Grande Guerra (Avenue of Combatants of the Great War)
    Avenida dos Combatentes da Grande Guerra (Avenue of Combatants of the Great War)
  • Viana do Castelo, Portugal
    Viana do Castelo, Portugal

References

[edit]
  1. ^ INE (2021). "Censos". Instituto Nacional de Estatística. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
  2. ^ "Áreas das freguesias, concelhos, distritos e país". Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
  3. ^ a b "Viver". Câmara Municipal de Viana do Castelo (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d Moreira, Manuel Antônio Fernandes (2002). "О porto de Viana do Castelo na Epoca dos Descobrimentos" (PDF). O Litoral em Perspectiva Histórica (Séculos XVI a XVIII): Um ponto da situação historiográfica.
  5. ^ "Sé Catedral de Viana do Castelo | www.visitportugal.com". www.visitportugal.com. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  6. ^ Faria Viana, Rui Alberto (2022). "The port of Viana do Castelo across the ages". Portus.
  7. ^ a b Abreu, Alberto A. (1994). "A devoção vianense a Nossa Senhora da Agonia". Theologica. 29 (2): 343 345 346.
  8. ^ "Convento de Santo António de Viana do Castelo - Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo - DigitArq". digitarq.arquivos.pt. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  9. ^ "História:: Pmcomunicacao". www.paroquiamonserrate.com (in Portuguese). 26 April 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
  10. ^ "Batalhão caçadores 9 (BC9)". curiosidadesdeviana.blogs.sapo.pt. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
  11. ^ a b Ribeiro T. de Pinho, Isabel Maria (2007). "Os crúzios de Viana do Castelo e a sua expressão artística" (PDF). Revista da Faculdade de Letras. 6 (1).
  12. ^ Viana Correia, Jorge Alexandre (2011). "As defesas litorais de Viana do Castelo durante o século XVI" (PDF).
  13. ^ "Confraria | Confraria de Santa Luzia | Monumento Viana Castelo". templosantaluzia.org. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
  14. ^ "Santuário | Confraria de Santa Luzia | Monumento Viana Castelo". templosantaluzia.org. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
  15. ^ Diário da República. "Law nr. 11-A/2013, pages 552 127-128" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Retrieved 4 August 2014.
  16. ^ "Plano de Gestão da Região Hidrográfica do Minho e Lima" (PDF). apambiente.pt. p. 151. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  17. ^ a b "Climate Normals - Viana do Castelo 1971-2000" (PDF). Portuguese Institute of Meteorology. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
  18. ^ "Climate Normals - Viana do Castelo 1981-2010". Portuguese Institute of Meteorology. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  19. ^ [1] A PROJECT TO CHANGE A CITY
  20. ^ Sousa Bastos, António de (1908). Diccionario do Theatro Portuguez (PDF). Imprensa Libanio da Silva. p. 361. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  21. ^ "História". Teatro Municipal Sá de Miranda. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  22. ^ Óscar de Lemos, IMDb Database.
  23. ^ Sofia Aparício, IMDb Database.
  24. ^ "Relações internacionais / cooperação". cm-viana-castelo.pt (in Portuguese). Viana do Castelo. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
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