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'''Nushibi''' ('''Nu-shibi''', Chinese 弩失畢) was a collective name for five tribes of the left (eastern) wing in the [[Western Turkic Kaganate]], and members of ''On oq'' (Turkic '''ten arrows''') confederation found in the literature about the Western Turkic Kaganate as ''Ten arrow Türks''. The references to Nushibi appeard in Chinese sources in 651 and disappeared after 766. The Nushibi tribes occupied the lands of the Western Turkic Kaganate east of the river [[Ili]]. The Chinese annals recorded that the first in the list of tribes of left wing was listed [[Ashtak]] tribe of ''Ulug-ok'' (Turkic ''Great tribe''), a conjugal tribe of the Kagans from the Kaganate western branch, who belonged to the "celestial-blue" tribe [[Ashina]]. In the Kaganate, the position of Yabgu (Chinese Pinyin "Sihou"), and Katun (Kagan's wife) belonged to the members of the Ulug-ok tribe <ref>Yu. Zuev, ''"Early Türks: Sketches of history and ideology"'', Almaty, Daik-Press, 2002, p. 33, ISBN 9985-441-52-9</ref>. Two other members of the Nushibi wing were [[Turgesh]] tribes ''Alishi'' and ''Sakla-baga'' (Chinese [[Pinyin]] ''Soge Mohe''), with a common appelation ''Halach'' (''Kalach'') for the two-tribe composition, known from the Chinese, Arabic, and Turkic sources <ref>Yu. Zuev, ''"Early Türks: Sketches of history and ideology"'', p. 144</ref>. |
'''Nushibi''' ('''Nu-shibi''', Chinese 弩失畢) was a collective name for five tribes of the left (eastern) wing in the [[Western Turkic Kaganate]], and members of ''On oq'' (Turkic '''ten arrows''') confederation found in the literature about the Western Turkic Kaganate as ''Ten arrow Türks''. The references to Nushibi appeard in Chinese sources in 651 and disappeared after 766. The Nushibi tribes occupied the lands of the Western Turkic Kaganate east of the river [[Ili]]. The Chinese annals recorded that the first in the list of tribes of left wing was listed [[Ashtak]] tribe of ''Ulug-ok'' (Turkic ''Great tribe''), a conjugal tribe of the Kagans from the Kaganate western branch, who belonged to the "celestial-blue" tribe [[Ashina]]. In the Kaganate, the position of Yabgu (Chinese Pinyin "Sihou"), and Katun (Kagan's wife) belonged to the members of the Ulug-ok tribe <ref>Yu. Zuev, ''"Early Türks: Sketches of history and ideology"'', Almaty, Daik-Press, 2002, p. 33, ISBN 9985-441-52-9</ref>. Two other members of the Nushibi wing were [[Turgesh]] tribes ''Alishi'' and ''Sakla-baga'' (Chinese [[Pinyin]] ''Soge Mohe''), with a common appelation ''Halach'' (''Kalach'') for the two-tribe composition, known from the Chinese, Arabic, and Turkic sources <ref>Yu. Zuev, ''"Early Türks: Sketches of history and ideology"'', p. 144</ref>. |
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==Historical Outline== |
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| ⚫ | After the split of the [[First Turkic Kaganate]] following the [[Ili river treaty]], the Western Turkic Kaganate was initially reorganized as a "ten arrows" ''Onoq'' confederation with Nushibi 5-tribe left wing dominating over the right wing of the [[Dulu]] group of five tribes. Both Nushibi and Dulu (''Dulo'') belonged to the Turkic tribes of the [[Chuy]] group, and spoke close dialects <ref>Chavannes, Édouard. ''Documents sur les Tou-kiue (Turcs) occidentaux''. 1900. Paris, Librairie d’Amérique et d’Orient. Reprint: SPb, 1903, p. 47.</ref>. |
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===Western Turkic Kaganate=== |
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| ⚫ | The transfer of supremacy from the Dulu group to Nushibi had outcome revebrating across Erasian continent. Nushibi controlled, and benefited, from the operation of their section of the transcontinental trade road ([[Silk Road]]), and were in alliance with [[Sogdiana]], a chain of small oasis principalities who were also members of the Western Turkic Khaganate, and served as main operators of the Silk Road. Nushibi interest in the Silk Road operation brought them, in addition to the [[Sogdians]], into a coalition with [[Byzantine]] and [[China]], two other superpowers interested in the east-west trade. This alignment was opposed a coalition of two other powers, [[Persia]] and [[Turkic Khaganate|Eastern Turkic Kaganate]], which brought about the first world wars of the 7th century Early Middle Ages <ref>Gumilev L.N., ''"Ancient Türks"'', Moscow, 'Science', 1967, Ch.12, http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/OT/ot12.htm (In Russian)</ref> <ref>Gumilev L.N., ''"Ancient Türks"'', Moscow, 'Science', 1967, Ch.15 ''World War of the 7th century'', http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/OT/ot15.htm (In Russian)</ref>. |
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| ⚫ | After the split of the [[First Turkic Kaganate]] in 604, following the [[Ili river treaty]], the Western Turkic Kaganate was initially reorganized as a "ten arrows" ''Onoq'' confederation with Nushibi 5-tribe left wing dominating over the right wing of the [[Dulu]] group of five tribes. Both Nushibi and Dulu (''Dulo'') belonged to the Turkic tribes of the [[Chuy]] group, and spoke close dialects <ref>Chavannes, Édouard. ''Documents sur les Tou-kiue (Turcs) occidentaux''. 1900. Paris, Librairie d’Amérique et d’Orient. Reprint: SPb, 1903, p. 47.</ref>. |
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| ⚫ | The transfer of supremacy from the Dulu group to Nushibi had outcome revebrating across Erasian continent. Nushibi controlled, and benefited, from the operation of their section of the transcontinental trade road ([[Silk Road]]), and were in alliance with [[Sogdiana]], a chain of small oasis principalities who were also members of the Western Turkic Khaganate, and served as main operators of the Silk Road. Nushibi interest in the Silk Road operation brought them, in addition to the [[Sogdians]], into a coalition with [[Byzantine]] and [[China]], two other superpowers interested in the east-west trade. In the west, the coalition included Khazars in the N. Caucasus, and Bulgars in the N. Pontic steppes. This alignment was opposed a coalition of two other powers, [[Persia]] and [[Turkic Khaganate|Eastern Turkic Kaganate]], which brought about the first world wars of the 7th century Early Middle Ages <ref>Gumilev L.N., ''"Ancient Türks"'', Moscow, 'Science', 1967, Ch.12, http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/OT/ot12.htm (In Russian)</ref> <ref>Gumilev L.N., ''"Ancient Türks"'', Moscow, 'Science', 1967, Ch.15 ''World War of the 7th century'', http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/OT/ot15.htm (In Russian)</ref>. |
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Nushibi interests in the Western Turkic Kaganate were advanced by the Kagan [[Tong Yabghu|Tun-djabgu-khan]] (Djabgu = dialect. Yabgu), known from the Armenian annals as "King of the North". The capital was located north of [[Chach]] (modern [[Tashkent]]) oasis. The period of Nushibi dominance was interrupted in 628 with a revolt of [[Karluks]] and Dulu tribes, and a cosequent death of Tun-djabgu-kagan from the hands of his uncle. In the interregnum, led by his uncle with a title Külüg Sibir-Khan, the Dulu fraction restored its former dominating position. The coup brought a considerable upshot, in 630 Sibir-Khan had to grant Bulgarians their independence and allow them reorganize as what became known as [[Great Bulgaria]] <ref>Gumilev L.N., ''"Ancient Türks"'', Moscow, 'Science', 1967, Ch.16, http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/OT/ot16.htm (In Russian)</ref>. Nushibi opposition to the usurper was headed by Nishu-Kana-shad, a ruler of with a seat in [[Paikend]], who ruled [[Bukhara]] province. Sibir-Khan was killed in 631, and Nushibi istalled their choice, son of Tun-djabgu-kagan with a title Irbis Bolun djabgu-khan, who received a derisive nickname Sydjabgu (Turkic ''treacherous''), and was known by western contemporaries as Sinjibu and Silzibul <ref>http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-546105/Sinjibu</ref> but soon had to replace him with Nishu-Kana-shad under a name [[Dulu-khan]] (632-634), probably to apease the northern Dulu tribes. The next succession followed the traditional [[Order of succession|lateral succession]] order, a younger brother of Nishu was enthroned with a title Yshbara Tolis-shad (634-639), who enacted a major reform by consenting to the Dulu and Nushibi wings' autonomy and native leadership, not from the Ashina clan. The order, favorable to the Dulu and Nushibi, was hurtful to the [[Karluks]], [[Yagma]], [[Kipchaks]], [[Basmals]], and worse of all to the descendents of the [[Huns]] - [[Chumuhun|Chuüe]], [[Chumuhun|Chumi]] and [[Shato Turks|Shato]], they were especially anguished because their kins [[Chumuhun]] and [[Chumuhun|Chuban]] were in the privileged Nushibi wings <ref>Gumilev L.N., ''"Ancient Türks"'', Moscow, 'Science', 1967, Ch.16, http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/OT/ot16.htm (In Russian)</ref>. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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[[Chumuhun|Chuy (tribes)]] |
[[Chumuhun|Chuy (tribes)]] |
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Revision as of 04:06, 26 April 2008
Nushibi (Nu-shibi, Chinese 弩失畢) was a collective name for five tribes of the left (eastern) wing in the Western Turkic Kaganate, and members of On oq (Turkic ten arrows) confederation found in the literature about the Western Turkic Kaganate as Ten arrow Türks. The references to Nushibi appeard in Chinese sources in 651 and disappeared after 766. The Nushibi tribes occupied the lands of the Western Turkic Kaganate east of the river Ili. The Chinese annals recorded that the first in the list of tribes of left wing was listed Ashtak tribe of Ulug-ok (Turkic Great tribe), a conjugal tribe of the Kagans from the Kaganate western branch, who belonged to the "celestial-blue" tribe Ashina. In the Kaganate, the position of Yabgu (Chinese Pinyin "Sihou"), and Katun (Kagan's wife) belonged to the members of the Ulug-ok tribe [1]. Two other members of the Nushibi wing were Turgesh tribes Alishi and Sakla-baga (Chinese Pinyin Soge Mohe), with a common appelation Halach (Kalach) for the two-tribe composition, known from the Chinese, Arabic, and Turkic sources [2].
Historical Outline
Western Turkic Kaganate
After the split of the First Turkic Kaganate in 604, following the Ili river treaty, the Western Turkic Kaganate was initially reorganized as a "ten arrows" Onoq confederation with Nushibi 5-tribe left wing dominating over the right wing of the Dulu group of five tribes. Both Nushibi and Dulu (Dulo) belonged to the Turkic tribes of the Chuy group, and spoke close dialects [3].
The transfer of supremacy from the Dulu group to Nushibi had outcome revebrating across Erasian continent. Nushibi controlled, and benefited, from the operation of their section of the transcontinental trade road (Silk Road), and were in alliance with Sogdiana, a chain of small oasis principalities who were also members of the Western Turkic Khaganate, and served as main operators of the Silk Road. Nushibi interest in the Silk Road operation brought them, in addition to the Sogdians, into a coalition with Byzantine and China, two other superpowers interested in the east-west trade. In the west, the coalition included Khazars in the N. Caucasus, and Bulgars in the N. Pontic steppes. This alignment was opposed a coalition of two other powers, Persia and Eastern Turkic Kaganate, which brought about the first world wars of the 7th century Early Middle Ages [4] [5].
Nushibi interests in the Western Turkic Kaganate were advanced by the Kagan Tun-djabgu-khan (Djabgu = dialect. Yabgu), known from the Armenian annals as "King of the North". The capital was located north of Chach (modern Tashkent) oasis. The period of Nushibi dominance was interrupted in 628 with a revolt of Karluks and Dulu tribes, and a cosequent death of Tun-djabgu-kagan from the hands of his uncle. In the interregnum, led by his uncle with a title Külüg Sibir-Khan, the Dulu fraction restored its former dominating position. The coup brought a considerable upshot, in 630 Sibir-Khan had to grant Bulgarians their independence and allow them reorganize as what became known as Great Bulgaria [6]. Nushibi opposition to the usurper was headed by Nishu-Kana-shad, a ruler of with a seat in Paikend, who ruled Bukhara province. Sibir-Khan was killed in 631, and Nushibi istalled their choice, son of Tun-djabgu-kagan with a title Irbis Bolun djabgu-khan, who received a derisive nickname Sydjabgu (Turkic treacherous), and was known by western contemporaries as Sinjibu and Silzibul [7] but soon had to replace him with Nishu-Kana-shad under a name Dulu-khan (632-634), probably to apease the northern Dulu tribes. The next succession followed the traditional lateral succession order, a younger brother of Nishu was enthroned with a title Yshbara Tolis-shad (634-639), who enacted a major reform by consenting to the Dulu and Nushibi wings' autonomy and native leadership, not from the Ashina clan. The order, favorable to the Dulu and Nushibi, was hurtful to the Karluks, Yagma, Kipchaks, Basmals, and worse of all to the descendents of the Huns - Chuüe, Chumi and Shato, they were especially anguished because their kins Chumuhun and Chuban were in the privileged Nushibi wings [8].
See also
References
- ^ Yu. Zuev, "Early Türks: Sketches of history and ideology", Almaty, Daik-Press, 2002, p. 33, ISBN 9985-441-52-9
- ^ Yu. Zuev, "Early Türks: Sketches of history and ideology", p. 144
- ^ Chavannes, Édouard. Documents sur les Tou-kiue (Turcs) occidentaux. 1900. Paris, Librairie d’Amérique et d’Orient. Reprint: SPb, 1903, p. 47.
- ^ Gumilev L.N., "Ancient Türks", Moscow, 'Science', 1967, Ch.12, http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/OT/ot12.htm (In Russian)
- ^ Gumilev L.N., "Ancient Türks", Moscow, 'Science', 1967, Ch.15 World War of the 7th century, http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/OT/ot15.htm (In Russian)
- ^ Gumilev L.N., "Ancient Türks", Moscow, 'Science', 1967, Ch.16, http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/OT/ot16.htm (In Russian)
- ^ http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-546105/Sinjibu
- ^ Gumilev L.N., "Ancient Türks", Moscow, 'Science', 1967, Ch.16, http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/OT/ot16.htm (In Russian)