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#REDIRECT[[Nag Hammadi library]] |
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{{Gnosticism}} |
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The '''Gnostic Gospels''' is a collection of about 54 ancient texts based upon the teachings of several spiritual leaders, written from the 2nd to the 4th century AD. The [[Logia|sayings]] of the [[Gospel of Thomas]], compiled circa 140, may include some traditions even older than some of the gospels of the New Testament, possibly as early as the second half of the first century.<ref name=pbs/> These [[gospel]]s are not part of the standard [[Biblical canon]] of any mainstream Christian denomination, and as such are part of what is called the [[New Testament apocrypha]]. Recent novels, films, and video games that refer to the gospels have increased public interest.<ref name=ThomasDebate>{{cite web|url=http://www.4truth.net/site/apps/nl/content3.asp?c=hiKXLbPNLrF&b=784449&ct=1201303 | title=Gospel of Thomas debate|accessdate=2007-04-22|author=Elaine Pagels and Michael Licona |publisher=Pax TV}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.gnosis.org/naghamm/nhlintro.html |title=An Introduction to Gnosticism and The Nag Hammadi Library |publisher=The Gnostic Society |author=Lance S. Owens|accessdate=2007-04-22}}</ref> |
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The word ''[[gnostic]]'' comes from the Greek word [[gnosis]], meaning "knowledge", which is often used in Greek philosophy in a manner more consistent with the English "enlightenment". Some scholars continue to maintain traditional dating for the emergence of Gnostic philosophy and religious movements.<ref>See {{cite book | last = Yamauchi | first = Edwin | authorlink = Edwin Yamauchi | coauthors = | title = Pre-Christian Gnosticism: A Survey of the Proposed Evidence |
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| publisher = Wipf and Stock | year = 1983 | isbn = }}</ref> It is now generally believed that Gnosticism was a Jewish movement which emerged directly in reaction to Christianity.<ref>See {{cite book | last = Bock | first = Darrell | authorlink = Darrell Bock | coauthors = | title = The Missing Gospels | publisher = Thomas Nelson | year = 2006 | pages = 28–30 |isbn= 978-0-7852-1294-2 |
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}}</ref> The name [[Christian Gnosticism|Christian gnostics]] came to represent a segment of the Early Christian community that believed that salvation lay not in faith in Christ, but in psychic or [[Pneumatic (Gnosticism)|pneumatic souls]] learning to free themselves from the material world via the revelation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gnosis.org/gnintro.htm | title=The Gnostic World View: A Brief Summary of Gnosticism|author=Stephan A. Hoeller|accessdate=2007-04-22|publisher=gnosis.org}}</ref> According to this tradition, the answers to spiritual questions are to be found within, not without.<ref name=ThomasDebate/> Some scholars, such as [[Edward Conze]] and [[Elaine Pagels]], have suggested that [[gnosticism]] blends teachings like those attributed to Jesus Christ with teachings found in Eastern traditions.<ref name=pbs>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/story/pagels.html| title=Extract from ''The Gnostic Gospels''|author=Elaine Pagels|publisher=pbs.org|accessdate=2007-04-22}}</ref> |
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==Dating== |
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{{see also|Gnosticism#History}} |
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The documents which comprise the collection of gnostic gospels were not discovered at a single time, but rather as a series of finds. The [[Nag Hammadi Library]] was discovered accidentally by two farmers in December 1945 and was named for the area in Egypt where it had been hidden for centuries.<ref name=NagHammadi>{{cite web|url=http://www.nag-hammadi.com/ |title=The Nag Hammadi Library|accessdate=2007-04-22 |author=nag-hammadi.com}}</ref> Other documents included in what are now known as the gnostic gospels were found at different times and locations, such as the [[Gospel of Mary]], which was recovered in 1896 as part of the [[Akhmim Codex]] and published in 1955. Some documents were duplicated in different finds, and others, such as with the Gospel of Mary Magdalene, only one copy is currently known to exist. |
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Although the manuscripts discovered at Nag Hammadi are generally dated to the 4th century, there is some debate regarding the original composition of the texts. A wide range and the majority of scholars date authorship of the Gnostic gospel of Nag Hammadi to the 2nd and 3rd century.<ref>{{cite book |
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| last = Bock |
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| first = Darrell |
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| authorlink = Darrell L. Bock |
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| title = The Missing Gospels |
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| publisher = Nelson Books |
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| location = |
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| year = 2006 |
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| pages = 6 |
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| doi = |
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| isbn = }}</ref> Scholars with a focus on Christianity tend to date the gospels mentioned by [[Irenaeus]] to the 2nd century, and the gospels mentioned solely by [[Jerome]] to the 4th century{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}. The traditional dating of the gospels derives primarily from this division. Other scholars with a deeper focus on pagan and Jewish literature of the period tend to date primarily based on the type of the work {{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}: |
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# The [[Gospel of Thomas]] is held by most to be the earliest of the "gnostic" gospels composed. Scholars generally date the text to the early-mid 2nd century.<ref>{{cite book |
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| last = Ehrman |
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| first = Bart |
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| authorlink = Bart Ehrman |
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| title = Lost Christianities |
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| publisher = Oxford University Press |
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| location = New York |
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| year = 2003 |
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| pages = xi-xii |
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| doi = |
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| isbn = }}</ref> The Gospel of Thomas, it is often claimed, has some gnostic elements but lacks the full gnostic cosmology. However, even the description of these elements as "gnostic" is based mainly upon the presupposition that the text as a whole is a "gnostic" gospel, and this idea itself is based upon little other than the fact that it was found along with gnostic texts at Nag Hammadi.<ref>Davies, Stevan L., ''The Gospel of Thomas and Christian Wisdom'', 1983, p.21-22.</ref> Some scholars including [[Nicholas Perrin]] argue that ''Thomas'' is dependent on the ''[[Diatessaron]]'', which was composed shortly after 172 by Tatian in Syria.<ref>Nicholas Perrin, "Thomas: The Fifth Gospel?," ''Journal of The Evangelical Theological Society'' 49 (March 2006): 66-/80</ref> A minority view contends for an early date of perhaps 50, citing a relationship to the hypothetical [[Q document]] among other reasons.<ref>{{Cite book |
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|contribution-url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UiSFUJ6al1IC&pg=PA125&vq=%22it+may+well+date+from+the+first+century&dq=%22gospel+of+thomas%22+helmut&as_brr=3&sig=fcJmRiRQXLTb_0u6fAs7xDfDpMA |
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|page=125 |
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|first=Helmut |
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|last=Koester |
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|first2=Thomas O. |
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|last2=Lambdin (translator) |
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|contribution=The Gospel of Thomas |
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|editor-first=James MacConkey |
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|editor-last=Robinson |
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|title=The Nag Hammadi Library in English |
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|publisher=E. J. Brill |
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|location=Leiden, New York, Cologne |
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|year=1996 |
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|isbn=90-04-08856-3 |
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|edition=Revised |
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}}</ref> |
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# The [[Gospel of the Lord]], a gnostic but otherwise non-canonical text, can be dated approximately during the time of [[Marcion]] in the early 2nd century. The traditional view holds Marcion did not compose the gospel directly but, "expunged [from the Gospel of Luke] all the things that oppose his view... but retained those things that accord with his opinion" <ref>Tertullian, ''Adversus Marcionem'' 4.6.2</ref> The traditional view and dating has continued to be affirmed by the mainstream of biblical scholars,<ref>{{cite book |
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| last = Ehrman |
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| first = Bart |
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| authorlink = Bart Ehrman |
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| title = Lost Christianities |
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| publisher = Oxford University Press |
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| location = New York |
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| year = 2003 |
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| pages = 108 |
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| doi = |
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| isbn = }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |
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| last = Metzger |
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| first = Bruce |
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| authorlink = Bruce M. Metzger |
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| title = The Canon of the New Testament: Its Origins, Developments and Significance |
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| publisher = [[Clarendon Press]] |
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| location = Oxford |
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| date = |
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| pages = |
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| doi = |
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| isbn = }}</ref> however, [[G. R. S. Mead]] '' His Gospel was presumably the collection of sayings in use among the Pauline churches of his day. Of course the patristic writers say that Marcion mutilated Luke's version.<ref>{{cite book |
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| last = Knox |
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| first = John |
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| title = Marcion and the New Testament |
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| publisher = Ams Pr Inc |
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| year = 1942 |
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| url = |
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| doi = |
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| id = |
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| isbn = 0404161839}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |
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| last = Price |
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| first = Robert |
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| authorlink = Robert M. Price |
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| title = The Pre-Nicene New Testament |
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| publisher = Signature Books |
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| location = |
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| year = 2006 |
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| pages = Unverified |
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| doi = |
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| isbn = }}</ref> have argued that Marcion's gospel predates the canonical Luke and was in use in Pauline churches. |
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# The ''[[Gospel of Truth]]''<ref>''But the followers of Valentinus, putting away all fear, bring forward their own compositions and boast that they have more Gospels than really exist. Indeed their audacity has gone so far that they entitle their recent composition the Gospel of Truth'' Irenaeus, [[On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis|Adversus Haereses]] (3.11.9)[http://wesley.nnu.edu/biblical_studies/noncanon/fathers/ante-nic/irenaeus/03-ag-he.htm]</ref> and the teachings of the [[Pistis Sophia]] can be approximately dated to the early 2nd century as they were part of the original [[Valentinus (Gnostic)|Valentinian]] school, though the gospel itself is 3rd century. |
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# Documents with a [[Sethian]] influence (like the [[Gospel of Judas]], or outright Sethian like [[Coptic Gospel of the Egyptians]] can be dated substantially later than 40 and substantially earlier than 250; most scholars giving them a 2nd-century date.<ref>[http://jdt.unl.edu/triadaft.htm Gnosticism and Platonism: The Platonizing Sethian texts from Nag Hammadi in their Relation to Later Platonic Literature], John D Turner, ISBN 0-7914-1338-1. |
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* [http://www.unl.edu/classics/faculty/turner/lithist.html "Sethian Gnosticism: A Literary History,"] in Nag Hammadi, Gnosticism and Early Christianity, p55-86 ISBN 0-913573-16-7 |
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* The [[National Geographic Society]] dates the gospel of Judas originally to mid 2nd century [http://www.nationalgeographic.com/lostgospel/timeline.html] and the copy we possess 220-340 [http://www.nationalgeographic.com/lostgospel/auth_dating.html]</ref> More conservative scholars using the traditional dating method would argue in these cases for the early 3rd century. {{Citation needed|date=April 2009}} |
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# Some gnostic gospels (for example [[Trimorphic Protennoia]]) make use of fully developed [[Neoplatonism]] and thus need to be dated after [[Plotinus]] in the 3rd century.<ref>''Plotinus, a native of Lycopolis in Egypt, who lived from 205 to 270 was the first systematic philosopher of [Neo-Platonism]'', {{cite encyclopedia |
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| title = Neo-Platonism |
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| encyclopedia = Catholic Encyclopedia |
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| url = http://httpyavww.knight.org/cathen/10742b.htm |
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| accessdate = 12 April 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |
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| title = Neoplatonism |
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| encyclopedia = 1911 Britannica |
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| url = http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Neoplatonism#History_and_Doctrines |
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| accessdate = 12 April 2009 }}</ref> |
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==Selected gospels== |
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[[File:Codex Tchacos p33.jpg|thumbnail|A page of the [[Gospel of Judas]] from the Codex Tchacos.]] |
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Though there are many documents that could be included among the gnostic gospels, the term most commonly refers to the following: |
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* [[Gospel of Mary]] (recovered in 1896)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maryofmagdala.com/Excerpts/excerpts.html |title=Excerpts from ''Gospel of Mary of Magdala''|author=Karen L. King | publisher=maryofmagdala.com| accessdate=2007-04-22}}</ref> |
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* [[Gospel of Thomas]] (versions found in [[Oxyrhynchus, Egypt]] in 1898, and again in the [[Nag Hammadi Library]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=3250046 |title=The Secret Gospel of Thomas|date=June 4, 2003|author=Elaine Pagels|publisher=NPR}}</ref> |
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* [[Gospel of Truth]] (Nag Hammadi Library) |
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* [[Gospel of Philip]] (Nag Hammadi Library) 4 Period |
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* [[Gospel of Judas]] (recovered via the [[antiquities black market]] in 1983, and then reconstructed in 2006)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/04/0406_060406_judas.html |title= Lost Gospel Revealed; Says Jesus Asked Judas to Betray Him |accessdate=2007-04-22|publisher=National Geographic News|date=April 6, 2006|author=Stefan Lovgren}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=8892042 |title=The Gospel of Judas and the Shaping of Christianity|publisher=NPR|author=[[Elaine Pagels]] and [[Karen King]]|date=March 14, 2007}}</ref> |
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== References in popular culture == |
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The Gnostic Gospels received widespread attention after they were referred to in [[Dan Brown]]'s best-selling novel ''[[The Da Vinci Code]]'' (2003),<ref name=NPR>{{cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5422879 | title=The Truth at the Heart of 'The Da Vinci Code' | author=[[Elaine Pagels]]| publisher = [[NPR]] | date=May 22, 2006 | accessdate=2007-04-19}}</ref> which uses them as part of its [[Back-story|backstory]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Abanes, Richard Abanes|title=The Truth Behind the Da Vinci Code|date= 2004|isbn= 0-7369-1439-0}}</ref> |
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===Films=== |
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In the film ''[[Stigmata (film)|Stigmata]]'' (1999), the discovery of an as-yet unknown Gnostic Gospel is the basis for the story. The end of the film also makes references to the Catholic Church's denunciations of such texts as being heretical.{{cn|date=February 2015}} |
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===Literature and comics=== |
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[[Grant Morrison]]'s writing has been heavily influenced by the Gnostic texts, most evident in the comic series ''[[The Invisibles]]'' (1994-2000).{{cn|date=February 2015}} |
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[[Jodi Picoult]]'s novel, ''[[Change of Heart (novel)|Change of Heart]]'' (2008) makes several in-depth references to the Gnostic Gospels and to the ''[[Gospel of Thomas]]'', in particular.{{cn|date=February 2015}} |
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===Television=== |
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Season 4, Episode 13 of ''[[Gilmore Girls]]'' is titled [[List_of_Gilmore_Girls_episodes|"Nag Hammadi Is Where They Found the Gnostic Gospels".]] |
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===Videogames=== |
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The videogame ''[[Broken Sword 5: The Serpent's Curse]]'' (2013-2014) is based on the story about the Gnostic Gospels on a painting called ''La Maledicció'', which was stolen by the Spanish [[fascist]]s.{{cn|date=February 2015}} |
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==See also== |
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* ''[[The Missing Gospels|The Missing Gospels: Unearthing the Truth Behind Alternative Christianities]]'' |
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* [[Historical Jesus]] |
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* [[Docetism]] |
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* [[Jesus Seminar]] |
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==Notes== |
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{{reflist|2}} |
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==Further reading== |
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{{cite web |website=listverse.com| url=http://listverse.com/2013/01/14/deleted-book-chapters/|date=January 14, 2013| title=10 Deleted Chapters that Transformed Famous Books|author=Symon, Evan V.}} |
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[[Category:Gnostic Gospels|*]] |
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[[Category:Gnosticism]] |
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Latest revision as of 07:33, 6 March 2017
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